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Song Y, Ou J, Miao J, Zhang X, Jiang J, Tian H, Peng F, Tu Y. Magnetically Powered Microrobotic Swarm for Integrated Mechanical/Photothermal/Photodynamic Thrombolysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403440. [PMID: 39149924 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Current thrombolytic drugs exhibit suboptimal therapeutic outcomes and potential bleeding risks due to their limited circulation time, inadequate thrombus penetration, and off-target biodistribution. Herein, a photosensitizer-loaded, red cell membrane-encapsuled multiple magnetic nanoparticles aggregate is successfully developed for integrated mechanical/photothermal/photodynamic thrombolysis. Red cell membrane coating endows magnetic particles with prolonged blood circulation and superior biocompatibility. Under a preset rotating magnetic field (RMF), the aggregate with asymmetric magnetic distribution initiates rolling motion toward the blood clot interface, and because of magnetic dipole-dipole interactions, the aggregate tends to self-assemble into longer, flexible chain-like microrobotic swarm with powerful mechanical stir forces, thereby facilitating thrombus penetration and mechanical thrombolysis. Moreover, precise magnetic control enables targeted photosensitizer accumulation, allowing effective conversion of near-infrared (NIR) light into heat and reactive oxygen species (ROS) for thrombus phototherapy. In thrombolysis assays, the weight of thrombi is massively reduced by ≈90%. The work presents a safer and more promising combination of magnetic microrobotic technology and phototherapy for multi-modality thrombolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhen Song
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Juanfeng Ou
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiajun Miao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiamiao Jiang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hao Tian
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
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Zhu Y, Ren S, Huang H, Wu J, You X, Gao J, Ren Y, Wang R, Zhao W, Tan S. Restoration of miR-299-3p promotes efferocytosis and ameliorates atherosclerosis via repressing CD47 in mice. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23857. [PMID: 39114953 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400639r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque formation is largely attributed to the impaired efferocytosis, which is known to be associated with the pathologic upregulation of cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47), a key antiphagocytic molecule. By gene expression omnibus (GEO) datasets analysis, we identified that four miRNAs are aberrantly downregulated in atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and obesity. Of them, hsa-miR-299-3p (miR-299-3p) was predicted to target the 3'UTR of human CD47 mRNA by bioinformatics analysis. Further, we demonstrated that miR-299-3p negatively regulates CD47 expression by binding to the target sequence "CCCACAU" in the 3'UTR of CD47 mRNA through luciferase reporter assay and site-directed mutagenesis. Additionally, we found that miR-299-3p was downregulated by ~32% in foam cells in response to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) stimulation, thus upregulating CD47 and contributing to the impaired efferocytosis. Whereas, restoration of miR-299-3p reversed the ox-LDL-induced upregulation of CD47, thereby facilitating efferocytosis. In high-fat diet (HFD) fed ApoE-/- mice, we discovered that miR-299-3p was downregulated thus leading to upregulation of CD47 in abdominal aorta. Conversely, miR-299-3p restoration potently suppressed HFD-induced upregulation of CD47 and promoted phagocytosis of foam cells by macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques, thereby reducing necrotic core, increasing plaque stability, and mitigating atherosclerosis. Conclusively, we identify miR-299-3p as a negative regulator of CD47, and reveal a molecular mechanism whereby the ox-LDL-induced downregulation of miR-299-3p leads to the upregulation of CD47 in foam cells thus contributing to the impaired efferocytosis in atherosclerosis, and propose miR-299-3p can potentially serve as an inhibitor of CD47 to promote efferocytosis and ameliorate atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Zhu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Ren
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Haijuan Huang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jiale Wu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyan You
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yuzhi Ren
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Ruize Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Wenfeng Zhao
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Shuhua Tan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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Jin G, Liu Y, Xu W, Li Y, Zhang H, Qiu S, Gao C, Liu S. Tnfaip2 promotes atherogenesis by enhancing oxidative stress induced inflammation. Mol Immunol 2022; 151:41-51. [PMID: 36084515 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The inflammation is considered to be the crucial determinants of lesion progression and plaque stability during atherogenesis. Tnfaip2 appears to be a regulator for carcinogenesis and infectious diseases. But its role in atherosclerosis is not clear. Here we first report that Tnfaip2 promotes the formation of atherosclerosis through enhancing the inflammation under oxidative stress condition. Although the endogenous expression of Tnfaip2 was upregulated under oxidative stress condition, the overexpressed Tnfaip2 could promote cells proliferation. This might result from the ability of promoting cells entering G2/M phase. Conversely, the cells proliferation and migration were significantly reduced in Tnfaip2 knockdown cells through inhibiting the activation of NF-κB/MAPK/Akt signaling pathways. However, the efferocytosis increased markedly due to the upregulation of "eat me" receptors, such as CD36, SR-A, and SR-B1, and the downregulation of "don't eat me" signal CD47. As a consequence, Tnfaip2 deficiency in bone marrow-derived cells inhibited atherosclerosis development in Ldlr-/- mice fed a high-fat diet accompanied by decreased inflammatory cytokines and shTnfaip2 could reduce the plaque lesions in ApoE-/- mice. These results indicate that Tnfaip2 might play an important role during atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyuan Jin
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, PR China; Medical Research Centre, Affiliated Hospital of Ji'ning Medical University, Ji'ning, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, PR China
| | - Wenwen Xu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, PR China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, PR China
| | - Shuoke Qiu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, PR China
| | - Chengjiang Gao
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, PR China
| | - Suxia Liu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, PR China.
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Non-linear optical imaging of atherosclerotic plaques in the context of SIV and HIV infection prominently detects crystalline cholesterol esters. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251599. [PMID: 33984028 PMCID: PMC8118308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic HIV infection may exacerbate atherosclerotic vascular disease, which at advanced stages presents as necrotic plaques rich in crystalline cholesterol. Such lesions can catastrophically rupture precipitating myocardial infarct and stroke, now important causes of mortality in those living with HIV. However, in this population little is known about plaque structure relative to crystalline content and its chemical composition. Here, we first interrogated plaque crystal structure and composition in atherosclerotic SIV-infected macaques using non-linear optical microscopy. By stimulated Raman scattering and second harmonic generation approaches both amorphous and crystalline plaque lipid was detected and the crystal spectral profile indicated a cholesterol ester (CE) dominated composition. Versus controls, SIV+ samples had a greater number of cholesterol crystals (CCs), with the difference, in part, accounted for by crystals of a smaller length. Given the ester finding, we profiled HIV+ plaques and also observed a CE crystalline spectral signature. We further profiled plaques from Ldlr-/- mice fed a high fat diet, and likewise, found CE-dominate crystals. Finally, macrophage exposure to CCs or AcLDL induced auto-fluorescent puncta that co-stained with the LC3B autophagy sensor. In aggregate, we show that atheromatous plaques from mice, macaques and humans, display necrotic cores dominated by esterified CCs, and that plaque macrophages may induce autophagic vesicle formation upon encountering CCs. These findings help inform our knowledge of plaque core lipid evolution and how the process may incite systemic inflammation.
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Fang C, Zhong Z, Zhang T, Jia S, Ding X, Zhou W, Wang X. Human hair derived uPA loaded capsules with dual near-infrared (I and II biowindows) laser responsive capabilities for multi-effective thrombolysis therapy. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10854-10866. [PMID: 33185225 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02242j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Problems such as massive hemorrhage caused by uncontrolled drug dosage are the main significant obstacles in clinical thrombolytic therapy, which are prominently due to the lack of targeting and controlled release ability of efficient thrombolytic drug systems. In recent years, our team demonstrated that the photothermal effect can facilitate the thrombolytic effect of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). However, conventional photothermal agents are relatively expensive or contain heavy metals. If drug delivery systems with low toxicity, minimized heavy metal elements and easy accessibility (preferably provided by human self) can be developed, they will be of value in the future related applications. Herein, uPA-loaded human black hair derived nanoparticles with gelatin capsules (uPA@HBHNP@GNCs) were applied for the first time as a thrombolytic system. Upon irradiation by near-infrared I window (NIR-I) laser or II window (NIR-II) laser, the photothermal effect of HBHNP was triggered to promote the melting of the gelatin encapsulated around the outer layer, thereby realizing the targeted release of uPA. The in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the deep response to NIR (especially II window) of this system exhibited a satisfactory thrombolytic effect with ideal biosafety. Briefly, the proposed hair derived drug delivery system has the characteristics of human source, low cost, minimum heavy metal components, deep response to NIR (II window) laser, and good biocompatibility, which is expected to be expanded to the treatment for some diseases, even in deep tissue areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuifu Fang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China.
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Wang W, Liu W, Fidler T, Wang Y, Tang Y, Woods B, Welch C, Cai B, Silvestre-Roig C, Ai D, Yang YG, Hidalgo A, Soehnlein O, Tabas I, Levine RL, Tall AR, Wang N. Macrophage Inflammation, Erythrophagocytosis, and Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Jak2 V617F Mice. Circ Res 2019; 123:e35-e47. [PMID: 30571460 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.313283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The mechanisms driving atherothrombotic risk in individuals with JAK2 V617F ( Jak2 VF) positive clonal hematopoiesis or myeloproliferative neoplasms are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to assess atherosclerosis and underlying mechanisms in hypercholesterolemic mice with hematopoietic Jak2 VF expression. METHODS AND RESULTS Irradiated low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout ( Ldlr-/-) mice were transplanted with bone marrow from wild-type or Jak2 VF mice and fed a high-fat high-cholesterol Western diet. Hematopoietic functions and atherosclerosis were characterized. After 7 weeks of Western diet, Jak2 VF mice showed increased atherosclerosis. Early atherosclerotic lesions showed increased neutrophil adhesion and content, correlating with lesion size. After 12 weeks of Western diet, Jak2 VF lesions showed increased complexity, with larger necrotic cores, defective efferocytosis, prominent iron deposition, and costaining of erythrocytes and macrophages, suggesting erythrophagocytosis. Jak2 VF erythrocytes were more susceptible to phagocytosis by wild-type macrophages and showed decreased surface expression of CD47, a "don't-eat-me" signal. Human JAK2VF erythrocytes were also more susceptible to erythrophagocytosis. Jak2 VF macrophages displayed increased expression and production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, prominent inflammasome activation, increased p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling, and reduced levels of MerTK (c-Mer tyrosine kinase), a key molecule mediating efferocytosis. Increased erythrophagocytosis also suppressed efferocytosis. CONCLUSIONS Hematopoietic Jak2 VF expression promotes early lesion formation and increased complexity in advanced atherosclerosis. In addition to increasing hematopoiesis and neutrophil infiltration in early lesions, Jak2 VF caused cellular defects in erythrocytes and macrophages, leading to increased erythrophagocytosis but defective efferocytosis. These changes promote accumulation of iron in plaques and increased necrotic core formation which, together with exacerbated proinflammatory responses, likely contribute to plaque instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (W.W., W.L., T.F., Y.W., Y.T., C.W., B.C., I.T., A.R.T., N.W.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Wenli Liu
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (W.W., W.L., T.F., Y.W., Y.T., C.W., B.C., I.T., A.R.T., N.W.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, China (W.L., D.A.)
| | - Trevor Fidler
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (W.W., W.L., T.F., Y.W., Y.T., C.W., B.C., I.T., A.R.T., N.W.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Ying Wang
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (W.W., W.L., T.F., Y.W., Y.T., C.W., B.C., I.T., A.R.T., N.W.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Yang Tang
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (W.W., W.L., T.F., Y.W., Y.T., C.W., B.C., I.T., A.R.T., N.W.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Brittany Woods
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (B.W., R.L.L.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine (B.W., R.L.L.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Carrie Welch
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (W.W., W.L., T.F., Y.W., Y.T., C.W., B.C., I.T., A.R.T., N.W.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Bishuang Cai
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (W.W., W.L., T.F., Y.W., Y.T., C.W., B.C., I.T., A.R.T., N.W.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Carlos Silvestre-Roig
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (C.S.-R., A.H., O.S.)
| | - Ding Ai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, China (W.L., D.A.)
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology (Y.-G.Y.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Andres Hidalgo
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (C.S.-R., A.H., O.S.).,Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (A.H.)
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (C.S.-R., A.H., O.S.).,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (FyFa), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (O.S.).,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (O.S.)
| | - Ira Tabas
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (W.W., W.L., T.F., Y.W., Y.T., C.W., B.C., I.T., A.R.T., N.W.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Ross L Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (B.W., R.L.L.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine (B.W., R.L.L.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Alan R Tall
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (W.W., W.L., T.F., Y.W., Y.T., C.W., B.C., I.T., A.R.T., N.W.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Nan Wang
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine (W.W., W.L., T.F., Y.W., Y.T., C.W., B.C., I.T., A.R.T., N.W.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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Mehrali M, Bagherifard S, Akbari M, Thakur A, Mirani B, Mehrali M, Hasany M, Orive G, Das P, Emneus J, Andresen TL, Dolatshahi‐Pirouz A. Blending Electronics with the Human Body: A Pathway toward a Cybernetic Future. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700931. [PMID: 30356969 PMCID: PMC6193179 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
At the crossroads of chemistry, electronics, mechanical engineering, polymer science, biology, tissue engineering, computer science, and materials science, electrical devices are currently being engineered that blend directly within organs and tissues. These sophisticated devices are mediators, recorders, and stimulators of electricity with the capacity to monitor important electrophysiological events, replace disabled body parts, or even stimulate tissues to overcome their current limitations. They are therefore capable of leading humanity forward into the age of cyborgs, a time in which human biology can be hacked at will to yield beings with abilities beyond their natural capabilities. The resulting advances have been made possible by the emergence of conformal and soft electronic materials that can readily integrate with the curvilinear, dynamic, delicate, and flexible human body. This article discusses the recent rapid pace of development in the field of cybernetics with special emphasis on the important role that flexible and electrically active materials have played therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mehrali
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU NanotechCenter for Nanomedicine and Theranostics2800KgsDenmark
| | - Sara Bagherifard
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPolitecnico di Milano20156MilanItaly
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME)Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCV8P 5C2Canada
- Center for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaV8P 5C2Canada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC)University of VictoriaVictoriaV8P 5C2Canada
| | - Ashish Thakur
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU NanotechCenter for Nanomedicine and Theranostics2800KgsDenmark
| | - Bahram Mirani
- Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME)Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCV8P 5C2Canada
- Center for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaV8P 5C2Canada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC)University of VictoriaVictoriaV8P 5C2Canada
| | - Mohammad Mehrali
- Process and Energy DepartmentDelft University of TechnologyLeeghwaterstraat 392628CBDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Masoud Hasany
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU NanotechCenter for Nanomedicine and Theranostics2800KgsDenmark
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel GroupLaboratory of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUPaseo de la Universidad 701006Vitoria‐GasteizSpain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER‐BBN)Vitoria‐Gasteiz28029Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology—UIRMI (UPV/EHU‐Fundación Eduardo Anitua)Vitoria01007Spain
| | - Paramita Das
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Jenny Emneus
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU Nanotech2800KgsDenmark
| | - Thomas L. Andresen
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU NanotechCenter for Nanomedicine and Theranostics2800KgsDenmark
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Cong L, Yang S, Zhang Y, Cao J, Fu X. DFMG attenuates the activation of macrophages induced by co‑culture with LPC‑injured HUVE‑12 cells via the TLR4/MyD88/NF‑κB signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2619-2628. [PMID: 29484368 PMCID: PMC5846668 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
7‑difluoromethoxy‑5,4'‑dimethoxy‑genistein (DFMG) is a novel active chemical entity, which modulates the function and signal transduction of endothelial cells and macrophages (MPs), and is essential in the prevention of atherosclerosis. In the present study, the activity and molecular mechanism of DFMG on MPs was investigated using a Transwell assay to construct a non‑contact co‑culture model. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVE‑12), which were incubated with lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), were seeded in the upper chambers, whereas PMA‑induced MPs were grown in the lower chambers. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured using the corresponding assay kits. The proliferation and migration were assessed using 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyltetrazolium bromide and wound healing assays, respectively. Foam cell formation was examined using oil red O staining and a total cholesterol assay. The protein expression levels of Toll‑like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and nuclear factor (NF)‑κB p65 were detected by western immunoblotting. The secretion of interleukin (IL)‑1β was examined using an enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay. It was found that LPC significantly increased the generation of ROS and the release of LDH in HUVE‑12 cells. The LPC‑injured HUVE‑12 cells activated MPs under co‑culture conditions and this process was inhibited by DFMG treatment. LPC upregulated the expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF‑κB p65, and the secretion of IL‑1β in the supernatant of the co‑cultured HUVE‑12 cells and MPs. These effects were reversed by the application of DFMG. Furthermore, CLI‑095 and IL‑1Ra suppressed the activation of MPs that was induced by co‑culture with injured HUVE‑12 cells. These effects were further enhanced by co‑treatment with DFMG, and DFMG exhibited synergistic effects with a TLR4‑specific inhibitor. Take together, these findings revealed that DFMG attenuated the activation of MP induced by co‑culture with LPC‑injured HUVE‑12 cells. This process was mediated via inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88/NF‑κB signaling pathway in HUVE‑12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cong
- College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Shuting Yang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Cao
- College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Fu
- College of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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9
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Doran AC, Ozcan L, Cai B, Zheng Z, Fredman G, Rymond CC, Dorweiler B, Sluimer JC, Hsieh J, Kuriakose G, Tall AR, Tabas I. CAMKIIγ suppresses an efferocytosis pathway in macrophages and promotes atherosclerotic plaque necrosis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:4075-4089. [PMID: 28972541 DOI: 10.1172/jci94735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the underlying etiology of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis is a heterogeneous disease in which only a small fraction of lesions lead to heart attack, stroke, or sudden cardiac death. A distinct type of plaque containing large necrotic cores with thin fibrous caps often precipitates these acute events. Here, we show that Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase γ (CaMKIIγ) in macrophages plays a major role in the development of necrotic, thin-capped plaques. Macrophages in necrotic and symptomatic atherosclerotic plaques in humans as well as advanced atherosclerotic lesions in mice demonstrated activation of CaMKII. Western diet-fed LDL receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice with myeloid-specific deletion of CaMKII had smaller necrotic cores with concomitantly thicker collagen caps. These lesions demonstrated evidence of enhanced efferocytosis, which was associated with increased expression of the macrophage efferocytosis receptor MerTK. Mechanistic studies revealed that CaMKIIγ-deficient macrophages and atherosclerotic lesions lacking myeloid CaMKIIγ had increased expression of the transcription factor ATF6. We determined that ATF6 induces liver X receptor-α (LXRα), an Mertk-inducing transcription factor, and that increased MerTK expression and efferocytosis in CaMKIIγ-deficient macrophages is dependent on LXRα. These findings identify a macrophage CaMKIIγ/ATF6/LXRα/MerTK pathway as a key factor in the development of necrotic atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Doran
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lale Ozcan
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bishuang Cai
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ze Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gabrielle Fredman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | - Bernhard Dorweiler
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Judith C Sluimer
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Alan R Tall
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics and.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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10
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Serhan CN. Treating inflammation and infection in the 21st century: new hints from decoding resolution mediators and mechanisms. FASEB J 2017; 31:1273-1288. [PMID: 28087575 PMCID: PMC5349794 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601222r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Practitioners of ancient societies from the time of Hippocrates and earlier recognized and treated the signs of inflammation, heat, redness, swelling, and pain with agents that block or inhibit proinflammatory chemical mediators. More selective drugs are available today, but this therapeutic concept has not changed. Because the acute inflammatory response is host protective to contain foreign invaders, much of today's pharmacopeia can cause serious unwanted side effects, such as immune suppression. Uncontrolled inflammation is now considered pathophysiologic and is associated with many widely occurring diseases such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, obesity, and asthma, as well as classic inflammatory diseases (e.g., arthritis and periodontal diseases). The inflammatory response, when self-limited, produces a superfamily of chemical mediators that stimulate resolution of the response. Specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs), identified in recent years, are endogenous mediators that include the n-3-derived families resolvins, protectins, and maresins, as well as arachidonic acid-derived (n-6) lipoxins, which promote resolution of inflammation, clearance of microbes, reduction of pain, and promotion of tissue regeneration via novel mechanisms. Aspirin and statins have a positive impact on these resolution pathways, producing epimeric forms of specific SPMs, whereas other drugs can disrupt timely resolution. In this article, evidence from recent human and preclinical animal studies is reviewed, indicating that SPMs are physiologic mediators and pharmacologic agonists that stimulate resolution of inflammation and infection. The findings suggest that it is time to challenge current treatment practices-namely, using inhibitors and antagonists alone-and to develop immunoresolvents as agonists to test resolution pharmacology and their role in catabasis for their therapeutic potential.-Serhan, C. N. Treating inflammation and infection in the 21st century: new hints from decoding resolution mediators and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Weiss-Sadan T, Gotsman I, Blum G. Cysteine proteases in atherosclerosis. FEBS J 2017; 284:1455-1472. [PMID: 28207191 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis predisposes patients to cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Instigation of vascular injury is triggered by retention of lipids and inflammatory cells in the vascular endothelium. Whereas these vascular lesions develop in young adults and are mostly considered harmless, over time persistent inflammatory and remodeling processes will ultimately damage the arterial wall and cause a thrombotic event due to exposure of tissue factors into the lumen. Evidence from human tissues and preclinical animal models has clearly established the role of cathepsin cysteine proteases in the development and progression of vascular lesions. Hence, understanding the function of cathepsins in atherosclerosis is important for developing novel therapeutic strategies and advanced point of care diagnostics. In this review we will describe the roles of cysteine cathepsins in different cellular process that become dysfunctional in atherosclerosis, such as lipid metabolism, inflammation and apoptosis, and how they contribute to arterial remodeling and atherogenesis. Finally, we will explore new horizons in protease molecular imaging, which may potentially become a surrogate marker to identify future cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Weiss-Sadan
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Israel Gotsman
- Heart Institute, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Galia Blum
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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12
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Linton MF, Babaev VR, Huang J, Linton EF, Tao H, Yancey PG. Macrophage Apoptosis and Efferocytosis in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Circ J 2016; 80:2259-2268. [PMID: 27725526 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-16-0924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage apoptosis and the ability of macrophages to clean up dead cells, a process called efferocytosis, are crucial determinants of atherosclerosis lesion progression and plaque stability. Environmental stressors initiate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activate the unfolded protein response (UPR). Unresolved ER stress with activation of the UPR initiates apoptosis. Macrophages are resistant to apoptotic stimuli, because of activity of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Macrophages express 3 Akt isoforms, Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3, which are products of distinct but homologous genes. Akt displays isoform-specific effects on atherogenesis, which vary with different vascular cell types. Loss of macrophage Akt2 promotes the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype and reduces atherosclerosis. However, Akt isoforms are redundant with regard to apoptosis. c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) is a pro-apoptotic effector of the UPR, and the JNK1 isoform opposes anti-apoptotic Akt signaling. Loss of JNK1 in hematopoietic cells protects macrophages from apoptosis and accelerates early atherosclerosis. IκB kinase α (IKKα, a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family) plays an important role in mTORC2-mediated Akt signaling in macrophages, and IKKα deficiency reduces macrophage survival and suppresses early atherosclerosis. Efferocytosis involves the interaction of receptors, bridging molecules, and apoptotic cell ligands. Scavenger receptor class B type I is a critical mediator of macrophage efferocytosis via the Src/PI3K/Rac1 pathway in atherosclerosis. Agonists that resolve inflammation offer promising therapeutic potential to promote efferocytosis and prevent atherosclerotic clinical events. (Circ J 2016; 80: 2259-2268).
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Affiliation(s)
- MacRae F Linton
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
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