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Heidari-Kharaji M, Taheri T, Doroud D, Habibzadeh S, Badirzadeh A, Rafati S. Enhanced paromomycin efficacy by solid lipid nanoparticle formulation againstLeishmaniain mice model. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:599-608. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Heidari-Kharaji
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - T. Taheri
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - D. Doroud
- Regulatory Department, Production and Research Complex; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - S. Habibzadeh
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - A. Badirzadeh
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - S. Rafati
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
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Jackson AP, Sanders M, Berry A, McQuillan J, Aslett MA, Quail MA, Chukualim B, Capewell P, MacLeod A, Melville SE, Gibson W, Barry JD, Berriman M, Hertz-Fowler C. The genome sequence of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, causative agent of chronic human african trypanosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e658. [PMID: 20404998 PMCID: PMC2854126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is the causative agent of chronic Human African Trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness, a disease endemic across often poor and rural areas of Western and Central Africa. We have previously published the genome sequence of a T. b. brucei isolate, and have now employed a comparative genomics approach to understand the scale of genomic variation between T. b. gambiense and the reference genome. We sought to identify features that were uniquely associated with T. b. gambiense and its ability to infect humans. Methods and Findings An improved high-quality draft genome sequence for the group 1 T. b. gambiense DAL 972 isolate was produced using a whole-genome shotgun strategy. Comparison with T. b. brucei showed that sequence identity averages 99.2% in coding regions, and gene order is largely collinear. However, variation associated with segmental duplications and tandem gene arrays suggests some reduction of functional repertoire in T. b. gambiense DAL 972. A comparison of the variant surface glycoproteins (VSG) in T. b. brucei with all T. b. gambiense sequence reads showed that the essential structural repertoire of VSG domains is conserved across T. brucei. Conclusions This study provides the first estimate of intraspecific genomic variation within T. brucei, and so has important consequences for future population genomics studies. We have shown that the T. b. gambiense genome corresponds closely with the reference, which should therefore be an effective scaffold for any T. brucei genome sequence data. As VSG repertoire is also well conserved, it may be feasible to describe the total diversity of variant antigens. While we describe several as yet uncharacterized gene families with predicted cell surface roles that were expanded in number in T. b. brucei, no T. b. gambiense-specific gene was identified outside of the subtelomeres that could explain the ability to infect humans. Sleeping sickness, or Human African Trypanosomiasis, is a disease affecting the health and productivity of poor people in many rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa. The disease is caused by a single-celled flagellate, Trypanosoma brucei, which evades the immune system by periodically switching the proteins on its surface. We have produced a genome sequence for T. brucei gambiense, which is the particular subspecies causing most disease in humans. We compared this with an existing reference genome for a non-human infecting strain (T. b. brucei 927) to identify genes in T. b. gambiense that might explain its ability to infect humans and to assess how well the reference performs as a universal plan for all T. brucei. The genome sequences differ only due to rare insertions and duplications and homologous genes are over 95% identical on average. The archive of surface antigens that enable the parasite to switch its protein coat is remarkably consistent, even though it evolves very quickly. We identified genes with predicted cell surface functions that are only present in T. b. brucei and have evolved rapidly in recent time. These genes might help to explain variation in disease pathology between different T. brucei strains in different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Jackson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy Sanders
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Berry
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline McQuillan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin A. Aslett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. Quail
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul Capewell
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Annette MacLeod
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Wendy Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - J. David Barry
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christiane Hertz-Fowler
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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