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Magits W, Steklov M, Jang H, Sewduth RN, Florentin A, Lechat B, Sheryazdanova A, Zhang M, Simicek M, Prag G, Nussinov R, Sablina A. K128 ubiquitination constrains RAS activity by expanding its binding interface with GAP proteins. EMBO J 2024; 43:2862-2877. [PMID: 38858602 PMCID: PMC11251195 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00146-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The RAS pathway is among the most frequently activated signaling nodes in cancer. However, the mechanisms that alter RAS activity in human pathologies are not entirely understood. The most prevalent post-translational modification within the GTPase core domain of NRAS and KRAS is ubiquitination at lysine 128 (K128), which is significantly decreased in cancer samples compared to normal tissue. Here, we found that K128 ubiquitination creates an additional binding interface for RAS GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), NF1 and RASA1, thus increasing RAS binding to GAP proteins and promoting GAP-mediated GTP hydrolysis. Stimulation of cultured cancer cells with growth factors or cytokines transiently induces K128 ubiquitination and restricts the extent of wild-type RAS activation in a GAP-dependent manner. In KRAS mutant cells, K128 ubiquitination limits tumor growth by restricting RAL/ TBK1 signaling and negatively regulating the autocrine circuit induced by mutant KRAS. Reduction of K128 ubiquitination activates both wild-type and mutant RAS signaling and elicits a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, promoting RAS-driven pancreatic tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wout Magits
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mikhail Steklov
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Raj N Sewduth
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amir Florentin
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry & Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Benoit Lechat
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Mingzhen Zhang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Michal Simicek
- Department of Hematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Gali Prag
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry & Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Anna Sablina
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Ming L, Tang J, Qin F, Qin Y, Wang D, Huang L, Cao Y, Huang Z, Yin Y. Exosome secretion related gene signature predicts chemoresistance in patients with colorectal cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 257:155313. [PMID: 38642509 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy, and patients often have different responses to treatment. In this study, the genetic characteristics related to exosome formation and secretion procedure were used to predict chemoresistance and guide the individualized treatment of patients. METHODS Firstly, seven microarray datasets in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and RNA-Seq dataset from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were used to analysis the transcriptome profiles and associated characteristics of CRC patients. Then, a predictive model based on gene features linked to exosome formation and secretion was created and validated using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression analysis and Support Vector Machine-Recursive Feature Elimination (SVM-RFE) machine learning. Finally, we evaluated the model using chemoresistant/chemosensitive cells and tissues by immunofluorescence (IF), western blot (WB), quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunocytochemistry (IHC) experiments, and the predictive value of integrated model in the clinical validation cohort were performed by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) and Kaplan-Meier (K-M) curves analyses. RESULTS We established a risk score signature based on three genes related to exosome secretion in CRC. Better Overall Survival (OS) and greater chemosensitivity were seen in the low-risk group, whereas the high-risk group exhibited chemoresistance and a subpar response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Higher expression of the model genes EXOC2, EXOC3 and STX4 were observed in chemoresistant cells and specimens. The AUC of 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 0.804. Compared with that in the low-risk group, patients' DFS was found to be significantly worse in the high-risk group. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the gene signature related to exosome formation and secretion could reliably predict patients' chemosensitivity and ICB treatment response, which providing new independent biomarkers for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ming
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, China; Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Junhui Tang
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, China; Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Feiyu Qin
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, China; Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yan Qin
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, China
| | - Duo Wang
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, China; Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Liuying Huang
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, China; Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yulin Cao
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, China; Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhaohui Huang
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, China; Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yuan Yin
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, China; Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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3
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Sewduth RN, Carai P, Ivanisevic T, Zhang M, Jang H, Lechat B, Van Haver D, Impens F, Nussinov R, Jones E, Sablina A. Spatial Mechano-Signaling Regulation of GTPases through Non-Degradative Ubiquitination. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303367. [PMID: 37946677 PMCID: PMC10754123 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Blood flow produces shear stress exerted on the endothelial layer of the vessels. Spatial characterization of the endothelial proteome is required to uncover the mechanisms of endothelial activation by shear stress, as blood flow varies in the vasculature. An integrative ubiquitinome and proteome analysis of shear-stressed endothelial cells demonstrated that the non-degradative ubiquitination of several GTPases is regulated by mechano-signaling. Spatial analysis reveals increased ubiquitination of the small GTPase RAP1 in the descending aorta, a region exposed to laminar shear stress. The ubiquitin ligase WWP2 is identified as a novel regulator of RAP1 ubiquitination during shear stress response. Non-degradative ubiquitination fine-tunes the function of GTPases by modifying their interacting network. Specifically, WWP2-mediated RAP1 ubiquitination at lysine 31 switches the balance from the RAP1/ Talin 1 (TLN1) toward RAP1/ Afadin (AFDN) or RAP1/ RAS Interacting Protein 1 (RASIP1) complex formation, which is essential to suppress shear stress-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and maintain endothelial barrier integrity. Increased ROS production in endothelial cells in the descending aorta of endothelial-specific Wwp2-knockout mice leads to increased levels of oxidized lipids and inflammation. These results highlight the importance of the spatially regulated non-degradative ubiquitination of GTPases in endothelial mechano-activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj N. Sewduth
- VIB‐KU Leuven Center for Cancer BiologyVIBLeuven3000Belgium
- Department of OncologyKU LeuvenHerestraat 49Leuven3000Belgium
| | - Paolo Carai
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesCentre for Molecular and Vascular BiologyKU LeuvenHerestraat 49Leuven3000Belgium
| | - Tonci Ivanisevic
- VIB‐KU Leuven Center for Cancer BiologyVIBLeuven3000Belgium
- Department of OncologyKU LeuvenHerestraat 49Leuven3000Belgium
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- Computational Structural Biology SectionFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolismNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMD21702USA
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology SectionFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolismNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMD21702USA
| | - Benoit Lechat
- VIB‐KU Leuven Center for Cancer BiologyVIBLeuven3000Belgium
- Department of OncologyKU LeuvenHerestraat 49Leuven3000Belgium
| | - Delphi Van Haver
- VIB‐UGent Center for Medical BiotechnologyTechnologiepark‐Zwijnaarde 75Ghent9052Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular MedicineGhent UniversityTechnologiepark‐Zwijnaarde 75Ghent9052Belgium
- VIB Proteomics CoreTechnologiepark‐Zwijnaarde 75Ghent9052Belgium
| | - Francis Impens
- VIB‐UGent Center for Medical BiotechnologyTechnologiepark‐Zwijnaarde 75Ghent9052Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular MedicineGhent UniversityTechnologiepark‐Zwijnaarde 75Ghent9052Belgium
- VIB Proteomics CoreTechnologiepark‐Zwijnaarde 75Ghent9052Belgium
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology SectionFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolismNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMD21702USA
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and BiochemistrySackler School of MedicineTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv69978Israel
| | - Elizabeth Jones
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesCentre for Molecular and Vascular BiologyKU LeuvenHerestraat 49Leuven3000Belgium
- Department of CardiologyCARIM School for Cardiovascular DiseasesMaastricht UniversityUniversiteitssingel 50Maastricht6229 ERThe Netherlands
| | - Anna Sablina
- VIB‐KU Leuven Center for Cancer BiologyVIBLeuven3000Belgium
- Department of OncologyKU LeuvenHerestraat 49Leuven3000Belgium
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Niu K, Shi Y, Lv Q, Wang Y, Chen J, Zhang W, Feng K, Zhang Y. Spotlights on ubiquitin-specific protease 12 (USP12) in diseases: from multifaceted roles to pathophysiological mechanisms. J Transl Med 2023; 21:665. [PMID: 37752518 PMCID: PMC10521459 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is one of the most significant post-translational modifications that regulate almost all physiological processes like cell proliferation, autophagy, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression. Contrary to ubiquitination, deubiquitination removes ubiquitin from targeted protein to maintain its stability and thus regulate cellular homeostasis. Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 12 (USP12) belongs to the biggest family of deubiquitinases named ubiquitin-specific proteases and has been reported to be correlated with various pathophysiological processes. In this review, we initially introduce the structure and biological functions of USP12 briefly and summarize multiple substrates of USP12 as well as the underlying mechanisms. Moreover, we discuss the influence of USP12 on tumorigenesis, tumor immune microenvironment (TME), disease, and related signaling pathways. This study also provides updated information on the roles and functions of USP12 in different types of cancers and other diseases, including prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, cardiac hypertrophy, multiple myeloma, and Huntington's disease. Generally, this review sums up the research advances of USP12 and discusses its potential clinical application value which deserves more exploration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyi Niu
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanlong Shi
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qingpeng Lv
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yizhu Wang
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenning Zhang
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kung Feng
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yewei Zhang
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu Province, China.
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5
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Liang XW, Wang SZ, Liu B, Chen JC, Cao Z, Chu FR, Lin X, Liu H, Wu JC. A review of deubiquitinases and thier roles in tumorigenesis and development. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1204472. [PMID: 37251574 PMCID: PMC10213685 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1204472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin is a small protein that can be added onto target protein for inducing target degradation, thereby modulating the activity and stability of protein. Relatively, deubiquitinases (DUBs), a class catalase that can remove ubiquitin from substrate protein, provide a positive regulation of the protein amount at transcription level, post-translational modification, protein interaction, etc. The reversible and dynamic ubiquitination-deubiquitination process plays an essential role in maintaining protein homeostasis, which is critical to almost all the biological processes. Therefore, the metabolic dysregulation of deubiquitinases often lead to serious consequences, including the growth and metastasis of tumors. Accordingly, deubiquitinases can be served as key drug targets for the treatment of tumors. The small molecule inhibitors targeting deubiquitinases has become one of the hot spots of anti-tumor drug research areas. This review concentrated on the function and mechanism of deubiquitinase system in the proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis and autophagy of tumor cells. The research status of small molecule inhibitors of specific deubiquitinases in tumor treatment is introduced, aiming to provide reference for the development of clinical targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Wen Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Sheng-Zhong Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Jia-Cheng Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Zhi Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Feng-Ran Chu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Xiong Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Jin-Cai Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, China
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Ortega MA, Villiger RK, Harrison-Chau M, Lieu S, Tamashiro KK, Lee AJ, Fujimoto BA, Patwardhan GY, Kepler J, Fogelgren B. Exocyst inactivation in urothelial cells disrupts autophagy and activates non-canonical NF-κB signaling. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049785. [PMID: 36004645 PMCID: PMC9586569 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ureter obstruction is a highly prevalent event during embryonic development and is a major cause of pediatric kidney disease. We have previously reported that ureteric bud-specific ablation of the gene expressing the exocyst subunit EXOC5 in late murine gestation results in failure of urothelial stratification, cell death and complete ureter obstruction. However, the mechanistic connection between disrupted exocyst activity, urothelial cell death and subsequent ureter obstruction was unclear. Here, we report that inhibited urothelial stratification does not drive cell death during ureter development. Instead, we demonstrate that the exocyst plays a critical role in autophagy in urothelial cells, and that disruption of autophagy activates a urothelial NF-κB stress response. Impaired autophagy first provokes canonical NF-κB activity, which is progressively followed by increasing levels of non-canonical NF-κB activity and cell death if the stress remains unresolved. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ureter obstructions can be completely rescued in Exoc5 conditional knockout mice by administering a single dose of the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-FMK at embryonic day 16.5 prior to urothelial cell death. Taken together, ablation of Exoc5 disrupts autophagic stress response and activates progressive NF-κB signaling, which promotes obstructive uropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Ortega
- Center for Biomedical Research at The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaiʿi at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Ross K. Villiger
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaiʿi at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Malia Harrison-Chau
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaiʿi at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Suzanna Lieu
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaiʿi at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Kadee-Kalia Tamashiro
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaiʿi at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Amanda J. Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaiʿi at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
- Math and Sciences Department, Kapiolani Community College, Honolulu, Hawaii 96816, USA
| | - Brent A. Fujimoto
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaiʿi at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Geetika Y. Patwardhan
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaiʿi at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Joshua Kepler
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaiʿi at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Ben Fogelgren
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaiʿi at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
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Zhu S, Quan C, Wang R, Liang D, Su S, Rong P, Zhou K, Yang X, Chen Q, Li M, Du Q, Zhang J, Fang L, Wang HY, Chen S. The RalGAPα1-RalA signal module protects cardiac function through regulating calcium homeostasis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4278. [PMID: 35879328 PMCID: PMC9314365 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31992-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase SERCA2 mediates calcium re-uptake from the cytosol into sarcoplasmic reticulum, and its dysfunction is a hallmark of heart failure. Multiple factors have been identified to modulate SERCA2 activity, however, its regulation is still not fully understood. Here we identify a Ral-GTPase activating protein RalGAPα1 as a critical regulator of SERCA2 in cardiomyocytes through its downstream target RalA. RalGAPα1 is induced by pressure overload, and its deficiency causes cardiac dysfunction and exacerbates pressure overload-induced heart failure. Mechanistically, RalGAPα1 regulates SERCA2 through direct interaction and its target RalA. Deletion of RalGAPα1 decreases SERCA2 activity and prolongs calcium re-uptake into sarcoplasmic reticulum. GDP-bound RalA, but not GTP-bound RalA, binds to SERCA2 and activates the pump for sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium re-uptake. Overexpression of a GDP-bound RalAS28N mutant in the heart preserves cardiac function in a mouse model of heart failure. Our findings have therapeutic implications for treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangsang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruizhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Derong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiaoli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingzi Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Fang
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Shuai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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8
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Žárský V. Exocyst functions in plants - secretion and autophagy. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2324-2334. [PMID: 35729750 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tethering complexes mediate vesicle-target compartment contact. Octameric complex exocyst initiates vesicle exocytosis at specific cytoplasmic membrane domains. Plant exocyst is possibly stabilized at the membrane by a direct interaction between SEC3 and EXO70A. Land plants evolved three basic membrane-targeting EXO70 subfamilies, the evolution of which resulted in several types of exocyst with distinct functions within the same cell. Surprisingly, some of these EXO70-exocyst versions are implicated in autophagy as is animal exocyst or are involved in host defense, cell-wall fortification and secondary metabolites transport. Interestingly, EXO70Ds act as selective autophagy receptors in the regulation of cytokinin signalling pathway. Secretion of double membrane autophagy-related structures formed with the contribution of EXO70s to the apoplast hints at the possibility of secretory autophagy in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Experimental Botany, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague, Czech Republic
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9
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Luo S, Su T, Zhou X, Hu WX, Hu J. Chromosome 1 instability in multiple myeloma: Aberrant gene expression, pathogenesis, and potential therapeutic target. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22341. [PMID: 35579877 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM), the terminally differentiated B cells malignancy, is widely considered to be incurable since many patients have either developed drug resistance or experienced an eventual relapse. To develop precise and efficient therapeutic strategies, we must understand the pathogenesis of MM. Thus, unveiling the driver events of MM and its further clonal evolution will help us understand this complicated disease. Chromosome 1 instabilities are the most common genomic alterations that participate in MM pathogenesis, and these aberrations of chromosome 1 mainly include copy number variations and structural changes. The chromosome 1q gains/amplifications and 1p deletions are the most frequent structural changes of chromosomes in MM. In this review, we intend to focus on the genes that are affected by chromosome 1 instability: some tumor suppressors were lost or down regulated in 1p deletions, and others that contributed to tumorigenesis were upregulated in 1q gains/amplifications. We have summarized their biological function as well as their roles in the MM pathogenesis, hoping to uncover potential novel therapeutical targets and promote the development of future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiqun Luo
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Su
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei-Xin Hu
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingping Hu
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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10
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Richardson DS, Spehar JM, Han DT, Chakravarthy PA, Sizemore ST. The RAL Enigma: Distinct Roles of RALA and RALB in Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101645. [PMID: 35626682 PMCID: PMC9139244 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RALA and RALB are highly homologous small G proteins belonging to the RAS superfamily. Like other small GTPases, the RALs are molecular switches that can be toggled between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states to regulate diverse and critical cellular functions such as vesicle trafficking, filopodia formation, mitochondrial fission, and cytokinesis. The RAL paralogs are activated and inactivated by a shared set of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and utilize similar sets of downstream effectors. In addition to their important roles in normal cell biology, the RALs are known to be critical mediators of cancer cell survival, invasion, migration, and metastasis. However, despite their substantial similarities, the RALs often display striking functional disparities in cancer. RALA and RALB can have redundant, unique, or even antagonistic functions depending on cancer type. The molecular basis for these discrepancies remains an important unanswered question in the field of cancer biology. In this review we examine the functions of the RAL paralogs in normal cellular physiology and cancer biology with special consideration provided to situations where the roles of RALA and RALB are non-redundant.
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11
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Magits W, Sablina AA. The regulation of the protein interaction network by monoubiquitination. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 73:102333. [PMID: 35176591 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The conjugation of a single ubiquitin or monoubiquitination acts as a versatile signal that can have both degradative and non-degradative functions. The latter is of particular interest as emerging evidence indicates that ubiquitin-driven alterations of the protein interaction landscape play a key role in multiple signaling pathways. Whereas early studies were focused on how monoubiquitination alters the interactions of proteins containing ubiquitin-binding domains, more recent reports demonstrate that ubiquitin conjugation can also affect the binding mode by changing the surface of the ubiquitinated substrate. Furthermore, monoubiquitination modulates the interactions with other macromolecules, such as DNA or lipids, underscoring the diverse role of monoubiquitination in cellular processes. In this review, we discussed how monoubiquitination achieves its function by modulating the interaction landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wout Magits
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna A Sablina
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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12
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Zhang L, Zhang H, Xie J, Wang X. Identification of Gene Co-Expression Modules and Core Genes Related to Immune Disorders in Major Depression Disorder. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:7983-7993. [PMID: 34785941 PMCID: PMC8591119 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s336686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Various studies have confirmed the connection between the mental state and the immune system, that is, mental activities can regulate immune function, and immune system disorders can not only lead to bodily diseases but also changes related to mentality, behavior, personality, and aging. However, the specific regulatory mechanism and key genes are still unclear. Methods We obtained the peripheral blood gene sequencing data from patients with major depression and normal volunteers from the GEO database and evaluated the scores of different immune cells by immune scoring algorithm. Using the immune scores as clinical data, a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was carried out to study the association between the clinical characteristics and modules. Therefore, providing an opportunity to lock modules and core genes which are highly related to the immune regulation of major depression. Results Thirteen co-expression modules were clustered from 20,011 genes, the yellow module had a positive correlation with CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell, B cell, and NK cell immune scores, and a negative correlation with purple module. Functional annotation and signaling pathway analysis illustrated that the yellow module is mostly enriched in thymus development, T cell co-stimulation and differentiation, and B cell activation. Genes in the purple module were primarily related to inhibition of protein phosphorylation, leukocyte migration, promotion of apoptosis and hypoxia and other signaling pathways. Additionally, hub genes in the yellow and purple modules were detected, in which SKAP1 and RALB may be important regulatory genes affecting the immune status of patients with depression. Discussion In general, our study reveals the key genes related to the decrease in CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and B cells, in the peripheral blood of patients with depression, which provides some new insights and understandings for the clinical treatment and diagnosis of major depression. Drug design targeting these targets may provide the possibility for the treatment of major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Organization of Personnel Division, Jiangsu Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiadong Xie
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wang
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
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13
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Lechado Terradas A, Zittlau KI, Macek B, Fraiberg M, Elazar Z, Kahle PJ. Regulation of mitochondrial cargo-selective autophagy by posttranslational modifications. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101339. [PMID: 34688664 PMCID: PMC8591368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are important organelles in eukaryotes. Turnover and quality control of mitochondria are regulated at the transcriptional and posttranslational level by several cellular mechanisms. Removal of defective mitochondrial proteins is mediated by mitochondria resident proteases or by proteasomal degradation of individual proteins. Clearance of bulk mitochondria occurs via a selective form of autophagy termed mitophagy. In yeast and some developing metazoan cells (e.g., oocytes and reticulocytes), mitochondria are largely removed by ubiquitin-independent mechanisms. In such cases, the regulation of mitophagy is mediated via phosphorylation of mitochondria-anchored autophagy receptors. On the other hand, ubiquitin-dependent recruitment of cytosolic autophagy receptors occurs in situations of cellular stress or disease, where dysfunctional mitochondria would cause oxidative damage. In mammalian cells, a well-studied ubiquitin-dependent mitophagy pathway induced by mitochondrial depolarization is regulated by the mitochondrial protein kinase PINK1, which upon activation recruits the ubiquitin ligase parkin. Here, we review mechanisms of mitophagy with an emphasis on posttranslational modifications that regulate various mitophagy pathways. We describe the autophagy components involved with particular emphasis on posttranslational modifications. We detail the phosphorylations mediated by PINK1 and parkin-mediated ubiquitylations of mitochondrial proteins that can be modulated by deubiquitylating enzymes. We also discuss the role of accessory factors regulating mitochondrial fission/fusion and the interplay with pro- and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members. Comprehensive knowledge of the processes of mitophagy is essential for the understanding of vital mitochondrial turnover in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lechado Terradas
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenetics, Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Boris Macek
- Proteome Center Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Milana Fraiberg
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zvulun Elazar
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Philipp J Kahle
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenetics, Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.
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14
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Wang Y, Wu N, Jiang N. Autophagy provides a conceptual therapeutic framework for bone metastasis from prostate cancer. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:909. [PMID: 34611139 PMCID: PMC8492756 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common malignant tumor, which can spread to multiple organs in the body. Metastatic disease is the dominant reason of death for patients with prostate cancer. Prostate cancer usually transfers to bone. Bone metastases are related to pathologic fracture, pain, and reduced survival. There are many known targets for prostate cancer treatment, including androgen receptor (AR) axis, but drug resistance and metastasis eventually develop in advanced disease, suggesting the necessity to better understand the resistance mechanisms and consider multi-target medical treatment. Because of the limitations of approved treatments, further research into other potential targets is necessary. Metastasis is an important marker of cancer development, involving numerous factors, such as AKT, EMT, ECM, tumor angiogenesis, the development of inflammatory tumor microenvironment, and defect in programmed cell death. In tumor metastasis, programmed cell death (autophagy, apoptosis, and necroptosis) plays a key role. Malignant cancer cells have to overcome the different forms of cell death to transfer. The article sums up the recent studies on the mechanism of bone metastasis involving key regulatory factors such as macrophages and AKT and further discusses as to how regulating autophagy is crucial in relieving prostate cancer bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- YouZhi Wang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, 300211, Tianjin, China
| | - Ning Wu
- The First Department of Breast Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, 300060, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, 300211, Tianjin, China.
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15
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Zaman A, Wu X, Lemoff A, Yadavalli S, Lee J, Wang C, Cooper J, McMillan EA, Yeaman C, Mirzaei H, White MA, Bivona TG. Exocyst protein subnetworks integrate Hippo and mTOR signaling to promote virus detection and cancer. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109491. [PMID: 34348154 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The exocyst is an evolutionarily conserved protein complex that regulates vesicular trafficking and scaffolds signal transduction. Key upstream components of the exocyst include monomeric RAL GTPases, which help mount cell-autonomous responses to trophic and immunogenic signals. Here, we present a quantitative proteomics-based characterization of dynamic and signal-dependent exocyst protein interactomes. Under viral infection, an Exo84 exocyst subcomplex assembles the immune kinase Protein Kinase R (PKR) together with the Hippo kinase Macrophage Stimulating 1 (MST1). PKR phosphorylates MST1 to activate Hippo signaling and inactivate Yes Associated Protein 1 (YAP1). By contrast, a Sec5 exocyst subcomplex recruits another immune kinase, TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which interacted with and activated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). RALB was necessary and sufficient for induction of Hippo and mTOR signaling through parallel exocyst subcomplex engagement, supporting the cellular response to virus infection and oncogenic signaling. This study highlights RALB-exocyst signaling subcomplexes as mechanisms for the integrated engagement of Hippo and mTOR signaling in cells challenged by viral pathogens or oncogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubhishek Zaman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Andrew Lemoff
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sivaramakrishna Yadavalli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeon Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chensu Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jonathan Cooper
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Elizabeth A McMillan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Charles Yeaman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Hamid Mirzaei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael A White
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Trever G Bivona
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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16
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Hussain SS, Tran TM, Ware TB, Luse MA, Prevost CT, Ferguson AN, Kashatus JA, Hsu KL, Kashatus DF. RalA and PLD1 promote lipid droplet growth in response to nutrient withdrawal. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109451. [PMID: 34320341 PMCID: PMC8344381 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic organelles that undergo dynamic changes in response to changing cellular conditions. During nutrient depletion, LD numbers increase to protect cells against toxic fatty acids generated through autophagy and provide fuel for beta-oxidation. However, the precise mechanisms through which these changes are regulated have remained unclear. Here, we show that the small GTPase RalA acts downstream of autophagy to directly facilitate LD growth during nutrient depletion. Mechanistically, RalA performs this function through phospholipase D1 (PLD1), an enzyme that converts phosphatidylcholine (PC) to phosphatidic acid (PA) and that is recruited to lysosomes during nutrient stress in a RalA-dependent fashion. RalA inhibition prevents recruitment of the LD-associated protein perilipin 3, which is required for LD growth. Our data support a model in which RalA recruits PLD1 to lysosomes during nutrient deprivation to promote the localized production of PA and the recruitment of perilipin 3 to expanding LDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed S Hussain
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Tuyet-Minh Tran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Timothy B Ware
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Melissa A Luse
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Christopher T Prevost
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ashley N Ferguson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jennifer A Kashatus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - David F Kashatus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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17
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Najm P, Zhao P, Steklov M, Sewduth RN, Baietti MF, Pandolfi S, Criem N, Lechat B, Maia TM, Van Haver D, Corthout N, Eyckerman S, Impens F, Sablina AA. Loss-of-Function Mutations in TRAF7 and KLF4 Cooperatively Activate RAS-Like GTPase Signaling and Promote Meningioma Development. Cancer Res 2021; 81:4218-4229. [PMID: 34215617 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Meningiomas are the most common benign brain tumors. Mutations of the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF7 occur in 25% of meningiomas and commonly cooccur with mutations in KLF4, yet the functional link between TRAF7 and KLF4 mutations remains unclear. By generating an in vitro meningioma model derived from primary meningeal cells, we elucidated the cooperative interactions that promote meningioma development. By integrating TRAF7-driven ubiquitinome and proteome alterations in meningeal cells and the TRAF7 interactome, we identified TRAF7 as a proteostatic regulator of RAS-related small GTPases. Meningioma-associated TRAF7 mutations disrupted either its catalytic activity or its interaction with RAS GTPases. TRAF7 loss in meningeal cells altered actin dynamics and promoted anchorage-independent growth by inducing CDC42 and RAS signaling. TRAF deficiency-driven activation of the RAS/MAPK pathway promoted KLF4-dependent transcription that led to upregulation of the tumor-suppressive Semaphorin pathway, a negative regulator of small GTPases. KLF4 loss of function disrupted this negative feedback loop and enhanced mutant TRAF7-mediated cell transformation. Overall, this study provides new mechanistic insights into meningioma development, which could lead to novel treatment strategies. SIGNIFICANCE: The intricate molecular cross-talk between the ubiquitin ligase TRAF7 and the transcription factor KLF4 provides a first step toward the identification of new therapies for patients with meningioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Najm
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peihua Zhao
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mikhail Steklov
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raj Nayan Sewduth
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Francesca Baietti
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silvia Pandolfi
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathan Criem
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoit Lechat
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Teresa Mendes Maia
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Proteomics Core, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Delphi Van Haver
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Proteomics Core, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nikky Corthout
- VIB LiMoNe & Leuven Bio Imaging Core, VIB-KU Leuven Center For Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sven Eyckerman
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francis Impens
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Proteomics Core, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anna A Sablina
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Lei Z, Wang J, Zhang L, Liu CH. Ubiquitination-Dependent Regulation of Small GTPases in Membrane Trafficking: From Cell Biology to Human Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:688352. [PMID: 34277632 PMCID: PMC8281112 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.688352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is critical for cellular homeostasis, which is mainly carried out by small GTPases, a class of proteins functioning in vesicle budding, transport, tethering and fusion processes. The accurate and organized membrane trafficking relies on the proper regulation of small GTPases, which involves the conversion between GTP- and GDP-bound small GTPases mediated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Emerging evidence indicates that post-translational modifications (PTMs) of small GTPases, especially ubiquitination, play an important role in the spatio-temporal regulation of small GTPases, and the dysregulation of small GTPase ubiquitination can result in multiple human diseases. In this review, we introduce small GTPases-mediated membrane trafficking pathways and the biological processes of ubiquitination-dependent regulation of small GTPases, including the regulation of small GTPase stability, activity and localization. We then discuss the dysregulation of small GTPase ubiquitination and the associated human membrane trafficking-related diseases, focusing on the neurological diseases and infections. An in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which ubiquitination regulates small GTPases can provide novel insights into the membrane trafficking process, which knowledge is valuable for the development of more effective and specific therapeutics for membrane trafficking-related human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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19
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Lin Y, Zeng Y, Zhu Y, Shen J, Ye H, Jiang L. Plant Rho GTPase signaling promotes autophagy. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:905-920. [PMID: 33794369 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The roles of Rho family guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) of plants (ROPs) in modulating plant growth and development have been well characterized. However, little is known about the roles of ROP signaling pathways in regulating plant autophagy and autophagosome formation. In this study, we identify a unique ROP signaling mechanism, which mediates developmental to autophagic transition under stress conditions in the model plant Arabidopsis. Loss-of-function mutants of ROP8 showed stress-induced hypersensitive phenotypes and compromised autophagic flux. Similar to other ROPs in the ROP/RAC family, ROP8 exhibits both plasma membrane and cytosolic punctate localization patterns. Upon autophagic induction, active ROP8 puncta colocalize with autophagosomal markers and are degraded inside the vacuole. In human cells, RalB, an RAS subfamily GTPase, engages its effector Exo84 for autophagosome assembly. However, a RalB counterpart is missing in the plant lineage. Intriguingly, we discovered that plant ROP8 promotes autophagy via its downstream effector Sec5. Live-cell super-resolution imaging showed that ROP8 and Sec5 reside on phagophores for autophagosome formation. Taken together, our findings highlight a previously unappreciated role of an ROP8-Sec5 signaling axis in autophagy promotion, providing new insights into how plants utilize versatile ROP signaling networks to coordinate developmental and autophagic responses depending on environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youshun Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yonglun Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinbo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Hao Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Plant Molecular Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology, CUHK, Hong Kong, China; CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Shenzhen, Hong Kong, 518057, China.
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20
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Apken LH, Oeckinghaus A. The RAL signaling network: Cancer and beyond. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 361:21-105. [PMID: 34074494 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The RAL proteins RALA and RALB belong to the superfamily of small RAS-like GTPases (guanosine triphosphatases). RAL GTPases function as molecular switches in cells by cycling through GDP- and GTP-bound states, a process which is regulated by several guanine exchange factors (GEFs) and two heterodimeric GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). Since their discovery in the 1980s, RALA and RALB have been established to exert isoform-specific functions in central cellular processes such as exocytosis, endocytosis, actin organization and gene expression. Consequently, it is not surprising that an increasing number of physiological functions are discovered to be controlled by RAL, including neuronal plasticity, immune response, and glucose and lipid homeostasis. The critical importance of RAL GTPases for oncogenic RAS-driven cellular transformation and tumorigenesis still attracts most research interest. Here, RAL proteins are key drivers of cell migration, metastasis, anchorage-independent proliferation, and survival. This chapter provides an overview of normal and pathological functions of RAL GTPases and summarizes the current knowledge on the involvement of RAL in human disease as well as current therapeutic targeting strategies. In particular, molecular mechanisms that specifically control RAL activity and RAL effector usage in different scenarios are outlined, putting a spotlight on the complexity of the RAL GTPase signaling network and the emerging theme of RAS-independent regulation and relevance of RAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Apken
- Institute of Molecular Tumor Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andrea Oeckinghaus
- Institute of Molecular Tumor Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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21
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The Roles of Ubiquitin in Mediating Autophagy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092025. [PMID: 32887506 PMCID: PMC7564124 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination, the post-translational modification essential for various intracellular processes, is implicated in multiple aspects of autophagy, the major lysosome/vacuole-dependent degradation pathway. The autophagy machinery adopted the structural architecture of ubiquitin and employs two ubiquitin-like protein conjugation systems for autophagosome biogenesis. Ubiquitin chains that are attached as labels to protein aggregates or subcellular organelles confer selectivity, allowing autophagy receptors to simultaneously bind ubiquitinated cargos and autophagy-specific ubiquitin-like modifiers (Atg8-family proteins). Moreover, there is tremendous crosstalk between autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Ubiquitination of autophagy-related proteins or regulatory components plays significant roles in the precise control of the autophagy pathway. In this review, we summarize and discuss the molecular mechanisms and functions of ubiquitin and ubiquitination, in the process and regulation of autophagy.
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22
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Zhang F, Pu J, Gu Z, Mao H. DIA proteomics reveals hypotensive and immune-enhancing constituents in buffalo whey from different altitudes. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:4146-4154. [PMID: 32882282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The selection of raw milk with high levels of functional components that have health-promoting activities is very important for the exploitation and production of functional milk, but the differences in the functional components of whey from buffalo raised at different altitudes have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we detected the effects of altitudes on the functional components in whey from dairy buffalo farms situated at low altitude (LA), medium altitude (MA), and high altitude (HA) sites with data-independent acquisition proteomic approaches. In 33 samples, 9331 peptides corresponding to 1008 high-confidence proteins were detected. HA-whey had a lower level of angiotensinogen than that of the LA- and MA-whey, and conversely contained higher levels of immune-enhancing components than for the latter two groups. Differential proteins were involved in vascular smooth muscle contraction, complement and coagulation cascades, and the secretion, production and regulation pathways in immune components. LA-whey showed higher levels of lymphocyte antigen and selenoprotein F than that of the HA-whey. Owing to the biological functions of their most abundant components, HA- and LA-whey are suitable for the processing of functional milk for lowering blood pressure, and the production of immune milk, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulan Zhang
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jinhui Pu
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zhaobing Gu
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Huaming Mao
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
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23
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Costanzo M, Caterino M, Cevenini A, Jung V, Chhuon C, Lipecka J, Fedele R, Guerrera IC, Ruoppolo M. Proteomics Reveals that Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase Modulates Cell Architecture and Increases Susceptibility to Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144998. [PMID: 32679819 PMCID: PMC7403994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is a rare inborn error of metabolism caused by deficiency of the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT) enzyme. Downstream MUT deficiency, methylmalonic acid accumulates together with toxic metabolites from propionyl-CoA and other compounds upstream of the block in the enzyme pathway. The presentation is with life-threatening acidosis, respiratory distress, brain disturbance, hyperammonemia, and ketosis. Survivors develop poorly understood multi-organ damage, notably to the brain and kidneys. The HEK 293 cell line was engineered by CRISPR/Cas9 technology to knock out the MUT gene (MUT-KO). Shotgun label-free quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics analyses revealed potential damaging biological processes in MUT-deficient cells. MUT-KO induced alteration of cellular architecture and morphology, and ROS overproduction. We found the alteration of proteins involved in cytoskeleton and cell adhesion organization, cell trafficking, mitochondrial, and oxidative processes, as validated by the regulation of VIM, EXT2, SDC2, FN1, GLUL, and CHD1. Additionally, a cell model of MUT-rescuing was developed in order to control the specificity of MUT-KO effects. Globally, the proteomic landscape of MUT-KO suggests the cell model to have an increased susceptibility to propionate- and H2O2-induced stress through an impairment of the mitochondrial functionality and unbalances in the oxidation-reduction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Costanzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (M.C.); (A.C.)
- CEINGE—Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., 80145 Naples, Italy;
| | - Marianna Caterino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (M.C.); (A.C.)
- CEINGE—Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., 80145 Naples, Italy;
| | - Armando Cevenini
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (M.C.); (A.C.)
- CEINGE—Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., 80145 Naples, Italy;
| | - Vincent Jung
- Proteomics Platform Necker, Université de Paris—Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, Inserm US24/CNRS UMS3633, 75015 Paris, France; (V.J.); (C.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Cerina Chhuon
- Proteomics Platform Necker, Université de Paris—Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, Inserm US24/CNRS UMS3633, 75015 Paris, France; (V.J.); (C.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Joanna Lipecka
- Proteomics Platform Necker, Université de Paris—Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, Inserm US24/CNRS UMS3633, 75015 Paris, France; (V.J.); (C.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Roberta Fedele
- CEINGE—Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., 80145 Naples, Italy;
| | - Ida Chiara Guerrera
- Proteomics Platform Necker, Université de Paris—Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, Inserm US24/CNRS UMS3633, 75015 Paris, France; (V.J.); (C.C.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (I.C.G.); (M.R.); Tel.: +39-081-373-7850 (M.R.)
| | - Margherita Ruoppolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (M.C.); (A.C.)
- CEINGE—Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., 80145 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: (I.C.G.); (M.R.); Tel.: +39-081-373-7850 (M.R.)
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24
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Sanchez-Garrido J, Shenoy AR. Regulation and repurposing of nutrient sensing and autophagy in innate immunity. Autophagy 2020; 17:1571-1591. [PMID: 32627660 PMCID: PMC8354595 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1783119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrients not only act as building blocks but also as signaling molecules. Nutrient-availability promotes cell growth and proliferation and suppresses catabolic processes, such as macroautophagy/autophagy. These effects are mediated by checkpoint kinases such as MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase), which is activated by amino acids and growth factors, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is activated by low levels of glucose or ATP. These kinases have wide-ranging activities that can be co-opted by immune cells upon exposure to danger signals, cytokines or pathogens. Here, we discuss recent insight into the regulation and repurposing of nutrient-sensing responses by the innate immune system during infection. Moreover, we examine how natural mutations and pathogen-mediated interventions can alter the balance between anabolic and autophagic pathways leading to a breakdown in tissue homeostasis and/or host defense.Abbreviations: AKT1/PKB: AKT serine/threonine kinase 1; ATG: autophagy related; BECN1: beclin 1; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; EIF2AK4/GCN2: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 4; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; FFAR: free fatty acid receptor; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; IFN: interferon; IL: interleukin; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAP3K7/TAK1: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NLR: NOD (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain) and leucine-rich repeat containing proteins; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PRR: pattern-recognition receptor; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; RALB: RAS like proto-oncogene B; RHEB: Ras homolog, MTORC1 binding; RIPK1: receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1; RRAG: Ras related GTP binding; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STING1/TMEM173: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; STK11/LKB1: serine/threonine kinase 11; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TLR: toll like receptor; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; TRAF6: TNF receptor associated factor 6; TRIM: tripartite motif protein; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; V-ATPase: vacuolar-type H+-proton-translocating ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sanchez-Garrido
- Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Avinash R Shenoy
- Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Satellite Group Leader, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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25
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Shi X, Li S, Wang L, Li H, Li Z, Wang W, Bai J, Sun Y, Li J, Li X. RalB degradation by dihydroartemisinin induces autophagy and IFI16/caspase-1 inflammasome depression in the human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Chin Med 2020; 15:64. [PMID: 32577124 PMCID: PMC7304197 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interferon-inducible 16 (IFI16)/caspase-1 inflammasome activates and secretes IL-1β. However, it is still unclear whether the IFI16 inflammasome is involved in human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Autophagy directly removed inflammasome components and limited early IL-1β production. RalB is required for the crosstalk between inflammasome and autophagy in macrophages. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), the main derived ingredient of artemisinin, has a variety of biological activities. The mechanism of DHA in regulating the crosstalk between IFI16 inflammasome and autophagy by inhibiting RalB expression was analyzed in order to provide clues for new therapeutic methods in laryngeal cancer. Methods The expression of IFI16 was analyzed by Oncomine and GEPIA databases and detected by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The relationship between IFI16 inflammasome and autophagy was investigated by transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence assay, etc. in Hep-2, Cal-27 and HeLa cells treated with DHA. The xenograft tumor of hep-2 cell in nude mice were used to assess the effect of DHA on laryngeal cancer. Results It was reported for the first time in this study that IFI16 was overexpressed and positively correlated with caspase-1 in laryngeal carcinoma tissues. DHA significantly inhibited the activation of inflammasome and reduced IL-1β production in the microenvironment of Hep-2 cell xenograft tumor in nude mice. Mechanistically, we found that DHA degraded RalB, inhibited USP33 expression, and triggered autophagy. Meanwhile, enhanced autophagy can reduce the expression of RalB and USP33. Furthermore, DHA promotes autophagy, which suppresses the activation of IFI16/caspase-1 inflammasome and IL-1β production. Conclusions Therefore, our findings demonstrate that DHA may act as a RalB inhibitor to regulate the crosstalk between autophagy and IFI16/caspase-1 inflammasome, which inhibits IL-1β production in tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050081 China.,Department of Pathobiology and Immunology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200 China
| | - Shenghao Li
- Department of Pathobiology and Immunology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200 China
| | - Li Wang
- Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis Prophylaxis and Treatment by Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050081 China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050081 China
| | - Weiyi Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050081 China.,Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050000 China
| | - Jing Bai
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050081 China
| | - Yajing Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050081 China
| | - Jianchun Li
- Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis Prophylaxis and Treatment by Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050081 China
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26
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Tian S, Jin S, Wu Y, Liu T, Luo M, Ou J, Xie W, Cui J. High-throughput screening of functional deubiquitinating enzymes in autophagy. Autophagy 2020; 17:1367-1378. [PMID: 32453962 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1761652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy, a eukaryotic homeostatic process that sequesters cytoplasmic constituents for lysosomal degradation, is orchestrated by a number of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins tightly controlled by post-translational modifications. However, the involvement of reversible ubiquitination in the regulation of autophagy remains largely unclear. Here, we performed a single-guide RNA-based screening assay to investigate the functions of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) in regulating autophagy. We identified previously unrecognized roles of several DUBs in modulating autophagy at multiple levels by targeting various ATG proteins. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that STAMBP/AMSH (STAM-binding protein) promotes the stabilization of ULK1 by removing its lysine 48 (K48)-linked ubiquitination, whereas OTUD7B mediates the degradation of PIK3 C3 by enhancing its K48-linked ubiquitination, thus positively or negatively affects autophagy flux, respectively. Together, our study elaborated on the broad involvement of DUBs in regulating autophagy and uncovered the critical roles of the reversible ubiquitination in the modification of ATG proteins.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy-related; Baf A1: bafilomycin A1; DUB: deubiquitinating enzyme; EBSS: Earle's balanced salt solution; KO: knockout; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; OTUD7B: OTU domain-containing protein 7B; PIK3C3: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; sgRNA: single-guide RNA; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STAMBP/AMSH: STAM-binding protein; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; USP: ubiquitin specific peptidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Tian
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shouheng Jin
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaoxing Wu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Man Luo
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Ou
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weihong Xie
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Cui
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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27
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Sewduth RN, Baietti MF, Sablina AA. Cracking the Monoubiquitin Code of Genetic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093036. [PMID: 32344852 PMCID: PMC7246618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a versatile and dynamic post-translational modification in which single ubiquitin molecules or polyubiquitin chains are attached to target proteins, giving rise to mono- or poly-ubiquitination, respectively. The majority of research in the ubiquitin field focused on degradative polyubiquitination, whereas more recent studies uncovered the role of single ubiquitin modification in important physiological processes. Monoubiquitination can modulate the stability, subcellular localization, binding properties, and activity of the target proteins. Understanding the function of monoubiquitination in normal physiology and pathology has important therapeutic implications, as alterations in the monoubiquitin pathway are found in a broad range of genetic diseases. This review highlights a link between monoubiquitin signaling and the pathogenesis of genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Nayan Sewduth
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.N.S.); (M.F.B.)
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Francesca Baietti
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.N.S.); (M.F.B.)
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna A. Sablina
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.N.S.); (M.F.B.)
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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28
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Zhao Z, Sun C, Chen L, Qin J, Yuan X, Li W. Inorganic nitrite increases the susceptibility of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) leucocytes to Streptococcus agalactiae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 97:1-11. [PMID: 31846770 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Deteriorating water quality, especially from high concentrations of nitrite, is currently largely blamed for disease outbreaks in farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). In this study, the underlying mechanism of nitrite on the susceptibility of tilapia leucocytes to Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) was studied. We found that a high dose of heat-killed S. agalactiae decreased tilapia leucocytes cell viability, whereas nitrite decreased the cell viability of leucocytes exposed to a low dose of bacteria. Bacterial challenge increased the production of nitric oxide (NO), whereas nitrite and bacteria coexposure caused higher NO production than nitrite or bacterial exposure alone. Cell viability increased after elimination of NO, and negative correlations existed between cell viability and the NO content, suggesting that nitrite increased the susceptibility of the leucocytes against S. agalactiae was NO-dependent. For a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of nitrite affecting disease resistance in tilapia leucocytes, an RNA-Seq-based transcriptome was generated. The results showed that 6173 transcripts were differently expressed, and the differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) of the bacterial group, nitrite group and bacteria-nitrite co-treatment group compared to the control group were selected for GO and KEGG analyses. The DETs in the bacterial group and bacteria-nitrite cotreatment group were highly involved with the membrane component, signal transduction, and immune responses. KEGG analysis showed that the protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum and the AMPK signaling pathway, which are related to autophagy, were significantly enriched in the cotreatment group but not in bacterial group. In addition, the mRNA expression of ten DETs and several autophagy and apoptosis related genes validated by q-PCR showed the high reliability of the RNA-seq. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that nitrite may increase the susceptibility of tilapia leucocytes to S. agalactiae by generating excess NO to affect the autophagy and apoptosis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaoya Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Healthy Breeding in Important Economic Fish, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Caiyun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Healthy Breeding in Important Economic Fish, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Limin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Healthy Breeding in Important Economic Fish, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jingkai Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Healthy Breeding in Important Economic Fish, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Healthy Breeding in Important Economic Fish, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Wensheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Healthy Breeding in Important Economic Fish, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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29
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Chen RH, Chen YH, Huang TY. Ubiquitin-mediated regulation of autophagy. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:80. [PMID: 31630678 PMCID: PMC6802350 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0569-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major degradation pathway that utilizes lysosome hydrolases to degrade cellular constituents and is often induced under cellular stress conditions to restore cell homeostasis. Another prime degradation pathway in the cells is ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), in which proteins tagged by certain types of polyubiquitin chains are selectively recognized and removed by proteasome. Although the two degradation pathways are operated independently with different sets of players, recent studies have revealed reciprocal cross talks between UPS and autophagy at multiple layers. In this review, we summarize the roles of protein ubiquitination and deubiquitination in controlling the initiation, execution, and termination of bulk autophagy as well as the role of ubiquitination in signaling certain types of selective autophagy. We also highlight how dysregulation of ubiquitin-mediated autophagy pathways is associated with a number of human diseases and the potential of targeting these pathways for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruey-Hwa Chen
- Academia Sinica, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Taipei, 115, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chen
- Academia Sinica, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Huang
- Academia Sinica, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
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30
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Barth E, Srivastava A, Stojiljkovic M, Frahm C, Axer H, Witte OW, Marz M. Conserved aging-related signatures of senescence and inflammation in different tissues and species. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:8556-8572. [PMID: 31606727 PMCID: PMC6814591 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that chronic inflammation and senescence are the cause of many severe age-related diseases, with both biological processes highly upregulated during aging. However, until now, it has remained unknown whether specific inflammation- or senescence-related genes exist that are common between different species or tissues. These potential markers of aging could help to identify possible targets for therapeutic interventions of aging-associated afflictions and might also deepen our understanding of the principal mechanisms of aging. With the objective of identifying such signatures of aging and tissue-specific aging markers, we analyzed a multitude of cross-sectional RNA-Seq data from four evolutionarily distinct species (human, mouse and two fish) and four different tissues (blood, brain, liver and skin). In at least three different species and three different tissues, we identified several genes that displayed similar expression patterns that might serve as potential aging markers. Additionally, we show that genes involved in aging-related processes tend to be tighter controlled in long-lived than in average-lived individuals. These observations hint at a general genetic level that affect an individual’s life span. Altogether, this descriptive study contributes to a better understanding of common aging signatures as well as tissue-specific aging patterns and supplies the basis for further investigative age-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Barth
- Bioinformatics/High Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,FLI Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Jena, Germany
| | - Akash Srivastava
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Milan Stojiljkovic
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Christiane Frahm
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Hubertus Axer
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Manja Marz
- Bioinformatics/High Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,FLI Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Jena, Germany.,European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
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31
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Beachboard DC, Park M, Vijayan M, Snider DL, Fernando DJ, Williams GD, Stanley S, McFadden MJ, Horner SM. The small GTPase RAB1B promotes antiviral innate immunity by interacting with TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3). J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14231-14240. [PMID: 31375559 PMCID: PMC6768648 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune detection of viral nucleic acids during viral infection activates a signaling cascade that induces type I and type III IFNs as well as other cytokines, to generate an antiviral response. This signaling is initiated by pattern recognition receptors, such as the RNA helicase retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), that sense viral RNA. These sensors then interact with the adaptor protein mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), which recruits additional signaling proteins, including TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), to form a signaling complex that activates IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) for transcriptional induction of type I IFNs. Here, using several immunological and biochemical approaches in multiple human cell types, we show that the GTPase-trafficking protein RAB1B up-regulates RIG-I pathway signaling and thereby promotes IFN-β induction and the antiviral response. We observed that RAB1B overexpression increases RIG-I-mediated signaling to IFN-β and that RAB1B deletion reduces signaling of this pathway. Additionally, loss of RAB1B dampened the antiviral response, indicated by enhanced Zika virus infection of cells depleted of RAB1B. Importantly, we identified the mechanism of RAB1B action in the antiviral response, finding that it forms a protein complex with TRAF3 to facilitate the interaction of TRAF3 with mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein. We conclude that RAB1B regulates TRAF3 and promotes the formation of innate immune signaling complexes in response to nucleic acid sensing during RNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dia C Beachboard
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Moonhee Park
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Madhuvanthi Vijayan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Daltry L Snider
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Dillon J Fernando
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Graham D Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Sydney Stanley
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Michael J McFadden
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Stacy M Horner
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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32
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Niu K, Fang H, Chen Z, Zhu Y, Tan Q, Wei D, Li Y, Balajee AS, Zhao Y. USP33 deubiquitinates PRKN/parkin and antagonizes its role in mitophagy. Autophagy 2019; 16:724-734. [PMID: 31432739 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1656957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PRKN/parkin activation through phosphorylation of its ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like domain by PINK1 is critical in mitophagy induction for eliminating the damaged mitochondria. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) functionally reversing PRKN ubiquitination are critical in controlling the magnitude of PRKN-mediated mitophagy process. However, potential DUBs that directly target PRKN and antagonize its pro-mitophagy effect remains to be identified and characterized. Here, we demonstrated that USP33/VDU1 is localized at the outer membrane of mitochondria and serves as a PRKN DUB through their interaction. Cellular and in vitro assays illustrated that USP33 deubiquitinates PRKN in a DUB activity-dependent manner. USP33 prefers to remove K6, K11, K48 and K63-linked ubiquitin conjugates from PRKN, and deubiquitinates PRKN mainly at Lys435. Mutation of this site leads to a significantly decreased level of K63-, but not K48-linked PRKN ubiquitination. USP33 deficiency enhanced both K48- and K63-linked PRKN ubiquitination, but only K63-linked PRKN ubiquitination was significantly increased under mitochondrial depolarization. Further, USP33 knockdown increased both PRKN protein stabilization and its translocation to depolarized mitochondria leading to the enhancement of mitophagy. Moreover, USP33 silencing protects SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells from the neurotoxin MPTP-induced apoptotic cell death. Our findings convincingly demonstrate that USP33 is a novel PRKN deubiquitinase antagonizing its regulatory roles in mitophagy and SH-SY5Y neuron-like cell survival. Thus, USP33 inhibition may represents an attractive new therapeutic strategy for PD patients.Abbreviations: CCCP: carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone; DUB: deubiquitinating enzymes; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; OMM: outer mitochondrial membrane; PD: Parkinson disease; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; PRKN/PARK2: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TM: transmembrane; Ub: ubiquitin; UBA1: ubiquitin like modifier activating enzyme 1; UBE2L3/UbcH7: ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 L3; USP33: ubiquitin specific peptidase 33; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Niu
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Fang
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zixiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qunsong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wei
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Adayabalam S Balajee
- REAC/TS, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Yongliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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33
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Nishida‐Fukuda H. The Exocyst: Dynamic Machine or Static Tethering Complex? Bioessays 2019; 41:e1900056. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisayo Nishida‐Fukuda
- Department of Genome Editing, Institute of Biomedical ScienceKansai Medical University2‐5‐1 Shin‐machi, Hirakata Osaka 5731010 Japan
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34
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Singh MK, Martin APJ, Joffre C, Zago G, Camonis J, Coppey M, Parrini MC. Localization of RalB signaling at endomembrane compartments and its modulation by autophagy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8910. [PMID: 31222145 PMCID: PMC6586930 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The monomeric GTPase RalB controls crucial physiological processes, including autophagy and invasion, but it still remains unclear how this multi-functionality is achieved. Previously, we reported that the RalGEF (Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factor) RGL2 binds and activates RalB to promote invasion. Here we show that RGL2, a major activator of RalB, is also required for autophagy. Using a novel automated image analysis method, Endomapper, we quantified the endogenous localization of the RGL2 activator and its substrate RalB at different endomembrane compartments, in an isogenic normal and Ras-transformed cell model. In both normal and Ras-transformed cells, we observed that RGL2 and RalB substantially localize at early and recycling endosomes, and to lesser extent at autophagosomes, but not at trans-Golgi. Interestingly the use of a FRET-based RalB biosensor indicated that RalB signaling is active at these endomembrane compartments at basal level in rich medium. Furthermore, induction of autophagy by nutrient starvation led to a considerable reduction of early and recycling endosomes, in contrast to the expected increase of autophagosomes, in both normal and Ras-transformed cells. However, autophagy mildly affected relative abundances of both RGL2 and RalB at early and recycling endosomes, and at autophagosomes. Interestingly, RalB activity increased at autophagosomes upon starvation in normal cells. These results suggest that the contribution of endosome membranes (carrying RGL2 and RalB molecules) increases total pool of RGL2-RalB at autophagosome forming compartments and might contribute to amplify RalB signaling to support autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar Singh
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005, Paris, France
- ART group, Inserm U830, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre P J Martin
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005, Paris, France
- ART group, Inserm U830, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Carine Joffre
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm UMR1037, Toulouse, France
| | - Giulia Zago
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005, Paris, France
- ART group, Inserm U830, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Camonis
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005, Paris, France
- ART group, Inserm U830, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Coppey
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005, Paris, France
- LOCCO group, UMR168, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Maria Carla Parrini
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005, Paris, France.
- ART group, Inserm U830, 75005, Paris, France.
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35
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Xia Y, Wang L, Xu Z, Kong R, Wang F, Yin K, Xu J, Li B, He Z, Wang L, Xu H, Zhang D, Yang L, Wu JY, Xu Z. Reduced USP33 expression in gastric cancer decreases inhibitory effects of Slit2-Robo1 signalling on cell migration and EMT. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12606. [PMID: 30896071 PMCID: PMC6536419 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers in the world, causing a large number of deaths every year. The Slit-Robo signalling pathway, initially discovered for its critical role in neuronal guidance, has recently been shown to modulate tumour invasion and metastasis in several human cancers. However, the role of Slit-Robo signalling and the molecular mechanisms underlying its role in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer remains to be elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Slit2, Robo1 and USP33 expressions were analysed in datasets obtained from the Oncomine database and measured in human gastric cancer specimens. The function of Slit2-Robo1-USP33 signalling on gastric cancer cells migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was studied both in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism of the interaction between Robo1 and USP33 was explored by co-IP and ubiquitination protein analysis. RESULTS The mRNA and protein levels of Slit2 and Robo1 are lower in GC tissues relative to those in adjacent healthy tissues. Importantly, Slit2 inhibits GC cell migration and suppresses EMT process in a Robo-dependent manner. The inhibitory function of Slit2-Robo1 is mediated by ubiquitin-specific protease 33 (USP33) via deubiquitinating and stabilizing Robo1. USP33 expression is decreased in GC tissues, and reduced USP33 level is correlated with poor patient survival. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals the inhibitory function of Slit-Robo signalling in GC and uncovers a role of USP33 in suppressing cancer cell migration and EMT by enhancing Slit2-Robo1 signalling. USP33 represents a feasible choice as a prognostic biomarker for GC.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Down-Regulation
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Heterografts
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Middle Aged
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Protein Stability
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
- Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/genetics
- Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/metabolism
- Ubiquitination
- Roundabout Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Xia
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Linjun Wang
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ruirui Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of General SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiangChina
| | - Jianghao Xu
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhongyuan He
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Diancai Zhang
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jane Y. Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinois
- Department of NeurologyCenter for Genetic MedicineLurie Cancer CenterChicagoIllinois
| | - Zekuan Xu
- Department of Gastric SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and TreatmentJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized MedicineSchool of Publich HealthNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
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36
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Pollock SR, Schinlever AR, Rohani A, Kashatus JA, Kashatus DF. RalA and RalB relocalization to depolarized mitochondria depends on clathrin-mediated endocytosis and facilitates TBK1 activation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214764. [PMID: 30995277 PMCID: PMC6469766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy mitochondria use an electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) to generate energy in the form of ATP. A variety of endogenous and exogenous factors can lead to transient or sustained depolarization of the IMM, including mitochondrial fission events, expression of uncoupling proteins, electron transport chain (ETC) inhibitors, or chemical uncouplers. This depolarization in turn leads to a variety of physiological responses, ranging from selective mitochondrial clearance (mitophagy) to cell death. How cells recognize and ultimately respond to depolarized mitochondria remains incompletely understood. Here we show that the small GTPases RalA and RalB both relocalize to mitochondria following depolarization in a process dependent on clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Furthermore, both genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of RalA and RalB leads to an increase in the activity of the atypical IκB kinase TBK1 both basally and in response to mitochondrial depolarization. This phenotype was also observed following inhibition of Ral relocalization. Collectively, these data suggest a model in which RalA and RalB inhibit TBK1 and that relocalization of Ral to depolarized mitochondria facilitates TBK1 activation through release of this inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R. Pollock
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Austin R. Schinlever
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ali Rohani
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Kashatus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - David F. Kashatus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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37
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Sachse SM, Lievens S, Ribeiro LF, Dascenco D, Masschaele D, Horré K, Misbaer A, Vanderroost N, De Smet AS, Salta E, Erfurth ML, Kise Y, Nebel S, Van Delm W, Plaisance S, Tavernier J, De Strooper B, De Wit J, Schmucker D. Nuclear import of the DSCAM-cytoplasmic domain drives signaling capable of inhibiting synapse formation. EMBO J 2019; 38:embj.201899669. [PMID: 30745319 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
DSCAM and DSCAML1 are immunoglobulin and cell adhesion-type receptors serving important neurodevelopmental functions including control of axon growth, branching, neurite self-avoidance, and neuronal cell death. The signal transduction mechanisms or effectors of DSCAM receptors, however, remain poorly characterized. We used a human ORFeome library to perform a high-throughput screen in mammalian cells and identified novel cytoplasmic signaling effector candidates including the Down syndrome kinase Dyrk1a, STAT3, USP21, and SH2D2A. Unexpectedly, we also found that the intracellular domains (ICDs) of DSCAM and DSCAML1 specifically and directly interact with IPO5, a nuclear import protein of the importin beta family, via a conserved nuclear localization signal. The DSCAM ICD is released by γ-secretase-dependent cleavage, and both the DSCAM and DSCAML1 ICDs efficiently translocate to the nucleus. Furthermore, RNA sequencing confirms that expression of the DSCAM as well as the DSCAML1 ICDs alone can profoundly alter the expression of genes associated with neuronal differentiation and apoptosis, as well as synapse formation and function. Gain-of-function experiments using primary cortical neurons show that increasing the levels of either the DSCAM or the DSCAML1 ICD leads to an impairment of neurite growth. Strikingly, increased expression of either full-length DSCAM or the DSCAM ICD, but not the DSCAML1 ICD, significantly decreases synapse numbers in primary hippocampal neurons. Taken together, we identified a novel membrane-to-nucleus signaling mechanism by which DSCAM receptors can alter the expression of regulators of neuronal differentiation and synapse formation and function. Considering that chromosomal duplications lead to increased DSCAM expression in trisomy 21, our findings may help uncover novel mechanisms contributing to intellectual disability in Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja M Sachse
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Lievens
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luís F Ribeiro
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dan Dascenco
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Delphine Masschaele
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Horré
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anke Misbaer
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Vanderroost
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne Sophie De Smet
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evgenia Salta
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Yoshiaki Kise
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Siegfried Nebel
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jan Tavernier
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joris De Wit
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dietmar Schmucker
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium .,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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38
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Steklov M, Pandolfi S, Baietti MF, Batiuk A, Carai P, Najm P, Zhang M, Jang H, Renzi F, Cai Y, Abbasi Asbagh L, Pastor T, De Troyer M, Simicek M, Radaelli E, Brems H, Legius E, Tavernier J, Gevaert K, Impens F, Messiaen L, Nussinov R, Heymans S, Eyckerman S, Sablina AA. Mutations in LZTR1 drive human disease by dysregulating RAS ubiquitination. Science 2018; 362:1177-1182. [PMID: 30442762 PMCID: PMC8058620 DOI: 10.1126/science.aap7607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The leucine zipper-like transcriptional regulator 1 (LZTR1) protein, an adaptor for cullin 3 (CUL3) ubiquitin ligase complex, is implicated in human disease, yet its mechanism of action remains unknown. We found that Lztr1 haploinsufficiency in mice recapitulates Noonan syndrome phenotypes, whereas LZTR1 loss in Schwann cells drives dedifferentiation and proliferation. By trapping LZTR1 complexes from intact mammalian cells, we identified the guanosine triphosphatase RAS as a substrate for the LZTR1-CUL3 complex. Ubiquitome analysis showed that loss of Lztr1 abrogated Ras ubiquitination at lysine-170. LZTR1-mediated ubiquitination inhibited RAS signaling by attenuating its association with the membrane. Disease-associated LZTR1 mutations disrupted either LZTR1-CUL3 complex formation or its interaction with RAS proteins. RAS regulation by LZTR1-mediated ubiquitination provides an explanation for the role of LZTR1 in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Steklov
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Pandolfi
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - M F Baietti
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Batiuk
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Carai
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Najm
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Zhang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - H Jang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - F Renzi
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Y Cai
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Abbasi Asbagh
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Pastor
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - M De Troyer
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Simicek
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Radaelli
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - H Brems
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Legius
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Tavernier
- VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Gevaert
- VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - F Impens
- VIB Proteomics Core, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Messiaen
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - R Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - S Heymans
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Netherlands
- The Netherlands Heart Institute, Nl-HI, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - S Eyckerman
- VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - A A Sablina
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Autoinhibition in Ras effectors Raf, PI3Kα, and RASSF5: a comprehensive review underscoring the challenges in pharmacological intervention. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1263-1282. [PMID: 30269291 PMCID: PMC6233353 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoinhibition is an effective mechanism that guards proteins against spurious activation. Despite its ubiquity, the distinct organizations of the autoinhibited states and their release mechanisms differ. Signaling is most responsive to the cell environment only if a small shift in the equilibrium is required to switch the system from an inactive (occluded) to an active (exposed) state. Ras signaling follows this paradigm. This underscores the challenge in pharmacological intervention to exploit and enhance autoinhibited states. Here, we review autoinhibition and release mechanisms at the membrane focusing on three representative Ras effectors, Raf protein kinase, PI3Kα lipid kinase, and NORE1A (RASSF5) tumor suppressor, and point to the ramifications to drug discovery. We further touch on Ras upstream and downstream signaling, Ras activation, and the Ras superfamily in this light, altogether providing a broad outlook of the principles and complexities of autoinhibition.
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Deubiquitinating Enzymes Related to Autophagy: New Therapeutic Opportunities? Cells 2018; 7:cells7080112. [PMID: 30126257 PMCID: PMC6116007 DOI: 10.3390/cells7080112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved catabolic process that allows for the degradation of intracellular components by lysosomes. This process can be triggered by nutrient deprivation, microbial infections or other challenges to promote cell survival under these stressed conditions. However, basal levels of autophagy are also crucial for the maintenance of proper cellular homeostasis by ensuring the selective removal of protein aggregates and dysfunctional organelles. A tight regulation of this process is essential for cellular survival and organismal health. Indeed, deregulation of autophagy is associated with a broad range of pathologies such as neuronal degeneration, inflammatory diseases, and cancer progression. Ubiquitination and deubiquitination of autophagy substrates, as well as components of the autophagic machinery, are critical regulatory mechanisms of autophagy. Here, we review the main evidence implicating deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) in the regulation of autophagy. We also discuss how they may constitute new therapeutic opportunities in the treatment of pathologies such as cancers, neurodegenerative diseases or infections.
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王 玉, 张 淑, 穆 淑, 张 柏, 马 树. [USP33 suppresses lung adenocarcinoma lung cell invasion and metastasis by down-regulating SLIT2/ROBO1 signaling pathway]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018; 38:956-961. [PMID: 30187867 PMCID: PMC6744049 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.08.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of USP33 as an independent prognostic marker in the regulation of SLIT2/ROBO1 signaling pathway to inhibit lung adenocarcinoma invasion and metastasis. METHODS The expression of USP33 in 20 lung adenocarcinoma specimens was detected by qPCR and immunohistochemistry. A549 and SPC-A-1 cells with small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated USP33 silencing were examined for changes in invasion and metastasis abilities using scratch assay and Matrigel assay. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of SLIT2 and ROBO1 in the cells after USP33 silencing and the expression of USP33 after interleukin-6 (IL-6) stimulation. RESULTS qPCR and immunohistochemistry showed that USP33 was significantly decreased in lung adenocarcinoma tissues as compared with the adjacent tissues. USP33 silencing in A549 and SPC-A-1 cells significantly promoted the cell migration, invasion and metastasis and obviously down-regulated the expressions of SLIT2 and ROBO1. IL-6 stimulation of the cells obviously enhanced the expression of USP33. CONCLUSIONS USP33 silencing can promote the migration, invasion and metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells in vitro, and the mechanism may involve IL-6 and SLIT2/ROBO1 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- 玉环 王
- 南方医科大学南方医院肿瘤科,广东 广州 510515Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 淑华 张
- 南方医科大学南方医院肿瘤科,广东 广州 510515Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 淑坤 穆
- 南方医科大学南方医院肿瘤科,广东 广州 510515Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 柏深 张
- 南方医科大学南方医院肿瘤科,广东 广州 510515Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 树东 马
- 南方医科大学南方医院肿瘤科,广东 广州 510515Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 新疆喀什地区第一人民医院肿瘤中心,新疆 喀什 844000Cancer Center of the First People's Hospital of Kashi, Kashi 844000, China
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Wang Y, Zhang S, Bao H, Mu S, Zhang B, Ma H, Ma S. MicroRNA-365 promotes lung carcinogenesis by downregulating the USP33/SLIT2/ROBO1 signalling pathway. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:64. [PMID: 29743814 PMCID: PMC5930950 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0563-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal microRNA expression is closely related to cancer occurrence and development. miR-365a-3p plays an oncogenic role in skin cancer, but its role in lung cancer remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate its role and underlying molecular mechanisms in lung cancer. Methods Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) were used to detect the expression of miR-365a-3p in lung adenocarcinoma and lung cancer cell lines. The effects of miR-365a-3p on lung cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were also explored in vitro. The potential miR-365a-3p that targets USP33 was determined by dual luciferase reporter assay and verified by qPCR and western blot analysis. miR-365a-3p acts as an oncogene by promoting lung carcinogenesis via the downregulation of the miR-365a/USP33/SLIT2/ROBO1 axis based on western blot analysis. Subcutaneous tumourigenesis further demonstrated that miR-365a-3p promotes tumour formation in vivo. Results miR-365a-3p was upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma and lung cancer cell lines. Overexpression of miR-365a-3p promoted and inhibition of miR-365a-3p suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of lung cancer cells. We identified USP33 as the downstream target of miR-365a-3p and observed a negative correlation between miR-365a-3p and USP33 expression in lung adenocarcinoma patients. The miR-365/USP33/SLIT2/ROBO1 axis, a new mechanism, was reported to inhibit the invasion and metastasis of lung cancer. A nude mouse model of lung cancer further verified these findings. Conclusions In summary, miR-365a-3p acts as an oncogene by promoting lung carcinogenesis via the downregulation of the USP33/SLIT2/ROBO1 signalling pathway, making the miR-365/USP33/SLIT2/ROBO1 axis a new mechanism of lung cancer promotion and a novel therapeutic target for predicting prognosis and response to gene therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-018-0563-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Wang
- 1Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| | - Shuhua Zhang
- 1Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| | - Hejing Bao
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Three Gorges Center Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Shukun Mu
- 1Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| | - Baishen Zhang
- 1Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
| | - Hao Ma
- 3Department of Clinical Medicine, Tianjin Medical University College, Tianjin, China
| | - Shudong Ma
- 1Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 Guangdong China
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Yan C, Huo H, Yang C, Zhang T, Chu Y, Liu Y. Ubiquitin C-Terminal Hydrolase L1 regulates autophagy by inhibiting autophagosome formation through its deubiquitinating enzyme activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:726-733. [PMID: 29462615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination modification has been shown to play a key role in autophagy. Increasing studies reported the involvement of de-ubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) in autophagy pathway. To systematically search how DUBs manipulate autophagy, we utilized a double fluorescence tagged LC3 stable HeLa cell line, and did a genome wide screen of 55 human DUBs which is about 60% coverage of the DUB family. We found a bunch of DUBs have impact on autophagy by either changing the LC3 puncta formation or the autophagy flux. One of them, Ubiquitin C-Terminal Hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) correlated to Parkinson's disease, strongly affects autophagy by inhibiting autophagosome formation. We found UCHL1 overexpression inhibits LC3 puncta formation and is dependent on its DUB activity. Knockdown of UCHL1 significantly promotes LC3 puncta formation. Further study revealed that UCHL1 may affect autophagy by interacting with LC3 but not other autophagy related proteins. Interestingly, a Parkinson's disease related mutant UCHL1 I93 M defects its DUB activity and can no longer inhibit autophagosome formation. We further screened 22 commercially available DUB inhibitors and found two potent UCHL1 inhibitors LDN-57444 (LDN) and NSC632839 (NSC), when treating cells, both strongly induce LC3 puncta formation. Taken together, our results indicated a new insight into the manner in which DUB regulates autophagy and provided potential drugs for the Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Yan
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huanhuan Huo
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Cuiwei Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yanfen Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Pecenková T, Markovic V, Sabol P, Kulich I, Žárský V. Exocyst and autophagy-related membrane trafficking in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 69:47-57. [PMID: 29069430 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Endomembrane traffic in eukaryotic cells functions partially as a means of communication; delivery of membrane in one direction has to be balanced with a reduction at the other end. This effect is typically the case during the defence against pathogens. To combat pathogens, cellular growth and differentiation are suppressed, while endomembrane traffic is poised towards limiting the pathogen attack. The octameric exocyst vesicle-tethering complex was originally discovered as a factor facilitating vesicle-targeting and vesicle-plasma membrane (PM) fusion during exocytosis prior to and possibly during SNARE complex formation. Interestingly, it was recently implicated both in animals and plants in autophagy membrane traffic. In animal cells, the exocyst is integrated into the mTOR-regulated energy metabolism stress/starvation pathway, participating in the formation and especially initiation of an autophagosome. In plants, the first functional link was to autophagy-related anthocyanin import to the vacuole and to starvation. In this concise review, we summarize the current knowledge of exocyst functions in autophagy and defence in plants that might involve unconventional secretion and compare it with animal conditions. Formation of different exocyst complexes during undisturbed cell growth, as opposed to periods of cellular stress reactions involving autophagy, might contribute to the coordination of endomembrane trafficking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Pecenková
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Czech Republic
| | - Vedrana Markovic
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sabol
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Kulich
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Czech Republic
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Poirson J, Biquand E, Straub ML, Cassonnet P, Nominé Y, Jones L, van der Werf S, Travé G, Zanier K, Jacob Y, Demeret C, Masson M. Mapping the interactome of HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins with the ubiquitin-proteasome system. FEBS J 2017; 284:3171-3201. [PMID: 28786561 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination and its reverse reaction, deubiquitination, regulate protein stability, protein binding activity, and their subcellular localization. These reactions are catalyzed by the enzymes E1, E2, and E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligases and deubiquitinases (DUBs). The Ub-proteasome system (UPS) is targeted by viruses for the sake of their replication and to escape host immune response. To identify novel partners of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) E6 and E7 proteins, we assembled and screened a library of 590 cDNAs related to the UPS by using the Gaussia princeps luciferase protein complementation assay. HPV16 E6 was found to bind to the homology to E6AP C terminus-type Ub ligase (E6AP), three really interesting new gene (RING)-type Ub ligases (MGRN1, LNX3, LNX4), and the DUB Ub-specific protease 15 (USP15). Except for E6AP, the binding of UPS factors did not require the LxxLL-binding pocket of HPV16 E6. LNX3 bound preferentially to all high-risk mucosal HPV E6 tested, whereas LNX4 bound specifically to HPV16 E6. HPV16 E7 was found to bind to several broad-complex tramtrack and bric-a-brac domain-containing proteins (such as TNFAIP1/KCTD13) that are potential substrate adaptors of Cullin 3-RING Ub ligases, to RING-type Ub ligases implicated in innate immunity (RNF135, TRIM32, TRAF2, TRAF5), to the substrate adaptor DCAF15 of Cullin 4-RING Ub ligase and to some DUBs (USP29, USP33). The binding to UPS factors did not require the LxCxE motif but rather the C-terminal region of HPV16 E7 protein. The identified UPS factors interacted with most of E7 proteins across different HPV types. This study establishes a strategy for the rapid identification of interactions between host or pathogen proteins and the human ubiquitination system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juline Poirson
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Strasbourg, UMR-7242, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Elise Biquand
- UMR 3569, CNRS, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Straub
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Strasbourg, UMR-7242, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Patricia Cassonnet
- UMR 3569, CNRS, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Yves Nominé
- UMR 7104-Inserm U964, CNRS, IGBMC-CBI, Equipe labellisée Ligue 2015, Illkirch, France
| | - Louis Jones
- Biostatistiques et biologie intégrative (C3BI), Institut Pasteur, Centre de bioinformatique, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie van der Werf
- UMR 3569, CNRS, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Travé
- UMR 7104-Inserm U964, CNRS, IGBMC-CBI, Equipe labellisée Ligue 2015, Illkirch, France
| | - Katia Zanier
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Strasbourg, UMR-7242, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Yves Jacob
- UMR 3569, CNRS, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Demeret
- UMR 3569, CNRS, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Murielle Masson
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie Strasbourg, UMR-7242, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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Sun H, Shi JX, Zhang HF, Xing MT, Li P, Dai LP, Luo CL, Wang X, Wang P, Ye H, Li LX, Zhang JY. Serum autoantibodies against a panel of 15 tumor-associated antigens in the detection of ovarian cancer. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317699132. [PMID: 28618923 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317699132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been used to examine the frequencies of serum autoantibodies against two candidate tumor-associated antigens intensively selected from the Human Protein Atlas database, in combination with 13 tumor-associated antigens available from our lab in sera from 44 OC patients and 50 normal healthy controls. Conventional evaluation (mean + 3SD as the cutoff value to determine a positive reactivity), receiver operating characteristic curve analyses, and classification tree analysis were further used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of autoantibodies against these tumor-associated antigens (anti-tumor-associated antigens) in ovarian cancer. For single anti-tumor-associated antigen, when the cutoff values were set as mean + 3SD of normal healthy controls, NPM1, MDM2, PLAT, p53, and c-Myc could achieve sensitivity higher than 20% at 98% specificity. Combinational utilization of autoantibodies against MDM2, PLAT, NPM1, 14-3-3 Zeta, p53, and RalA achieved the optimal diagnostic performance with 72.7% sensitivity at 96% specificity. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of autoantibodies against c-Myc, NPM1, MDM2, p16, p53, and 14-3-3 Zeta were greater than 0.80. This indicated that these tumor-associated antigens held high potential to serve as diagnostic biomarkers in ovarian cancer detection. Decision tree analysis indicated that anti-c-Myc held high potential in the detection of ovarian cancer. Further studies are warranted to validate the diagnostic performance of these anti-tumor-associated antigens with high area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, including autoantibodies against c-Myc, MDM2, PLAT, NPM1, 14-3-3 Zeta, p53, and RalA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- 1 Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,2 Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jian-Xiang Shi
- 1 Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,2 Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Hong-Fei Zhang
- 1 Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,2 Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Meng-Tao Xing
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Pei Li
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.,3 Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li-Ping Dai
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.,3 Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Lin Luo
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.,3 Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peng Wang
- 1 Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,3 Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hua Ye
- 1 Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,3 Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liu-Xia Li
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.,3 Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ying Zhang
- 1 Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,2 Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.,3 Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Cheng Q, Yuan Y, Li L, Guo T, Miao Y, Ren Y, Liu J, Feng Q, Wang X, Zhao P, Zuo Y, Qian L, Zhang L, Zheng H. Deubiquitinase USP33 is negatively regulated by β-TrCP through ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. Exp Cell Res 2017; 356:1-7. [PMID: 28506875 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis regulates cellular levels of various proteins, and therefore plays important roles in controlling cell signaling and disease progression. The Skp1-Cul1-F-box ubiquitin ligase β-TrCP is recognized as an important negative regulator for numerous key signaling proteins. Recently, the deubiquitinases (DUBs) have turned out to be essential to regulate signaling pathways related to human diseases. However, whether β-TrCP is able to regulate the deubiquitinase family members remains largely unexplored. Here, we found that β-TrCP downregulated cellular levels of endogenous USP33. We also revealed that β-TrCP interacted with USP33 independently of the classic binding motif for β-TrCP, and mediated USP33 degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Furthermore, we found that the WD40 motif of β-TrCP and 201-400 amino acid motif of USP33 are required for the interaction between β-TrCP and USP33. Consequently, β-TrCP attenuated USP33-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation and cell invasion. Taken together, our study clarified that the E3 ligase β-TrCP regulates cellular USP33 levels by the ubiquitin-proteasomal proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Cheng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Yukang Yuan
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Lemin Li
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Ying Miao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Ying Ren
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Yibo Zuo
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Liping Qian
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Liting Zhang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China.
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Wang C, Yang C, Ji J, Jiang J, Shi M, Cai Q, Yu Y, Zhu Z, Zhang J. Deubiquitinating enzyme USP20 is a positive regulator of Claspin and suppresses the malignant characteristics of gastric cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2017; 50:1136-1146. [PMID: 28350092 PMCID: PMC5363881 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical significance, the biological function and the mechanisms of USP20 in gastric cancer. The expression of USP20 in 89 pairs of primary gastric cancer and peritumoral gastric tissues specimens were measured by immunohistochemistry. The correlation of USP20 expression with the survival and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients were analyzed. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms of ectopic USP20 expression and its impact on GC cells were also investigated. We found that the expression of USP20 is relatively low in GC tissues and negatively correlated with tumor size, tumor invasion and TNM staging. High expression of USP20 in GC predicted longer survival. Experimentally, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of USP20 expression significantly promoted cell proliferation, accelerated G1-S phase transition and attenuated the autophagy activity. Overexpression of USP20 led to the inhibition of proliferation, G1-S cell cycle transition delay and autophagy activation. Mechanistically, we confirmed that silencing the expression of USP20 in GC cells could reduce Claspin protein levels without altering Claspin mRNA levels, which is involved in the antitumor activity of USP20. Furthermore, the expression level of Claspin was relatively higher in peritumoral tissue than that of GC tissues and higher expression of Claspin in GC was also correlated with good prognosis of patients. Given its pivotal role in gastric tumorigenesis and progression, USP20 functioned as the tumor suppressor in GC and possessed promising value to be a therapeutic target for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ji
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Jinling Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Qu Cai
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Yingyan Yu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Zhenggang Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
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49
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Tanaka T, Goto K, Iino M. Diverse Functions and Signal Transduction of the Exocyst Complex in Tumor Cells. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:939-957. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; School of Medicine; Yamagata University; Yamagata Japan
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; School of Medicine; Yamagata University; Yamagata Japan
| | - Kaoru Goto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; School of Medicine; Yamagata University; Yamagata Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Iino
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; School of Medicine; Yamagata University; Yamagata Japan
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50
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Lievens S, Van der Heyden J, Masschaele D, De Ceuninck L, Petta I, Gupta S, De Puysseleyr V, Vauthier V, Lemmens I, De Clercq DJH, Defever D, Vanderroost N, De Smet AS, Eyckerman S, Van Calenbergh S, Martens L, De Bosscher K, Libert C, Hill DE, Vidal M, Tavernier J. Proteome-scale Binary Interactomics in Human Cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:3624-3639. [PMID: 27803151 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.061994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Because proteins are the main mediators of most cellular processes they are also prime therapeutic targets. Identifying physical links among proteins and between drugs and their protein targets is essential in order to understand the mechanisms through which both proteins themselves and the molecules they are targeted with act. Thus, there is a strong need for sensitive methods that enable mapping out these biomolecular interactions. Here we present a robust and sensitive approach to screen proteome-scale collections of proteins for binding to proteins or small molecules using the well validated MAPPIT (Mammalian Protein-Protein Interaction Trap) and MASPIT (Mammalian Small Molecule-Protein Interaction Trap) assays. Using high-density reverse transfected cell microarrays, a close to proteome-wide collection of human ORF clones can be screened for interactors at high throughput. The versatility of the platform is demonstrated through several examples. With MAPPIT, we screened a 15k ORF library for binding partners of RNF41, an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase implicated in receptor sorting, identifying known and novel interacting proteins. The potential related to the fact that MAPPIT operates in living human cells is illustrated in a screen where the protein collection is scanned for interactions with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in its unliganded versus dexamethasone-induced activated state. Several proteins were identified the interaction of which is modulated upon ligand binding to the GR, including a number of previously reported GR interactors. Finally, the screening technology also enables detecting small molecule target proteins, which in many drug discovery programs represents an important hurdle. We show the efficiency of MASPIT-based target profiling through screening with tamoxifen, a first-line breast cancer drug, and reversine, an investigational drug with interesting dedifferentiation and antitumor activity. In both cases, cell microarray screens yielded known and new potential drug targets highlighting the utility of the technology beyond fundamental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Lievens
- From the ‡Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,§Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - José Van der Heyden
- From the ‡Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,§Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Delphine Masschaele
- From the ‡Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,§Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leentje De Ceuninck
- From the ‡Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,§Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ioanna Petta
- From the ‡Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,§Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,‖Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,**Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Surya Gupta
- From the ‡Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,§Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronic De Puysseleyr
- From the ‡Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,§Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Virginie Vauthier
- From the ‡Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,§Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Irma Lemmens
- From the ‡Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,§Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Dieter Defever
- From the ‡Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,§Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nele Vanderroost
- From the ‡Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,§Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne-Sophie De Smet
- From the ‡Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,§Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Eyckerman
- From the ‡Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,§Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Lennart Martens
- From the ‡Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,§Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- From the ‡Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,§Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- ‖Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,**Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David E Hill
- ‡‡Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB) and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,§§Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marc Vidal
- ‡‡Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB) and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,§§Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jan Tavernier
- From the ‡Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; .,§Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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