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Vidak S, Serebryannyy LA, Pegoraro G, Misteli T. Activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in premature aging via the inner nuclear membrane protein SUN2. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112534. [PMID: 37210724 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major cellular mechanisms to ensure cellular protein homeostasis is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. This pathway is triggered by accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. The ER stress response is also activated in the premature aging disease Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS). Here, we explore the mechanism of activation of the ER stress response in HGPS. We find that aggregation of the diseases-causing progerin protein at the nuclear envelope triggers ER stress. Induction of ER stress is dependent on the inner nuclear membrane protein SUN2 and its ability to cluster in the nuclear membrane. Our observations suggest that the presence of nucleoplasmic protein aggregates can be sensed, and signaled to the ER lumen, via clustering of SUN2. These results identify a mechanism of communication between the nucleus and the ER and provide insight into the molecular disease mechanisms of HGPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Vidak
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Gianluca Pegoraro
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tom Misteli
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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2
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Cao Y. Neural induction drives body axis formation during embryogenesis, but a neural induction-like process drives tumorigenesis in postnatal animals. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1092667. [PMID: 37228646 PMCID: PMC10203556 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1092667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of cancer cells and neural stem cells indicates that tumorigenicity and pluripotency are coupled cell properties determined by neural stemness, and tumorigenesis represents a process of progressive loss of original cell identity and gain of neural stemness. This reminds of a most fundamental process required for the development of the nervous system and body axis during embryogenesis, i.e., embryonic neural induction. Neural induction is that, in response to extracellular signals that are secreted by the Spemann-Mangold organizer in amphibians or the node in mammals and inhibit epidermal fate in ectoderm, the ectodermal cells lose their epidermal fate and assume the neural default fate and consequently, turn into neuroectodermal cells. They further differentiate into the nervous system and also some non-neural cells via interaction with adjacent tissues. Failure in neural induction leads to failure of embryogenesis, and ectopic neural induction due to ectopic organizer or node activity or activation of embryonic neural genes causes a formation of secondary body axis or a conjoined twin. During tumorigenesis, cells progressively lose their original cell identity and gain of neural stemness, and consequently, gain of tumorigenicity and pluripotency, due to various intra-/extracellular insults in cells of a postnatal animal. Tumorigenic cells can be induced to differentiation into normal cells and integrate into normal embryonic development within an embryo. However, they form tumors and cannot integrate into animal tissues/organs in a postnatal animal because of lack of embryonic inducing signals. Combination of studies of developmental and cancer biology indicates that neural induction drives embryogenesis in gastrulating embryos but a similar process drives tumorigenesis in a postnatal animal. Tumorigenicity is by nature the manifestation of aberrant occurrence of pluripotent state in a postnatal animal. Pluripotency and tumorigenicity are both but different manifestations of neural stemness in pre- and postnatal stages of animal life, respectively. Based on these findings, I discuss about some confusion in cancer research, propose to distinguish the causality and associations and discriminate causal and supporting factors involved in tumorigenesis, and suggest revisiting the focus of cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cao
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Stemness potency and structural characteristics of thyroid cancer cell lines. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 241:154262. [PMID: 36527836 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer is the most frequent type of endocrine malignancy. Thyroid carcinomas are derived from the follicular epithelium and classified as papillary (PTC) (85%), follicular (FTC) (12%), and anaplastic (ATC) (<3%). Thyroid cancer could arise from thyroid cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). CSCs are cancer cells that feature stem-like properties. Kruppel-like factor (KLF4) and Stage-spesific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA-1) are types of stem cell markers. Filamentous actin (F-actin) is an essential part of the cellular cytoskeleton. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stem cell potency and the spatial distribution of the cytoskeletal element F-actin in PTC, FTC, and ATC cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Normal thyroid cell line (NTC) Nthy-ori-3-1, PTC cell line BCPAP, FTC cell line FTC-133 and ATC cell line 8505c were stained with SSEA-1 and KLF4 for stem cell potency and F-actin for cytoskeleton. The morphological properties of cells were assessed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and elemental ratios were compared with EDS. RESULTS PTCs had greater percentages of SSEA-1 and KLF4 protein intensity (0.32% and 0.49%, respectively) than NTCs. ATCs had a greater proportion of KLF4 expression (0.8%) than NTCs. NTCs and FTCs had increased F-actin intensity across the cell, but PTCs had the lowest among these four cell lines. NTCs and PTCs, as well as NTCs and FTCs, have statistically identical aspect ratios and round values. These values, however, were statistically different in ATCs. CONCLUSION The study of stem cell markers and the cytoskeletal element F-actin in cancer and normal thyroid cell lines may assist in the identification of new therapeutic targets and contribute in the understanding of treatment resistance mechanisms.
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Niharika, Roy A, Mishra J, Chakraborty S, Singh SP, Patra SK. Epigenetic regulation of pluripotency inducer genes NANOG and SOX2 in human prostate cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 197:241-260. [PMID: 37019595 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The cells of multicellular organisms are genetically homogeneous but heterogenous in structure and function by virtue of differential gene expression. During embryonic development, differential gene expression by modification of chromatin (DNA and histone complex) regulates the developmental proceedings before and after the germ layers are formed. Post-replicative DNA modification, where the fifth carbon atom of the cytosine gets methylated (hereafter, DNA methylation), does not incorporate mutations within the DNA. In the past few years, a boom has been observed in the field of research related to various epigenetic regulation models, which includes DNA methylation, post-translational modification of histone tails, control of chromatin structure by non-coding RNAs, and remodeling of nucleosome. Epigenetic effects like DNA methylation or histone modification play a cardinal role in development but also be able to arise stochastically, as observed during aging, in tumor development and cancer progression. Over the past few decades, researchers allured toward the involvement of pluripotency inducer genes in cancer progression and apparent for prostate cancer (PCa); also, PCa is the most diagnosed tumor worldwide and comes to the second position in causing mortality in men. The anomalous articulation of pluripotency-inducing transcription factor; SRY-related HMG box-containing transcription factor-2 (SOX2), Octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) or POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1 (POU5F1), and NANOG have been reported in different cancers which includes breast cancer, tongue cancer, and lung cancer, etc. Although there is a variety in gene expression signatures demonstrated by cancer cells, the epigenetic mode of regulation at the pluripotency-associated genes in PCa has been recently explored. This chapter focuses on the epigenetic control of NANOG and SOX2 genes in human PCa and the precise role thereof executed by the two transcription factors.
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Tavares M, Khandelwal G, Muter J, Viiri K, Beltran M, Brosens JJ, Jenner RG. JAZF1-SUZ12 dysregulates PRC2 function and gene expression during cell differentiation. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110889. [PMID: 35649353 PMCID: PMC9637993 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) methylates histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) to maintain gene repression and is essential for cell differentiation. In low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (LG-ESS), the PRC2 subunit SUZ12 is often fused with the NuA4/TIP60 subunit JAZF1. We show that JAZF1-SUZ12 dysregulates PRC2 composition, genome occupancy, histone modification, gene expression, and cell differentiation. Loss of the SUZ12 N terminus in the fusion protein abrogates interaction with specific PRC2 accessory factors, reduces occupancy at PRC2 target genes, and diminishes H3K27me3. Fusion to JAZF1 increases H4Kac at PRC2 target genes and triggers recruitment to JAZF1 binding sites during cell differentiation. In human endometrial stromal cells, JAZF1-SUZ12 upregulated PRC2 target genes normally activated during decidualization while repressing genes associated with immune clearance, and JAZF1-SUZ12-induced genes were also overexpressed in LG-ESS. These results reveal defects in chromatin regulation, gene expression, and cell differentiation caused by JAZF1-SUZ12 that may underlie its role in oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Tavares
- UCL Cancer Institute and Cancer Research UK UCL Centre, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Garima Khandelwal
- UCL Cancer Institute and Cancer Research UK UCL Centre, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Joanne Muter
- Warwick Medical School, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Keijo Viiri
- UCL Cancer Institute and Cancer Research UK UCL Centre, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Manuel Beltran
- UCL Cancer Institute and Cancer Research UK UCL Centre, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jan J Brosens
- Warwick Medical School, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Richard G Jenner
- UCL Cancer Institute and Cancer Research UK UCL Centre, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Patange S, Ball DA, Wan Y, Karpova TS, Girvan M, Levens D, Larson DR. MYC amplifies gene expression through global changes in transcription factor dynamics. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110292. [PMID: 35081348 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The MYC oncogene has been studied for decades, yet there is still intense debate over how this transcription factor controls gene expression. Here, we seek to answer these questions with an in vivo readout of discrete events of gene expression in single cells. We engineered an optogenetic variant of MYC (Pi-MYC) and combined this tool with single-molecule RNA and protein imaging techniques to investigate the role of MYC in modulating transcriptional bursting and transcription factor binding dynamics in human cells. We find that the immediate consequence of MYC overexpression is an increase in the duration rather than in the frequency of bursts, a functional role that is different from the majority of human transcription factors. We further propose that the mechanism by which MYC exerts global effects on the active period of genes is by altering the binding dynamics of transcription factors involved in RNA polymerase II complex assembly and productive elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Patange
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - David A Ball
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yihan Wan
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tatiana S Karpova
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michelle Girvan
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - David Levens
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel R Larson
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Neural is Fundamental: Neural Stemness as the Ground State of Cell Tumorigenicity and Differentiation Potential. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:37-55. [PMID: 34714532 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumorigenic cells are similar to neural stem cells or embryonic neural cells in regulatory networks, tumorigenicity and pluripotent differentiation potential. By integrating the evidence from developmental biology, tumor biology and evolution, I will make a detailed discussion on the observations and propose that neural stemness underlies two coupled cell properties, tumorigenicity and pluripotent differentiation potential. Neural stemness property of tumorigenic cells can hopefully integrate different observations/concepts underlying tumorigenesis. Neural stem cells and tumorigenic cells share regulatory networks; both exhibit neural stemness, tumorigenicity and pluripotent differentiation potential; both depend on expression or activation of ancestral genes; both rely primarily on aerobic glycolytic metabolism; both can differentiate into various cells/tissues that are derived from three germ layers, leading to tumor formation resembling severely disorganized or more degenerated process of embryonic tissue differentiation; both are enriched in long genes with more splice variants that provide more plastic scaffolds for cell differentiation, etc. Neural regulatory networks, which include higher levels of basic machineries of cell physiological functions and developmental programs, work concertedly to define a basic state with fast cell cycle and proliferation. This is predestined by the evolutionary advantage of neural state, the ground or initial state for multicellularity with adaptation to an ancient environment. Tumorigenesis might represent a process of restoration of neural ground state, thereby restoring a state with fast proliferation and pluripotent differentiation potential in somatic cells. Tumorigenesis and pluripotent differentiation potential might be better understood from understanding neural stemness, and cancer therapy should benefit more from targeting neural stemness.
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Oh SI, Jeong H, Park HS, Choi KA, Hwang I, Lee J, Cho J, Hong S. Activation of CXCL12-CXCR4 signalling induces conversion of immortalised embryonic kidney cells into cancer stem-like cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 48:1303-1313. [PMID: 33150801 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2020.1841783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been implicated in the growth and progression of several types of human cancer. The technology to derive and establish CSCs in vitro could be a critical tool for understanding cancer and developing new therapeutic targets. In this study, we derived expandable CD15+ induced CSCs (iCSCs) from immortalised 293FT human epithelial cells by co-culture with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) as feeder cells in vitro. The iCSCs converted through an epithelial-mesenchymal transition program acquired mesenchymal traits, the expression of stem cell markers, and epigenetic changes. Moreover, the iCSCs not only efficiently formed tumorspheres in vitro but also initiated tumours in immunocompromised mice injected with only 10 of the iCSCs. Furthermore, we showed that the expression of the chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 by the iCSCs resulted in the activation of the Fut4 gene through CXCR4/ERK/ELK-1-signalling pathways and the maintenance of the iCSCs in the undifferentiated state through CXCR4/AKT/STAT3-signalling. These findings suggest that immortalised 293FT cells may acquire potential oncogenicity through molecular and cellular alteration processes in microenvironments using BM-MSCs, and could represent a valuable in vitro model as a cancer stem cell surrogate for studying the pathophysiological properties of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ick Oh
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesun Jeong
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Public Health Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang-Soo Park
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ah Choi
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Insik Hwang
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghee Cho
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoi Hong
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Public Health Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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10
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Monserrat J, Morales Torres C, Richardson L, Wilson TS, Patel H, Domart MC, Horswell S, Song OR, Jiang M, Crawford M, Bui M, Dalal Y, Scaffidi P. Disruption of the MSL complex inhibits tumour maintenance by exacerbating chromosomal instability. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:401-412. [PMID: 33837287 PMCID: PMC7610593 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Rewiring of cellular programmes in malignant cells generates cancer-specific vulnerabilities. Here, using an unbiased screening strategy aimed at identifying non-essential genes required by tumour cells to sustain unlimited proliferative capacity, we identify the male-specific lethal (MSL) acetyltransferase complex as a vulnerability of genetically unstable cancers. We find that disruption of the MSL complex and consequent loss of the associated H4K16ac mark do not substantially alter transcriptional programmes but compromise chromosome integrity and promote chromosomal instability (CIN) that progressively exhausts the proliferative potential of cancer cells through a p53-independent mechanism. This effect is dependent on pre-existing genomic instability, and normal cells are insensitive to MSL disruption. Using cell- and patient-derived xenografts from multiple cancer types, we show that excessive CIN induced by MSL disruption inhibits tumour maintenance. Our findings suggest that targeting MSL may be a valuable means to increase CIN beyond the level tolerated by cancer cells without inducing severe adverse effects in normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Monserrat
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Harshil Patel
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Stuart Horswell
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Ok-Ryul Song
- High Throughput Screening, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Ming Jiang
- High Throughput Screening, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Minh Bui
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yamini Dalal
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paola Scaffidi
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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Lyubitelev AV, Kirpichnikov MP, Studitsky VM. The Role of Linker Histones in Carcinogenesis. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Jariyal H, Gupta C, Bhat VS, Wagh JR, Srivastava A. Advancements in Cancer Stem Cell Isolation and Characterization. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 15:755-773. [PMID: 31863337 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence of stem cells (CSCs) in cancer is well established in last two decades. These rare cells share several properties including presence of common surface markers, stem cell markers, chemo- and radio- resistance and are highly metastatic in nature; thus, considered as valuable prognostic and therapeutic targets in cancer. However, the studies related to CSCs pave number of issues due to rare cell population and difficulties in their isolation ascribed to common stem cell marker. Various techniques including flow cytometry, laser micro-dissection, fluorescent nanodiamonds and microfluidics are used for the isolation of these rare cells. In this review, we have included the advance strategies adopted for the isolation of CSCs using above mentioned techniques. Furthermore, CSCs are primarily found in the core of the solid tumors and their microenvironment plays an important role in maintenance, self-renewal, division and tumor development. Therefore, in vivo tracking and model development become obligatory for functional studies of CSCs. Fluorescence and bioluminescence tagging has been widely used for transplantation assay and lineage tracking experiments to improve our understanding towards CSCs behaviour in their niche. Techniques such as Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Positron emission tomography (PET) have proved useful for tracking of endogenous CSCs which could be helpful in their identification in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Jariyal
- Department of Biotechnology, National institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research -Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Chanchal Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, National institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research -Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Vedika Sandeep Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology, National institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research -Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Jayant Ramakant Wagh
- Department of Biotechnology, National institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research -Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Akshay Srivastava
- Department of Medical Device, National institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research -Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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A Novel Function for KLF4 in Modulating the De-differentiation of EpCAM -/CD133 - nonStem Cells into EpCAM +/CD133 + Liver Cancer Stem Cells in HCC Cell Line HuH7. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051198. [PMID: 32408542 PMCID: PMC7290717 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex and heterogeneous nature of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) hampers the identification of effective therapeutic strategies. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a fraction of cells within tumors with the ability to self-renew and differentiate, and thus significantly contribute to the formation and maintenance of heterogeneous tumor mass. Increasing evidence indicates high plasticity in tumor cells, suggesting that non-CSCs could acquire stem cell properties through de-differentiation or reprogramming processes. In this paper, we reveal KLF4 as a transcription factor that can induce a CSC-like phenotype in non-CSCs through upregulating the EpCAM and E-CAD expression. Our studies indicated that KLF4 could directly bind to the promoter of EpCAM and increase the number of EpCAM+/CD133+ liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) in the HuH7 HCC cell line. When KLF4 was overexpressed in EpCAM−/CD133− non-stem cells, the expressions of hepatic stem/progenitor cell genes such as CK19, EpCAM and LGR5 were significantly increased. KLF4 overexpressing non-stem cells exhibited greater cell viability upon sorafenib treatment, while the cell migration and invasion capabilities of these cells were suppressed. Importantly, we detected an increased membranous expression and colocalization of β-CAT, E-CAD and EpCAM in the KLF4-overexpressing EpCAM−/CD133− non-stem cells, suggesting that this complex might be required for the cancer stem cell phenotype. Moreover, our in vivo xenograft studies demonstrated that with a KLF4 overexpression, EpCAM−/CD133− non-stem cells attained an in vivo tumor forming ability comparable to EpCAM+/CD133+ LCSCs, and the tumor specimens from KLF4-overexpressing xenografts had increased levels of both the KLF4 and EpCAM proteins. Additionally, we identified a correlation between the KLF4 and EpCAM protein expressions in human HCC tissues independent of the tumor stage and differentiation status. Collectively, our data suggest a novel function for KLF4 in modulating the de-differentiation of tumor cells and the induction of EpCAM+/CD133+ LCSCs in HuH7 HCC cells.
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Chiodi I, Mondello C. Life style factors, tumor cell plasticity and cancer stem cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2020; 784:108308. [PMID: 32430096 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are heterogeneous tissues and a layer of heterogeneity is determined by the presence of cells showing stemness traits, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs). Evidence indicates that CSCs are important players in tumor development, progression and relapse. Oncogenic transformation of normal stem cells can give rise to CSCs, but CSCs can also originate from de-differentiation of bulk tumor cells. Thus, factors promoting the increase of normal stem cell pools or stimulating the acquisition of stemness features by tumor cells can have serious consequences on cancer origin and progression. In this review, we will first give an overview of the CSC model of cancer development and we will then discuss the role of life style factors, such as high caloric diet, alcohol drinking and smoking, on the widening of stem cell pools and the induction of CSC features in tumors. Finally, we will discuss some healthy life style factors that can help to prevent cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Chiodi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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15
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Hamczyk MR, Villa-Bellosta R, Quesada V, Gonzalo P, Vidak S, Nevado RM, Andrés-Manzano MJ, Misteli T, López-Otín C, Andrés V. Progerin accelerates atherosclerosis by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress in vascular smooth muscle cells. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 11:emmm.201809736. [PMID: 30862662 PMCID: PMC6460349 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by progerin, a mutant lamin A variant. HGPS patients display accelerated aging and die prematurely, typically from atherosclerosis complications. Recently, we demonstrated that progerin‐driven vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) loss accelerates atherosclerosis leading to premature death in apolipoprotein E‐deficient mice. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this process remains unknown. Using a transcriptomic approach, we identify here endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER) and the unfolded protein responses as drivers of VSMC death in two mouse models of HGPS exhibiting ubiquitous and VSMC‐specific progerin expression. This stress pathway was also activated in HGPS patient‐derived cells. Targeting ER stress response with a chemical chaperone delayed medial VSMC loss and inhibited atherosclerosis in both progeria models, and extended lifespan in the VSMC‐specific model. Our results identify a mechanism underlying cardiovascular disease in HGPS that could be targeted in patients. Moreover, these findings may help to understand other vascular diseases associated with VSMC death, and provide insight into aging‐dependent vascular damage related to accumulation of unprocessed toxic forms of lamin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda R Hamczyk
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ricardo Villa-Bellosta
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (FIIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Quesada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Pilar Gonzalo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Vidak
- Cell Biology of Genomes Group, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rosa M Nevado
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Andrés-Manzano
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain
| | - Tom Misteli
- Cell Biology of Genomes Group, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Vicente Andrés
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Spain
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16
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Lee H, Kim JW, Kim DK, Choi DK, Lee S, Yu JH, Kwon OB, Lee J, Lee DS, Kim JH, Min SH. Calcium Channels as Novel Therapeutic Targets for Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072327. [PMID: 32230901 PMCID: PMC7177693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is reportedly attributed to the existence of cancer stem cells (CSC), because in most cancers, CSCs still remain after chemotherapy. To overcome this limitation, novel therapeutic strategies are required to prevent cancer recurrence and chemotherapy-resistant cancers by targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs). We screened an FDA-approved compound library and found four voltage-gated calcium channel blockers (manidipine, lacidipine, benidipine, and lomerizine) that target ovarian CSCs. Four calcium channel blockers (CCBs) decreased sphere formation, viability, and proliferation, and induced apoptosis in ovarian CSCs. CCBs destroyed stemness and inhibited the AKT and ERK signaling pathway in ovarian CSCs. Among calcium channel subunit genes, three L- and T-type calcium channel genes were overexpressed in ovarian CSCs, and downregulation of calcium channel genes reduced the stem-cell-like properties of ovarian CSCs. Expressions of these three genes are negatively correlated with the survival rate of patient groups. In combination therapy with cisplatin, synergistic effect was shown in inhibiting the viability and proliferation of ovarian CSCs. Moreover, combinatorial usage of manidipine and paclitaxel showed enhanced effect in ovarian CSCs xenograft mouse models. Our results suggested that four CCBs may be potential therapeutic drugs for preventing ovarian cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Lee
- New Drug Development Center, DGMIF, 80 Chumbok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Korea; (H.L.); (J.W.K.); (D.K.C.); (J.H.Y.); (O.-B.K.)
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Jun Woo Kim
- New Drug Development Center, DGMIF, 80 Chumbok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Korea; (H.L.); (J.W.K.); (D.K.C.); (J.H.Y.); (O.-B.K.)
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Dae Kyung Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Dong Kyu Choi
- New Drug Development Center, DGMIF, 80 Chumbok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Korea; (H.L.); (J.W.K.); (D.K.C.); (J.H.Y.); (O.-B.K.)
| | - Seul Lee
- New Drug Development Center, DGMIF, 80 Chumbok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Korea; (H.L.); (J.W.K.); (D.K.C.); (J.H.Y.); (O.-B.K.)
| | - Ji Hoon Yu
- New Drug Development Center, DGMIF, 80 Chumbok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Korea; (H.L.); (J.W.K.); (D.K.C.); (J.H.Y.); (O.-B.K.)
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Oh-Bin Kwon
- New Drug Development Center, DGMIF, 80 Chumbok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Korea; (H.L.); (J.W.K.); (D.K.C.); (J.H.Y.); (O.-B.K.)
| | - Jungsul Lee
- 3 billion Inc., Seocho-gu, Seoul 06621, Korea;
| | - Dong-Seok Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.-S.L.); (J.H.K.); (S.-H.M.)
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
- Correspondence: (D.-S.L.); (J.H.K.); (S.-H.M.)
| | - Sang-Hyun Min
- New Drug Development Center, DGMIF, 80 Chumbok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Korea; (H.L.); (J.W.K.); (D.K.C.); (J.H.Y.); (O.-B.K.)
- Correspondence: (D.-S.L.); (J.H.K.); (S.-H.M.)
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17
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Liu D, Hong Y, Li Y, Hu C, Yip TC, Yu WK, Zhu Y, Fong CC, Wang W, Au SK, Wang S, Yang M. Targeted destruction of cancer stem cells using multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles that enable combined hyperthermia and chemotherapy. Theranostics 2020; 10:1181-1196. [PMID: 31938059 PMCID: PMC6956796 DOI: 10.7150/thno.38989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been implicated in cancer recurrence and therapy resistance. Therefore, a CSC-targeted therapy that disrupts the maintenance and survival of CSCs may offer an effective approach in killing tumor cells in primary tumors and preventing the metastasis caused by CSCs. Nanoparticles (NPs)-based thermotherapy and/or chemotherapy are promising therapeutic methods for cancer treatment. Methods: A silica-based multifunctional NP system was present, which encapsulated a chemotherapeutic agent and magnetic cores and coated with a specific antibody against the lung CSCs. The efficacy of this novel therapeutic strategy was systematically studied both in vitro and in vivo by simultaneous activating the combined thermotherapy and chemotherapy via CSC-targeted NPs. Results: These NPs were systematically administered and activated for targeted chemotherapy and thermotherapy by using an externally applied alternating magnetic field (AMF). The antibody-modified NPs targeted to lung CSCs with enhanced cellular uptake in vitro and extended accumulation in tumor in vivo. Up to 98% of lung CSCs was killed in vitro with 30-min application of AMF, due to the combined effects of hyperthermia and chemotherapeutic drug treatment. In in vivo models, this combined therapy significantly suppressed tumor growth and metastasis in lung CSC xenograft-bearing mice, with minimal side effects and adverse effects. Conclusion: With good biocompatibility and targeting capability, the nanodrug delivery system may offer a promising clinical platform for the combined thermotherapy and chemotherapy. This work demonstrated the feasibility of developing multifunctional nanomedicine targeting CSCs for effective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yingcai Hong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 510000, China
| | - Yaping Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Chong Hu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Tak-Chun Yip
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai-Kin Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Chi-Chun Fong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 510000, China
| | - Weimao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siu-Kie Au
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shubin Wang
- Department of Oncology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Mengsu Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
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18
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Aravindan N, Jain D, Somasundaram DB, Herman TS, Aravindan S. Cancer stem cells in neuroblastoma therapy resistance. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2019; 2:948-967. [PMID: 31867574 PMCID: PMC6924637 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2019.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common cancer of infancy and accounts for nearly one tenth of pediatric cancer deaths. This mortality rate has been attributed to the > 50% frequency of relapse despite intensive, multimodal clinical therapy in patients with progressive NB. Given the disease’s heterogeneity and developed resistance, attaining a cure after relapse of progressive NB is highly challenging. A rapid decrease in the timeline between successive recurrences is likely due to the ongoing acquisition of genetic rearrangements in undifferentiated NB-cancer stem cells (CSCs). In this review, we present the current understanding of NB-CSCs, their intrinsic role in tumorigenesis, their function in disease progression, and their influence on acquired therapy resistance and tumor evolution. In particular, this review focus on the intrinsic involvement of stem cells and signaling in the genesis of NB, the function of pre-existing CSCs in NB progression and therapy response, the formation and influence of induced CSCs (iCSCs) in drug resistance and tumor evolution, and the development of a CSC-targeted therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Aravindan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Drishti Jain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Dinesh Babu Somasundaram
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Terence S Herman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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19
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Mortimer T, Wainwright EN, Patel H, Siow BM, Jaunmuktane Z, Brandner S, Scaffidi P. Redistribution of EZH2 promotes malignant phenotypes by rewiring developmental programmes. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e48155. [PMID: 31468686 PMCID: PMC6776892 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulators are often hijacked by cancer cells to sustain malignant phenotypes. How cells repurpose key regulators of cell identity as tumour-promoting factors is unclear. The antithetic role of the Polycomb component EZH2 in normal brain and glioma provides a paradigm to dissect how wild-type chromatin modifiers gain a pathological function in cancer. Here, we show that oncogenic signalling induces redistribution of EZH2 across the genome, and through misregulation of homeotic genes corrupts the identity of neural cells. Characterisation of EZH2 targets in de novo transformed cells, combined with analysis of glioma patient datasets and cell lines, reveals that acquisition of tumorigenic potential is accompanied by a transcriptional switch involving de-repression of spinal cord-specifying HOX genes and concomitant silencing of the empty spiracles homologue EMX2, a critical regulator of neurogenesis in the forebrain. Maintenance of tumorigenic potential by glioblastoma cells requires EMX2 repression, since forced EMX2 expression prevents tumour formation. Thus, by redistributing EZH2 across the genome, cancer cells subvert developmental transcriptional programmes that specify normal cell identity and remove physiological breaks that restrain cell proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Chromatin/metabolism
- DNA Methylation/genetics
- Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Homeobox
- Glioma/genetics
- Glioma/pathology
- Humans
- Male
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Models, Biological
- Phenotype
- Protein Binding
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mortimer
- Cancer Epigenetics LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | | | - Harshil Patel
- Bioinformatics and BiostatisticsThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | | | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Department of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesQueen Square Brain BankUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- Division of NeuropathologyNational Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryUniversity College London Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Division of NeuropathologyNational Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryUniversity College London Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
| | - Paola Scaffidi
- Cancer Epigenetics LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
- UCL Cancer InstituteUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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20
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Chang YW, Singh KP. Arsenic-Induced Neoplastic Transformation Involves Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Activation of the β-Catenin/c-Myc Pathway in Human Kidney Epithelial Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1299-1309. [PMID: 31120745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic contamination is a serious environmental and public health issue worldwide including the United States. Accumulating evidence suggests that kidney is one of the target organs for arsenic-induced carcinogenesis. However, the mechanism of arsenic-induced renal carcinogenesis is not well understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the carcinogenicity of chronic exposure to an environmentally relevant concentration of arsenic on kidney epithelial cells and identify the molecular mechanism underlying this process. HK-2 kidney epithelial cells were treated with arsenic for acute, long-term, and chronic durations, and cellular responses to arsenic exposure at these time points were evaluated by the changes in growth, morphology, and expression of genes. The results revealed a significant growth increase after long-term and chronic exposure to arsenic in HK-2 cells. The morphological changes of EMT and stem cell sphere formation were also observed in long-term arsenic exposed cells. The anchorage-independent growth assay for colony formation and cell maintenance in cancer stem cell medium further confirmed neoplastic transformation and the induced cancer stem cell properties of arsenic-exposed cells. Additionally, the expression of marker genes confirmed the increased growth, EMT, and stemness during arsenic-induced carcinogenesis. Moreover, the increase expression of β-catenin and c-Myc further suggested the role of these signaling molecules during carcinogenesis in HK-2 cells. In summary, results of this study suggest that chronic exposure to arsenic even at a relatively lower concentration can induce neoplastic transformation through acquisitions of EMT, stemness, and MET phenotypes, which might be related to the β-catenin/c-Myc signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Chang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH) , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas , United States
| | - Kamaleshwar P Singh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH) , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas , United States
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21
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Jevtić P, Schibler AC, Wesley CC, Pegoraro G, Misteli T, Levy DL. The nucleoporin ELYS regulates nuclear size by controlling NPC number and nuclear import capacity. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:embr.201847283. [PMID: 31085625 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201847283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How intracellular organelles acquire their characteristic sizes is a fundamental question in cell biology. Given stereotypical changes in nuclear size in cancer, it is important to understand the mechanisms that control nuclear size in human cells. Using a high-throughput imaging RNAi screen, we identify and mechanistically characterize ELYS, a nucleoporin required for post-mitotic nuclear pore complex (NPC) assembly, as a determinant of nuclear size in mammalian cells. ELYS knockdown results in small nuclei, reduced nuclear lamin B2 localization, lower NPC density, and decreased nuclear import. Increasing nuclear import by importin α overexpression rescues nuclear size and lamin B2 import, while inhibiting importin α/β-mediated nuclear import decreases nuclear size. Conversely, ELYS overexpression increases nuclear size, enriches nuclear lamin B2 at the nuclear periphery, and elevates NPC density and nuclear import. Consistent with these observations, knockdown or inhibition of exportin 1 increases nuclear size. Thus, we identify ELYS as a novel positive effector of mammalian nuclear size and propose that nuclear size is sensitive to NPC density and nuclear import capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Predrag Jevtić
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | | | - Chase C Wesley
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Gianluca Pegoraro
- High Throughput Imaging Facility (HiTIF), National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tom Misteli
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel L Levy
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
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22
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Dobersch S, Rubio K, Barreto G. Pioneer Factors and Architectural Proteins Mediating Embryonic Expression Signatures in Cancer. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:287-302. [PMID: 30795971 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of mutations causing aberrant changes in the genome promotes cancer. However, mutations do not occur in every cancer subtype, suggesting additional events that trigger cancer. Chromatin rearrangements initiated by pioneer factors and architectural proteins are key events occurring before cancer-related genes are expressed. Both protein groups are also master regulators of important processes during embryogenesis. Several publications demonstrated that embryonic gene expression signatures are reactivated during cancer. This review article highlights current knowledge on pioneer factors and architectural proteins mediating chromatin rearrangements, which are the backbone of embryonic expression signatures promoting malignant transformation. Understanding chromatin rearrangements inducing embryonic expression signatures in adult cells might be the key to novel therapeutic approaches against cancers subtypes that arise without genomic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Dobersch
- Lung Cancer Epigenetic, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Karla Rubio
- Lung Cancer Epigenetic, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Guillermo Barreto
- Lung Cancer Epigenetic, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; Laboratoire Croissance, Réparation et Régénération Tissulaires (CRRET), CNRS ERL 9215, Université Paris Est Créteil, Université Paris Est, F-94000, Créteil, France; Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation; Member of the Excellence Cluster Cardio Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), 35932 Giessen, Germany; Member of the German Center of Lung Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung, DZL).
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23
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FOXO3-Engineered Human ESC-Derived Vascular Cells Promote Vascular Protection and Regeneration. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 24:447-461.e8. [PMID: 30661960 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
FOXO3 is an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor that has been linked to longevity. Here we wanted to find out whether human vascular cells could be functionally enhanced by engineering them to express an activated form of FOXO3. This was accomplished via genome editing at two nucleotides in human embryonic stem cells, followed by differentiation into a range of vascular cell types. FOXO3-activated vascular cells exhibited delayed aging and increased resistance to oxidative injury compared with wild-type cells. When tested in a therapeutic context, FOXO3-enhanced vascular cells promoted vascular regeneration in a mouse model of ischemic injury and were resistant to tumorigenic transformation both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, constitutively active FOXO3 conferred cytoprotection by transcriptionally downregulating CSRP1. Taken together, our findings provide mechanistic insights into FOXO3-mediated vascular protection and indicate that FOXO3 activation may provide a means for generating more effective and safe biomaterials for cell replacement therapies.
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24
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Gold A, Eini L, Nissim-Rafinia M, Viner R, Ezer S, Erez K, Aqaqe N, Hanania R, Milyavsky M, Meshorer E, Goldberg M. Spironolactone inhibits the growth of cancer stem cells by impairing DNA damage response. Oncogene 2019; 38:3103-3118. [PMID: 30622338 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cancer stem cell (CSC) model suggests that a subpopulation of cells within the tumor, the CSCs, is responsible for cancer relapse and metastasis formation. CSCs hold unique characteristics, such as self-renewal, differentiation abilities, and resistance to chemotherapy, raising the need for discovering drugs that target CSCs. Previously we have found that the antihypertensive drug spironolactone impairs DNA damage response in cancer cells. Here we show that spironolactone, apart from inhibiting cancerous cell growth, is also highly toxic to CSCs. Notably, we demonstrate that CSCs have high basal levels of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Mechanistically, we reveal that spironolactone does not damage the DNA but impairs DSB repair and induces apoptosis in cancer cells and CSCs while sparing healthy cells. In vivo, spironolactone treatment reduced the size and CSC content of tumors. Overall, we suggest spironolactone as an anticancer reagent, toxic to both cancer cells and, particularly to, CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayala Gold
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Lital Eini
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Malka Nissim-Rafinia
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel.,The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Ruth Viner
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Shlomit Ezer
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Keren Erez
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Nasma Aqaqe
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Rotem Hanania
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Michael Milyavsky
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Eran Meshorer
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel. .,The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel.
| | - Michal Goldberg
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel.
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25
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Saito S, Lin YC, Nakamura Y, Eckner R, Wuputra K, Kuo KK, Lin CS, Yokoyama KK. Potential application of cell reprogramming techniques for cancer research. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:45-65. [PMID: 30283976 PMCID: PMC6326983 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control the transition from an undifferentiated stem cell to a specific cell fate is one of the key techniques that are required for the application of interventional technologies to regenerative medicine and the treatment of tumors and metastases and of neurodegenerative diseases. Reprogramming technologies, which include somatic cell nuclear transfer, induced pluripotent stem cells, and the direct reprogramming of specific cell lineages, have the potential to alter cell plasticity in translational medicine for cancer treatment. The characterization of cancer stem cells (CSCs), the identification of oncogene and tumor suppressor genes for CSCs, and the epigenetic study of CSCs and their microenvironments are important topics. This review summarizes the application of cell reprogramming technologies to cancer modeling and treatment and discusses possible obstacles, such as genetic and epigenetic alterations in cancer cells, as well as the strategies that can be used to overcome these obstacles to cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Saito
- Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology, Yaita, Tochigi, 329-1571, Japan
- College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8642, Japan
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Richard Eckner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA
| | - Kenly Wuputra
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Kai Kuo
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
| | - Kazunari K Yokoyama
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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26
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Bono B, Ostano P, Peritore M, Gregnanin I, Belgiovine C, Liguori M, Allavena P, Chiorino G, Chiodi I, Mondello C. Cells with stemness features are generated from in vitro transformed human fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13838. [PMID: 30218041 PMCID: PMC6138721 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been involved in the maintenance, progression and relapse of several tumors, but their origin is still elusive. Here, in vitro transformed human fibroblasts (cen3tel cells) and the tumorsphere assay were used to search for and possibly characterize CSCs in transformed somatic cells. Cen3tel cells formed spheres showing self-renewal capacity and Sox2 overexpression, suggesting that they contained a subset of cells with CSC-like features. Sphere cells displayed deregulation of a c-MYC/miR-34a circuitry, likely associated with cell protection from apoptosis. Gene expression profiles of sphere cells revealed an extensive transcriptional reprogramming. Genes up-regulated in tumorspheres identified processes related to tumorigenesis and stemness, as cholesterol biosynthesis, apoptosis suppression, interferon and cytokine mediated signalling pathways. Sphere cells engrafted into NSG mice more rapidly than adherent cells, but both cell populations were tumorigenic. These results indicate that, during transformation, human somatic cells can acquire CSC properties, confirming the high plasticity of tumor cells. However, CSC-like cells are not the only tumorigenic population in transformed cells, indicating that the CSC phenotype and tumorigenicity can be uncoupled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolo Bono
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, Via Abbiategrasso, 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy.,Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Pavia University, via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Ostano
- "Cancer Genomics Laboratory" Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia Valenta, Via Malta, 3, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - Martina Peritore
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, Via Abbiategrasso, 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Gregnanin
- "Cancer Genomics Laboratory" Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia Valenta, Via Malta, 3, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - Cristina Belgiovine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Liguori
- IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Allavena
- IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Chiorino
- "Cancer Genomics Laboratory" Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia Valenta, Via Malta, 3, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - Ilaria Chiodi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, Via Abbiategrasso, 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, Via Abbiategrasso, 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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27
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Tang J, Wu W, Yang F, Liu L, Yang Z, Liu L, Tang W, Sun F, Lin H. Marine sponge-derived smenospongine preferentially eliminates breast cancer stem-like cells via p38/AMPKα pathways. Cancer Med 2018; 7:3965-3976. [PMID: 29982992 PMCID: PMC6089165 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been postulated as responsible for therapeutic failure of breast cancer. Novel agents effectively targeting breast CSCs are urging to be discovered to overcome cancer relapse and metastasis. We recently established a CSC‐like model through ectopic expression Nanog, a core pluripotency factor, in breast cancer cells and validated induced CSC‐like (MCF7‐Nanog) model acquired stem‐like properties. Using this model, we found that smenospongine (Sme), a natural sesquiterpene aminoquinone isolated from marine sponge Spongia pertusa Esper, preferentially inhibited the induced CSC‐like cells proliferation by inducing G0/G1 arrest and intrinsic apoptosis via increasing the phosphorylation level of p38 and AMPKα. Importantly, Sme exhibited the ability to abrogate CSC‐like cells associated with a downregulation of stem cell markers including Nanog, Sox2, and Bmi1. Functionally, Sme inhibited the ability of MCF7‐Nanog cells to form tumor sphere in vitro and develop tumor in vivo. Significant antitumor effects are observed in Sme‐treated mouse xenograft tumor models, with no apparent toxicity to mice. Taken together, our findings provide a CSC‐like model to identify novel CSC‐targeting drugs and identify Sme as a candidate natural agent for treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyun Liu
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weizhuo Tang
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Sun
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Houwen Lin
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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28
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H1.0 Linker Histone as an Epigenetic Regulator of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9060310. [PMID: 29925815 PMCID: PMC6027317 DOI: 10.3390/genes9060310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
H1 linker histones are a class of DNA-binding proteins involved in the formation of supra-nucleosomal chromatin higher order structures. Eleven non-allelic subtypes of H1 are known in mammals, seven of which are expressed in somatic cells, while four are germ cell-specific. Besides having a general structural role, H1 histones also have additional epigenetic functions related to DNA replication and repair, genome stability, and gene-specific expression regulation. Synthesis of the H1 subtypes is differentially regulated both in development and adult cells, thus suggesting that each protein has a more or less specific function. The somatic variant H1.0 is a linker histone that was recognized since long ago to be involved in cell differentiation. Moreover, it has been recently found to affect generation of epigenetic and functional intra-tumor heterogeneity. Interestingly, H1.0 or post-translational forms of it have been also found in extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from cancer cells in culture, thus suggesting that these cells may escape differentiation at least in part by discarding H1.0 through the EV route. In this review we will discuss the role of H1.0 in development, differentiation, and stem cell maintenance, also in relation with tumorigenesis, and EV production.
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29
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Noncoding RNAs in liver cancer stem cells: The big impact of little things. Cancer Lett 2018; 418:51-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Kiełbus M, Czapiński J, Odrzywolski A, Stasiak G, Szymańska K, Kałafut J, Kos M, Giannopoulos K, Stepulak A, Rivero-Müller A. Optogenetics in cancer drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:459-472. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1437138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kiełbus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jakub Czapiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrian Odrzywolski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Grażyna Stasiak
- Department of Experimental Haematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamila Szymańska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Kałafut
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Kos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Giannopoulos
- Department of Experimental Haematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- Department of Hematology, St. John’s Cancer Center, Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Stepulak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Adolfo Rivero-Müller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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31
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Henser-Brownhill T, Monserrat J, Scaffidi P. Generation of an arrayed CRISPR-Cas9 library targeting epigenetic regulators: from high-content screens to in vivo assays. Epigenetics 2018; 12:1065-1075. [PMID: 29327641 PMCID: PMC5810758 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2017.1395121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas9 system has revolutionized genome engineering, allowing precise modification of DNA in various organisms. The most popular method for conducting CRISPR-based functional screens involves the use of pooled lentiviral libraries in selection screens coupled with next-generation sequencing. Screens employing genome-scale pooled small guide RNA (sgRNA) libraries are demanding, particularly when complex assays are used. Furthermore, pooled libraries are not suitable for microscopy-based high-content screens or for systematic interrogation of protein function. To overcome these limitations and exploit CRISPR-based technologies to comprehensively investigate epigenetic mechanisms, we have generated a focused sgRNA library targeting 450 epigenetic regulators with multiple sgRNAs in human cells. The lentiviral library is available both in an arrayed and pooled format and allows temporally-controlled induction of gene knock-out. Characterization of the library showed high editing activity of most sgRNAs and efficient knock-out at the protein level in polyclonal populations. The sgRNA library can be used for both selection and high-content screens, as well as for targeted investigation of selected proteins without requiring isolation of knock-out clones. Using a variety of functional assays we show that the library is suitable for both in vitro and in vivo applications, representing a unique resource to study epigenetic mechanisms in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josep Monserrat
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Paola Scaffidi
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
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32
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Abstract
Stem cells possess the extraordinary capacity of self-renewal and differentiation to various cell types, thus to form original tissues and organs. Stem cell heterogeneity including genetic and nongenetic mechanisms refers to biological differences amongst normal and stem cells originated within the same tissue. Cell differentiation hierarchy and stochasticity in gene expression and signaling pathways may result in phenotypic differences of stem cells. The maintenance of stemness and activation of differentiation potential are fundamentally orchestrated by microenvironmental stem cell niche-related cellular and humoral signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Györgyi Műzes
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Immunology Division, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi u. 46., Budapest, 1088, Hungary.
| | - Ferenc Sipos
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Immunology Division, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi u. 46., Budapest, 1088, Hungary
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33
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Yang J, Li J, Suzuki K, Liu X, Wu J, Zhang W, Ren R, Zhang W, Chan P, Izpisua Belmonte JC, Qu J, Tang F, Liu GH. Genetic enhancement in cultured human adult stem cells conferred by a single nucleotide recoding. Cell Res 2017; 27:1178-1181. [PMID: 28685772 PMCID: PMC5587854 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2017.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University
- Biomedical Institute for Pioneering Investigation via Convergence, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Keiichiro Suzuki
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Biomedical Institute for Pioneering Investigation via Convergence, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM) Campus de los Jerónimos, N 135 Guadalupe 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University
| | - Ruotong Ren
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University
| | - Weizhou Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Piu Chan
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fuchou Tang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Biomedical Institute for Pioneering Investigation via Convergence, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
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34
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Orsi GA, Naughtin M, Almouzni G. The Epigenome and Cancer Stem Cell Fate: Connected by a Linker Histone Variant. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 19:567-568. [PMID: 27814477 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The molecular features underlying tumor heterogeneity and the role of chromatin components in regulating cell fate within tumors are not well understood. Recently in Science, Torres et al. (2016) showed that the linker histone variant H1.0 functions as a chromatin switch that determines self-renewal versus differentiation decisions in cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo A Orsi
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3664, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, F-75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR3664, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Monica Naughtin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3664, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, F-75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR3664, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Geneviève Almouzni
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3664, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, F-75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR3664, F-75005 Paris, France.
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35
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Chen X, Liao R, Li D, Sun J. Induced cancer stem cells generated by radiochemotherapy and their therapeutic implications. Oncotarget 2017; 8:17301-17312. [PMID: 28038467 PMCID: PMC5370042 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Local and distant recurrence of malignant tumors following radio- and/or chemotherapy correlates with poor prognosis of patients. Among the reasons for cancer recurrence, preexisting cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered the most likely cause due to their properties of self-renewal, pluripotency, plasticity and tumorigenicity. It has been demonstrated that preexisting cancer stem cells derive from normal stem cells and differentiated somatic cells that undergo transformation and dedifferentiation respectively under certain conditions. However, recent studies have revealed that cancer stem cells can also be induced from non-stem cancer cells by radiochemotherapy, constituting the subpopulation of induced cancer stem cells (iCSCs). These findings suggest that radiochemotherapy has the side effect of directly transforming non-stem cancer cells into induced cancer stem cells, possibly contributing to tumor recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, drugs targeting cancer stem cells or preventing dedifferentiation of non-stem cancer cells can be combined with radiochemotherapy to improve its antitumor efficacy. The current review is to investigate the mechanisms by which induced cancer stem cells are generated by radiochemotherapy and hence provide new strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiewan Chen
- Medical English Department, College of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Cancer Institute of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rongxia Liao
- Medical English Department, College of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dezhi Li
- Cancer Institute of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Cancer Institute of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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36
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Reprogramming to developmental plasticity in cancer stem cells. Dev Biol 2017; 430:266-274. [PMID: 28774727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During development and throughout adult life, sub-populations of cells exist that exhibit phenotypic plasticity - the ability to differentiate into multiple lineages. This behaviour is important in embryogenesis, is exhibited in a more limited context by adult stem cells, and can be re-activated in cancer cells to drive important processes underlying tumour progression. A well-studied mechanism of phenotypic plasticity is the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process which has been observed in both normal and cancerous cells. The epigenetic and metabolic modifications necessary to facilitate phenotypic plasticity are first seen in development and can be re-activated both in normal regeneration and in cancer. In cancer, the re-activation of these mechanisms enables tumour cells to acquire a cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype with enhanced ability to survive in hostile environments, resist therapeutic interventions, and undergo metastasis. However, recent research has suggested that plasticity may also expose weaknesses in cancer cells that could be exploited for future therapeutic development. More research is needed to identify developmental mechanisms that are active in cancer, so that these may be targeted to reduce tumour growth and metastasis and overcome therapeutic resistance.
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37
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Zane L, Chapus F, Pegoraro G, Misteli T. HiHiMap: single-cell quantitation of histones and histone posttranslational modifications across the cell cycle by high-throughput imaging. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2290-2302. [PMID: 28615324 PMCID: PMC5555657 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-12-0870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput Histone Mapping (HiHiMap) is an automated high-throughput imaging technique to determine histone and histone PTMs across the cell cycle at the single-cell level in a highly parallel format. The method is widely applicable to the systematic study of histone modifications in physiological and pathological settings. We describe High-throughput Histone Mapping (HiHiMap), a high-throughput imaging method to measure histones and histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs) in single cells. HiHiMap uses imaging-based quantification of DNA and cyclin A to stage individual cells in the cell cycle to determine the levels of histones or histone PTMs in each stage of the cell cycle. As proof of principle, we apply HiHiMap to measure the level of 21 core histones, histone variants, and PTMs in primary, immortalized, and transformed cells. We identify several histone modifications associated with oncogenic transformation. HiHiMap allows the rapid, high-throughput study of histones and histone PTMs across the cell cycle and the study of subpopulations of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Zane
- Cell Biology of Genomes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Fleur Chapus
- Cell Biology of Genomes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Gianluca Pegoraro
- NCI High-Throughput Imaging Facility, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tom Misteli
- Cell Biology of Genomes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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38
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Cofre J, Abdelhay E. Cancer Is to Embryology as Mutation Is to Genetics: Hypothesis of the Cancer as Embryological Phenomenon. ScientificWorldJournal 2017; 2017:3578090. [PMID: 28553657 PMCID: PMC5434308 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3578090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous advances in cell biology, genetics, and developmental biology, cancer origin has been attributed to genetic mechanisms primarily involving mutations. Embryologists have expressed timidly cancer embryological origin with little success in leveraging the discussion that cancer could involve a set of conventional cellular processes used to build the embryo during morphogenesis. Thus, this "cancer process" allows the harmonious and coherent construction of the embryo structural base, and its implementation as the embryonic process involves joint regulation of differentiation, proliferation, cell invasion, and migration, enabling the human being recreation of every generation. On the other hand, "cancer disease" is the representation of an abnormal state of the cell that might happen in the stem cells of an adult person, in which the mechanism for joint gene regulating of differentiation, proliferation, cell invasion, and migration could be reactivated in an entirely inappropriate context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Cofre
- Laboratório de Embriologia Molecular e Câncer, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Sala 313b, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Eliana Abdelhay
- Divisão de Laboratórios do CEMO, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Xu J, Hardin H, Zhang R, Sundling K, Buehler D, Lloyd RV. Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigen-1 (SSEA-1) Expression in Thyroid Tissues. Endocr Pathol 2016; 27:271-275. [PMID: 27550342 PMCID: PMC5107349 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-016-9448-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1), also known as CD15, is a member of a cluster of differentiation antigens that have been identified in various normal tissues and in different types of cancers including papillary and medullary thyroid carcinoma. SSEA-1 may be expressed in normal stem cells and cancer stem-like cells. To evaluate the potential diagnostic and prognostic utility of SSEA-1 in thyroid tumors, we analyzed the expression of SSEA-1 in normal and neoplastic thyroid tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using a tissue microarray with 158 different tissue cores. To evaluate the potential utility of SSEA-1 as a surface marker, we also assessed the expression of SSEA-1 in thyroid cell lines by flow cytometric analysis. SSEA-1 immunoreactivity was identified in malignant thyroid follicular epithelial cancers but not in the benign thyroid tissues. Anaplastic thyroid (ATC) (80 %) and conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) (60.7 %) showed significantly higher percentage of cases that were SSEA-1 immunoreactive than follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) (20.6 %) and follicular carcinoma (FCA) (32.1 %). Flow cytometric analysis of cultured thyroid cell lines showed that a small subpopulation of ATC and PTC thyroid tumor cells had SSEA-1 immunoreactivity which may represent thyroid cancer stem-like cells. The ATC cells expressed more SSEA-1 immunoreactive cells than the PTC cell lines. Our findings suggest that expression of SSEA-1 immunoreactivity in thyroid neoplasms was associated with more aggressive thyroid carcinomas. SSEA-1 is a marker that detects malignant thyroid neoplasms in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded thyroid tissue sections and may be a useful marker for thyroid cancer stem-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Heather Hardin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Ranran Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Kaitlin Sundling
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Darya Buehler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Ricardo V Lloyd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
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Hepatocellular Carcinoma-propagating Cells are Detectable by Side Population Analysis and Possess an Expression Profile Reflective of a Primitive Origin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34856. [PMID: 27725724 PMCID: PMC5057076 DOI: 10.1038/srep34856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent identification of “Side Population” (SP) cells in a number of unrelated human cancers has renewed interests in the hypothesis of cancer stem cells. Here we isolated SP cells from HepG2 cells and 18 of the 21 fresh hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue samples. These SP cells have higher abilities of forming spheroids, invasion and migration. Tumors could generate only from SP, not non-SP (NSP), cells in a low dose of subcutaneous injection to the NOD/SCID mice (5 × 102 cells/mouse). The mRNA microarray analysis of the SP vs. NSP cells isolated from HepG2 cells revealed that the SP cells express higher levels of pluripotency- and stem cell-associated transcription factors including Klf4, NF-Ya, SALL4 and HMGA2. Some of the known hepatobiliary progenitor/stem cell markers, such as Sox9 was also up-regulated. RT-qPCR analysis of the gene expression between SP cells and NSP cells isolated from both HepG2 cells and HCC tissue samples showed that most of the tested mRNAs’ changes were in consistent with the microarray data, including the general progenitor/stem cells markers such as Klf4, NF-Ya, SALL4 and HMGA2, which were up-regulated in SP cells. Our data indicates that HCC cancer stem cells exist in HepG2 and HCC fresh tissue samples and can be isolated by SP assay.
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Feng S, Zheng Z, Feng L, Yang L, Chen Z, Lin Y, Gao Y, Chen Y. Proton pump inhibitor pantoprazole inhibits the proliferation, self-renewal and chemoresistance of gastric cancer stem cells via the EMT/β-catenin pathways. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:3207-3214. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Torres CM, Biran A, Burney MJ, Patel H, Henser-Brownhill T, Cohen AHS, Li Y, Ben-Hamo R, Nye E, Spencer-Dene B, Chakravarty P, Efroni S, Matthews N, Misteli T, Meshorer E, Scaffidi P. The linker histone H1.0 generates epigenetic and functional intratumor heterogeneity. Science 2016; 353:aaf1644. [PMID: 27708074 PMCID: PMC5131846 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf1644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumors comprise functionally diverse subpopulations of cells with distinct proliferative potential. Here, we show that dynamic epigenetic states defined by the linker histone H1.0 determine which cells within a tumor can sustain the long-term cancer growth. Numerous cancer types exhibit high inter- and intratumor heterogeneity of H1.0, with H1.0 levels correlating with tumor differentiation status, patient survival, and, at the single-cell level, cancer stem cell markers. Silencing of H1.0 promotes maintenance of self-renewing cells by inducing derepression of megabase-sized gene domains harboring downstream effectors of oncogenic pathways. Self-renewing epigenetic states are not stable, and reexpression of H1.0 in subsets of tumor cells establishes transcriptional programs that restrict cancer cells' long-term proliferative potential and drive their differentiation. Our results uncover epigenetic determinants of tumor-maintaining cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Morales Torres
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Alva Biran
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, and The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Matthew J. Burney
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Harshil Patel
- Bioinformatics, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Tristan Henser-Brownhill
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Ayelet-Hashahar Shapira Cohen
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, and The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Yilong Li
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB101SA, UK
| | - Rotem Ben-Hamo
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Science, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Emma Nye
- Experimental Histopathology, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Bradley Spencer-Dene
- Experimental Histopathology, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Probir Chakravarty
- Bioinformatics, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Sol Efroni
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Science, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Nik Matthews
- Advanced sequencing, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Tom Misteli
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Eran Meshorer
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, and The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Paola Scaffidi
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
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S Franco S, Szczesna K, Iliou MS, Al-Qahtani M, Mobasheri A, Kobolák J, Dinnyés A. In vitro models of cancer stem cells and clinical applications. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:738. [PMID: 27766946 PMCID: PMC5073996 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells, stem cells and cancer stem cells have for a long time played a significant role in the biomedical sciences. Though cancer therapy is more effective than it was a few years ago, the truth is that still none of the current non-surgical treatments can cure cancer effectively. The reason could be due to the subpopulation called “cancer stem cells” (CSCs), being defined as those cells within a tumour that have properties of stem cells: self-renewal and the ability for differentiation into multiple cell types that occur in tumours. The phenomenon of CSCs is based on their resistance to many of the current cancer therapies, which results in tumour relapse. Although further investigation regarding CSCs is still needed, there is already evidence that these cells may play an important role in the prognosis of cancer, progression and therapeutic strategy. Therefore, long-term patient survival may depend on the elimination of CSCs. Consequently, isolation of pure CSC populations or reprogramming of cancer cells into CSCs, from cancer cell lines or primary tumours, would be a useful tool to gain an in-depth knowledge about heterogeneity and plasticity of CSC phenotypes and therefore carcinogenesis. Herein, we will discuss current CSC models, methods used to characterize CSCs, candidate markers, characteristic signalling pathways and clinical applications of CSCs. Some examples of CSC-specific treatments that are currently in early clinical phases will also be presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Franco
- Szent István University, Gödöllö, Hungary.,Biotalentum Ltd., Gödöllö, Hungary
| | | | - Maria S Iliou
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohammed Al-Qahtani
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | | | - András Dinnyés
- Szent István University, Gödöllö, Hungary. .,Biotalentum Ltd., Gödöllö, Hungary. .,Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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44
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Huang Z, Wu T, Liu AY, Ouyang G. Differentiation and transdifferentiation potentials of cancer stem cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:39550-63. [PMID: 26474460 PMCID: PMC4741845 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells actively contribute to constructing their own microenvironment during tumorigenesis and tumor progression. The tumor microenvironment contains multiple types of stromal cells that work together with the extracellular matrix and local and systemic factors to coordinately contribute to tumor initiation and progression. Tumor cells and their stromal compartments acquire many genetic and/or epigenetic alternations to facilitate tumor growth and metastasis. The cancer stem cell (CSC) concept has been widely applied to interpreting tumor initiation, growth, metastasis, dormancy and relapse. CSCs have differentiation abilities to generate the original lineage cells that are similar to their normal stem cell counterparts. Interestingly, recent evidence demonstrates that CSCs also have the potential to transdifferentiate into vascular endothelial cells and pericytes, indicating that CSCs can transdifferentiate into other lineage cells for promoting tumor growth and metastasis in some tissue contexts instead of only recruiting stromal cells from local or distant tissues. Although the transdifferentiation of CSCs into tumor stromal cells provides a new dimension that explains tumor heterogeneity, many aspects of CSC transdifferentiation remain elusive. In this review, we summarize the multi-lineage differentiation and transdifferentiation potentials of CSCs as well as discuss their potential contributions to tumor heterogeneity and tumor microenvironment in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjie Huang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tiantian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Allan Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Gaoliang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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45
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Oikawa T. Cancer Stem cells and their cellular origins in primary liver and biliary tract cancers. Hepatology 2016; 64:645-51. [PMID: 26849406 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver and biliary tract cancers are highly aggressive, are heterogeneous in their phenotypic traits, and result in clinical outcomes that are difficult to manage. Cancers have subpopulations of cells termed "cancer stem cells" (CSCs) that share common intrinsic signaling pathways for self-renewal and differentiation with normal stem cells. These CSCs likely have the potential to evolve over time and to give rise to new genetically and functionally diverse subclones by accumulating genetic mutations. Extrinsic signaling from the tumor microenvironment, including the CSC niche, has been implicated in tumor initiation/progression and heterogeneity through dynamic crosstalk. CSCs have become recognized as pivotal sources of tumor initiation/progression, relapse/metastasis, and chemoresistance. CONCLUSION The origins of CSCs are hypothesized to derive from the transformation of normal stem/progenitors and/or from the reprogramming of adult cells that converts them to stem/progenitor traits; however, the precise mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. (Hepatology 2016;64:645-651).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunekazu Oikawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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46
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Zhang S, Mercado-Uribe I, Sood A, Bast RC, Liu J. Coevolution of neoplastic epithelial cells and multilineage stroma via polyploid giant cells during immortalization and transformation of mullerian epithelial cells. Genes Cancer 2016; 7:60-72. [PMID: 27382431 PMCID: PMC4918945 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal cells are generally considered to be derived primarily from the host's normal mesenchymal stromal cells or bone marrow. However, the origins of stromal cells have been quite controversial. To determine the role of polyploidy in tumor development, we examined the fate of normal mullerian epithelial cells during the immortalization and transformation process by tracing the expression of SV40 large T antigen. Here we show that immortalized or HRAS-transformed mullerian epithelial cells contain a subpopulation of polyploid giant cells that grow as multicellular spheroids expressing hematopoietic markers in response to treatment with CoCl2. The immortalized or transformed epithelial cells can transdifferentiate into stromal cells when transplanted into nude mice. Immunofluorescent staining revealed expression of stem cell factors OCT4, Nanog, and SOX-2 in spheroid, whereas expression of embryonic stem cell marker SSEA1 was increased in HRAS-transformed cells compared with their immortalized isogenic counterparts. These results suggest that normal mullerian epithelial cells are intrinsically highly plastic, via the formation of polyploid giant cells and activation of embryonic stem-like program, which work together to promote the coevolution of neoplastic epithelial cells and multiple lineage stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, P.R. China; Department of Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Imelda Mercado-Uribe
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anil Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert C Bast
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Sancho-Martinez I, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Reprogramming strategies for the establishment of novel human cancer models. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2393-7. [PMID: 27314153 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1196305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer comprises heterogeneous cells, ranging from highly proliferative immature precursors to more differentiated cell lineages. The emergence of the "cancer stem cell" (CSC) hypothesis that they are the cells responsible for resistance, metastasis and secondary tumor appearance identifies these populations as novel obligatory targets for the treatment of cancer. CSCs, like their normal tissue-specific stem cell counterparts, are multipotent, partially differentiated, self-sustaining, yet transformed cells. To date, most studies on CSC biology have relied on the use of murine models and primary human material. In spite of much progress, the use of primary material presents several limitations that limit our understanding of the mechanisms underlying CSC formation, the similarities between normal stem cells and CSCs and ultimately, the possibility for developing targeted therapies. Recently, different strategies for controlling cell fate have been applied to the modeling of human cancer initiation and for the generation of human CSC models. Here we will summarize recent developments in the establishment and application of reprogramming strategies for the modeling of human cancer initiation and CSC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Sancho-Martinez
- a Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research , London , UK.,b Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital , London , UK
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48
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Cancer stem cells, cancer-initiating cells and methods for their detection. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:836-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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49
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Shachar S, Voss TC, Pegoraro G, Sciascia N, Misteli T. Identification of Gene Positioning Factors Using High-Throughput Imaging Mapping. Cell 2016; 162:911-23. [PMID: 26276637 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Genomes are arranged non-randomly in the 3D space of the cell nucleus. Here, we have developed HIPMap, a high-precision, high-throughput, automated fluorescent in situ hybridization imaging pipeline, for mapping of the spatial location of genome regions at large scale. High-throughput imaging position mapping (HIPMap) enabled an unbiased siRNA screen for factors involved in genome organization in human cells. We identify 50 cellular factors required for proper positioning of a set of functionally diverse genomic loci. Positioning factors include chromatin remodelers, histone modifiers, and nuclear envelope and pore proteins. Components of the replication and post-replication chromatin re-assembly machinery are prominently represented among positioning factors, and timely progression of cells through replication, but not mitosis, is required for correct gene positioning. Our results establish a method for the large-scale mapping of genome locations and have led to the identification of a compendium of cellular factors involved in spatial genome organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Shachar
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ty C Voss
- High Throughput Imaging Facility (HiTIF), National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gianluca Pegoraro
- High Throughput Imaging Facility (HiTIF), National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Tom Misteli
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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50
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Hu DP, Hu WY, Xie L, Li Y, Birch L, Prins GS. Actions of Estrogenic Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on Human Prostate Stem/Progenitor Cells and Prostate Carcinogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2174/1874070701610010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidences from epidemiological and animal-based studies indicate that early exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during the developmental stage results in a variety of disorders including cancer. Previous studies have demonstrated that early estrogen exposure results in life-long reprogramming of the prostate gland that leads to an increased incidence of prostatic lesions with aging. We have recently documented that bisphenol A (BPA), one of the most studied EDCs with estrogenic activity has similar effects in increasing prostate carcinogenic potential, supporting the connection between EDCs exposure and prostate cancer risk. It is well accepted that stem cells play a crucial role in development and cancer. Accumulating evidence suggest that stem cells are regulated by extrinsic factors and may be the potential target of hormonal carcinogenesis. Estrogenic EDCs which interfere with normal hormonal signaling may perturb prostate stem cell fate by directly reprogramming stem cells or breaking down the stem cell niche. Transformation of stem cells into cancer stem cells may underlie cancer initiation accounting for cancer recurrence, which becomes a critical therapeutic target of cancer management. We therefore propose that estrogenic EDCs may influence the development and progression of prostate cancer through reprogramming and transforming the prostate stem and early stage progenitor cells. In this review, we summarize our current studies and have updated recent advances highlighting estrogenic EDCs on prostate carcinogenesis by possible targeting prostate stem/progenitor cells. Using novel stem cell assays we have demonstrated that human prostate stem/progenitor cells express estrogen receptors (ER) and are directly modulated by estrogenic EDCs. Moreover, employing anin vivohumanized chimeric prostate model, we further demonstrated that estrogenic EDCs initiate and promote prostatic carcinogenesis in an androgen-supported environment. These findings support our hypothesis that prostate stem/progenitor cells may be the direct targets of estrogenic EDCs as a consequence of developmental exposure which carry permanent reprogrammed epigenetic and oncogenic events and subsequently deposit into cancer initiation and progression in adulthood.
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