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Alicea B, Bastani S, Gordon NK, Crawford-Young S, Gordon R. The Molecular Basis of Differentiation Wave Activity in Embryogenesis. Biosystems 2024; 243:105272. [PMID: 39033973 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
As development varies greatly across the tree of life, it may seem difficult to suggest a model that proposes a single mechanism for understanding collective cell behaviors and the coordination of tissue formation. Here we propose a mechanism called differentiation waves, which unify many disparate results involving developmental systems from across the tree of life. We demonstrate how a relatively simple model of differentiation proceeds not from function-related molecular mechanisms, but from so-called differentiation waves. A phenotypic model of differentiation waves is introduced, and its relation to molecular mechanisms is proposed. These waves contribute to a differentiation tree, which is an alternate way of viewing cell lineage and local action of the molecular factors. We construct a model of differentiation wave-related molecular mechanisms (genome, epigenome, and proteome) based on bioinformatic data from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. To validate this approach across different modes of development, we evaluate protein expression across different types of development by comparing Caenorhabditis elegans with several model organisms: fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and mouse (Mus musculus). Inspired by gene regulatory networks, two Models of Interactive Contributions (fully-connected MICs and ordered MICs) are used to suggest potential genomic contributions to differentiation wave-related proteins. This, in turn, provides a framework for understanding differentiation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradly Alicea
- Orthogonal Research and Education Lab, Champaign-Urbana, IL, USA; OpenWorm Foundation, Boston, MA, USA; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, USA.
| | - Suroush Bastani
- Orthogonal Research and Education Lab, Champaign-Urbana, IL, USA.
| | | | | | - Richard Gordon
- Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory & Aquarium, Panacea, FL, USA.
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2
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Sasaki T, Kushida Y, Norizuki T, Kosako H, Sato K, Sato M. ALLO-1- and IKKE-1-dependent positive feedback mechanism promotes the initiation of paternal mitochondrial autophagy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1460. [PMID: 38368448 PMCID: PMC10874384 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Allophagy is responsible for the selective removal of paternally inherited organelles, including mitochondria, in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, thereby facilitating the maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA. We previously identified two key factors in allophagy: an autophagy adaptor allophagy-1 (ALLO-1) and TBK1/IKKε family kinase IKKE-1. However, the precise mechanisms by which ALLO-1 and IKKE-1 regulate local autophagosome formation remain unclear. In this study, we identify two ALLO-1 isoforms with different substrate preferences during allophagy. Live imaging reveals a stepwise mechanism of ALLO-1 localization with rapid cargo recognition, followed by ALLO-1 accumulation around the cargo. In the ikke-1 mutant, the accumulation of ALLO-1, and not the recognition of cargo, is impaired, resulting in the failure of isolation membrane formation. Our results also suggest a feedback mechanism for ALLO-1 accumulation via EPG-7/ATG-11, a worm homolog of FIP200, which is a candidate for IKKE-1-dependent phosphorylation. This feedback mechanism may underlie the ALLO-1-dependent initiation and progression of autophagosome formation around paternal organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko Sasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Kushida
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Takuya Norizuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kosako
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan.
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3
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Kawasaki I, Sugiura K, Sasaki T, Matsuda N, Sato M, Sato K. MARC-3, a membrane-associated ubiquitin ligase, is required for fast polyspermy block in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nat Commun 2024; 15:792. [PMID: 38278786 PMCID: PMC10817901 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44928-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In many sexually reproducing organisms, oocytes are fundamentally fertilized with one sperm. In Caenorhabditis elegans, chitin layer formation after fertilization by the EGG complex is one of the mechanisms of polyspermy block, but other mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that MARC-3, a membrane-associated RING-CH-type ubiquitin ligase that localizes to the plasma membrane and cortical puncta in oocytes, is involved in fast polyspermy block. During polyspermy, the second sperm entry occurs within approximately 10 s after fertilization in MARC-3-deficient zygotes, whereas it occurs approximately 200 s after fertilization in egg-3 mutant zygotes defective in the chitin layer formation. MARC-3 also functions in the selective degradation of maternal plasma membrane proteins and the transient accumulation of endosomal lysine 63-linked polyubiquitin after fertilization. The RING-finger domain of MARC-3 is required for its in vitro ubiquitination activity and polyspermy block, suggesting that a ubiquitination-mediated mechanism sequentially regulates fast polyspermy block and maternal membrane protein degradation during the oocyte-to-embryo transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Kenta Sugiura
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Taeko Sasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Matsuda
- Department of Biomolecular Pathogenesis, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Miyuki Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan.
| | - Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan.
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4
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Yu CW, Wu YC, Liao VHC. Nanoplastics exposure disrupts circadian rhythm associated with dysfunction of the endolysosomal pathway and autophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131308. [PMID: 37004444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics (NPs), an emerging pollutant, have raised great safety concerns due to their widespread applications and continuous release into the environment, which lead to potential human and environmental risks. Recently, polystyrene NPs (100 nm; 100 mg/L) exposure has been reported to disrupt circadian rhythms under five days temperature entrainment and be associated with stress resistance decline in Caenorhabditis elegans. This study explored the possible relationship between circadian rhythm disruption and endocytosis and autophagy under polystyrene NPs exposure in C. elegans. We show that the disrupted circadian rhythm induced by NPs exposure reduced stress resistance via endocytosis and autophagy impairment. Furthermore, we found that most NPs taken up by intestinal cells were localized to early endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes and delivered to autophagosomes. In addition, the disruption of circadian rhythm inhibited NPs localization to these organelles. These findings indicate that NPs exposure disrupts circadian rhythm and alters its subcellular trafficking, leading to enhanced toxicity in C. elegans. Our results shed light on the prominent role of NPs exposure in circadian rhythm disruption associated with endocytosis and autophagy impairments, which may be conserved in higher animals such as humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Wei Yu
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Chun Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Vivian Hsiu-Chuan Liao
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC.
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5
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Joseph BB, Naslavsky N, Binti S, Conquest S, Robison L, Bai G, Homer RO, Grant BD, Caplan S, Fay DS. Conserved NIMA kinases regulate multiple steps of endocytic trafficking. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010741. [PMID: 37099601 PMCID: PMC10166553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human NIMA-related kinases have primarily been studied for their roles in cell cycle progression (NEK1/2/6/7/9), checkpoint-DNA-damage control (NEK1/2/4/5/10/11), and ciliogenesis (NEK1/4/8). We previously showed that Caenorhabditis elegans NEKL-2 (NEK8/9 homolog) and NEKL-3 (NEK6/7 homolog) regulate apical clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in the worm epidermis and are essential for molting. Here we show that NEKL-2 and NEKL-3 also have distinct roles in controlling endosome function and morphology. Specifically, loss of NEKL-2 led to enlarged early endosomes with long tubular extensions but showed minimal effects on other compartments. In contrast, NEKL-3 depletion caused pronounced defects in early, late, and recycling endosomes. Consistently, NEKL-2 was strongly localized to early endosomes, whereas NEKL-3 was localized to multiple endosomal compartments. Loss of NEKLs also led to variable defects in the recycling of two resident cargoes of the trans-Golgi network (TGN), MIG-14/Wntless and TGN-38/TGN38, which were missorted to lysosomes after NEKL depletion. In addition, defects were observed in the uptake of clathrin-dependent (SMA-6/Type I BMP receptor) and independent cargoes (DAF-4/Type II BMP receptor) from the basolateral surface of epidermal cells after NEKL-2 or NEKL-3 depletion. Complementary studies in human cell lines further showed that siRNA knockdown of the NEKL-3 orthologs NEK6 and NEK7 led to missorting of the mannose 6-phosphate receptor from endosomes. Moreover, in multiple human cell types, depletion of NEK6 or NEK7 disrupted both early and recycling endosomal compartments, including the presence of excess tubulation within recycling endosomes, a defect also observed after NEKL-3 depletion in worms. Thus, NIMA family kinases carry out multiple functions during endocytosis in both worms and humans, consistent with our previous observation that human NEKL-3 orthologs can rescue molting and trafficking defects in C. elegans nekl-3 mutants. Our findings suggest that trafficking defects could underlie some of the proposed roles for NEK kinases in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braveen B. Joseph
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture Life Sciences, and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Naava Naslavsky
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Shaonil Binti
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture Life Sciences, and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Sylvia Conquest
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture Life Sciences, and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Lexi Robison
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture Life Sciences, and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Ge Bai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Rafael O. Homer
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture Life Sciences, and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Barth D. Grant
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Steve Caplan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - David S. Fay
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture Life Sciences, and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
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6
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Fazeli G, Frondoni J, Kolli S, Wehman AM. Visualizing Phagocytic Cargo In Vivo from Engulfment to Resolution in Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2692:337-360. [PMID: 37365478 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3338-0_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans offers many experimental advantages to study conserved mechanisms of phagocytosis and phagocytic clearance. These include the stereotyped timing of phagocytic events in vivo for time-lapse imaging, the availability of transgenic reporters labeling molecules involved in different steps of phagocytosis, and the transparency of the animal for fluorescence imaging. Further, the ease of forward and reverse genetics in C. elegans has enabled many of the initial discoveries of proteins involved in phagocytic clearance. In this chapter, we focus on phagocytosis by the large undifferentiated blastomeres of C. elegans embryos, which engulf and eliminate diverse phagocytic cargo from the corpse of the second polar body to cytokinetic midbody remnants. We describe the use of fluorescent time-lapse imaging to observe the distinct steps of phagocytic clearance and methods to normalize this process to distinguish defects in mutant strains. These approaches have enabled us to reveal new insights from the initial signaling to induce phagocytosis up until the final resolution of phagocytic cargo in phagolysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Fazeli
- Imaging Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Frondoni
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Shruti Kolli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Ann M Wehman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
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7
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Meraş İ, Chotard L, Liontis T, Ratemi Z, Wiles B, Seo JH, Van Raamsdonk JM, Rocheleau CE. The Rab GTPase activating protein TBC-2 regulates endosomal localization of DAF-16 FOXO and lifespan. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010328. [PMID: 35913999 PMCID: PMC9371356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXO transcription factors have been shown to regulate longevity in model organisms and are associated with longevity in humans. To gain insight into how FOXO functions to increase lifespan, we examined the subcellular localization of DAF-16 in C. elegans. We show that DAF-16 is localized to endosomes and that this endosomal localization is increased by the insulin-IGF signaling (IIS) pathway. Endosomal localization of DAF-16 is modulated by endosomal trafficking proteins. Disruption of the Rab GTPase activating protein TBC-2 increases endosomal localization of DAF-16, while inhibition of TBC-2 targets, RAB-5 or RAB-7 GTPases, decreases endosomal localization of DAF-16. Importantly, the amount of DAF-16 that is localized to endosomes has functional consequences as increasing endosomal localization through mutations in tbc-2 reduced the lifespan of long-lived daf-2 IGFR mutants, depleted their fat stores, and DAF-16 target gene expression. Overall, this work identifies endosomal localization as a mechanism regulating DAF-16 FOXO, which is important for its functions in metabolism and aging. FOXO transcription factors have been shown to modulate lifespan in multiple model organisms and to be associated with longevity in humans. Here we describe a new localization of the C. elegans FOXO transcription factor, called DAF-16. We report that DAF-16 localizes to endosomes, membrane compartments internalized from the plasma membrane at the cell surface. We demonstrate that expansion of these endosome compartments by disruption of an endosomal regulator called TBC-2 results in increased localization of DAF-16 on endosomes at the expense of nuclear localization in the intestinal cells. This results in altered expression of DAF-16 target genes, reduced fat storage and decreased lifespan. These results demonstrate the importance of endosomal trafficking for proper localization of DAF-16 and suggest that the endosome is an important site of FOXO regulation. An intriguing possibility based on our results is that storage of FOXO on endosomes facilitates the mobilization of FOXO as a rapid response to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- İçten Meraş
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Laëtitia Chotard
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Thomas Liontis
- Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Zakaria Ratemi
- Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Benjamin Wiles
- Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jung Hwa Seo
- Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jeremy M. Van Raamsdonk
- Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christian E. Rocheleau
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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8
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Zhang X, Liu J, Pan T, Ward A, Liu J, Xu XZS. A cilia-independent function of BBSome mediated by DLK-MAPK signaling in C. elegans photosensation. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1545-1557.e4. [PMID: 35649417 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a genetic disorder that affects primary cilia. BBSome, a protein complex composed of eight BBS proteins, regulates the structure and function of cilia, and its malfunction causes BBS in humans. Here, we report a cilia-independent function of BBSome. To identify genes that regulate the C. elegans photoreceptor protein LITE-1 in ciliated ASH photosensory neurons, we performed a genetic screen and isolated bbs mutants. Functional analysis revealed that BBSome regulates LITE-1 protein stability independently of cilia. Through another round of genetic screening, we found that this cilia-independent function of BBSome is mediated by DLK-MAPK signaling, which acts downstream of BBSome to control LITE-1 stability via Rab5-mediated endocytosis. BBSome exerts its function by regulating the expression of DLK. BBSome also regulates the expression of LZK, a mammalian DLK in human cells. These studies identify a cilia-independent function of BBSome and uncover DLK as an evolutionarily conserved BBSome effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical, School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jinzhi Liu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical, School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Tong Pan
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical, School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alex Ward
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - X Z Shawn Xu
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical, School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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9
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Wang X, Li X, Wang J, Wang J, Hu C, Zeng J, Shi A, Lin L. SMGL-1/NBAS acts as a RAB-8 GEF to regulate unconventional protein secretion. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213235. [PMID: 35604368 PMCID: PMC9129922 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202111125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unconventional protein secretion (UPS) pathways are conserved across species. However, the underlying mechanisms that regulate Golgi-bypassing UPS of integral proteins remain elusive. In this study, we show that RAB-8 and SMGL-1/NBAS are required for the UPS of integral proteins in C. elegans intestine. SMGL-1 resides in the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment and adjacent RAB-8-positive structures, and NRZ complex component CZW-1/ZW10 is required for this residency. Notably, SMGL-1 acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for RAB-8, ensuring UPS of integral proteins by driving the activation of RAB-8. Furthermore, we show that Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection elevated the expression of SMGL-1 and RAB-8. Loss of SMGL-1 or RAB-8 compromised resistance to environmental colchicine, arsenite, and pathogenic bacteria. These results suggest that the SMGL-1/RAB-8-mediated UPS could integrate environmental signals to serve as a host defense response. Together, by establishing the C. elegans intestine as a multicellular model, our findings provide insights into RAB-8-dependent Golgi-bypassing UPS, especially in the context of epithelia in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Junkai Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiabin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Can Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jia Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Anbing Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Correspondence to Anbing Shi:
| | - Long Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Long Lin:
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10
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SATO K. Multiple roles of endocytosis and autophagy in intracellular remodeling during oocyte-to-embryo transition. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2022; 98:207-221. [PMID: 35545527 PMCID: PMC9130481 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.98.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization is the starting point for creating new progeny. At this time, the highly differentiated oocyte and sperm fuse to form one zygote, which is then converted into a pluripotent early embryo. Recent studies have shown that the lysosomal degradation system via autophagy and endocytosis plays important roles in the remodeling of intracellular components during oocyte-to-embryo transition. For example, in Caenorhabditis elegans, zygotes show high endocytic activity, and some populations of maternal membrane proteins are selectively internalized and delivered to lysosomes for degradation. Furthermore, fertilization triggers selective autophagy of sperm-derived paternal mitochondria, which establishes maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA. In addition, it has been shown that autophagy via liquid-liquid phase separation results in the selective degradation of some germ granule components, which are distributed to somatic cells of early embryos. This review outlines the physiological functions of the lysosomal degradation system and its molecular mechanisms in C. elegans and mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken SATO
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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11
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Zhang J, Jiang Z, Shi A. Rab GTPases: The principal players in crafting the regulatory landscape of endosomal trafficking. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:4464-4472. [PMID: 36051867 PMCID: PMC9418685 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
After endocytosis, diverse cargos are sorted into endosomes and directed to various destinations, including extracellular macromolecules, membrane lipids, and membrane proteins. Some cargos are returned to the plasma membrane via endocytic recycling. In contrast, others are delivered to the Golgi apparatus through the retrograde pathway, while the rest are transported to late endosomes and eventually to lysosomes for degradation. Rab GTPases are major regulators that ensure cargos are delivered to their proper destinations. Rabs are localized to distinct endosomes and play predominant roles in membrane budding, vesicle formation and motility, vesicle tethering, and vesicle fusion by recruiting effectors. The cascades between Rabs via shared effectors or the recruitment of Rab activators provide an additional layer of spatiotemporal regulation of endocytic trafficking. Notably, several recent studies have indicated that disorders of Rab-mediated endocytic transports are closely associated with diseases such as immunodeficiency, cancer, and neurological disorders.
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12
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Brandt JN, Voss L, Rambo FM, Nicholson K, Thein JR, Fairchild L, Seabrook L, Lewis D, Guevara-Hernandez L, White ML, Sax L, Eichten V, Harper L, Hermann GJ. Asymmetric organelle positioning during epithelial polarization of C. elegans intestinal cells. Dev Biol 2022; 481:75-94. [PMID: 34597675 PMCID: PMC8665101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
While the epithelial cell cortex displays profound asymmetries in protein distribution and morphology along the apico-basal axis, the extent to which the cytoplasm is similarly polarized within epithelial cells remains relatively unexplored. We show that cytoplasmic organelles within C. elegans embryonic intestinal cells develop extensive apico-basal polarity at the time they establish cortical asymmetry. Nuclei and conventional endosomes, including early endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes, become polarized apically. Lysosome-related gut granules, yolk platelets, and lipid droplets become basally enriched. Removal of par-3 activity does not disrupt organelle positioning, indicating that cytoplasmic apico-basal asymmetry is independent of the PAR polarity pathway. Blocking the apical migration of nuclei leads to the apical positioning of gut granules and yolk platelets, whereas the asymmetric localization of conventional endosomes and lipid droplets is unaltered. This suggests that nuclear positioning organizes some, but not all, cytoplasmic asymmetries in this cell type. We show that gut granules become apically enriched when WHT-2 and WHT-7 function is disrupted, identifying a novel role for ABCG transporters in gut granule positioning during epithelial polarization. Analysis of WHT-2 and WHT-7 ATPase mutants is consistent with a WHT-2/WHT-7 heterodimer acting as a transporter in gut granule positioning. In wht-2(-) mutants, the polarized distribution of other organelles is not altered and gut granules do not take on characteristics of conventional endosomes that could have explained their apical mispositioning. During epithelial polarization wht-2(-) gut granules exhibit a loss of the Rab32/38 family member GLO-1 and ectopic expression of GLO-1 is sufficient to rescue the basal positioning of wht-2(-) and wht-7(-) gut granules. Furthermore, depletion of GLO-1 causes the mislocalization of the endolysosomal RAB-7 to gut granules and RAB-7 drives the apical mispositioning of gut granules when GLO-1, WHT-2, or WHT-7 function is disrupted. We suggest that ABC transporters residing on gut granules can regulate Rab dynamics to control organelle positioning during epithelial polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Greg J. Hermann
- Corresponding author. Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, OR, USA, (G.J. Hermann)
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13
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Parkinson G, Roboti P, Zhang L, Taylor S, Woodman P. His domain protein tyrosine phosphatase and Rabaptin-5 couple endo-lysosomal sorting of EGFR with endosomal maturation. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272512. [PMID: 34657963 PMCID: PMC8627557 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
His domain protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP; also known as PTPN23) collaborates with endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRTs) to sort endosomal cargo into intralumenal vesicles, forming the multivesicular body (MVB). Completion of MVB sorting is accompanied by maturation of the endosome into a late endosome, an event that requires inactivation of the early endosomal GTPase Rab5 (herein referring to generically to all isoforms). Here, we show that HD-PTP links ESCRT function with endosomal maturation. HD-PTP depletion prevents MVB sorting, while also blocking cargo from exiting Rab5-rich endosomes. HD-PTP-depleted cells contain hyperphosphorylated Rabaptin-5 (also known as RABEP1), a cofactor for the Rab5 guanine nucleotide exchange factor Rabex-5 (also known as RABGEF1), although HD-PTP is unlikely to directly dephosphorylate Rabaptin-5. In addition, HD-PTP-depleted cells exhibit Rabaptin-5-dependent hyperactivation of Rab5. HD-PTP binds directly to Rabaptin-5, between its Rabex-5- and Rab5-binding domains. This binding reaction involves the ESCRT-0/ESCRT-III binding site in HD-PTP, which is competed for by an ESCRT-III peptide. Jointly, these findings indicate that HD-PTP may alternatively scaffold ESCRTs and modulate Rabex-5–Rabaptin-5 activity, thereby helping to coordinate the completion of MVB sorting with endosomal maturation. Summary: Sorting of endocytic cargo to the multivesicular body is accompanied by endosomal maturation. Here, we provide a potential mechanism by which these two processes are linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Parkinson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic and Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Peristera Roboti
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic and Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ling Zhang
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic and Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Sandra Taylor
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic and Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Philip Woodman
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic and Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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14
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Zhang W, Wang S, Yang C, Hu C, Chen D, Luo Q, He Z, Liao Y, Yao Y, Chen J, He J, Hu J, Xia T, Lin L, Shi A. LET-502/ROCK Regulates Endocytic Recycling by Promoting Activation of RAB-5 in a Distinct Subpopulation of Sorting Endosomes. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108173. [PMID: 32966783 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the mechanism of Rab5/RAB-5 activation during endocytic recycling, we perform a genome-wide RNAi screen and identify a recycling regulator, LET-502/ROCK. LET-502 preferentially interacts with RAB-5(GDP) and activates RABX-5 GEF activity toward RAB-5, presumably by disrupting the self-inhibiting conformation of RABX-5. Furthermore, we find that the concomitant loss of LET-502 and another CED-10 effector, TBC-2/RAB-5-GAP, results in an endosomal buildup of RAB-5, indicating that CED-10 directs TBC-2-mediated RAB-5 inactivation and re-activates RAB-5 via LET-502 afterward. Then, we compare the functional position of LET-502 with that of RME-6/RAB-5-GEF. Loss of LET-502-RABX-5 module or RME-6 leads to diminished RAB-5 presence in spatially distinct endosome groups. We conclude that in the intestine of C. elegans, RAB-5 resides in discrete endosome subpopulations. Under the oversight of CED-10, LET-502 synergizes with RABX-5 to revitalize RAB-5 on a subset of endosomes in the deep cytosol, ensuring the progress of basolateral recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei, China; Department of Pathology, Maternal and Child Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei, China
| | - Shimin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei, China
| | - Can Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei, China
| | - Qian Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei, China
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei, China
| | - Yuhan Liao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei, China
| | - Yuxin Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei, China
| | - Junbo Hu
- Department of Pathology, Maternal and Child Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Informatics Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 Hubei, China
| | - Long Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei, China.
| | - Anbing Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei, China.
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15
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Phosphorylation of GAPVD1 Is Regulated by the PER Complex and Linked to GAPVD1 Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073787. [PMID: 33917494 PMCID: PMC8038846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Repressor protein period (PER) complexes play a central role in the molecular oscillator mechanism of the mammalian circadian clock. While the main role of nuclear PER complexes is transcriptional repression, much less is known about the functions of cytoplasmic PER complexes. We found with a biochemical screen for PER2-interacting proteins that the small GTPase regulator GTPase-activating protein and VPS9 domain-containing protein 1 (GAPVD1), which has been identified previously as a component of cytoplasmic PER complexes in mice, is also a bona fide component of human PER complexes. We show that in situ GAPVD1 is closely associated with casein kinase 1 delta (CSNK1D), a kinase that regulates PER2 levels through a phosphoswitch mechanism, and that CSNK1D regulates the phosphorylation of GAPVD1. Moreover, phosphorylation determines the kinetics of GAPVD1 degradation and is controlled by PER2 and a C-terminal autoinhibitory domain in CSNK1D, indicating that the regulation of GAPVD1 phosphorylation is a novel function of cytoplasmic PER complexes and might be part of the oscillator mechanism or an output function of the circadian clock.
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16
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Eggert S, Gruebl T, Rajender R, Rupp C, Sander B, Heesch A, Zimmermann M, Hoepfner S, Zentgraf H, Kins S. The Rab5 activator RME-6 is required for amyloid precursor protein endocytosis depending on the YTSI motif. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:5223-5242. [PMID: 32065241 PMCID: PMC7671991 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03467-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is critical for generation of β-amyloid, aggregating in Alzheimer's disease. APP endocytosis depending on the intracellular NPTY motif is well investigated, whereas involvement of the YTSI (also termed BaSS) motif remains controversial. Here, we show that APP lacking the YTSI motif (ΔYTSI) displays reduced localization to early endosomes and decreased internalization rates, similar to APP ΔNPTY. Additionally, we show that the YTSI-binding protein, PAT1a interacts with the Rab5 activator RME-6, as shown by several independent assays. Interestingly, knockdown of RME-6 decreased APP endocytosis, whereas overexpression increased the same. Similarly, APP ΔNPTY endocytosis was affected by PAT1a and RME-6 overexpression, whereas APP ΔYTSI internalization remained unchanged. Moreover, we could show that RME-6 mediated increase of APP endocytosis can be diminished upon knocking down PAT1a. Together, our data identify RME-6 as a novel player in APP endocytosis, involving the YTSI-binding protein PAT1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Eggert
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Tomas Gruebl
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ritu Rajender
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Carsten Rupp
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Bianca Sander
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Amelie Heesch
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Marius Zimmermann
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hoepfner
- MPI of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Bird & Bird LLM, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Kins
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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17
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Harms FL, Parthasarathy P, Zorndt D, Alawi M, Fuchs S, Halliday BJ, McKeown C, Sampaio H, Radhakrishnan N, Radhakrishnan SK, Gorce M, Navet B, Ziegler A, Sachdev R, Robertson SP, Nampoothiri S, Kutsche K. Biallelic loss-of-function variants in TBC1D2B cause a neurodevelopmental disorder with seizures and gingival overgrowth. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:1645-1661. [PMID: 32623794 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The family of Tre2-Bub2-Cdc16 (TBC)-domain containing GTPase activating proteins (RABGAPs) is not only known as key regulatorof RAB GTPase activity but also has GAP-independent functions. Rab GTPases are implicated in membrane trafficking pathways, such as vesicular trafficking. We report biallelic loss-of-function variants in TBC1D2B, encoding a member of the TBC/RABGAP family with yet unknown function, as the underlying cause of cognitive impairment, seizures, and/or gingival overgrowth in three individuals from unrelated families. TBC1D2B messenger RNA amount was drastically reduced, and the protein was absent in fibroblasts of two patients. In immunofluorescence analysis, ectopically expressed TBC1D2B colocalized with vesicles positive for RAB5, a small GTPase orchestrating early endocytic vesicle trafficking. In two independent TBC1D2B CRISPR/Cas9 knockout HeLa cell lines that serve as cellular model of TBC1D2B deficiency, epidermal growth factor internalization was significantly reduced compared with the parental HeLa cell line suggesting a role of TBC1D2B in early endocytosis. Serum deprivation of TBC1D2B-deficient HeLa cell lines caused a decrease in cell viability and an increase in apoptosis. Our data reveal that loss of TBC1D2B causes a neurodevelopmental disorder with gingival overgrowth, possibly by deficits in vesicle trafficking and/or cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike L Harms
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Padmini Parthasarathy
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Dennis Zorndt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malik Alawi
- Bioinformatics Core, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sigrid Fuchs
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin J Halliday
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Colina McKeown
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hugo Sampaio
- Department of Women and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick Campus, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Natasha Radhakrishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Suresh K Radhakrishnan
- Department of Neurology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Magali Gorce
- Department of Metabolic Disease, Children University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Benjamin Navet
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France.,MitoLab, Institut MitoVasc, UMR CNRS6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France
| | - Alban Ziegler
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France.,MitoLab, Institut MitoVasc, UMR CNRS6015, INSERM U1083, Angers, France
| | - Rani Sachdev
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen P Robertson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sheela Nampoothiri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Kerstin Kutsche
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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18
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Guillen RX, Beckley JR, Chen JS, Gould KL. CRISPR-mediated gene targeting of CK1δ/ε leads to enhanced understanding of their role in endocytosis via phosphoregulation of GAPVD1. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6797. [PMID: 32321936 PMCID: PMC7176688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human casein kinase 1 delta (CK1δ) and epsilon (CK1ε) are members of a conserved family of abundant, ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinases that regulate multiple cellular processes including circadian rhythm and endocytosis. Here, we have investigated the localization and interactomes of endogenously tagged CK1δ and CK1ε during interphase and mitosis. CK1δ and CK1ε localize to centrosomes throughout the cell cycle, and in interphase cells to the nucleus, and in both a diffuse and punctate pattern in the cytoplasm. Also, for the first time, they were detected at the midbody during cell division. Mass spectrometry analysis identified a total of 181 proteins co-purifying with a Venus multifunctional (VM)-tagged CK1δ and/or CK1ε. GTPase-activating protein and VPS9 domain-containing protein 1 (GAPVD1), a protein required for efficient endocytosis, was consistently one of the most abundant interacting partners. We demonstrate that GAPVD1 is a substrate of CK1δ/ε with up to 38 phosphorylated residues in vitro and in vivo. Wildtype and a phosphomimetic mutant of GAPVD1, but not a phospho-ablating mutant, were able to rescue defects in transferrin and EGF internalization caused by loss of endogenous GAPVD1. Our results indicate that GAPVD1 is an important interacting partner and substrate of CK1δ/ε for endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo X Guillen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Janel R Beckley
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Calico Group LLC, ProteoWorker, Nashville, TN, 32712, USA
| | - Jun-Song Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kathleen L Gould
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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19
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Tetraspanins TSP-12 and TSP-14 function redundantly to regulate the trafficking of the type II BMP receptor in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:2968-2977. [PMID: 31988138 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918807117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanins are a unique family of 4-pass transmembrane proteins that play important roles in a variety of cell biological processes. We have previously shown that 2 paralogous tetraspanins in Caenorhabditis elegans, TSP-12 and TSP-14, function redundantly to promote bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. The underlying molecular mechanisms, however, are not fully understood. In this study, we examined the expression and subcellular localization patterns of endogenously tagged TSP-12 and TSP-14 proteins. We found that TSP-12 and TSP-14 share overlapping expression patterns in multiple cell types, and that both proteins are localized on the cell surface and in various types of endosomes, including early, late, and recycling endosomes. Animals lacking both TSP-12 and TSP-14 exhibit reduced cell-surface levels of the BMP type II receptor DAF-4/BMPRII, along with impaired endosome morphology and mislocalization of DAF-4/BMPRII to late endosomes and lysosomes. These findings indicate that TSP-12 and TSP-14 are required for the recycling of DAF-4/BMPRII. Together with previous findings that the type I receptor SMA-6 is recycled via the retromer complex, our work demonstrates the involvement of distinct recycling pathways for the type I and type II BMP receptors and highlights the importance of tetraspanin-mediated intracellular trafficking in the regulation of BMP signaling in vivo. As TSP-12 and TSP-14 are conserved in mammals, our findings suggest that the mammalian TSP-12 and TSP-14 homologs may also function in regulating transmembrane protein recycling and BMP signaling.
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20
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The Emerging Role of Rab5 in Membrane Receptor Trafficking and Signaling Pathways. Biochem Res Int 2020; 2020:4186308. [PMID: 32104603 PMCID: PMC7036122 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4186308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras analog in brain (Rab) proteins are small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) that belong to the Ras-like GTPase superfamily, and they can regulate vesicle trafficking. Rab proteins alternate between an activated (GTP-bound) state and an inactivated (GDP-bound) state. Early endosome marker Rab5 GTPase, a key member of the Rab family, plays a crucial role in endocytosis and membrane transport. The activated-state Rab5 recruits its effectors and regulates the internalization and trafficking of membrane receptors by regulating vesicle fusion and receptor sorting in the early endosomes. In this review, we summarize the role of small Rab GTPases Rab5 in membrane receptor trafficking and the activation of signaling pathways, such as Ras/MAPK and PI3K/Akt, which ultimately affect cell growth, apoptosis, tumorigenesis, and tumor development. This review may provide some insights for our future research and novel therapeutic targets for diseases.
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21
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Kim H, Oh H, Oh YS, Bae J, Hong NH, Park SJ, Ahn S, Lee M, Rhee S, Lee SH, Jun Y, Kim SH, Huh YH, Song WK. SPIN90, an adaptor protein, alters the proximity between Rab5 and Gapex5 and facilitates Rab5 activation during EGF endocytosis. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-14. [PMID: 31358736 PMCID: PMC6802610 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
During ligand-mediated receptor endocytosis, the small GTPase Rab5 functions in vesicle fusion and trafficking. Rab5 activation is known to require interactions with its guanine nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs); however, the mechanism regulating Rab5 interactions with GEFs remains unclear. Here, we show that the SH3-adapter protein SPIN90 participates in the activation of Rab5 through the recruitment of both Rab5 and its GEF, Gapex5, to endosomal membranes during epidermal growth factor (EGF)-mediated endocytosis. SPIN90 strongly interacts with the inactive Rab5/GDI2 complex through its C-terminus. In response to EGF signaling, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-mediated phosphorylation of SPIN90 at Thr-242 enables SPIN90 to bind Gapex5 through its N-terminal SH3 domain. Gapex5 is a determinant of Rab5 membrane targeting, while SPIN90 mediates the interaction between Gapex5 and Rab5 in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Collectively, our findings suggest that SPIN90, as an adaptor protein, simultaneously binds inactive Rab5 and Gapex5, thereby altering their spatial proximity and facilitating Rab5 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Kim
- 0000 0001 1033 9831grid.61221.36Cell Logistics and Silver Health Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Oh
- 0000 0001 1033 9831grid.61221.36Cell Logistics and Silver Health Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soo Oh
- 0000 0001 1033 9831grid.61221.36Cell Logistics and Silver Health Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeomil Bae
- 0000 0004 1784 4496grid.410720.0Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Nan Hyung Hong
- 0000 0001 2180 1622grid.270240.3Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Su Jung Park
- 0000 0001 1033 9831grid.61221.36Cell Logistics and Silver Health Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Ahn
- 0000 0001 1033 9831grid.61221.36Cell Logistics and Silver Health Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Miriam Lee
- 0000 0001 1033 9831grid.61221.36Cell Logistics and Silver Health Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmyung Rhee
- 0000 0001 0789 9563grid.254224.7Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Haeng Lee
- 0000 0000 9475 8840grid.254187.dDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, 61452 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsoo Jun
- 0000 0001 1033 9831grid.61221.36Cell Logistics and Silver Health Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Kim
- 0000 0001 2171 7818grid.289247.2Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hyun Huh
- 0000 0001 1033 9831grid.61221.36Cell Logistics and Silver Health Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Keun Song
- 0000 0001 1033 9831grid.61221.36Cell Logistics and Silver Health Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005 Republic of Korea
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22
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Lin J, Vora M, Kane NS, Gleason RJ, Padgett RW. Human Marfan and Marfan-like Syndrome associated mutations lead to altered trafficking of the Type II TGFβ receptor in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216628. [PMID: 31071172 PMCID: PMC6508650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family plays an important role in many developmental processes and when mutated often contributes to various diseases. Marfan syndrome is a genetic disease with an occurrence of approximately 1 in 5,000. The disease is caused by mutations in fibrillin, which lead to an increase in TGFβ ligand activity, resulting in abnormalities of connective tissues which can be life-threatening. Mutations in other components of TGFβ signaling (receptors, Smads, Schnurri) lead to similar diseases with attenuated phenotypes relative to Marfan syndrome. In particular, mutations in TGFβ receptors, most of which are clustered at the C-terminal end, result in Marfan-like (MFS-like) syndromes. Even though it was assumed that many of these receptor mutations would reduce or eliminate signaling, in many cases signaling is active. From our previous studies on receptor trafficking in C. elegans, we noticed that many of these receptor mutations that lead to Marfan-like syndromes overlap with mutations that cause mis-trafficking of the receptor, suggesting a link between Marfan-like syndromes and TGFβ receptor trafficking. To test this hypothesis, we introduced three of these key MFS and MFS-like mutations into the C. elegans TGFβ receptor and asked if receptor trafficking is altered. We find that in every case studied, mutated receptors mislocalize to the apical surface rather than basolateral surface of the polarized intestinal cells. Further, we find that these mutations result in longer animals, a phenotype due to over-stimulation of the nematode TGFβ pathway and, importantly, indicating that function of the receptor is not abrogated in these mutants. Our nematode models of Marfan syndrome suggest that MFS and MFS-like mutations in the type II receptor lead to mis-trafficking of the receptor and possibly provides an explanation for the disease, a phenomenon which might also occur in some cancers that possess the same mutations within the type II receptor (e.g. colon cancer).
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics
- Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolism
- Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/chemistry
- Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics
- Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Marfan Syndrome/genetics
- Marfan Syndrome/metabolism
- Mutation, Missense
- Protein Domains
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II/chemistry
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II/genetics
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lin
- Waksman Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Mehul Vora
- Waksman Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MV); (RWP)
| | - Nanci S. Kane
- Waksman Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ryan J. Gleason
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard W. Padgett
- Waksman Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MV); (RWP)
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23
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Abstract
Basal autophagy is as a compressive catabolic mechanism engaged in the breakdown of damaged macromolecules and organelles leading to the recycling of elementary nutrients. Thought essential to cellular refreshing, little is known about the origin of a constitutional rate of basal autophagy. Here, we found that loss of Drosophila vacuolar peduncle (vap), a presumed GAP enzyme, is associated with enhanced basal autophagy rate and physiological alterations resulting in a wasteful cell energy balance, a hallmark of overactive autophagy. By contrast, starvation-induced autophagy was disrupted in vap mutant conditions, leading to a block of maturation into autolysosomes. This phenotype stem for exacerbated biogenesis of PI(3)P-dependent endomembranes, including autophagosome membranes and ectopic fusions of vesicles. These findings shed new light on the neurodegenerative phenotype found associated to mutant vap adult brains in a former study. A partner of Vap, Sprint (Spri), acting as an endocytic GEF for Rab5, had the converse effect of leading to a reduction in PI(3)P-dependent endomembrane formation in mutants. Spri was conditional to normal basal autophagy and instrumental to the starvation-sensitivity phenotype specific of vap. Rab5 activity itself was essential for PI(3)P and for pre-autophagosome structures formation. We propose that Vap/Spri complexes promote a cell surface-derived flow of endocytic Rab5-containing vesicles, the traffic of which is crucial for the implementation of a basal autophagy rate.
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24
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Hermle T, Schneider R, Schapiro D, Braun DA, van der Ven AT, Warejko JK, Daga A, Widmeier E, Nakayama M, Jobst-Schwan T, Majmundar AJ, Ashraf S, Rao J, Finn LS, Tasic V, Hernandez JD, Bagga A, Jalalah SM, El Desoky S, Kari JA, Laricchia KM, Lek M, Rehm HL, MacArthur DG, Mane S, Lifton RP, Shril S, Hildebrandt F. GAPVD1 and ANKFY1 Mutations Implicate RAB5 Regulation in Nephrotic Syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:2123-2138. [PMID: 29959197 PMCID: PMC6065084 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017121312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) is a frequent cause of CKD. The discovery of monogenic causes of SRNS has revealed specific pathogenetic pathways, but these monogenic causes do not explain all cases of SRNS. METHODS To identify novel monogenic causes of SRNS, we screened 665 patients by whole-exome sequencing. We then evaluated the in vitro functional significance of two genes and the mutations therein that we discovered through this sequencing and conducted complementary studies in podocyte-like Drosophila nephrocytes. RESULTS We identified conserved, homozygous missense mutations of GAPVD1 in two families with early-onset NS and a homozygous missense mutation of ANKFY1 in two siblings with SRNS. GAPVD1 and ANKFY1 interact with the endosomal regulator RAB5. Coimmunoprecipitation assays indicated interaction between GAPVD1 and ANKFY1 proteins, which also colocalized when expressed in HEK293T cells. Silencing either protein diminished the podocyte migration rate. Compared with wild-type GAPVD1 and ANKFY1, the mutated proteins produced upon ectopic expression of GAPVD1 or ANKFY1 bearing the patient-derived mutations exhibited altered binding affinity for active RAB5 and reduced ability to rescue the knockout-induced defect in podocyte migration. Coimmunoprecipitation assays further demonstrated a physical interaction between nephrin and GAPVD1, and immunofluorescence revealed partial colocalization of these proteins in rat glomeruli. The patient-derived GAPVD1 mutations reduced nephrin-GAPVD1 binding affinity. In Drosophila, silencing Gapvd1 impaired endocytosis and caused mistrafficking of the nephrin ortholog. CONCLUSIONS Mutations in GAPVD1 and probably in ANKFY1 are novel monogenic causes of NS. The discovery of these genes implicates RAB5 regulation in the pathogenesis of human NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hermle
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Renal Division, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ronen Schneider
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Schapiro
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniela A Braun
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amelie T van der Ven
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jillian K Warejko
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ankana Daga
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eugen Widmeier
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Makiko Nakayama
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tilman Jobst-Schwan
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amar J Majmundar
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shazia Ashraf
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jia Rao
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura S Finn
- Department of Pathology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Velibor Tasic
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Medical Faculty Skopje, University Children's Hospital, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Joel D Hernandez
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Providence Sacred Heart Medical Center and Children's Hospital, Spokane, Washington
| | - Arvind Bagga
- Division of Nephrology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sherif El Desoky
- Pediatric Nephrology Center of Excellence and Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jameela A Kari
- Pediatric Nephrology Center of Excellence and Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kristen M Laricchia
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Monkol Lek
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Heidi L Rehm
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel G MacArthur
- Broad Center for Mendelian Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Shrikant Mane
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Richard P Lifton
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Shirlee Shril
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
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25
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Herman EK, Ali M, Field MC, Dacks JB. Regulation of early endosomes across eukaryotes: Evolution and functional homology of Vps9 proteins. Traffic 2018; 19:546-563. [PMID: 29603841 PMCID: PMC6032885 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a crucial process in eukaryotic cells. The GTPases Rab 5, 21 and 22 that mediate endocytosis are ancient eukaryotic features and all available evidence suggests retained conserved function. In animals and fungi, these GTPases are regulated in part by proteins possessing Vps9 domains. However, the diversity, evolution and functions of Vps9 proteins beyond animals or fungi are poorly explored. Here we report a comprehensive analysis of the Vps9 family of GTPase regulators, combining molecular evolutionary data with functional characterization in the non-opisthokont model organism Trypanosoma brucei. At least 3 subfamilies, Alsin, Varp and Rabex5 + GAPVD1, are found across eukaryotes, suggesting that all are ancient features of regulation of endocytic Rab protein function. There are examples of lineage-specific Vps9 subfamily member expansions and novel domain combinations, suggesting diversity in precise regulatory mechanisms between individual lineages. Characterization of the Rabex5 + GAPVD1 and Alsin orthologues in T. brucei demonstrates that both proteins are involved in endocytosis, and that simultaneous knockdown prevents membrane recruitment of Rab5 and Rab21, indicating conservation of function. These data demonstrate that, for the Vps9-domain family at least, modulation of Rab function is mediated by evolutionarily conserved protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Herman
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
| | - Moazzam Ali
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | | | - Joel B. Dacks
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
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26
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Scheidel N, Kennedy J, Blacque OE. Endosome maturation factors Rabenosyn-5/VPS45 and caveolin-1 regulate ciliary membrane and polycystin-2 homeostasis. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798248. [PMID: 29572244 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilium structure and function relies on control of ciliary membrane homeostasis, regulated by membrane trafficking processes that deliver and retrieve ciliary components at the periciliary membrane. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling ciliary membrane establishment and maintenance, especially in relation to endocytosis, remain poorly understood. Here, using Caenorhabditis elegans, we describe closely linked functions for early endosome (EE) maturation factors RABS-5 (Rabenosyn-5) and VPS-45 (VPS45) in regulating cilium length and morphology, ciliary and periciliary membrane volume, and ciliary signalling-related sensory behaviour. We demonstrate that RABS-5 and VPS-45 control periciliary vesicle number and levels of select EE/endocytic markers (WDFY-2, CAV-1) and the ciliopathy membrane receptor PKD-2 (polycystin-2). Moreover, we show that CAV-1 (caveolin-1) also controls PKD-2 ciliary levels and associated sensory behaviour. These data link RABS-5 and VPS-45 ciliary functions to the processing of periciliary-derived endocytic vesicles and regulation of ciliary membrane homeostasis. Our findings also provide insight into the regulation of PKD-2 ciliary levels via integrated endosomal sorting and CAV-1-mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Scheidel
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Julie Kennedy
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Oliver E Blacque
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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27
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Hsu F, Spannl S, Ferguson C, Hyman AA, Parton RG, Zerial M. Rab5 and Alsin regulate stress-activated cytoprotective signaling on mitochondria. eLife 2018; 7:32282. [PMID: 29469808 PMCID: PMC5847334 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial stress response is essential for cell survival, and damaged mitochondria are a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, it is fundamental to understand how mitochondria relay information within the cell. Here, by investigating mitochondrial-endosomal contact sites we made the surprising observation that the small GTPase Rab5 translocates from early endosomes to mitochondria upon oxidative stress. This process is reversible and accompanied by an increase in Rab5-positive endosomes in contact with mitochondria. Interestingly, activation of Rab5 on mitochondria depends on the Rab5-GEF ALS2/Alsin, encoded by a gene mutated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Alsin-deficient human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived spinal motor neurons are defective in relocating Rab5 to mitochondria and display increased susceptibility to oxidative stress. These findings define a novel pathway whereby Alsin catalyzes the assembly of the Rab5 endocytic machinery on mitochondria. Defects in stress-sensing by endosomes could be crucial for mitochondrial quality control during the onset of ALS. The inside of a human cell is divided into compartments called organelles, which are surrounded by membranes. Each organelle plays a specific role in keeping the cell healthy and also has unique mix of molecular markers on its surface. These markers allow other molecules to identify the different organelles, meaning that specific organelles can communicate with each other and coordinate their activities. One way that organelles can do this is via so-called membrane contact sites, which are small areas where the compartments’ outer membranes come close together. Mitochondria are organelles that release energy inside human cells. These compartments also work to keep the levels of toxic chemicals called reactive oxygen species in the cell within a safe range. This is important because cells can die if these levels become too high – a state known as oxidative stress. Mitochondria also communicate with other organelles called endosomes, which receive materials from the cell surface, sort and direct them to different destinations throughout the cell. In many diseases affecting the nervous system, the mitochondria and endosomes in nerve cells do not work properly. These cells also have higher than normal levels of oxidative stress. Hsu et al. therefore wanted to find out if mitochondria and endosomes worked together to help cells to cope with this kind of stress. Hsu et al. triggered oxidative stress in human cancer cells by exposing them first to a dye that stained the mitochondria and then to intense light. In stressed cells, a subset of endosomes called early endosomes formed many more membrane contact sites with mitochondria than in non-stressed cells. At the same time, the protein Rab5, usually found on early endosomes, relocated to the surface of mitochondria. Human cells previously engineered to produce larger than normal amounts of Rab5 were also more likely to survive oxidative stress. These experiments suggested that early endosomes cooperate with mitochondria, via Rab5, to protect cells from oxidative stress. So, how is Rab5 relocated to mitochondria? Hsu et al. searched for activators of Rab5 and found that Alsin also migrated to mitochondria in stressed cells. The gene for Alsin is also mutated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a degenerative nerve disorder that remains poorly understood. Next, Hsu et al. deleted the gene for Alsin from human stem cells growing in the laboratory and coaxed these cells into becoming nerve cells. Experiments with these cells showed that the absence of Alsin prevented Rab5 from moving to the mitochondria. Nerve cells lacking Alsin were also more susceptible to oxidative stress than normal cells. Together, these findings show that early endosomes work with mitochondria to sense and ward off oxidative stress. They also reveal an unexpected connection between this process and a gene mutated in ALS. Further experiments are now needed to explore if problems with endosomes or mitochondria, and specifically with molecules like Alsin and Rab5, are responsible for other neurodegenerative disorders, like Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- FoSheng Hsu
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephanie Spannl
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Charles Ferguson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anthony A Hyman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marino Zerial
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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28
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Sato M, Sato K, Tomura K, Kosako H, Sato K. The autophagy receptor ALLO-1 and the IKKE-1 kinase control clearance of paternal mitochondria in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 20:81-91. [PMID: 29255173 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-017-0008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, paternally provided organelles, including mitochondria, are eliminated by a process of selective autophagy called allophagy, the mechanism by which mitochondrial DNA is inherited maternally. However, it remains unclear how paternal organelles are recognized and targeted for autophagy. Here, we identified an autophagy receptor for allophagy, ALLO-1. ALLO-1 is essential for autophagosome formation around paternal organelles and directly binds to the worm LC3 homologue LGG-1 through its LC3-interacting region (LIR) motif. After fertilization, ALLO-1 accumulates on the paternal organelles before autophagosome formation, and this localization depends on the ubiquitin modification of the paternal organelles. We also identified IKKE-1, a worm homologue of the TBK1 and IKKε family kinase, as another critical regulator of allophagy. IKKE-1 interacts with ALLO-1, and the IKKE-1-dependent phosphorylation of ALLO-1 is important for paternal organelle clearance. Thus, we propose that ALLO-1 is the allophagy receptor whose function is regulated by IKKE-1-dependent phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
| | - Katsuya Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kotone Tomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kosako
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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29
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Bakker J, Spits M, Neefjes J, Berlin I. The EGFR odyssey - from activation to destruction in space and time. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:4087-4096. [PMID: 29180516 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.209197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
When cell surface receptors engage their cognate ligands in the extracellular space, they become competent to transmit potent signals to the inside of the cell, thereby instigating growth, differentiation, motility and many other processes. In order to control these signals, activated receptors are endocytosed and thoroughly curated by the endosomal network of intracellular vesicles and proteolytic organelles. In this Review, we follow the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) from ligand engagement, through its voyage on endosomes and, ultimately, to its destruction in the lysosome. We focus on the spatial and temporal considerations underlying the molecular decisions that govern this complex journey and discuss how additional cellular organelles - particularly the ER - play active roles in the regulation of receptor lifespan. In summarizing the functions of relevant molecules on the endosomes and the ER, we cover the order of molecular events in receptor activation, trafficking and downregulation, and provide an overview of how signaling is controlled at the interface between these organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Bakker
- Department of Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, Einthovenweg 22, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Spits
- Department of Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, Einthovenweg 22, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Department of Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, Einthovenweg 22, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilana Berlin
- Department of Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, Einthovenweg 22, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Fazeli
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ann Marie Wehman
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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31
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CMTM3 decreases EGFR expression and EGF-mediated tumorigenicity by promoting Rab5 activity in gastric cancer. Cancer Lett 2017; 386:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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32
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Gleason AM, Nguyen KCQ, Hall DH, Grant BD. Syndapin/SDPN-1 is required for endocytic recycling and endosomal actin association in the C. elegans intestine. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:mbc.E16-02-0116. [PMID: 27630264 PMCID: PMC5170557 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-02-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndapin/Pascin family F-BAR domain proteins bind directly to membrane lipids and are associated with actin dynamics at the plasma membrane. Previous reports have also implicated mammalian syndapin 2 in endosome function during receptor recycling, but precise analysis of a putative recycling function for syndapin in mammalian systems is difficult because of syndapin effects on the earlier step of endocytic uptake, and potential redundancy among the three separate genes that encode mammalian syndapin isoforms. Here we analyze the endocytic transport function of the only C. elegans syndapin, SDPN-1. We find that SDPN-1 is a resident protein of the early and basolateral recycling endosomes in the C. elegans intestinal epithelium, and sdpn-1 deletion mutants display phenotypes indicating a block in basolateral recycling transport. sdpn-1 mutants accumulate abnormal endosomes positive for early endosome and recycling endosome markers that are normally separate, and such endosomes accumulate high levels of basolateral recycling cargo. Furthermore, we observed strong colocalization of endosomal SDPN-1 with the F-actin biosensor Lifeact, and found that loss of SDPN-1 greatly reduced Lifeact accumulation on early endosomes. Taken together our results provide strong evidence for an in vivo function of syndapin in endocytic recycling, and suggest that syndapin promotes transport via endosomal fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adenrele M Gleason
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Ken C Q Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - David H Hall
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Barth D Grant
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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33
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Ishida M, E Oguchi M, Fukuda M. Multiple Types of Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs) for Rab Small GTPases. Cell Struct Funct 2016; 41:61-79. [PMID: 27246931 DOI: 10.1247/csf.16008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab small GTPases are highly conserved master regulators of membrane traffic in all eukaryotes. The same as the activation and inactivation of other small GTPases, the activation and inactivation of Rabs are tightly controlled by specific GEFs (guanine nucleotide exchange factors) and GAPs (GTPase-activating proteins), respectively. Although almost all Rab-GAPs reported thus far have a TBC (Tre-2/Bub2/Cdc16)/Rab-GAP domain in common, recent accumulating evidence has indicated the existence of a number of structurally unrelated types of Rab-GEFs, including DENN proteins, VPS9 proteins, Sec2 proteins, TRAPP complexes, heterodimer GEFs (Mon1-Ccz1, HPS1-HPS4 (BLOC-3 complex), Ric1-Rgp1 and Rab3GAP1/2), and other GEFs (e.g., REI-1 and RPGR). In this review article we provide an up-to-date overview of the structures and functions of all putative Rab-GEFs in mammals, with a special focus on their substrate Rabs, interacting proteins, associations with genetic diseases, and intracellular localizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morié Ishida
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
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Fukuda M. Multiple Roles of VARP in Endosomal Trafficking: Rabs, Retromer Components and R-SNARE VAMP7 Meet on VARP. Traffic 2016; 17:709-19. [PMID: 27103185 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
VARP (VPS9-ankyrin-repeat protein, also known as ANKRD27) was originally identified as an N-terminal VPS9 (vacuolar protein sorting 9)-domain-containing protein that possesses guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity toward small GTPase Rab21 and contains two ankyrin repeat (ANKR) domains in its central region. A number of VARP-interacting molecules have been identified during the past five years, and considerable attention is now being directed to the multiple roles of VARP in endosomal trafficking. More specifically, VARP is now known to interact with three different types of key membrane trafficking regulators, i.e. small GTPase Rabs (Rab32, Rab38 and Rab40C), the retromer complex (a sorting nexin dimer, VPS26, VPS29 and VPS35) and R-SNARE VAMP7. By binding to several of these molecules, VARP regulates endosomal trafficking, which underlies a variety of cellular events, including melanogenic enzyme trafficking to melanosomes, dendrite outgrowth of melanocytes, neurite outgrowth and retromer-mediated endosome-to-plasma membrane sorting of transmembrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
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Sakaguchi A, Sato M, Sato K, Gengyo-Ando K, Yorimitsu T, Nakai J, Hara T, Sato K, Sato K. REI-1 Is a Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor Regulating RAB-11 Localization and Function in C. elegans Embryos. Dev Cell 2016; 35:211-21. [PMID: 26506309 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The small GTPase Rab11 dynamically changes its location to regulate various cellular processes such as endocytic recycling, secretion, and cytokinesis. However, our knowledge of its upstream regulators is still limited. Here, we identify the RAB-11-interacting protein-1 (REI-1) as a unique family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for RAB-11 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Although REI-1 and its human homolog SH3-binding protein 5 do not contain any known Rab-GEF domains, they exhibited strong GEF activity toward Rab11 in vitro. In C. elegans, REI-1 is expressed in the germline and co-localizes with RAB-11 on the late-Golgi membranes. The loss of REI-1 specifically impaired the targeting of RAB-11 to the late-Golgi compartment and the recycling endosomes in embryos and further reduced the RAB-11 distribution to the cleavage furrow, which resulted in cytokinesis delay. These results suggest that REI-1 is a GEF specifically regulating the RAB-11 localization and functions in early embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisa Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Miyuki Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Katsuya Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Keiko Gengyo-Ando
- Brain Science Institute, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yorimitsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Junichi Nakai
- Brain Science Institute, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Taichi Hara
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan.
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Sunada M, Goh T, Ueda T, Nakano A. Functional analyses of the plant-specific C-terminal region of VPS9a: the activating factor for RAB5 in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:93-102. [PMID: 26493488 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-015-0760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that endosomal transport played important roles in various plant functions. The RAB GTPase regulates the tethering and fusion steps of vesicle trafficking to target membranes in each trafficking pathway by acting as a molecular switch. RAB GTPase activation is catalyzed by specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that promote the exchange of GDP on the RAB GTPase with GTP. RAB5 is a key regulator of endosomal trafficking and is uniquely diversified in plants; the plant-unique RAB5 group ARA6 was acquired in addition to conventional RAB5 during evolution. In Arabidopsis thaliana, conventional RAB5, ARA7 and RHA1 regulate the endosomal/vacuolar trafficking pathways, whereas ARA6 acts in the pathway from the endosome to the plasma membrane. Despite their distinct functions, all RAB5 members are activated by the common GEF VACUOLAR PROTEIN SORTING 9a (VPS9a). VPS9a consists of an N-terminal conserved domain and C-terminal region (CTR) with no similarity to known functional domains. In this study, we investigated the function of the CTR by generating truncated versions of VPS9a and found that it was specifically responsible for ARA6 regulation; moreover, the CTR was required for the oligomerization and correct localization of VPS9a. The oligomerization of VPS9a was mediated by a distinctive region consisting of 36 amino acids in the CTR that was conserved in plant RAB5 GEFs. Thus the VPS9a CTR plays an important role in the regulation of the two RAB5 groups in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Sunada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Goh
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advances Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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Zhou X, Zeng J, Ouyang C, Luo Q, Yu M, Yang Z, Wang H, Shen K, Shi A. A novel bipartite UNC-101/AP-1 μ1 binding signal mediates KVS-4/Kv2.1 somatodendritic distribution inCaenorhabditis elegans. FEBS Lett 2015; 590:76-92. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Medical Genetics; School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Jia Zeng
- Department of Medical Genetics; School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Chenxi Ouyang
- Department of Vascular Surgery; Union Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Qianyun Luo
- Department of Medical Genetics; School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Vascular Surgery; Union Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Zhenrong Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics; School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics; School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Kang Shen
- Department of Biology; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Palo Alto CA USA
| | - Anbing Shi
- Department of Medical Genetics; School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
- Institute for Brain Research; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan Hubei China
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Maurer LL, Yang X, Schindler AJ, Taggart RK, Jiang C, Hsu-Kim H, Sherwood DR, Meyer JN. Intracellular trafficking pathways in silver nanoparticle uptake and toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nanotoxicology 2015; 10:831-5. [PMID: 26559224 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2015.1110759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We used the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to study the roles of endocytosis and lysosomal function in uptake and subsequent toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) in vivo. To focus on AgNP uptake and effects rather than silver ion (AgNO3) effects, we used a minimally dissolvable AgNP, citrate-coated AgNPs (CIT-AgNPs). We found that the clathrin-mediated endocytosis inhibitor chlorpromazine reduced the toxicity of CIT-AgNPs but not AgNO3. We also tested the sensitivity of three endocytosis-deficient mutants (rme-1, rme-6 and rme-8) and two lysosomal function deficient mutants (cup-5 and glo-1) as compared to wild-type (N2 strain). One of the endocytosis-deficient mutants (rme-6) took up less silver and was resistant to the acute toxicity of CIT-AgNPs compared to N2s. None of those mutants showed altered sensitivity to AgNO3. Lysosome and lysosome-related organelle mutants were more sensitive to the growth-inhibiting effects of both CIT-AgNPs and AgNO3. Our study provides mechanistic evidence suggesting that early endosome formation is necessary for AgNP-induced toxicity in vivo, as rme-6 mutants were less sensitive to the toxic effects of AgNPs than C. elegans with mutations involved in later steps in the endocytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Maurer
- a Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Durham , NC , USA .,b Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Xinyu Yang
- a Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Durham , NC , USA .,b Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
| | | | - Ross K Taggart
- b Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University , Durham , NC , USA .,d Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Chuanjia Jiang
- b Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University , Durham , NC , USA .,d Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Heileen Hsu-Kim
- b Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University , Durham , NC , USA .,d Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
| | | | - Joel N Meyer
- a Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Durham , NC , USA .,b Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
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Robinson MS. Forty Years of Clathrin-coated Vesicles. Traffic 2015; 16:1210-38. [PMID: 26403691 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The purification of coated vesicles and the discovery of clathrin by Barbara Pearse in 1975 was a landmark in cell biology. Over the past 40 years, work from many labs has uncovered the molecular details of clathrin and its associated proteins, including how they assemble into a coated vesicle and how they select cargo. Unexpected connections have been found with signalling, development, neuronal transmission, infection, immunity and genetic disorders. But there are still a number of unanswered questions, including how clathrin-mediated trafficking is regulated and how the machinery evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret S Robinson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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40
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Wen L, Fukuda M, Sunada M, Ishino S, Ishino Y, Okita TW, Ogawa M, Ueda T, Kumamaru T. Guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 for Rab5 proteins coordinated with GLUP6/GEF regulates the intracellular transport of the proglutelin from the Golgi apparatus to the protein storage vacuole in rice endosperm. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6137-47. [PMID: 26136263 PMCID: PMC4588877 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Rice glutelin polypeptides are initially synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane as a proglutelin, which are then transported to the protein storage vacuole (PSV) via the Golgi apparatus. Rab5 and its cognate activator guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) are essential for the intracellular transport of proglutelin from the Golgi apparatus to the PSV. Results from previous studies showed that the double recessive type of glup4/rab5a and glup6/gef mutant accumulated much higher amounts of proglutelin than either parent line. The present study demonstrates that the double recessive type of glup4/rab5a and glup6/gef mutant showed not only elevated proglutelin levels and much larger paramural bodies but also reduced the number and size of PSVs, indicating a synergistic mutation effect. These observations led us to the hypothesis that other isoforms of Rab5 and GEF also participate in the intracellular transport of rice glutelin. A database search identified a novel guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Rab5-GEF2. Like GLUP6/GEF, Rab5-GEF2 was capable of activating Rab5a and two other Rab5 isoforms in in vitro GTP/GDP exchange assays. GEF proteins consist of the helical bundle (HB) domain at the N-terminus, Vps9 domain, and a C-terminal region. By the deletion analysis of GEFs, the HB domain was found essential for the activation of Rab5 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuying Wen
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Masako Fukuda
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Mariko Sunada
- Graduated School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sonoko Ishino
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yoshizumi Ishino
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Thomas W Okita
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340, USA
| | - Masahiro Ogawa
- Department of General Education, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi 753-8502, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Graduated School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Basolateral Endocytic Recycling Requires RAB-10 and AMPH-1 Mediated Recruitment of RAB-5 GAP TBC-2 to Endosomes. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005514. [PMID: 26393361 PMCID: PMC4578947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase RAB-5/Rab5 is a master regulator of the early endosome, required for a myriad of coordinated activities, including the degradation and recycling of internalized cargo. Here we focused on the recycling function of the early endosome and the regulation of RAB-5 by GAP protein TBC-2 in the basolateral C. elegans intestine. We demonstrate that downstream basolateral recycling regulators, GTPase RAB-10/Rab10 and BAR domain protein AMPH-1/Amphiphysin, bind to TBC-2 and help to recruit it to endosomes. In the absence of RAB-10 or AMPH-1 binding to TBC-2, RAB-5 membrane association is abnormally high and recycling cargo is trapped in early endosomes. Furthermore, the loss of TBC-2 or AMPH-1 leads to abnormally high spatial overlap of RAB-5 and RAB-10. Taken together our results indicate that RAB-10 and AMPH-1 mediated down-regulation of RAB-5 is an important step in recycling, required for cargo exit from early endosomes and regulation of early endosome–recycling endosome interactions. When cargo is internalized from the cell surface by endocytosis, it enters a series of intracellular organelles called endosomes. Endosomes sort cargo, such that some cargos are sent to the lysosome for degradation, while others are recycled to the plasma membrane. Small GTPase proteins of the Rabs family are master regulators of endosomes, functioning by acting as molecular switches. As cargo moves through the endosomal system, it must pass from the domain controlled by one Rab-GTPase to the domain controlled by another. Little is known about how transitions along the recycling pathway are controlled. Here we analyze a group of protein interactions that act along the early-to-recycling pathway. Our work shows that RAB-5 deactivation mediated by TBC-2 and its recruiters RAB-10 and AMPH-1 is important for cargo recycling. This work provides mechanistic insight into how Rab proteins controlling different steps of trafficking interact during endocytic recycling.
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Bai Z, Grant BD. A TOCA/CDC-42/PAR/WAVE functional module required for retrograde endocytic recycling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E1443-52. [PMID: 25775511 PMCID: PMC4378436 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418651112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosome-to-Golgi transport is required for the function of many key membrane proteins and lipids, including signaling receptors, small-molecule transporters, and adhesion proteins. The retromer complex is well-known for its role in cargo sorting and vesicle budding from early endosomes, in most cases leading to cargo fusion with the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Transport from recycling endosomes to the TGN has also been reported, but much less is understood about the molecules that mediate this transport step. Here we provide evidence that the F-BAR domain proteins TOCA-1 and TOCA-2 (Transducer of Cdc42 dependent actin assembly), the small GTPase CDC-42 (Cell division control protein 42), associated polarity proteins PAR-6 (Partitioning defective 6) and PKC-3/atypical protein kinase C, and the WAVE actin nucleation complex mediate the transport of MIG-14/Wls and TGN-38/TGN38 cargo proteins from the recycling endosome to the TGN in Caenorhabditis elegans. Our results indicate that CDC-42, the TOCA proteins, and the WAVE component WVE-1 are enriched on RME-1-positive recycling endosomes in the intestine, unlike retromer components that act on early endosomes. Furthermore, we find that retrograde cargo TGN-38 is trapped in early endosomes after depletion of SNX-3 (a retromer component) but is mainly trapped in recycling endosomes after depletion of CDC-42, indicating that the CDC-42-associated complex functions after retromer in a distinct organelle. Thus, we identify a group of interacting proteins that mediate retrograde recycling, and link these proteins to a poorly understood trafficking step, recycling endosome-to-Golgi transport. We also provide evidence for the physiological importance of this pathway in WNT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Bai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Barth D Grant
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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van Dam TJP, Bos JL, Snel B. Evolution of the Ras-like small GTPases and their regulators. Small GTPases 2014; 2:4-16. [PMID: 21686276 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.2.1.15113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases are molecular switches at the hub of many signaling pathways and the expansion of this protein family is interwoven with the origin of unique eukaryotic cell features. We have previously reported on the evolution of CDC25 Homology Domain containing proteins, which act as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for Ras-like proteins. We now report on the evolution of both the Ras-like small GTPases as well as the GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) for Ras-like small GTPases. We performed an in depth phylogenetic analysis in 64 genomes of diverse eukaryotic species. These analyses revealed that multiple ancestral Ras-like GTPases and GAPs were already present in the Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor (LECA), compatible with the presence of RasGEFs in LECA . Furthermore, we endeavor to reconstruct in which order the different Ras-like GTPases diverged from each other. We identified striking differences between the expansion of the various types of Ras-like GTPases and their respective GAPs and GEFs. Altogether, our analysis forms an extensive evolutionary framework for Ras-like signaling pathways and provides specific predictions for molecular biologists and biochemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teunis J P van Dam
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics; Department of Biology; Science Faculty; Utrecht University; Utrecht, The Netherlands
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45
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Solinger JA, Spang A. Loss of the Sec1/Munc18-family proteins VPS-33.2 and VPS-33.1 bypasses a block in endosome maturation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:3909-25. [PMID: 25273556 PMCID: PMC4244200 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-12-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is presented for the existence of HOPS and CORVET tethering complexes in metazoans. A role is shown for the SM protein components of tethers in controlling the flux of material through the endosomal system. The end of the life of a transport vesicle requires a complex series of tethering, docking, and fusion events. Tethering complexes play a crucial role in the recognition of membrane entities and bringing them into close opposition, thereby coordinating and controlling cellular trafficking events. Here we provide a comprehensive RNA interference analysis of the CORVET and HOPS tethering complexes in metazoans. Knockdown of CORVET components promoted RAB-7 recruitment to subapical membranes, whereas in HOPS knockdowns, RAB-5 was found also on membrane structures close to the cell center, indicating the RAB conversion might be impaired in the absence of these tethering complexes. Unlike in yeast, metazoans have two VPS33 homologues, which are Sec1/Munc18 (SM)-family proteins involved in the regulation of membrane fusion. We assume that in wild type, each tethering complex contains a specific SM protein but that they may be able to substitute for each other in case of absence of the other. Of importance, knockdown of both SM proteins allowed bypass of the endosome maturation block in sand-1 mutants. We propose a model in which the SM proteins in tethering complexes are required for coordinated flux of material through the endosomal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jachen A Solinger
- Growth and Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne Spang
- Growth and Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Kanagaraj P, Gautier-Stein A, Riedel D, Schomburg C, Cerdà J, Vollack N, Dosch R. Souffle/Spastizin controls secretory vesicle maturation during zebrafish oogenesis. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004449. [PMID: 24967841 PMCID: PMC4072560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During oogenesis, the egg prepares for fertilization and early embryogenesis. As a consequence, vesicle transport is very active during vitellogenesis, and oocytes are an outstanding system to study regulators of membrane trafficking. Here, we combine zebrafish genetics and the oocyte model to identify the molecular lesion underlying the zebrafish souffle (suf) mutation. We demonstrate that suf encodes the homolog of the Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP) gene SPASTIZIN (SPG15). We show that in zebrafish oocytes suf mutants accumulate Rab11b-positive vesicles, but trafficking of recycling endosomes is not affected. Instead, we detect Suf/Spastizin on cortical granules, which undergo regulated secretion. We demonstrate genetically that Suf is essential for granule maturation into secretion competent dense-core vesicles describing a novel role for Suf in vesicle maturation. Interestingly, in suf mutants immature, secretory precursors accumulate, because they fail to pinch-off Clathrin-coated buds. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of the abscission regulator Dynamin leads to an accumulation of immature secretory granules and mimics the suf phenotype. Our results identify a novel regulator of secretory vesicle formation in the zebrafish oocyte. In addition, we describe an uncharacterized cellular mechanism for Suf/Spastizin activity during secretion, which raises the possibility of novel therapeutic avenues for HSP research. Oocytes of egg laying animals frequently represent the biggest cell type of a species. The size of the egg is a consequence of active transport processes, e.g. the import of yolk proteins, which results in the massive storage of vesicles. In addition, secretory vesicles termed cortical granules are stored in the oocyte to be discharged right after fertilization during cortical reaction, which also occurs in mammals. Their secretion leads to chorion expansion, which prevents the lethal entry of additional sperm and protects the developing embryo against physical damage. Mutants with a defect in membrane transport are successful tools to discover genes regulating vesicle formation. We molecularly identify the disrupted gene in the recessive maternal-effect mutation souffle, which encodes a homolog of human SPASTIZIN. SPASTIZIN was previously implicated in endocytosis, but our cellular analysis of mutant oocytes connects this gene also with the regulation of cortical granule exocytosis. More precisely, we show that Suf/Spastizin is crucial for the maturation of cortical granules into secretion competent vesicles describing a novel role for this protein. Since SPASITIZN causes the disease Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia in humans, our results will help to decipher the pathogenesis of this neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palsamy Kanagaraj
- Institut fuer Entwicklungsbiochemie, Georg-August Universitaet Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Dietmar Riedel
- Max-Planck Institut fuer Biophysikalische Chemie, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Schomburg
- Institut fuer Entwicklungsbiochemie, Georg-August Universitaet Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Joan Cerdà
- IRTA-Institute of Marine Sciences, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nadine Vollack
- Institut fuer Entwicklungsbiochemie, Georg-August Universitaet Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Roland Dosch
- Institut fuer Entwicklungsbiochemie, Georg-August Universitaet Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Departement de Zoologie et Biologie Animale, Universite de Geneve, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The counterbalancing action of the endocytosis and secretory pathways maintains a dynamic equilibrium that regulates the composition of the plasma membrane, allowing it to maintain homeostasis and to change rapidly in response to alterations in the extracellular environment and/or intracellular metabolism. These pathways are intimately integrated with intercellular signaling systems and play critical roles in all cells. Studies in Caenorhabditis elegans have revealed diverse roles of membrane trafficking in physiology and development and have also provided molecular insight into the fundamental mechanisms that direct cargo sorting, vesicle budding, and membrane fisson and fusion. In this review, we summarize progress in understanding membrane trafficking mechanisms derived from work in C. elegans, focusing mainly on work done in non-neuronal cell-types, especially the germline, early embryo, coelomocytes, and intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan. ;
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48
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Sato M, Konuma R, Sato K, Tomura K, Sato K. Fertilization-induced K63-linked ubiquitylation mediates clearance of maternal membrane proteins. Development 2014; 141:1324-31. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.103044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In Caenorhabditis elegans, fertilization triggers endocytosis and rapid turnover of maternal surface membrane proteins in lysosomes, although the precise mechanism of this inducible endocytosis is unknown. We found that high levels of K63-linked ubiquitin chains transiently accumulated on endosomes upon fertilization. Endocytosis and the endosomal accumulation of ubiquitin were both regulated downstream of the anaphase-promoting complex, which drives the oocyte’s meiotic cell cycle after fertilization. The clearance of maternal membrane proteins and the accumulation of K63-linked ubiquitin on endosomes depended on UBC-13 and UEV-1, which function as an E2 complex that specifically mediates chain elongation of K63-linked polyubiquitin. CAV-1-GFP, an endocytic cargo protein, was modified with K63-linked polyubiquitin in a UBC-13/UEV-1-dependent manner. In ubc-13 or uev-1 mutants, CAV-1-GFP and other membrane proteins were internalized from the plasma membrane normally after fertilization. However, they were not efficiently targeted to the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway but recycled to the cell surface. Our results suggest that UBC-13-dependent K63-linked ubiquitylation is required for proper MVB sorting rather than for internalization. These results also demonstrate a developmentally controlled function of K63-linked ubiquitylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Konuma
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Katsuya Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Kotone Tomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
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49
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Abstract
The elongation rate of axons is tightly regulated during development. Recycling of the plasma membrane is known to regulate axon extension; however, the specific molecules involved in recycling within the growth cone have not been fully characterized. Here, we investigated whether the small GTPases Rab4 and Rab5 involved in short-loop recycling regulate the extension of Xenopus retinal axons. We report that, in growth cones, Rab5 and Rab4 proteins localize to endosomes, which accumulate markers that are constitutively recycled. Fluorescence recovery after photo-bleaching experiments showed that Rab5 and Rab4 are recruited to endosomes in the growth cone, suggesting that they control recycling locally. Dynamic image analysis revealed that Rab4-positive carriers can bud off from Rab5 endosomes and move to the periphery of the growth cone, suggesting that both Rab5 and Rab4 contribute to recycling within the growth cone. Inhibition of Rab4 function with dominant-negative Rab4 or Rab4 morpholino and constitutive activation of Rab5 decreases the elongation of retinal axons in vitro and in vivo, but, unexpectedly, does not disrupt axon pathfinding. Thus, Rab5- and Rab4-mediated control of endosome trafficking appears to be crucial for axon growth. Collectively, our results suggest that recycling from Rab5-positive endosomes via Rab4 occurs within the growth cone and thereby supports axon elongation.
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Moffat LL, Robinson RE, Bakoulis A, Clark SG. The conserved transmembrane RING finger protein PLR-1 downregulates Wnt signaling by reducing Frizzled, Ror and Ryk cell-surface levels in C. elegans. Development 2014; 141:617-28. [PMID: 24401370 DOI: 10.1242/dev.101600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Wnts control a wide range of essential developmental processes, including cell fate specification, axon guidance and anteroposterior neuronal polarization. We identified a conserved transmembrane RING finger protein, PLR-1, that governs the response to Wnts by lowering cell-surface levels of the Frizzled family of Wnt receptors in Caenorhabditis elegans. Loss of PLR-1 activity in the neuron AVG causes its anteroposterior polarity to be symmetric or reversed because signaling by the Wnts CWN-1 and CWN-2 are inappropriately activated, whereas ectopic PLR-1 expression blocks Wnt signaling and target gene expression. Frizzleds are enriched at the cell surface; however, when PLR-1 and Frizzled are co-expressed, Frizzled is not detected at the surface but instead is colocalized with PLR-1 in endosomes. The Frizzled cysteine-rich domain (CRD) and invariant second intracellular loop lysine are crucial for PLR-1 downregulation. The PLR-1 RING finger and protease-associated (PA) domain are essential for activity. In a Frizzled-dependent manner, PLR-1 reduces surface levels of the Wnt receptors CAM-1/Ror and LIN-18/Ryk. PLR-1 is a homolog of the mammalian transmembrane E3 ubiquitin ligases RNF43 and ZNRF3, which control Frizzled surface levels in an R-spondin-sensitive manner. We propose that PLR-1 downregulates Wnt receptor surface levels via lysine ubiquitylation of Frizzled to coordinate spatial and temporal responses to Wnts during neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Moffat
- Molecular Neurobiology Program, Department of Pharmacology, Skirball Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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