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Rocha RA, Speight RE, Scott C. Engineering Enzyme Properties for Improved Biocatalytic Processes in Batch and Continuous Flow. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A. Rocha
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, CSIRO Land & Water, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Robert E. Speight
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Colin Scott
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, CSIRO Land & Water, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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2
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Liang W, Wied P, Carraro F, Sumby CJ, Nidetzky B, Tsung CK, Falcaro P, Doonan CJ. Metal–Organic Framework-Based Enzyme Biocomposites. Chem Rev 2021; 121:1077-1129. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Peter Wied
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Francesco Carraro
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christopher J. Sumby
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Chia-Kuang Tsung
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Paolo Falcaro
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christian J. Doonan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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3
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Heckmann CM, Paradisi F. Looking Back: A Short History of the Discovery of Enzymes and How They Became Powerful Chemical Tools. ChemCatChem 2020; 12:6082-6102. [PMID: 33381242 PMCID: PMC7756376 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic approaches to challenges in chemical synthesis are increasingly popular and very attractive to industry given their green nature and high efficiency compared to traditional methods. In this historical review we highlight the developments across several fields that were necessary to create the modern field of biocatalysis, with enzyme engineering and directed evolution at its core. We exemplify the modular, incremental, and highly unpredictable nature of scientific discovery, driven by curiosity, and showcase the resulting examples of cutting-edge enzymatic applications in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Heckmann
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
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4
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Fatima B, Aftab MN, Haq IU. Cloning, purification, and characterization of xylose isomerase fromThermotoga naphthophilaRKU-10. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:949-62. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bilqees Fatima
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology (IIB); GC University; Lahore Pakistan
| | | | - Ikram-ul Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology (IIB); GC University; Lahore Pakistan
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5
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6
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DiCosimo R, McAuliffe J, Poulose AJ, Bohlmann G. Industrial use of immobilized enzymes. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:6437-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35506c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 897] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Franssen MCR, Steunenberg P, Scott EL, Zuilhof H, Sanders JPM. Immobilised enzymes in biorenewables production. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:6491-533. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs00004d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Mu W, Wang X, Xue Q, Jiang B, Zhang T, Miao M. Characterization of a thermostable glucose isomerase with an acidic pH optimum from Acidothermus cellulolyticus. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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van der Sloot AM, Quax WJ. Computational design of TNF ligand-based protein therapeutics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 691:521-34. [PMID: 21153357 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6612-4_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Almer M van der Sloot
- EMBL-CRG Systems Biology Program, Design of Biological Systems, Centre de Regulació Genòmica, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Fernandes P. Enzymes in food processing: a condensed overview on strategies for better biocatalysts. Enzyme Res 2010; 2010:862537. [PMID: 21048872 PMCID: PMC2963163 DOI: 10.4061/2010/862537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Food and feed is possibly the area where processing anchored in biological agents has the deepest roots. Despite this, process improvement or design and implementation of novel approaches has been consistently performed, and more so in recent years, where significant advances in enzyme engineering and biocatalyst design have fastened the pace of such developments. This paper aims to provide an updated and succinct overview on the applications of enzymes in the food sector, and of progresses made, namely, within the scope of tapping for more efficient biocatalysts, through screening, structural modification, and immobilization of enzymes. Targeted improvements aim at enzymes with enhanced thermal and operational stability, improved specific activity, modification of pH-activity profiles, and increased product specificity, among others. This has been mostly achieved through protein engineering and enzyme immobilization, along with improvements in screening. The latter has been considerably improved due to the implementation of high-throughput techniques, and due to developments in protein expression and microbial cell culture. Expanding screening to relatively unexplored environments (marine, temperature extreme environments) has also contributed to the identification and development of more efficient biocatalysts. Technological aspects are considered, but economic aspects are also briefly addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Fernandes
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Avenue Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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11
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Kluskens LD, Zeilstra J, Geerling ACM, de Vos WM, van der Oost J. Molecular characterization of the glucose isomerase from the thermophilic bacterium Fervidobacterium gondwanense. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2010; 31:1083-1090. [PMID: 20718290 DOI: 10.1080/09593330903486673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The gene coding for xylose isomerase from the thermophilic bacterium Fervidobacterium gondwanense was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The produced xylose isomerase (XylA), which closely resembles counterparts from Thermotoga maritima and T. neapolitana, was purified and characterized. It is optimally active at 70 degrees C, pH 7.3, with a specific activity of 15.0 U/mg for the interconversion of glucose to fructose. When compared with T. maritima XylA at 85 degrees C, a higher catalytic efficiency was observed. Divalent metal ions Co2+ and Mg2+ were found to enhance the thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Kluskens
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Brown SH, Sjøholm C, Kelly RM. Purification and characterization of a highly thermostable glucose isomerase produced by the extremely thermophilic eubacterium, Thermotoga maritima. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 41:878-86. [PMID: 18609636 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260410907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Thermotoga maritima, among the most thermophilic eubacteria currently known, produces glucose isomerase when grow in the presence of xylose. The purified enzyme is a homotetramer with submit molecular Wight of about 45,000. It has a number of features in common with previously described glucose isomerases-pH optimum of 6.5 to 7.5, presence of active-site histidine, requirement for metal cations such as Co(2+) and Mg(2+), and preference for xylose as substrate. In addition, it has significant sequence/structural homology with other glucose isomerases, as shown by both N-terminal sequencing and immunological crossreactivity. The T. maritima enzyme is distinguished by its extreme thermostability-a temperature optimum of 105 to 110 degrees C, and an estimated half-life of 10 minutes at 120 degrees C, pH 7.0. The high degree of thermostability, coupled with a neutral to slightly acid pH optimum, reveal this enzyme to be a promising candidate for improvement of the industrial glucose isomerization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Brown
- Department of chemical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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13
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Involvement of cysteine 306 and alanine 63 in the thermostability and oligomeric organization of glucose isomerase from Streptomyces sp. SK. Biologia (Bratisl) 2009. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-009-0155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Sriprang R, Asano K, Gobsuk J, Tanapongpipat S, Champreda V, Eurwilaichitr L. Improvement of thermostability of fungal xylanase by using site-directed mutagenesis. J Biotechnol 2006; 126:454-62. [PMID: 16757052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Replacing several serine and threonine residues on the Ser/Thr surface of the xylanase from Aspergillus niger BCC14405 with four and five arginines effectively increases the thermostability of the enzyme. The modified enzymes showed 80% of maximal activity after incubating in xylan substrate for 2h at 50 degrees C compared to only 15% activity for wild-type enzyme. The half-life of the mutated enzymes increased to 257+/-16 and 285+/-10 min for the four- and five-arginine mutants, respectively, compared to 14+/-1 min for the wild-type enzyme. Thus, the arginine substitutions effectively increase stability by 18-20-fold. Kinetic parameters of the four-arginine-substitution enzyme were maintained at the level of the wild-type enzyme with the K(m) and V(max) values of 8.3+/-0.1 mgml(-1) and 9556+/-66 (n=3) U mg(-1) protein, respectively. The five-arginine-substitution enzyme showed only slight alteration in K(m) and V(max) with K(m) of 11.7+/-1.7 mgml(-1) and V(max) of 8502+/-65 Umg(-1) protein, indicating lower substrate affinity and catalytic rate. Our study demonstrated that properly introduced arginine residues on the Ser/Thr surface of xylanase family 11 might be very effective in improvement of enzyme thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutchadaporn Sriprang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Patumthani 12120, Thailand.
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15
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Bornscheuer UT, Buchholz K. Highlights in Biocatalysis - Historical Landmarks and Current Trends. Eng Life Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.200520089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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16
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Borgi MA, Srih-Belguith K, Ben Ali M, Mezghani M, Tranier S, Haser R, Bejar S. Glucose isomerase of the Streptomyces sp. SK strain: purification, sequence analysis and implication of alanine 103 residue in the enzyme thermostability and acidotolerance. Biochimie 2004; 86:561-8. [PMID: 15388233 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 07/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The glucose isomerase gene (xylA) from the Streptomyces sp. SK strain encodes a 386-amino-acid protein (42.7 kDa) showing extensive identities with many other bacterial glucose isomerases. We have shown by gel filtration chromatography and SDS-PAGE analysis that the purified recombinant glucose isomerase (SKGI) is a 180 kDa tetramer of four 43 kDa subunits. Sequence inspection revealed that this protein, present some special characteristics like the abundance of hydrophobic residues and some original amino-acid substitutions, which distinguish SKGI from the other GIs previously reported. The presence of an Ala residue at position 103 in SKGI is especially remarkable, since the same amino-acid was found at the equivalent position in the extremely thermostable GIs from Thermus thermophilus and Thermotoga neapolitana; whereas a Gly was found in the majority of less thermostable GIs from Streptomyces. The Ala103Gly mutation, introduced in SKGI, significantly decreases the half-life time at 90 degrees C from 80 to 50 min and also shifts the optimum pH from 6.5 to 7.5. This confirms the implication of the Ala103 residue on SKGI thermostability and activity at low pH. A homology model of SKGI based on the SOGI (that of Streptomyces olivochromogenes) crystal structure has been constructed in order to understand the mutational effects on a molecular scale. Hence, the Ala103Gly mutation, affecting enzyme properties, is presumed to increase molecular flexibility and to destabilize, in particular at elevated temperature, the 91-109 loop that includes the important catalytic residue, Phe94.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali Borgi
- Laboratoire d'Enzymes et de Métabolites des Procaryotes, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax BP K 3038 Sfax, Tunisie
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17
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Vieille C, Zeikus GJ. Hyperthermophilic enzymes: sources, uses, and molecular mechanisms for thermostability. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2001; 65:1-43. [PMID: 11238984 PMCID: PMC99017 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.65.1.1-43.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1384] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes synthesized by hyperthermophiles (bacteria and archaea with optimal growth temperatures of > 80 degrees C), also called hyperthermophilic enzymes, are typically thermostable (i.e., resistant to irreversible inactivation at high temperatures) and are optimally active at high temperatures. These enzymes share the same catalytic mechanisms with their mesophilic counterparts. When cloned and expressed in mesophilic hosts, hyperthermophilic enzymes usually retain their thermal properties, indicating that these properties are genetically encoded. Sequence alignments, amino acid content comparisons, crystal structure comparisons, and mutagenesis experiments indicate that hyperthermophilic enzymes are, indeed, very similar to their mesophilic homologues. No single mechanism is responsible for the remarkable stability of hyperthermophilic enzymes. Increased thermostability must be found, instead, in a small number of highly specific alterations that often do not obey any obvious traffic rules. After briefly discussing the diversity of hyperthermophilic organisms, this review concentrates on the remarkable thermostability of their enzymes. The biochemical and molecular properties of hyperthermophilic enzymes are described. Mechanisms responsible for protein inactivation are reviewed. The molecular mechanisms involved in protein thermostabilization are discussed, including ion pairs, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bridges, packing, decrease of the entropy of unfolding, and intersubunit interactions. Finally, current uses and potential applications of thermophilic and hyperthermophilic enzymes as research reagents and as catalysts for industrial processes are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vieille
- Biochemistry Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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18
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Hartley BS, Hanlon N, Jackson RJ, Rangarajan M. Glucose isomerase: insights into protein engineering for increased thermostability. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1543:294-335. [PMID: 11150612 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(00)00246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thermostable glucose isomerases are desirable for production of 55% fructose syrups at >90 degrees C. Current commercial enzymes operate only at 60 degrees C to produce 45% fructose syrups. Protein engineering to construct more stable enzymes has so far been relatively unsuccessful, so this review focuses on elucidation of the thermal inactivation pathway as a future guide. The primary and tertiary structures of 11 Class 1 and 20 Class 2 enzymes are compared. Within each class the structures are almost identical and sequence differences are few. Structural differences between Class 1 and Class 2 are less than previously surmised. The thermostabilities of Class 1 enzymes are essentially identical, in contrast to previous reports, but in Class 2 they vary widely. In each class, thermal inactivation proceeds via the tetrameric apoenzyme, so metal ion affinity dominates thermostability. In Class 1 enzymes, subunit dissociation is not involved, but there is an irreversible conformational change in the apoenzyme leading to a more thermostable inactive tetramer. This may be linked to reversible conformational changes in the apoenzyme at alkaline pH arising from electrostatic repulsions in the active site, which break a buried Arg-30-Asp-299 salt bridge and bring Arg-30 to the surface. There is a different salt bridge in Class 2 enzymes, which might explain their varying thermostability. Previous protein engineering results are reviewed in light of these insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ, London, UK.
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19
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Abstract
The production of sugars from starch sources is an industry that exists in its present form due to the application of industrial enzymology to solve process related problems. As the industry matures, the demand for more efficient enzymes leading to higher quality products and lower production costs for the starch processor has increased. Researchers are now finding or tailoring enzymes for specific operational needs of the processor using a combination of tools such as protein engineering, directed evolution and improved accessing of natural diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Crabb
- Genencor International, Inc., California Technology Center, 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Enzymes synthesized by thermophiles (organisms with optimal growth temperatures > 60 degrees C) and hyperthermophiles (optimal growth temperatures > 80 degrees C) are typically thermostable (resistant to irreversible inactivation at high temperatures) and thermophilic (optimally active at high temperatures, i.e., > 60 degrees C). These enzymes, called thermozymes, share catalytic mechanisms with their mesophilic counterparts. When cloned and expressed in mesophilic hosts, thermozymes usually retain their thermal properties, suggesting that these properties are genetically encoded. Sequence alignments, amino acid content comparisons, and crystal structure comparisons indicate that thermozymes are, indeed, very similar to mesophilic enzymes. No obvious sequence or structural features account for enzyme thermostability and thermophilicity. Thermostability and thermophilicity molecular mechanisms are varied, differing from enzyme to enzyme. Thermostability and thermophilicity are usually caused by the accumulation of numerous subtle sequence differences. This review concentrates on the mechanisms involved in enzyme thermostability and thermophilicity. Their relationships with protein rigidity and flexibility and with protein folding and unfolding are discussed. Intrinsic stabilizing forces (e.g., salt bridges, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions) and extrinsic stabilizing factors are examined. Finally, thermozymes' potential as catalysts for industrial processes and specialty uses are discussed, and lines of development (through new applications, and protein engineering) are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vieille
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48909, USA
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Abstract
Glucose isomerase (GI) (D-xylose ketol-isomerase; EC. 5.3.1.5) catalyzes the reversible isomerization of D-glucose and D-xylose to D-fructose and D-xylulose, respectively. The enzyme has the largest market in the food industry because of its application in the production of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). HFCS, an equilibrium mixture of glucose and fructose, is 1.3 times sweeter than sucrose and serves as a sweetener for use by diabetics. Interconversion of xylose to xylulose by GI serves a nutritional requirement in saprophytic bacteria and has a potential application in the bioconversion of hemicellulose to ethanol. The enzyme is widely distributed in prokaryotes. Intensive research efforts are directed toward improving its suitability for industrial application. Development of microbial strains capable of utilizing xylan-containing raw materials for growth or screening for constitutive mutants of GI is expected to lead to discontinuation of the use of xylose as an inducer for the production of the enzyme. Elimination of Co2+ from the fermentation medium is desirable for avoiding health problems arising from human consumption of HFCS. Immobilization of GI provides an efficient means for its easy recovery and reuse and lowers the cost of its use. X-ray crystallographic and genetic engineering studies support a hydride shift mechanism for the action of GI. Cloning of GI in homologous as well as heterologous hosts has been carried out, with the prime aim of overproducing the enzyme and deciphering the genetic organization of individual genes (xylA, xylB, and xylR) in the xyl operon of different microorganisms. The organization of xylA and xylB seems to be highly conserved in all bacteria. The two genes are transcribed from the same strand in Escherichia coli and Bacillus and Lactobacillus species, whereas they are transcribed divergently on different strands in Streptomyces species. A comparison of the xylA sequences from several bacterial sources revealed the presence of two signature sequences, VXW(GP)GREG(YSTAE)E and (LIVM)EPKPX(EQ)P. The use of an inexpensive inducer in the fermentation medium devoid of Co2+ and redesigning of a tailor-made GI with increased thermostability, higher affinity for glucose, and lower pH optimum will contribute significantly to the development of an economically feasible commercial process for enzymatic isomerization of glucose to fructose. Manipulation of the GI gene by site-directed mutagenesis holds promise that a GI suitable for biotechnological applications will be produced in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Bhosale
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
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Vieille C, Hess JM, Kelly RM, Zeikus JG. xylA cloning and sequencing and biochemical characterization of xylose isomerase from Thermotoga neapolitana. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:1867-75. [PMID: 7646024 PMCID: PMC167449 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.5.1867-1875.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The xylA gene coding for xylose isomerase from the hyperthermophile Thermotoga neapolitana 5068 was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The gene encoded a polypeptide of 444 residues with a calculated molecular weight of 50,892. The native enzyme was a homotetramer with a molecular weight of 200,000. This xylose isomerase was a member of the family II enzymes (these differ from family I isomerases by the presence of approximately 50 additional residues at the amino terminus). The enzyme was extremely thermostable, with optimal activity above 95 degrees C. The xylose isomerase showed maximum activity at pH 7.1, but it had high relative activity over a broad pH range. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of the enzyme was essentially constant between 60 and 90 degrees C, and the catalytic efficiency decreased between 90 and 98 degrees C primarily because of a large increase in Km. The T. neapolitana xylose isomerase had a higher turnover number and a lower Km for glucose than other family II xylose isomerases. Comparisons with other xylose isomerases showed that the catalytic and cation binding regions were well conserved. Comparison of different xylose isomerase sequences showed that numbers of asparagine and glutamine residues decreased with increasing enzyme thermostability, presumably as a thermophilic strategy for diminishing the potential for chemical denaturation through deamidation at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vieille
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA
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Quax WJ, Broekhuizen CP. Development of a new Bacillus carboxyl esterase for use in the resolution of chiral drugs. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1994; 41:425-31. [PMID: 7765103 DOI: 10.1007/bf00939031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have screened a new enzyme for the resolution of R, S-naproxen enantiomers. The enzyme is free of lipase activity, and possesses a very high sterospecificity on S-naproxen [2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-propionic acid] esters and esters of related drugs. The primary structure of the enzyme, determined from the nucleotide sequence, shows limited homology with the catalytic site of lipases. The gene coding for the steroselective carboxylesterase has been cloned and expressed in Bacillus subtilis. Using a multicopy vector and an additional strong promoter an efficient production process was developed. The enzyme was shown to be sensitive to very high concentrations of the products formed during the reaction it catalyses. To increase the resistance of the enzyme, lysine residues thought to be responsible for this phenomnon were replaced through site-directed mutagenesis. Enzymes with improved stability were obtained. An explanation is given in terms of a model in which a reaction of the acid moiety of naproxen with free lysine NH2 groups is a major cause of inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Quax
- Gist-brocades BV, Research & Development, Delft, The Netherlands
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25
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Thermal Stabilization of Xylose Isomerase from Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes. Nat Biotechnol 1993. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt1093-1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Varsani L, Cui T, Rangarajan M, Hartley BS, Goldberg J, Collyer C, Blow DM. Arthrobacter D-xylose isomerase: protein-engineered subunit interfaces. Biochem J 1993; 291 ( Pt 2):575-83. [PMID: 8484737 PMCID: PMC1132563 DOI: 10.1042/bj2910575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mutants of Arthrobacter D-xylose isomerase were constructed in which one or two disulphide bridges or additional salt bridges were introduced at the A-A* subunit interfaces. These showed no change in enzyme activity or stability compared with the wild-type enzyme. However, a Tyr253 mutant in which a disulphide bridge was introduced at the A-B* subunit interface showed reduced thermostability that was identical in both oxidized and reduced forms, and also reduced stability in urea. X-ray-crystallographic analysis of the Mn(2+)-xylitol form of oxidized Y253C (the Tyr253-->Cys mutant) showed a changed conformation of Glu185 and also alternative conformations for Asp254, which is a ligand to the Site-[2] metal ion. With fructose, Mg(2+)-Y253C has a similar Km to that of the wild-type, and its Vmax. is also similar below pH 6.4, but declined thereafter. In the presence of Co2+, Y253C has lower activity than wild-type at all pH values, but its activity also declines at alkaline pH. These results suggest that electrostatic repulsion from the new position of Glu185 causes Asp254 to move when His219 is unprotonated, thereby preventing M2+ binding at Site [2]. These results also suggest that subunit dissociation does not lie on the pathway of thermal inactivation of D-xylose isomerase, but that movements of active-site groups are a trigger for conformational changes that initiate the unfolding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Varsani
- Centre for Biotechnology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, U.K
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Lindén T, Hahn-Hägerdal B. Activity and stability of xylose isomerase preparations from whole cells of Lactobacillus brevis in spent sulfite liquor. Enzyme Microb Technol 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(93)90158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Goddette DW, Christianson T, Ladin BF, Lau M, Mielenz JR, Paech C, Reynolds RB, Yang SS, Wilson CR. Strategy and implementation of a system for protein engineering. J Biotechnol 1993; 28:41-54. [PMID: 7763524 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(93)90124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes an overall view of an industrial protein engineering project from conception to successful completion. The choice of rational design was determined by the availability of an excellent three-dimensional crystal structure and the availability of information in the literature to define a strategy. The design strategy was refined extensively during the course of the project. The development of methods for mutagenesis, expression, verification, purification, and characterization of mutant enzymes is dictated in part by the enzyme property one chooses to modify and must be rapid yet accurate. Such an approach would be applicable to improve the stability of any other protein or enzyme. Using this approach, we successfully increased the stability of subtilisin BL over 10-fold at 50 degrees C with an overall success rate greater than 60%.
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Recktenwald A, Schomburg D, Schmid RD. Protein engineering and design. Method and the industrial relevance. J Biotechnol 1993; 28:1-23. [PMID: 7763521 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(93)90121-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Recktenwald
- Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung (GBF), Braunschweig, Germany
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31
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Stability of Industrial Enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-89372-7.50018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
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32
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Neidleman SL. New applications of biocatalysts. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1992; 3:119-23. [PMID: 1368286 DOI: 10.1016/0958-1669(92)90139-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of new biocatalytic applications continues to advance in several directions. Over the past year, new enzymes have been discovered and their potential in biocatalyst applications has been researched. In addition, new chemical and genetic modifications have been made in the development of novel fermentation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Neidleman
- Biosource Genetics Corporation, Vacaville, California
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Abstract
A correctly folded protein is usually both active and soluble. This review focuses on novel ways to improve the folding of recombinant proteins during production in bacteria and includes a few tips for refolding proteins. Major results in correlating protein primary structure with proper folding and stability, and the production of viral antigens and antibodies in bacteria are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Schein
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich
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