1
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Clark RW, Wellner JS, Hillenbrand CD, Totten RL, Smith JA, Miller LE, Larter RD, Hogan KA, Graham AGC, Nitsche FO, Lehrmann AA, Lepp AP, Kirkham JD, Fitzgerald VT, Garcia-Barrera G, Ehrmann W, Wacker L. Synchronous retreat of Thwaites and Pine Island glaciers in response to external forcings in the presatellite era. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2211711120. [PMID: 38408214 PMCID: PMC10945778 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211711120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Today, relatively warm Circumpolar Deep Water is melting Thwaites Glacier at the base of its ice shelf and at the grounding zone, contributing to significant ice retreat. Accelerating ice loss has been observed since the 1970s; however, it is unclear when this phase of significant melting initiated. We analyzed the marine sedimentary record to reconstruct Thwaites Glacier's history from the early Holocene to present. Marine geophysical surveys were carried out along the floating ice-shelf margin to identify core locations from various geomorphic settings. We use sedimentological data and physical properties to define sedimentary facies at seven core sites. Glaciomarine sediment deposits reveal that the grounded ice in the Amundsen Sea Embayment had already retreated to within ~45 km of the modern grounding zone prior to ca. 9,400 y ago. Sediments deposited within the past 100+ y record abrupt changes in environmental conditions. On seafloor highs, these shifts document ice-shelf thinning initiating at least as early as the 1940s. Sediments recovered from deep basins reflect a transition from ice proximal to slightly more distal conditions, suggesting ongoing grounding-zone retreat since the 1950s. The timing of ice-shelf unpinning from the seafloor for Thwaites Glacier coincides with similar records from neighboring Pine Island Glacier. Our work provides robust new evidence that glacier retreat in the Amundsen Sea was initiated in the mid-twentieth century, likely associated with climate variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel W Clark
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004
| | - Julia S Wellner
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004
| | | | - Rebecca L Totten
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401
| | - James A Smith
- British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren E Miller
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | | | - Kelly A Hogan
- British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair G C Graham
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701
| | - Frank O Nitsche
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, New York, NY 10964
| | - Asmara A Lehrmann
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004
| | - Allison P Lepp
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - James D Kirkham
- British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom
- Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1ER, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Werner Ehrmann
- Institute for Geophysics & Geology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Lukas Wacker
- Ion Beam Physics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
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2
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Miles BWJ, Bingham RG. Progressive unanchoring of Antarctic ice shelves since 1973. Nature 2024; 626:785-791. [PMID: 38383628 PMCID: PMC10881387 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Mass loss of the Antarctic Ice Sheet has been driven primarily by the thinning of the floating ice shelves that fringe the ice sheet1, reducing their buttressing potential and causing land ice to accelerate into the ocean2. Observations of ice-shelf thickness change by satellite altimetry stretch back only to 1992 (refs. 1,3-5) and previous information about thinning remains unquantified. However, extending the record of ice-shelf thickness change is possible by proxy, by measuring the change in area of the surface expression of pinning points-local bathymetric highs on which ice shelves are anchored6. Here we measure pinning-point change over three epochs spanning the periods 1973-1989, 1989-2000 and 2000-2022, and thus by proxy infer changes to ice-shelf thickness back to 1973-1989. We show that only small localized pockets of ice shelves were thinning between 1973 and 1989, located primarily in the Amundsen Sea Embayment and the Wilkes Land coastline. Ice-shelf thinning spreads rapidly into the 1990s and 2000s and is best characterized by the proportion of pinning points reducing in extent. Only 15% of pinning points reduced from 1973 to 1989, before increasing to 25% from 1989 to 2000 and 37% from 2000 to 2022. A continuation of this trend would further reduce the buttressing potential of ice shelves, enhancing ice discharge and accelerating the contribution of Antarctica to sea-level rise.
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3
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Davison BJ, Hogg AE, Rigby R, Veldhuijsen S, van Wessem JM, van den Broeke MR, Holland PR, Selley HL, Dutrieux P. Sea level rise from West Antarctic mass loss significantly modified by large snowfall anomalies. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1479. [PMID: 36932070 PMCID: PMC10023770 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36990-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass loss from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is dominated by glaciers draining into the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE), yet the impact of anomalous precipitation on the mass balance of the ASE is poorly known. Here we present a 25-year (1996-2021) record of ASE input-output mass balance and evaluate how two periods of anomalous precipitation affected its sea level contribution. Since 1996, the ASE has lost 3331 ± 424 Gt ice, contributing 9.2 ± 1.2 mm to global sea level. Overall, surface mass balance anomalies contributed little (7.7%) to total mass loss; however, two anomalous precipitation events had larger, albeit short-lived, impacts on rates of mass change. During 2009-2013, persistently low snowfall led to an additional 51 ± 4 Gt yr-1 mass loss in those years (contributing positively to the total loss of 195 ± 4 Gt yr-1). Contrastingly, extreme precipitation in the winters of 2019 and 2020 decreased mass loss by 60 ± 16 Gt yr-1 during those years (contributing negatively to the total loss of 107 ± 15 Gt yr-1). These results emphasise the important impact of extreme snowfall variability on the short-term sea level contribution from West Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna E Hogg
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Richard Rigby
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sanne Veldhuijsen
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Melchior van Wessem
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel R van den Broeke
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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4
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Santos FA, Diório GR, Guedes CCF, Fernandino G, Giannini PCF, Angulo RJ, de Souza MC, César-Oliveira MAF, Dos Santos Oliveira AR. Plastic debris forms: Rock analogues emerging from marine pollution. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 182:114031. [PMID: 35969903 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Continuous input of plastic litter in ocean and coastal environments achieved alarming levels that are exposing new settings in natural systems. While novel plastic debris pollution, with rock-like appearance, has been reported worldwide, fundamentally geological analyses are still lacking. We surveyed the first occurrence of multiple associated plastic debris on a single outcrop located in a remote site (Trindade Island, SE Atlantic Ocean). Even though all plastic debris forms consisted of polypropylene and polyethylene, through a sedimentary approach (cross section, macro, and micro analyses) distinct types were identified. We detected plastiglomerates, geogenic analogous to conglomerates, divided into in situ and clastic types, and formed over beach sediment. We identified plastistones as a new type with homogeneous composition (lacking incorporated materials), geogenic-looking igneous rocks, divided into in situ and clastic types, and formed over rock surfaces. We linked pyroplastics, geogenic analogous to clasts, to clastic plastiglomerates/plastistones, therefore representing clastic types of plastic debris forms. This association was correlated in a depositional system model, which suggests that plastic debris forms are rock synthetic equivalents in which humans act as depositional and post-depositional agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Avelar Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Costeiros, Programa de Pós-graduação em Geologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Caixa Postal 19001, 81531-970 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Giovana Rebelo Diório
- Laboratório de Análise de Bacias, Programa de Pós-graduação em Geologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Caixa Postal 19001, 81531-970 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carlos Conforti Ferreira Guedes
- Laboratório de Estudos Costeiros, Programa de Pós-graduação em Geologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Caixa Postal 19001, 81531-970 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gerson Fernandino
- Centro de Estudos Costeiros, Limnológicos e Marinhos, Departamento Interdisciplinar, Campus Litoral Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Tramandaí, 976, 95625-000 Imbé, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo C F Giannini
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Geociências, Rua dos lagos 562, 05508-080, SP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo José Angulo
- Laboratório de Estudos Costeiros, Programa de Pós-graduação em Geologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Caixa Postal 19001, 81531-970 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina de Souza
- Laboratório de Estudos Costeiros, Programa de Pós-graduação em Geologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Caixa Postal 19001, 81531-970 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Ferreira César-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Química de Polímeros e Síntese Orgânica, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19032, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Angelo Roberto Dos Santos Oliveira
- Laboratório de Química de Polímeros e Síntese Orgânica, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19032, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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5
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Long-Term Monitoring and Change Analysis of Pine Island Ice Shelf Based on Multi-Source Satellite Observations during 1973–2020. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10070976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pine Island Glacier (PIG) is one of the largest contributors to sea level rise in Antarctica. Continuous thinning and frequent calving imply significant destabilization of Pine Island Glacier Ice Shelf (PIGIS). To understand the mechanism of its accelerated disintegration and its future development, we conducted a long-term monitoring and comprehensive analysis of PIGIS, including ice flow velocity, ice shelf fronts, ocean water temperature, rifts, and surface strain rates, based on multi-source satellite observations during 1973–2020. The results reveal that: (1) ice flow velocities of PIGIS increased from 2.3 km/yr in 1973 to 4.5 km/yr in 2020, with two rapid acceleration periods of 1995–2009 and 2017–2020, and its change was highly correlated to the ocean water temperature variation. (2) At least 13 calving events occurred during 1973–2020, with four unprecedented successive retreats in 2015, 2017, 2018, and 2020. (3) The acceleration of ice shelf rifting and calving may correlate to the destruction of shear margins, while this damage was likely a response to the warming of bottom seawater. The weakening southern shear margin may continue to recede, indicating that the instability of PIGIS will continue.
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6
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Malerba ME, Wright N, Macreadie PI. Australian farm dams are becoming less reliable water sources under climate change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154360. [PMID: 35283121 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide food production is under ever-increasing demand. Meanwhile, climate change is disrupting rainfall and evaporation patterns, making agriculture freshwater supplies more uncertain. IPCC models predict an increased variability in rainfall and temperature over most of the globe under climate change. Yet, the effects of climate variability on water security remain poorly resolved. Here we used satellite images and deep-learning convolutional neural networks to analyse the impacts of annual averages, seasonality, climate anomaly, and temporal autocorrelation (or climate reddening) for rain and temperature on the water levels of >100,000 Australian farm dams across 55 years. We found that the risk of empty farm dams increased with warmer annual temperatures, lower yearly rainfall, stronger seasonality, reduced climate anomalies, and higher temporal autocorrelation. We used this information to develop a predictive model and estimate the likelihood of water limitations in farm dams between 1965 and 2050 using historical data and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) at two climate change scenarios. Results showed that the frequency of empty water reserves has increased 2.5-fold since 1965 and will continue to increase across most (91%) of Australia. We estimated a 37% decline in rural areas with year-round water supplies between 1965 (457,076 km2) and 2050 (285,998 km2). Our continental-scale assessment documents complex temporal and spatial impacts of climate change on agricultural water security, with ramifications for society, economy, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martino E Malerba
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, VIC 3125, Australia.
| | - Nicholas Wright
- Sustainability and Biosecurity, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 1 Nash Street, East Perth, WA 6004, Australia
| | - Peter I Macreadie
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, VIC 3125, Australia
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7
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Ivins ER, Caron L, Adhikari S, Larour E, Scheinert M. A linear viscoelasticity for decadal to centennial time scale mantle deformation. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2020; 83:106801. [PMID: 32629433 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aba346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The extended Burgers material (EBM) model provides a linear viscoelastic theory for interpreting a variety of rock deformation phenomena in geophysics, playing an increasingly important role in parameterizing laboratory data, providing seismic wave velocity and attenuation interpretations, and in analyses of solid planetary tidal dispersion and quality factor Q. At the heart of the EBM approach is the assumption of a distribution of relaxation spectra tied to rock grain boundary and interior granular mobility. Furthermore, the model incorporates an asymptotic long-term limiting behavior that is Maxwellian. Here we use the extensively developed linear theory of viscoelasticity to isolate those parameters of EBM that apply to both post-seismic relaxation processes involving flow of olivine rich upper mantle material and to studies of tides, where periods of forcing range from 12 h to 18.6 years. The isolated EBM parameters should also apply to theoretical and geodetic studies of glacial isostatic adjustment, especially when the initiation of continuous cryospheric surface unloading dates to the 20th or 21st century. Using analytical Laplace transformed solutions of Boussinesq's half-space load problem, we show that the effects of EBM transient rheology may have substantial influence on geodetic interpretations of unloading induced crustal motions even on time scales that are sub-decadal.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Ivins
- Jet Propulsion Lab, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109
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8
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Abstract
The rate of global-mean sea-level rise since 1900 has varied over time, but the contributing factors are still poorly understood1. Previous assessments found that the summed contributions of ice-mass loss, terrestrial water storage and thermal expansion of the ocean could not be reconciled with observed changes in global-mean sea level, implying that changes in sea level or some contributions to those changes were poorly constrained2,3. Recent improvements to observational data, our understanding of the main contributing processes to sea-level change and methods for estimating the individual contributions, mean another attempt at reconciliation is warranted. Here we present a probabilistic framework to reconstruct sea level since 1900 using independent observations and their inherent uncertainties. The sum of the contributions to sea-level change from thermal expansion of the ocean, ice-mass loss and changes in terrestrial water storage is consistent with the trends and multidecadal variability in observed sea level on both global and basin scales, which we reconstruct from tide-gauge records. Ice-mass loss-predominantly from glaciers-has caused twice as much sea-level rise since 1900 as has thermal expansion. Mass loss from glaciers and the Greenland Ice Sheet explains the high rates of global sea-level rise during the 1940s, while a sharp increase in water impoundment by artificial reservoirs is the main cause of the lower-than-average rates during the 1970s. The acceleration in sea-level rise since the 1970s is caused by the combination of thermal expansion of the ocean and increased ice-mass loss from Greenland. Our results reconcile the magnitude of observed global-mean sea-level rise since 1900 with estimates based on the underlying processes, implying that no additional processes are required to explain the observed changes in sea level since 1900.
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9
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Scientific Challenges and Present Capabilities in Underwater Robotic Vehicle Design and Navigation for Oceanographic Exploration Under-Ice. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12162588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the scientific motivation and challenges, development, and use of underwater robotic vehicles designed for use in ice-covered waters, with special attention paid to the navigation systems employed for under-ice deployments. Scientific needs for routine access under fixed and moving ice by underwater robotic vehicles are reviewed in the contexts of geology and geophysics, biology, sea ice and climate, ice shelves, and seafloor mapping. The challenges of under-ice vehicle design and navigation are summarized. The paper reviews all known under-ice robotic vehicles and their associated navigation systems, categorizing them by vehicle type (tethered, untethered, hybrid, and glider) and by the type of ice they were designed for (fixed glacial or sea ice and moving sea ice).
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10
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Bell RE, Seroussi H. History, mass loss, structure, and dynamic behavior of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Science 2020; 367:1321-1325. [PMID: 32193319 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz5489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Antarctica contains most of Earth's fresh water stored in two large ice sheets. The more stable East Antarctic Ice Sheet is larger and older, rests on higher topography, and hides entire mountain ranges and ancient lakes. The less stable West Antarctic Ice Sheet is smaller and younger and was formed on what was once a shallow sea. Recent observations made with several independent satellite measurements demonstrate that several regions of Antarctica are losing mass, flowing faster, and retreating where ice is exposed to warm ocean waters. The Antarctic contribution to sea level rise has reached ~8 millimeters since 1992. In the future, if warming ocean waters and increased surface meltwater trigger faster ice flow, sea level rise will accelerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E Bell
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964-8000, USA.
| | - Helene Seroussi
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive MS 300-323, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099, USA
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11
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Holland DM, Nicholls KW, Basinski A. The Southern Ocean and its interaction with the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Science 2020; 367:1326-1330. [PMID: 32193320 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz5491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The Southern Ocean exerts a major influence on the mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, either indirectly, by its influence on air temperatures and winds, or directly, mostly through its effects on ice shelves. How much melting the ocean causes depends on the temperature of the water, which in turn is controlled by the combination of the thermal structure of the surrounding ocean and local ocean circulation, which in turn is determined largely by winds and bathymetry. As climate warms and atmospheric circulation changes, there will be follow-on changes in the ocean circulation and temperature. These consequences will affect the pace of mass loss of the Antarctic Ice Sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Holland
- Department of Mathematics, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA. .,New York University Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Aurora Basinski
- Department of Mathematics, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA.,New York University Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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12
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Global warming accelerates uptake of atmospheric mercury in regions experiencing glacier retreat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:2049-2055. [PMID: 31932430 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906930117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As global climate continues to warm, melting of glaciers releases a large quantity of mercury (Hg) originally locked in ice into the atmosphere and downstream ecosystems. Here, we show an opposite process that captures atmospheric Hg through glacier-to-vegetation succession. Our study using stable isotope techniques at 3 succession sites on the Tibetan Plateau reveals that evolving vegetation serves as an active "pump" to take up gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0) from the atmosphere. The accelerated uptake enriches the Hg pool size in glacier-retreated areas by a factor of ∼10 compared with the original pool size in the glacier. Through an assessment of Hg source-sink relationship observed in documented glacier-retreated areas in the world (7 sites of tundra/steppe succession and 5 sites of forest succession), we estimate that 400 to 600 Mg of Hg has been accumulated in glacier-retreated areas (5‰ of the global land surface) since the Little Ice Age (∼1850). By 2100, an additional ∼300 Mg of Hg will be sequestered from the atmosphere in glacier-retreated regions globally, which is ∼3 times the total Hg mass loss by meltwater efflux (∼95 Mg) in alpine and subpolar glacier regions. The recapturing of atmospheric Hg by vegetation in glacier-retreated areas is not accounted for in current global Hg models. Similar processes are likely to occur in other regions that experience increased vegetation due to climate or land use changes, which need to be considered in the assessment of global Hg cycling.
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13
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Abstract
Reductions in the thickness and extent of Antarctic ice shelves are triggering increased discharge of marine-terminating glaciers. While the impacts of recent changes are well documented, their role in modulating past ice-sheet dynamics remains poorly constrained. This reflects two persistent issues; first, the effective discrimination of sediments and landforms solely attributable to sub-ice-shelf deposition, and second, challenges in dating these records. Recent progress in deciphering the geological imprint of Antarctic ice shelves is summarised, including advances in dating methods and proxies to reconstruct drivers of change. Finally, we identify several challenges to overcome to fully exploit the paleo record. The recent collapses of ice shelves in Antarctica due to warming make it essential to understand past ice shelf conditions and mechanisms. Here Smith and colleagues review the latest progress in deciphering the geological imprint of Antarctic ice shelves via sediments, landforms and proxy indicators.
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14
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Feldmann J, Levermann A, Mengel M. Stabilizing the West Antarctic Ice Sheet by surface mass deposition. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw4132. [PMID: 31328165 PMCID: PMC6636986 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw4132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that a self-sustaining ice discharge from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) has started, potentially leading to its disintegration. The associated sea level rise of more than 3m would pose a serious challenge to highly populated areas including metropolises such as Calcutta, Shanghai, New York City, and Tokyo. Here, we show that the WAIS may be stabilized through mass deposition in coastal regions around Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers. In our numerical simulations, a minimum of 7400 Gt of additional snowfall stabilizes the flow if applied over a short period of 10 years onto the region (-2 mm year-1 sea level equivalent). Mass deposition at a lower rate increases the intervention time and the required total amount of snow. We find that the precise conditions of such an operation are crucial, and potential benefits need to be weighed against environmental hazards, future risks, and enormous technical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anders Levermann
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
- Institute of Physics, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matthias Mengel
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
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15
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Ocean temperature impact on ice shelf extent in the eastern Antarctic Peninsula. Nat Commun 2019; 10:304. [PMID: 30659177 PMCID: PMC6338760 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent thinning and retreat of Antarctic ice shelves has been attributed to both atmosphere and ocean warming. However, the lack of continuous, multi-year direct observations as well as limitations of climate and ice shelf models prevent a precise assessment on how the ocean forcing affects the fluctuations of a grounded and floating ice cap. Here we show that a +0.3–1.5 °C increase in subsurface ocean temperature (50–400 m) in the northeastern Antarctic Peninsula has driven to major collapse and recession of the regional ice shelf during both the instrumental period and the last 9000 years. Our projections following the representative concentration pathway 8.5 emission scenario from the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reveal a +0.3 °C subsurface ocean temperature warming within the coming decades that will undoubtedly accelerate ice shelf melting, including the southernmost sector of the eastern Antarctic Peninsula. Ocean warming contributes to the thinning of the Antarctic ice shelves, however, lack of observations has prevented a quantification of this contribution. Here the authors use geological records to show that 0.3–1.5 °C ocean warming has played a central role on regional ice shelf instability over the last 9000 years.
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16
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Abstract
We evaluate the state of the mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet over the last four decades using a comprehensive, precise satellite record and output products from a regional atmospheric climate model to document its impact on sea-level rise. The mass loss is dominated by enhanced glacier flow in areas closest to warm, salty, subsurface circumpolar deep water, including East Antarctica, which has been a major contributor over the entire period. The same sectors are likely to dominate sea-level rise from Antarctica in decades to come as enhanced polar westerlies push more circumpolar deep water toward the glaciers. We use updated drainage inventory, ice thickness, and ice velocity data to calculate the grounding line ice discharge of 176 basins draining the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1979 to 2017. We compare the results with a surface mass balance model to deduce the ice sheet mass balance. The total mass loss increased from 40 ± 9 Gt/y in 1979–1990 to 50 ± 14 Gt/y in 1989–2000, 166 ± 18 Gt/y in 1999–2009, and 252 ± 26 Gt/y in 2009–2017. In 2009–2017, the mass loss was dominated by the Amundsen/Bellingshausen Sea sectors, in West Antarctica (159 ± 8 Gt/y), Wilkes Land, in East Antarctica (51 ± 13 Gt/y), and West and Northeast Peninsula (42 ± 5 Gt/y). The contribution to sea-level rise from Antarctica averaged 3.6 ± 0.5 mm per decade with a cumulative 14.0 ± 2.0 mm since 1979, including 6.9 ± 0.6 mm from West Antarctica, 4.4 ± 0.9 mm from East Antarctica, and 2.5 ± 0.4 mm from the Peninsula (i.e., East Antarctica is a major participant in the mass loss). During the entire period, the mass loss concentrated in areas closest to warm, salty, subsurface, circumpolar deep water (CDW), that is, consistent with enhanced polar westerlies pushing CDW toward Antarctica to melt its floating ice shelves, destabilize the glaciers, and raise sea level.
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17
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Abstract
The aim of the article was to verify the hypothesis concerning the diversification of plutonium sources in the natural environment of Antarctica. Plutonium activity and atom ratios were analyzed in two groups of biological samples: terrestrial and marine. Both isotopic ratios in the terrestrial set were consistent with global radioactive fallout ratios. The average activity ratio in the marine ecosystem was lower than global radioactive fallout. At the same time mass ratio values in this group turned out to be surprisingly varied. Analysis of the results showed statistically significant differences between the marine and terrestrial ecosystems.
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18
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Barletta VR, Bevis M, Smith BE, Wilson T, Brown A, Bordoni A, Willis M, Khan SA, Rovira-Navarro M, Dalziel I, Smalley R, Kendrick E, Konfal S, Caccamise DJ, Aster RC, Nyblade A, Wiens DA. Observed rapid bedrock uplift in Amundsen Sea Embayment promotes ice-sheet stability. Science 2018; 360:1335-1339. [PMID: 29930133 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The marine portion of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) in the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE) accounts for one-fourth of the cryospheric contribution to global sea-level rise and is vulnerable to catastrophic collapse. The bedrock response to ice mass loss, glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), was thought to occur on a time scale of 10,000 years. We used new GPS measurements, which show a rapid (41 millimeters per year) uplift of the ASE, to estimate the viscosity of the mantle underneath. We found a much lower viscosity (4 × 1018 pascal-second) than global average, and this shortens the GIA response time scale from tens to hundreds of years. Our finding requires an upward revision of ice mass loss from gravity data of 10% and increases the potential stability of the WAIS against catastrophic collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina R Barletta
- DTU Space, National Space Institute, Geodynamics Department, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. .,School of Earth Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael Bevis
- School of Earth Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Terry Wilson
- School of Earth Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Abel Brown
- School of Earth Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andrea Bordoni
- DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Shfaqat Abbas Khan
- DTU Space, National Space Institute, Geodynamics Department, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marc Rovira-Navarro
- DTU Space, National Space Institute, Geodynamics Department, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,TU Delft, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Ian Dalziel
- Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Robert Smalley
- Center for Earthquake Research and Information, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Eric Kendrick
- School of Earth Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie Konfal
- School of Earth Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dana J Caccamise
- School of Earth Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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19
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Steig EJ, Neff PD. The prescience of paleoclimatology and the future of the Antarctic ice sheet. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2730. [PMID: 30013232 PMCID: PMC6048159 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging view that the West Antarctic ice sheet is in the early stage of collapse owes as much to paleoclimatology as to contemporary observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Steig
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Box 351310, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Peter D Neff
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Box 351310, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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20
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Evidence of marine ice-cliff instability in Pine Island Bay from iceberg-keel plough marks. Nature 2018; 550:506-510. [PMID: 29072274 DOI: 10.1038/nature24458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Marine ice-cliff instability (MICI) processes could accelerate future retreat of the Antarctic Ice Sheet if ice shelves that buttress grounding lines more than 800 metres below sea level are lost. The present-day grounding zones of the Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers in West Antarctica need to retreat only short distances before they reach extensive retrograde slopes. When grounding zones of glaciers retreat onto such slopes, theoretical considerations and modelling results indicate that the retreat becomes unstable (marine ice-sheet instability) and thus accelerates. It is thought that MICI is triggered when this retreat produces ice cliffs above the water line with heights approaching about 90 metres. However, observational evidence confirming the action of MICI has not previously been reported. Here we present observational evidence that rapid deglacial ice-sheet retreat into Pine Island Bay proceeded in a similar manner to that simulated in a recent modelling study, driven by MICI. Iceberg-keel plough marks on the sea-floor provide geological evidence of past and present iceberg morphology, keel depth and drift direction. From the planform shape and cross-sectional morphologies of iceberg-keel plough marks, we find that iceberg calving during the most recent deglaciation was not characterized by small numbers of large, tabular icebergs as is observed today, which would produce wide, flat-based plough marks or toothcomb-like multi-keeled plough marks. Instead, it was characterized by large numbers of smaller icebergs with V-shaped keels. Geological evidence of the form and water-depth distribution of the plough marks indicates calving-margin thicknesses equivalent to the threshold that is predicted to trigger ice-cliff structural collapse as a result of MICI. We infer rapid and sustained ice-sheet retreat driven by MICI, commencing around 12,300 years ago and terminating before about 11,200 years ago, which produced large numbers of icebergs smaller than the typical tabular icebergs produced today. Our findings demonstrate the effective operation of MICI in the past, and highlight its potential contribution to accelerated future retreat of the Antarctic Ice Sheet.
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21
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Yang W, Zhao X, Zhang F, Fang Z, Ma H, Chen M, Qiu Y, Zheng M. Identification of the earlier human-induced sedimentation change in Daya Bay, northern South China Sea using 210Pb and 137Cs. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 126:334-337. [PMID: 29421108 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 30years, the rapid development of the Chinese economy resulted in environmental problems, especially in coastal areas. To discern the effects of anthropogenic activities, 210Pb and 137Cs were examined in the sediment from Daya Bay, northern South China Sea. The specific activity of 137Cs showed a clear maximum, corresponding to 1963. 210Pb specific activity varied from 25.1 to 78.5Bq kg-1. 210Pb distribution showed a hiatus at 18-19cm with 5-6cm of older sediment (>150years), indicating direct land-originating material over a short timescale rather than natural processes. This event was attributed to the human-induced redistribution of sediment during reclamation. Based on the 137Cs-labeled 1963 and 210Pb-chronologies, this event was confined to late 1977, earlier than the generally recognized significant anthropogenic activities. Thus, information archived in the sediment or in records prior to the 1970s would be better environmental background in Daya Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Xiufeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ziming Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Haoyang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yusheng Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Minfang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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22
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Gałuszka A, Migaszewski ZM, Namieśnik J. The role of analytical chemistry in the study of the Anthropocene. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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23
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Bingham RG, Vaughan DG, King EC, Davies D, Cornford SL, Smith AM, Arthern RJ, Brisbourne AM, De Rydt J, Graham AGC, Spagnolo M, Marsh OJ, Shean DE. Diverse landscapes beneath Pine Island Glacier influence ice flow. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1618. [PMID: 29158501 PMCID: PMC5696374 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01597-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The retreating Pine Island Glacier (PIG), West Antarctica, presently contributes ~5-10% of global sea-level rise. PIG's retreat rate has increased in recent decades with associated thinning migrating upstream into tributaries feeding the main glacier trunk. To project future change requires modelling that includes robust parameterisation of basal traction, the resistance to ice flow at the bed. However, most ice-sheet models estimate basal traction from satellite-derived surface velocity, without a priori knowledge of the key processes from which it is derived, namely friction at the ice-bed interface and form drag, and the resistance to ice flow that arises as ice deforms to negotiate bed topography. Here, we present high-resolution maps, acquired using ice-penetrating radar, of the bed topography across parts of PIG. Contrary to lower-resolution data currently used for ice-sheet models, these data show a contrasting topography across the ice-bed interface. We show that these diverse subglacial landscapes have an impact on ice flow, and present a challenge for modelling ice-sheet evolution and projecting global sea-level rise from ice-sheet loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Bingham
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, UK.
| | | | | | - Damon Davies
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, UK
| | - Stephen L Cornford
- Department of Geography, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | | | | | | | - Jan De Rydt
- British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Alastair G C Graham
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Matteo Spagnolo
- School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UF, UK.,Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-4767, USA
| | - Oliver J Marsh
- Gateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - David E Shean
- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105-6698, USA
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West Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by Holocene warm water incursions. Nature 2017; 547:43-48. [PMID: 28682333 PMCID: PMC5510715 DOI: 10.1038/nature22995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glaciological and oceanographic observations coupled with numerical models show that warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) upwelling onto the West Antarctic continental shelf causes melting of the undersides of floating ice shelves. Because these ice shelves buttress glaciers feeding into them, their ocean-induced thinning is driving Antarctic ice-sheet loss today. Here we present the first multi-proxy data based reconstruction of variability in CDW inflow to the Amundsen Sea sector, the most vulnerable part of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, during the last 11,000 years. The chemical composition of foraminifer shells and benthic foraminifer assemblages in marine sediments indicate that enhanced CDW upwelling, controlled by the latitudinal position of the Southern Hemisphere westerly winds, forced deglaciation of this sector both until 7,500 years ago, when an ice-shelf collapse may have caused rapid ice-sheet thinning further upstream, and since the 1940s. These results increase confidence in the predictive capability of current ice-sheet models.
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25
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Smith JA, Andersen TJ, Shortt M, Gaffney AM, Truffer M, Stanton TP, Bindschadler R, Dutrieux P, Jenkins A, Hillenbrand CD, Ehrmann W, Corr HFJ, Farley N, Crowhurst S, Vaughan DG. Erratum: Corrigendum: Sub-ice-shelf sediments record history of twentieth-century retreat of Pine Island Glacier. Nature 2017; 549:292. [DOI: 10.1038/nature23650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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