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Baimiev AK, Gubaidullin II, Baimiev AK, Chemeris AV. The effects of natural and hybrid lectins on the legume-rhizobium interactions. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s000368380901013x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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KARCHER SUSANJ. TRANSPOSON MUTAGENESIS OF Escherichia coli. Mol Biol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012397720-5.50035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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3
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Effect of divalent cations on succinate transport in Rhizobium tropici, R. leguminosarum bv phaseoli and R. loti. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1994; 10:249-55. [PMID: 24421004 DOI: 10.1007/bf00414856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/06/1993] [Accepted: 09/07/1993] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Rhizobium tropici, R. leguminosarum bv phaseoli and R. loti each have an active C4-dicarboxylic acid transport system dependent on an energized membrane. Free thiol groups are probably involved at the active site. Since EDTA inhibited succinate transport in R. leguminosarum bv phaseoli and R. loti, divalent cations may participate in the process; the activity was reconstituted by the addition of Ca(2+) or Mg(2+). However, EDTA had no effect on succinate transport in R. tropici, R. meliloti or R. trifolii strains. Ca(2+) or Mg(2+) had a similar effect on the growth rates of R. tropici and R. leguminosarum bv phaseoli; R. tropici did not require Ca(2+) to grow on minimal medium supplemented with succinate but R. leguminosarum bv phaseoli required either or both of the divalent cations Ca(2+) and Mg(2+). A R. tropici Mu-dI (lacZ) mutant defective in dicarboxylic acid transport, was isolated and found unable to form effective bean nodules.
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Soberón M, Aguilar GR, Sánchez F. Rhizobium phaseoli cytochrome c-deficient mutant induces empty nodules on Phaseolus vulgaris L. Mol Microbiol 1993; 8:159-66. [PMID: 8388530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A Rhizobium phaseoli cytochrome mutant, unable to oxidize N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD), was isolated after Mu-dl (Kan lac) mutagenesis of the wild-type strain CE-3. Mutant strain CFN4202 had sixfold less haem-c but similar levels of b type, o and aa3 cytochromes than the wild-type strain. CFN4202 strain also showed reduced NADH- and TMPD-oxidase activity than the wild-type strain. Succinate-oxidase activities were very similar. Western blot experiments, using antiserum against bovine c1 and c cytochromes, revealed that both proteins were present in CFN4202 membranes, suggesting a defect of haem binding to cytochrome c. Nodules formed by this strain in Phaseolus vulgaris did not contain bacteroids. These data suggest that the cytochrome c-aa3 chain or some other respiratory chain, containing c-type cytochromes in R. phaseoli, is essential for bacterial division during the early steps of the symbiotic interaction with the legume-host.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soberón
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos
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Rong L, Karcher SJ, O'Neal K, Hawes MC, Yerkes CD, Jayaswal RK, Hallberg CA, Gelvin SB. picA, a novel plant-inducible locus on the Agrobacterium tumefaciens chromosome. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:5828-36. [PMID: 2170328 PMCID: PMC526900 DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.10.5828-5836.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We used the transposon Mu dI1681 to identify genes on the Agrobacterium tumefaciens chromosome that are inducible by extracts from carrot roots. One such locus (picA, for plant inducible chromosomal), harbored by A. tumefaciens At156, was inducible 10- to 50-fold by these extracts. Mutation of picA had no detectable effect upon bacterial growth or virulence under laboratory assay conditions. However, A. tumefaciens cells harboring a mutated picA locus aggregated into long "ropes" when incubated with pea root tip cells. Such aggregation was not displayed by the parental strain A. tumefaciens A136. A preliminary characterization of the inducing compound in the carrot root extract suggests that the active substance is an acidic polysaccharide that is most likely derived from the pectic portion of the plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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Sadowsky MJ, Olson ER, Foster VE, Kosslak RM, Verma DP. Two host-inducible genes of Rhizobium fredii and characterization of the inducing compound. J Bacteriol 1988; 170:171-8. [PMID: 2447061 PMCID: PMC210622 DOI: 10.1128/jb.170.1.171-178.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Random transcription fusions with Mu d1(Kan lac) generated three mutants in Rhizobium fredii (strain USDA 201) which showed induction of beta-galactosidase when grown in root exudate of the host plants Glycine max, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Vigna ungliculata. Two genes were isolated from a library of total plasmid DNA of one of the mutants, 3F1. These genes, present in tandem on a 4.2-kilobase HindIII fragment, appear in one copy each on the symbiotic plasmid and do not hybridize to the Rhizobium meliloti common nodulation region. They comprise two separate transcriptional units coding for about 450 and 950 nucleotides, both of which are transcribed in the same direction. The two open reading frames are separated by 586 base pairs, and the 5H regions of the two genes show a common sequence. No similarity was found with the promoter areas of Rhizobium trifolii, R. meliloti, or Bradyrhizobium japonicum nif genes and with any known nodulation genes. Regions homologous to both sequences were detected in EcoRI digests of genomic DNAs from B. japonicum USDA 110, USDA 122, and 61A76, but not in genomic DNA from R. trifolii, Rhizobium leguminosarum, or Rhizobium phaseoli. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis indicated that the inducing compound has properties of 4',7-dihydroxyisoflavone, daidzein. These results suggest that, in addition to common nodulation genes, several other genes appear to be specifically induced by compounds in the root exudate of the host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Sadowsky
- Biology Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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VERMA DESHPALS, STANLEY JOHN. Molecular Interactions in Endosymbiosis between Legume Plants and Nitrogen-Fixing Microbes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb40615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Morrison N, Verma DP. A block in the endocytosis of Rhizobium allows cellular differentiation in nodules but affects the expression of some peribacteroid membrane nodulins. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1987; 9:185-196. [PMID: 24276967 DOI: 10.1007/bf00166455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/1987] [Accepted: 05/07/1987] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A transposon-induced mutant (T8-1) of Bradyrhizobium japonicum (61A76) was unable to develop into the nitrogen-fixing endosymbiotic form, the bacteroid. Comparison between this mutant and T5-95, an ineffective (non-nitrogen fixing, Fix(-)) mutant, confirmed that the process of bacteroid development is a distinct phase of differentiation of the endosymbiont and is independent of nitrogen fixation activity. The T8-1 mutant was able to induce normal-size nodules which differentiated two plant cell types and contained numerous infection threads. However, the infected cells were devoid of bacteroids. Electron microscopy revealed that the ends of the infection threads were broken down in a normal manner once the thread had penetrated the cells, but the mutant was not internalized by endocytosis. The lack of peribacteroid membrane (PBM) in nodules induced by this mutant was correlated with a reduced level of expression of plant genes coding for PBM nodulins. These genes were expressed in the T5-95 mutant, showing that the low expression in T8-1 was not due to the lack of nitrogen fixation. One of the PBM nodulins, nodulin-26, was found at normal levels in the nodules which lack PBM, suggesting that there are at least two developmental stages in PBM biosynthesis. These data suggest that a coordination of plant and Rhizobium gene expression is required for the release and internalization of bacteria into the PBM compartments of infected cells of nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Morrison
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Docteur Penfield Avenue, H3A 1B1, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Galactose metabolism inErwinia carotovora Subsp.carotovora. Curr Microbiol 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01568951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Sadowsky MJ, Rostas K, Sista PR, Bussey H, Verma DPS. Symbiotically defective histidine auxotrophs of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Arch Microbiol 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00409881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Stanley J, Longtin D, Madrzak C, Verma DP. Genetic locus in Rhizobium japonicum (fredii) affecting soybean root nodule differentiation. J Bacteriol 1986; 166:628-34. [PMID: 3009416 PMCID: PMC214651 DOI: 10.1128/jb.166.2.628-634.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A genetic locus in fast-growing Rhizobium japonicum (fredii) USDA 191 (Fix+ on several contemporary soybean cultivars) was identified by random Tn5 mutagenesis as affecting the development and differentiation of root nodules. This mutant (MU042) is prototrophic and shows no apparent alterations in its surface properties. It induces aberrant nodules, arrested at the same early level of differentiation, on all its host plants. An 8.1-kilobase EcoRI fragment containing Tn5 was cloned from MU042. In USDA 191 as well as another fast-growing strain, USDA 201, the affected locus was found to be unlinked to the large symbiotic plasmid and appears to be chromosomal. An analogous sequence has been shown to be present in Bradyrhizobium japonicum (J. Stanley, G.G. Brown, and D.P.S. Verma, J. Bacteriol. 163:148-154, 1985) as well as in R. trifolii and R. meliloti. MU042 was complemented for effective nodulation of soybean by a cosmid clone from USDA 201, and the complementing locus was delimited to a 6-kilobase EcoRI subfragment. An R. trifolii strain (MU225), whose indigenous symbiotic plasmid was replaced by that of strain USDA 191, induced more highly differentiated nodules on soybean than did MU042. This suggests that the mutation in MU042 can be functionally substituted by similar loci of other fast-growing rhizobia. Leghemoglobin and nodulin-35 (uricase II) were present in the differentiated Fix- nodules induced by MU225, whereas both were absent in MU042-induced pseudonodule structures.
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Gresshoff PM, Delves AC. Plant Genetic Approaches to Symbiotic Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in Legumes. A GENETIC APPROACH TO PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6989-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Prakash R, Atherly† AG. Plasmids of Rhizobium and Their Role in Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61921-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Engwall KS, Atherly AG. The formation of R-prime deletion mutants and the identification of the symbiotic genes in Rhizobium fredii strain USDA191. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1986; 6:41-51. [PMID: 24307153 DOI: 10.1007/bf00021305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/1985] [Revised: 09/13/1985] [Accepted: 09/23/1985] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
R-prime plasmids were formed between the plasmid of Rhizobium fredii strain USDA191 containing nodulation and nitrogen-fixation genes, pRjaUSDA191c, and pRL180, and RP1 derivative. R. fredii USDA191 contains four HindIII fragments that hybridize with an 8.7 kb EcoRI fragment that contains nodulation genes from R. meliloti. These four fragments are on pRjaUSDA191c and are 15.5 kb, 12.5 kb, 6.8 kb, and 5.2 kb in size. A series of R-primes generated in E. coli of pRjaUSDA191c were transferred into a Nod(-) Nif(-) derivative of strain USDA191 to determine which nodulation region is necessary for nodule formation. Transconjugants containing the 12.5 kb and the 6.8 kb HindIII fragments on segments of pRjaUSDA191c produced nodules on soybean plants. However, transconjugants containing the 12.5 kb HindIII fragment alone were unable to form nodules, suggesting that the 6.8 kb HindIII fragment or the 6.8 kb and the 12.5 kb HindIII fragments together were needed for nodule formation. The 6.8 kb HindIII fragment was subcloned into the vector pVK102 and transferred into transconjugants containing no sequences homologous to R. meliloti nodulation DNA or to transconjugants containing only the 12.5 kb HindIII fragment. Nodules were formed on soybeans only when both the 12.5 kb and the 6.8 kb HindIII fragments were present in R. frediistrain USDA191.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Engwall
- Dept. of Genetics, Iowa State University, 50011, Ames, IA, U.S.A
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Abstract
We examined the interrelationships of the genomes of 10 slow-growing strains of Rhizobium japonicum to provide a foundation for molecular genetic studies of these agriculturally important endosymbiotic bacteria of commercial soybeans. The degree of base substitution in and around known symbiotic genes (nif and presumptive nod), constitutively expressed genes (glnA and recA), and two other cloned sequences was estimated from restriction site variation by using cloned DNAs as hybridization probes to genomic Southern blots. Two highly divergent patterns of conservation of nifDH genes and nod-homologous sequences were found. On this basis, we classified the strains as the symbiotic genotypes sTI or sTII. Existing maps of the nif genes of R. japonicum apply only to strains of the sTI genotype. This division was further characterized by four other probes which also distinguished two sublines within sTI. Phenograms were constructed depicting interrelationships according to DNA sequence divergence. sTI and sTII are two highly divergent evolutionary lines consistent with the status of individual species. Neither is related to fast-growing Rhizobium strains (PRC strains) nodulating soybeans.
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