Transgenic Plants of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) Obtained Through Electroporation of Protoplasts

Vegetables

The conscious promotion of health by an appropriate, balanced diet has become an important social request. Vegetable thereby possesses a special importance due to its high vitamin, mineral and dietary fibre content. Major progress has been made over the past few years in the transformation of vegetables. The expression of several genes has been inhibited by sense gene suppression, and new traits caused by new gene constructs are stably inherited. This chapter reviews advances in various traits such as disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, quality improvement, pharmaceutical and industrial application. Results are presented from most important vegetable families, like Solanaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Liliaceae. Although many research trends in this report are positive, only a few transgenic vegetables have been released from confined into precommercial testing or into use.

Large-scale dissociation and sequential reassembly of pericentric heterochromatin in dedifferentiated Arabidopsis cells

Chromocenters in Arabidopsis thaliana are discrete nuclear domains of mainly pericentric heterochromatin. They are characterized by the presence of repetitive sequences, methylated DNA and dimethylated histone H3K9. Here we show that dedifferentiation of specialized mesophyll cells into undifferentiated protoplasts is accompanied by the disruption of chromocenter structures. The dramatic reduction of heterochromatin involves the decondensation of all major repeat regions, also including the centromeric 180 bp tandem repeats. Only the 45S rDNA repeat remained in a partly compact state in most cells. Remarkably, the epigenetic indicators for heterochromatin, DNA methylation and H3K9 dimethylation, did not change upon decondensation. Furthermore, the decondensation of pericentric heterochromatin did not result in transcriptional reactivation of silent genomic elements. The decondensation process was reversible upon prolonged culturing. Strikingly, recondensation of heterochromatin into chromocenters is a stepwise process. Compaction of the tandemly arranged 45S rDNA regions occurs first, followed by the centromeric 180 bp and the 5S rDNA repeats and finally the dispersed repeats, including transposons. The sequence of reassembly seems to be correlated to the size of the repeat domains. Our results indicate that different types of pericentromeric repeats form different types of heterochromatin, which subsequently merge to form a chromocenter.

A simple and efficient method for testing Lettuce mosaic virus resistance in in vitro cultivated lettuce

The potential of a new in vitro inoculation and propagation method developed for Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was evaluated by studying LMV infection on in vitro cultivated seedlings or on newly regenerated plantlets. Lettuce cultivars differing by their LMV-resistance status were inoculated with various natural LMV isolates as well as with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-tagged recombinant virus isolates. A good correlation was observed between the known resistance status of the cultivars and the results obtained by in vitro screening. The results show that this resistance assay can be greatly improved by the use of GFP-tagged virus isolates. The main advantages of this method are reduced space requirements and an improved environmental safety, especially for the handling of recombinant virus, of quarantine virus or of transgenic plants.