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Ma B, Chen H, Gong J, Liu W, Wei X, Zhang Y, Li X, Li M, Wang Y, Shang S, Tian B, Li Y, Wang R, Tan Z. Enhancing Protein Solubility via Glycosylation: From Chemical Synthesis to Machine Learning Predictions. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3001-3010. [PMID: 38598264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a valuable tool for modulating protein solubility; however, the lack of reliable research strategies has impeded efficient progress in understanding and applying this modification. This study aimed to bridge this gap by investigating the solubility of a model glycoprotein molecule, the carbohydrate-binding module (CBM), through a two-stage process. In the first stage, an approach involving chemical synthesis, comparative analysis, and molecular dynamics simulations of a library of glycoforms was employed to elucidate the effect of different glycosylation patterns on solubility and the key factors responsible for the effect. In the second stage, a predictive mathematical formula, innovatively harnessing machine learning algorithms, was derived to relate solubility to the identified key factors and accurately predict the solubility of the newly designed glycoforms. Demonstrating feasibility and effectiveness, this two-stage approach offers a valuable strategy for advancing glycosylation research, especially for the discovery of glycoforms with increased solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hedi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinyuan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiuli Wei
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yajing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yani Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shiying Shang
- Center of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Boxue Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yaohao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ruihan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Chemical Engineering College, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066600, China
| | - Zhongping Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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2
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Debon A, Siirola E, Snajdrova R. Enzymatic Bioconjugation: A Perspective from the Pharmaceutical Industry. JACS AU 2023; 3:1267-1283. [PMID: 37234110 PMCID: PMC10207132 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes have firmly established themselves as bespoke catalysts for small molecule transformations in the pharmaceutical industry, from early research and development stages to large-scale production. In principle, their exquisite selectivity and rate acceleration can also be leveraged for modifying macromolecules to form bioconjugates. However, available catalysts face stiff competition from other bioorthogonal chemistries. In this Perspective, we seek to illuminate applications of enzymatic bioconjugation in the face of an expanding palette of new drug modalities. With these applications, we wish to highlight some examples of current successes and pitfalls of using enzymes for bioconjugation along the pipeline and try to illustrate opportunities for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Debon
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute
for Biomedical Research, Basel 4108, Switzerland
| | - Elina Siirola
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute
for Biomedical Research, Basel 4108, Switzerland
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute
for Biomedical Research, Basel 4108, Switzerland
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3
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Ma B, Wang R, Chen B, Liu W, Zhou S, Li X, Gong J, Shang S, Li Y, Xu D, Tan Z. Insights into the effect of protein glycosylation on carbohydrate substrate binding. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123833. [PMID: 36870654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of glycosylation in the binding of glycoproteins to carbohydrate substrates has not been well understood. The present study addresses this knowledge gap by elucidating the links between the glycosylation patterns of a model glycoprotein, a Family 1 carbohydrate-binding module (TrCBM1), and the thermodynamic and structural properties of its binding to different carbohydrate substrates using isothermal titration calorimetry and computational simulation. The variations in glycosylation patterns cause a gradual transition of the binding to soluble cellohexaose from an entropy-driven process to an enthalpy-driven one, a trend closely correlated with the glycan-induced shift of the predominant binding force from hydrophobic interactions to hydrogen bonding. However, when binding to a large surface of solid cellulose, glycans on TrCBM1 have a more dispersed distribution and thus have less adverse impact on the hydrophobic interaction forces, leading to overall improved binding. Unexpectedly, our simulation results also suggest an evolutionary role of O-mannosylation in transforming the substrate binding features of TrCBM1 from those of type A CBMs to those of type B CBMs. Taken together, these findings provide new fundamental insights into the molecular basis of the role of glycosylation in protein-carbohydrate interactions and are expected to better facilitate further studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ruihan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Baoquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Sen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jinyuan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shiying Shang
- Center of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yaohao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Dingguo Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Zhongping Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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4
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Shivatare SS, Shivatare VS, Wong CH. Glycoconjugates: Synthesis, Functional Studies, and Therapeutic Developments. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15603-15671. [PMID: 36174107 PMCID: PMC9674437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are major constituents of mammalian cells that are formed via covalent conjugation of carbohydrates to other biomolecules like proteins and lipids and often expressed on the cell surfaces. Among the three major classes of glycoconjugates, proteoglycans and glycoproteins contain glycans linked to the protein backbone via amino acid residues such as Asn for N-linked glycans and Ser/Thr for O-linked glycans. In glycolipids, glycans are linked to a lipid component such as glycerol, polyisoprenyl pyrophosphate, fatty acid ester, or sphingolipid. Recently, glycoconjugates have become better structurally defined and biosynthetically understood, especially those associated with human diseases, and are accessible to new drug, diagnostic, and therapeutic developments. This review describes the status and new advances in the biological study and therapeutic applications of natural and synthetic glycoconjugates, including proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. The scope, limitations, and novel methodologies in the synthesis and clinical development of glycoconjugates including vaccines, glyco-remodeled antibodies, glycan-based adjuvants, glycan-specific receptor-mediated drug delivery platforms, etc., and their future prospectus are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Vidya S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Tian J, Li Y, Ma B, Tan Z, Shang S. Automated Peptide Synthesizers and Glycoprotein Synthesis. Front Chem 2022; 10:896098. [PMID: 35601548 PMCID: PMC9117762 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.896098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and application of commercially available automated peptide synthesizers has played an essential role in almost all areas of peptide and protein research. Recent advances in peptide synthesis method and solid-phase chemistry provide new opportunities for optimizing synthetic efficiency of peptide synthesizers. The efforts in this direction have led to the successful preparation of peptides up to more than 150 amino acid residues in length. Such success is particularly useful for addressing the challenges associated with the chemical synthesis of glycoproteins. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief overview of the evolution of peptide synthesizer and glycoprotein synthesis. The discussions in this article include the principles underlying the representative synthesizers, the strengths and weaknesses of different synthesizers in light of their principles, and how to further improve the applicability of peptide synthesizers in glycoprotein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiekang Tian
- Center of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaohao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongping Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongping Tan, ; Shiying Shang,
| | - Shiying Shang
- Center of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongping Tan, ; Shiying Shang,
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6
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Li T, Zhang Y, Li T, Zhuang H, Wang F, Wang N, Schmidt RR, Peng P. Divergent Synthesis of Core m1, Core m2 and Core m3
O
‐Mannosyl
Glycopeptides via a Chemoenzymatic Approach. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianlu Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Shandong University Qingdao Shandong 266237 China
| | - Youqin Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Shandong University Qingdao Shandong 266237 China
| | - Tong Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Shandong University Qingdao Shandong 266237 China
| | - Haoru Zhuang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Shandong University Qingdao Shandong 266237 China
| | - Fengshan Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Shandong University Qingdao Shandong 266237 China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | | | - Peng Peng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate Based Medicine, Shandong University Qingdao Shandong 266237 China
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7
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Stergiou N, Urschbach M, Gabba A, Schmitt E, Kunz H, Besenius P. The Development of Vaccines from Synthetic Tumor-Associated Mucin Glycopeptides and their Glycosylation-Dependent Immune Response. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3313-3331. [PMID: 34812564 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens are overexpressed as altered-self in most common epithelial cancers. Their glycosylation patterns differ from those of healthy cells, functioning as an ID for cancer cells. Scientists have been developing anti-cancer vaccines based on mucin glycopeptides, yet the interplay of delivery system, adjuvant and tumor associated MUC epitopes in the induced immune response is not well understood. The current state of the art suggests that the identity, abundancy and location of the glycans on the MUC backbone are all key parameters in the cellular and humoral response. This review shares lessons learned by us in over two decades of research in glycopeptide vaccines. By bridging synthetic chemistry and immunology, we discuss efforts in designing synthetic MUC1/4/16 vaccines and focus on the role of glycosylation patterns. We provide a brief introduction into the mechanisms of the immune system and aim to promote the development of cancer subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Stergiou
- Radionuclide Center, Radiology and Nuclear medicine Amsterdam UMC, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085c, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Moritz Urschbach
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Adele Gabba
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Edgar Schmitt
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Horst Kunz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pol Besenius
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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8
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Shotgun scanning glycomutagenesis: A simple and efficient strategy for constructing and characterizing neoglycoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2107440118. [PMID: 34551980 PMCID: PMC8488656 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107440118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparagine-linked (N-linked) protein glycosylation—the covalent attachment of complex sugars to the nitrogen atom in asparagine side chains—is the most widespread posttranslational modification to proteins and also the most complex. N-glycosylation affects a significant number of cellular proteins and can have profound effects on their most important attributes such as biological activity, chemical solubility, folding and stability, immunogenicity, and serum half-life. Accordingly, the strategic installation of glycans at naïve sites has become an attractive means for endowing proteins with advantageous biological and/or biophysical properties. Here, we describe a glycoprotein engineering strategy that enables systematic investigation of the structural and functional consequences of glycan installation at every position along a protein backbone and provides a new route to bespoke glycoproteins. As a common protein modification, asparagine-linked (N-linked) glycosylation has the capacity to greatly influence the biological and biophysical properties of proteins. However, the routine use of glycosylation as a strategy for engineering proteins with advantageous properties is limited by our inability to construct and screen large collections of glycoproteins for cataloguing the consequences of glycan installation. To address this challenge, we describe a combinatorial strategy termed shotgun scanning glycomutagenesis in which DNA libraries encoding all possible glycosylation site variants of a given protein are constructed and subsequently expressed in glycosylation-competent bacteria, thereby enabling rapid determination of glycosylatable sites in the protein. The resulting neoglycoproteins can be readily subjected to available high-throughput assays, making it possible to systematically investigate the structural and functional consequences of glycan conjugation along a protein backbone. The utility of this approach was demonstrated with three different acceptor proteins, namely bacterial immunity protein Im7, bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A, and human anti-HER2 single-chain Fv antibody, all of which were found to tolerate N-glycan attachment at a large number of positions and with relatively high efficiency. The stability and activity of many glycovariants was measurably altered by N-linked glycans in a manner that critically depended on the precise location of the modification. Structural models suggested that affinity was improved by creating novel interfacial contacts with a glycan at the periphery of a protein–protein interface. Importantly, we anticipate that our glycomutagenesis workflow should provide access to unexplored regions of glycoprotein structural space and to custom-made neoglycoproteins with desirable properties.
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9
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Leng JX, Ren WW, Li Y, Yang G, Gao XD, Fujita M. Cell engineering for the production of hybrid-type N-glycans in HEK293 cells. J Biochem 2021; 170:139-151. [PMID: 33878161 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein therapeutics are among the leading products in the biopharmaceutical industry. The heterogeneity of glycans in therapeutic proteins is an issue for maintaining quality, activity, and safety during bioprocessing. In this study, we knocked out genes encoding Golgi α-mannosidase-II, MAN2A1 and MAN2A2 in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells, establishing an M2D-KO cell line that can produce recombinant proteins mainly with hybrid-type N-glycans. Furthermore, FUT8, which encodes α1,6-fucosyltransferase, was knocked out in the M2D-KO cell line, establishing a DF-KO cell line that can express non-core fucosylated hybrid-type N-glycans. Two recombinant proteins, lysosomal acid lipase (LIPA) and constant fragment (Fc) of human IgG1, were expressed in the M2D-KO and DF-KO cell lines. Glycan structural analysis revealed that complex-type N-glycans were removed in both M2D-KO and DF-KO cells. Our results suggest that these cell lines are suitable for the production of therapeutic proteins with hybrid-type N-glycans. Moreover, KO cell lines would be useful as models for researching the mechanism of antimetastatic effects in human tumors by swainsonine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Xiong Leng
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei-Wei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Ganglong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Morihisa Fujita
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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10
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Chemical (neo)glycosylation of biological drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:62-76. [PMID: 33548302 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Biological drugs, specifically proteins and peptides, are a privileged class of medicinal agents and are characterized with high specificity and high potency of therapeutic activity. However, biologics are fragile and require special care during storage, and are often modified to optimize their pharmacokinetics in terms of proteolytic stability and blood residence half-life. In this review, we showcase glycosylation as a method to optimize biologics for storage and application. Specifically, we focus on chemical glycosylation as an approach to modify biological drugs. We present case studies that illustrate the success of this methodology and specifically address the highly important question: does connectivity within the glycoconjugate have to be native or not? We then present the innovative methods of chemical glycosylation of biologics and specifically highlight the emerging and established protecting group-free methodologies of glycosylation. We discuss thermodynamic origins of protein stabilization via glycosylation, and analyze in detail stabilization in terms of proteolytic stability, aggregation upon storage and/or heat treatment. Finally, we present a case study of protein modification using sialic acid-containing glycans to avoid hepatic clearance of biological drugs. This review aims to spur interest in chemical glycosylation as a facile, powerful tool to optimize proteins and peptides as medicinal agents.
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11
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Katoh T, Yamamoto K. Innovative Preparation of Biopharmaceuticals Using Transglycosylation Activity of Microbial Endoglycosidases. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2021; 68:1-9. [PMID: 34354540 PMCID: PMC8113915 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2020_0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Most functional biopharmaceuticals such as antibodies are glycoproteins carrying N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans). In animal cells, these glycans are generally expressed as heterogeneous glycoforms that are difficult to separate into a pure form. The structure of these glycans directly affects several biological aspects of the glycoproteins, especially binding affinity. Therefore, the preparation of glycoproteins with well-defined and homogeneous glycoforms is necessary for functional studies and improved efficacy, particularly for biopharmaceuticals. This review describes the recent remarkable progress in the development and production of biopharmaceutical glycan-modified antibodies, through the use of glycan remodeling using microbial endoglycosidases and sophisticated glycoengineering techniques utilizing microbial enzymatic reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenji Yamamoto
- 2 Center for Innovative and Joint Research, Wakayama University
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12
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Li H, Zhang J, An C, Dong S. Probing N-Glycan Functions in Human Interleukin-17A Based on Chemically Synthesized Homogeneous Glycoforms. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2846-2856. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, and Department of Chemical Biology at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, and Department of Chemical Biology at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chuanjing An
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, and Department of Chemical Biology at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Suwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, and Department of Chemical Biology at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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13
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Enzymatic Synthesis of Glycans and Glycoconjugates. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 175:231-280. [PMID: 33052414 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates have great potential to improve human health in a multitude of different ways and fields. Prominent examples are human milk oligosaccharides and glycosaminoglycans. The typical choice for the production of homogeneous glycoconjugates is enzymatic synthesis. Through the availability of expression and purification protocols, recombinant Leloir glycosyltransferases are widely applied as catalysts for the synthesis of a wide range of glycoconjugates. Extensive utilization of these enzymes also depends on the availability of activated sugars as building blocks. Multi-enzyme cascades have proven a versatile technique to synthesize and in situ regenerate nucleotide sugar.In this chapter, the functions and mechanisms of Leloir glycosyltransferases are revisited, and the advantage of prokaryotic sources and production systems is discussed. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro pathways for the synthesis of nucleotide sugar are reviewed. In the second part, recent and prominent examples of the application of Leloir glycosyltransferase are given, i.e., the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, glycoconjugate vaccines, and human milk oligosaccharides as well as the re-glycosylation of biopharmaceuticals, and the status of automated glycan assembly is revisited.
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14
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Lin JD, Liu X. Recent Development in Ligation Methods for Glycopeptide and Glycoprotein Synthesis. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:2548-2557. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Desmond Lin
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Xue‐Wei Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
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15
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Ma B, Guan X, Li Y, Shang S, Li J, Tan Z. Protein Glycoengineering: An Approach for Improving Protein Properties. Front Chem 2020; 8:622. [PMID: 32793559 PMCID: PMC7390894 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural proteins are an important source of therapeutic agents and industrial enzymes. While many of them have the potential to be used as highly effective medical treatments for a wide range of diseases or as catalysts for conversion of a range of molecules into important product types required by modern society, problems associated with poor biophysical and biological properties have limited their applications. Engineering proteins with reduced side-effects and/or improved biophysical and biological properties is therefore of great importance. As a common protein modification, glycosylation has the capacity to greatly influence these properties. Over the past three decades, research from many disciplines has established the importance of glycoengineering in overcoming the limitations of proteins. In this review, we will summarize the methods that have been used to glycoengineer proteins and briefly discuss some representative examples of these methods, with the goal of providing a general overview of this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Yaohao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Shiying Shang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongping Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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16
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Kightlinger W, Warfel KF, DeLisa MP, Jewett MC. Synthetic Glycobiology: Parts, Systems, and Applications. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1534-1562. [PMID: 32526139 PMCID: PMC7372563 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation, the attachment of sugars to amino acid side chains, can endow proteins with a wide variety of properties of great interest to the engineering biology community. However, natural glycosylation systems are limited in the diversity of glycoproteins they can synthesize, the scale at which they can be harnessed for biotechnology, and the homogeneity of glycoprotein structures they can produce. Here we provide an overview of the emerging field of synthetic glycobiology, the application of synthetic biology tools and design principles to better understand and engineer glycosylation. Specifically, we focus on how the biosynthetic and analytical tools of synthetic biology have been used to redesign glycosylation systems to obtain defined glycosylation structures on proteins for diverse applications in medicine, materials, and diagnostics. We review the key biological parts available to synthetic biologists interested in engineering glycoproteins to solve compelling problems in glycoscience, describe recent efforts to construct synthetic glycoprotein synthesis systems, and outline exemplary applications as well as new opportunities in this emerging space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weston Kightlinger
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech E136, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center
for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech B486, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Katherine F. Warfel
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech E136, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center
for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech B486, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew P. DeLisa
- Department
of Microbiology, Cornell University, 123 Wing Drive, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Robert
Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Nancy
E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Weill Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech E136, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center
for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech B486, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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17
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Chao Q, Ding Y, Chen ZH, Xiang MH, Wang N, Gao XD. Recent Progress in Chemo-Enzymatic Methods for the Synthesis of N-Glycans. Front Chem 2020; 8:513. [PMID: 32612979 PMCID: PMC7309569 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation is one of the most common co- and post-translational modifications of both intra- and extracellularly distributing proteins, which directly affects their biological functions, such as protein folding, stability and intercellular traffic. Production of the structural well-defined homogeneous N-glycans contributes to comprehensive investigation of their biological roles and molecular basis. Among the various methods, chemo-enzymatic approach serves as an alternative to chemical synthesis, providing high stereoselectivity and economic efficiency. This review summarizes some recent advances in the chemo-enzymatic methods for the production of N-glycans, including the preparation of substrates and sugar donors, and the progress in the glycosyltransferases characterization which leads to the diversity of N-glycan synthesis. We discuss the bottle-neck and new opportunities in exploiting the chemo-enzymatic synthesis of N-glycans based on our research experiences. In addition, downstream applications of the constructed N-glycans, such as automation devices and homogeneous glycoproteins synthesis are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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18
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Lin L, Kightlinger W, Prabhu SK, Hockenberry AJ, Li C, Wang LX, Jewett MC, Mrksich M. Sequential Glycosylation of Proteins with Substrate-Specific N-Glycosyltransferases. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:144-154. [PMID: 32123732 PMCID: PMC7047269 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is a common post-translational modification that influences the functions and properties of proteins. Despite advances in methods to produce defined glycoproteins by chemoenzymatic elaboration of monosaccharides, the understanding and engineering of glycoproteins remain challenging, in part, due to the difficulty of site-specifically controlling glycosylation at each of several positions within a protein. Here, we address this limitation by discovering and exploiting the unique, conditionally orthogonal peptide acceptor specificities of N-glycosyltransferases (NGTs). We used cell-free protein synthesis and mass spectrometry of self-assembled monolayers to rapidly screen 41 putative NGTs and rigorously characterize the unique acceptor sequence preferences of four NGT variants using 1254 acceptor peptides and 8306 reaction conditions. We then used the optimized NGT-acceptor sequence pairs to sequentially install monosaccharides at four sites within one target protein. This strategy to site-specifically control the installation of N-linked monosaccharides for elaboration to a variety of functional N-glycans overcomes a major limitation in synthesizing defined glycoproteins for research and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Lin
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Synthetic Biology, Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Weston Kightlinger
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Synthetic Biology, Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sunaina Kiran Prabhu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Adam J. Hockenberry
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Synthetic Biology, Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chao Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Synthetic Biology, Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Synthetic Biology, Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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19
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Paramasivam S, Fairbanks AJ. Rapid synthesis of N-glycan oxazolines from locust bean gum via the Lafont rearrangement. Carbohydr Res 2019; 477:11-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Li Y, Tran AH, Danishefsky SJ, Tan Z. Chemical biology of glycoproteins: From chemical synthesis to biological impact. Methods Enzymol 2019; 621:213-229. [PMID: 31128780 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances have demonstrated the feasibility and robustness of chemical synthesis for the production of homogeneously glycosylated protein forms (glycoforms). By taking advantage of the unmatchable flexibility and precision provided by chemical synthesis, the quantitative effects of glycosylation were obtained using chemical glycobiology approaches. These findings greatly advanced our fundamental knowledge of glycosylation. More importantly, analysis of these findings has led to the development of glycoengineering guidelines for rationally improving the properties of peptides and proteins. In this chapter, we present the key experimental steps for chemical biology studies of protein glycosylation, with the aim of facilitating and promoting research in this important but significantly underexplored area of biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohao Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Amy H Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Samuel J Danishefsky
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Zhongping Tan
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States.
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21
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Both P, Riese M, Gray CJ, Huang K, Pallister EG, Kosov I, Conway LP, Voglmeir J, Flitsch SL. Applications of a highly α2,6-selective pseudosialidase. Glycobiology 2018; 28:261-268. [PMID: 29506202 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Within human biology, combinations of regioisomeric motifs of α2,6- or α2,3-sialic acids linked to galactose are frequently observed attached to glycoconjugates. These include glycoproteins and glycolipids, with each linkage carrying distinct biological information and function. Microbial linkage-specific sialidases have become important tools for studying the role of these sialosides in complex biological settings, as well as being used as biocatalysts for glycoengineering. However, currently, there is no α2,6-specific sialidase available. This gap has been addressed herein by exploiting the ability of a Photobacterium sp. α2,6-sialyltransferase to catalyze trans-sialidation reversibly and in a highly linkage-specific manner, acting as a pseudosialidase in the presence of cytidine monophosphate. Selective, near quantitative removal of α2,6-linked sialic acids was achieved from a wide range of sialosides including small molecules conjugates, simple glycan, glycopeptide and finally complex glycoprotein including both linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Both
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Michel Riese
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Christopher J Gray
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Kun Huang
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Edward G Pallister
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Iaroslav Kosov
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Louis P Conway
- Glycomics Glycan Bioengineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Josef Voglmeir
- Glycomics Glycan Bioengineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Sabine L Flitsch
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
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22
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Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most prevalent posttranslational modifications that profoundly affects the structure and functions of proteins in a wide variety of biological recognition events. However, the structural complexity and heterogeneity of glycoproteins, usually resulting from the variations of glycan components and/or the sites of glycosylation, often complicates detailed structure-function relationship studies and hampers the therapeutic applications of glycoproteins. To address these challenges, various chemical and biological strategies have been developed for producing glycan-defined homogeneous glycoproteins. This review highlights recent advances in the development of chemoenzymatic methods for synthesizing homogeneous glycoproteins, including the generation of various glycosynthases for synthetic purposes, endoglycosidase-catalyzed glycoprotein synthesis and glycan remodeling, and direct enzymatic glycosylation of polypeptides and proteins. The scope, limitation, and future directions of each method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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23
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Glasscock CJ, Yates LE, Jaroentomeechai T, Wilson JD, Merritt JH, Lucks JB, DeLisa MP. A flow cytometric approach to engineering Escherichia coli for improved eukaryotic protein glycosylation. Metab Eng 2018; 47:488-495. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Warnders FJ, Lub-de Hooge MN, de Vries EGE, Kosterink JGW. Influence of protein properties and protein modification on biodistribution and tumor uptake of anticancer antibodies, antibody derivatives, and non-Ig scaffolds. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1837-1873. [PMID: 29635825 DOI: 10.1002/med.21498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Newly developed protein drugs that target tumor-associated antigens are often modified in order to increase their therapeutic effect, tumor exposure, and safety profile. During the development of protein drugs, molecular imaging is increasingly used to provide additional information on their in vivo behavior. As a result, there are increasing numbers of studies that demonstrate the effect of protein modification on whole body distribution and tumor uptake of protein drugs. However, much still remains unclear about how to interpret obtained biodistribution data correctly. Consequently, there is a need for more insight in the correct way of interpreting preclinical and clinical imaging data. Summarizing the knowledge gained to date may facilitate this interpretation. This review therefore provides an overview of specific protein properties and modifications that can affect biodistribution and tumor uptake of anticancer antibodies, antibody fragments, and nonimmunoglobulin scaffolds. Protein properties that are discussed in this review are molecular size, target interaction, FcRn binding, and charge. Protein modifications that are discussed are radiolabeling, fluorescent labeling drug conjugation, glycosylation, humanization, albumin binding, and polyethylene glycolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank-Jan Warnders
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn N Lub-de Hooge
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos G W Kosterink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology & Economy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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25
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Maso K, Grigoletto A, Pasut G. Transglutaminase and Sialyltransferase Enzymatic Approaches for Polymer Conjugation to Proteins. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 112:123-142. [PMID: 29680235 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Proteins hold a central role in medicine and biology, also confirmed by the several therapeutic applications based on biologic drugs. Such therapies are of great relevance thanks to high potency and safety of proteins. Nevertheless, many proteins as therapeutics might present issues like fast kidney clearance, rapid enzymatic degradation, or immunogenicity. Such defects implicate frequent administrations or administrations at high doses of the therapeutics, thus yielding or exacerbating potential side effects. A successful technology for improving the clinical profiles of proteins is the conjugation of polymers to the protein surface. The design of a protein-polymer conjugate presents critical aspects that determine the efficacy and safety of the final product. The control over stoichiometry and conjugation site is a strict criterion on which researchers have been intensively focused during the years, in order to obtain homogeneous and batch-to-batch reproducible products. An innovative site-specific conjugation strategy relies on the use of enzymes as tools to mediate polymer conjugation. Enzymatic approaches are attractive because they allow site-selective polymer conjugation at specific protein amino acids. In these reactions, the polymer is a substrate analog that replaces the native substrate. Furthermore, enzymes can count other advantages such as high yields of conversion and physiological conditions of reaction. This chapter provides a meaningful description of protein-polymer conjugation through transglutaminase-mediated and sialyltransferase-mediated enzymatic strategies, reporting the mechanism of action and some relevant examples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gianfranco Pasut
- University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy.
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26
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Chaffey PK, Guan X, Li Y, Tan Z. Using Chemical Synthesis To Study and Apply Protein Glycosylation. Biochemistry 2018; 57:413-428. [PMID: 29309128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications and can influence many properties of proteins. Abnormal protein glycosylation can lead to protein malfunction and serious disease. While appreciation of glycosylation's importance is growing in the scientific community, especially in recent years, a lack of homogeneous glycoproteins with well-defined glycan structures has made it difficult to understand the correlation between the structure of glycoproteins and their properties at a quantitative level. This has been a significant limitation on rational applications of glycosylation and on optimizing glycoprotein properties. Through the extraordinary efforts of chemists, it is now feasible to use chemical synthesis to produce collections of homogeneous glycoforms with systematic variations in amino acid sequence, glycosidic linkage, anomeric configuration, and glycan structure. Such a technical advance has greatly facilitated the study and application of protein glycosylation. This Perspective highlights some representative work in this research area, with the goal of inspiring and encouraging more scientists to pursue the glycosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick K Chaffey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Xiaoyang Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Yaohao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Zhongping Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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27
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Daskhan GC, Tran HTT, Meloncelli PJ, Lowary TL, West LJ, Cairo CW. Construction of Multivalent Homo- and Heterofunctional ABO Blood Group Glycoconjugates Using a Trifunctional Linker Strategy. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:343-362. [PMID: 29237123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of multivalent ligands displaying complex oligosaccharides is necessary for the development of therapeutics, diagnostics, and research tools. Here, we report an efficient conjugation strategy to prepare complex glycoconjugates with 4 copies of 1 or 2 separate glycan epitopes, providing 4-8 carbohydrate residues on a tetravalent poly(ethylene glycol) scaffold. This strategy provides complex glycoconjugates that approach the size of glycoproteins (15-18 kDa) while remaining well-defined. The synthetic strategy makes use of three orthogonal functional groups, including a reactive N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-ester moiety on the linker to install the first carbohydrate epitope via reaction with an amine. A masked amine functionality on the linker is revealed after the removal of a fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-protecting group, allowing the attachment to the NHS-activated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) scaffold. An azide group in the linker was then used to incorporate the second carbohydrate epitope via catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition. Using a known tetravalent PEG scaffold (PDI, 1.025), we prepared homofunctional glycoconjugates that display four copies of lactose and the A-type II or the B-type II human blood group antigens. Using our trifunctional linker, we expanded this strategy to produce heterofunctional conjugates with four copies of two separate glycan epitopes. These heterofunctional conjugates included Neu5Ac, 3'-sialyllactose, or 6'-sialyllactose as a second antigen. Using an alternative strategy, we generated heterofunctional conjugates with three copies of the glycan epitope and one fluorescent group (on average) using a sequential dual-amine coupling strategy. These conjugation strategies should be easily generalized for conjugation of other complex glycans. We demonstrate that the glycan epitopes of heterofunctional conjugates engage and cluster target B-cell receptors and CD22 receptors on B cells, supporting the application of these reagents for investigating cellular response to carbohydrate antigens of the ABO blood group system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gour Chand Daskhan
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Hanh-Thuc Ton Tran
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Peter J Meloncelli
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.,Canadian National Transplant Research Program, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Lori J West
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Surgery, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.,Canadian National Transplant Research Program, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Christopher W Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.,Canadian National Transplant Research Program, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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28
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Strutton B, Jaffé SR, Pandhal J, Wright PC. Producing a glycosylating Escherichia coli cell factory: The placement of the bacterial oligosaccharyl transferase pglB onto the genome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:686-692. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Hamilton BS, Wilson JD, Shumakovich MA, Fisher AC, Brooks JC, Pontes A, Naran R, Heiss C, Gao C, Kardish R, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Azadi P, Cummings RD, Merritt JH, DeLisa MP. A library of chemically defined human N-glycans synthesized from microbial oligosaccharide precursors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15907. [PMID: 29162910 PMCID: PMC5698433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15891-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of homogenous glycans in quantitative yields represents a major bottleneck to the production of molecular tools for glycoscience, such as glycan microarrays, affinity resins, and reference standards. Here, we describe a combined biological/enzymatic synthesis that is capable of efficiently converting microbially-derived precursor oligosaccharides into structurally uniform human-type N-glycans. Unlike starting material obtained by chemical synthesis or direct isolation from natural sources, which can be time consuming and costly to generate, our approach involves precursors derived from renewable sources including wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae glycoproteins and lipid-linked oligosaccharides from glycoengineered Escherichia coli. Following deglycosylation of these biosynthetic precursors, the resulting microbial oligosaccharides are subjected to a greatly simplified purification scheme followed by structural remodeling using commercially available and recombinantly produced glycosyltransferases including key N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases (e.g., GnTI, GnTII, and GnTIV) involved in early remodeling of glycans in the mammalian glycosylation pathway. Using this approach, preparative quantities of hybrid and complex-type N-glycans including asymmetric multi-antennary structures were generated and subsequently used to develop a glycan microarray for high-throughput, fluorescence-based screening of glycan-binding proteins. Taken together, these results confirm our combined synthesis strategy as a new, user-friendly route for supplying chemically defined human glycans simply by combining biosynthetically-derived precursors with enzymatic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Hamilton
- Glycobia, Inc., 33 Thornwood Drive, Suite 104, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA
| | - Joshua D Wilson
- Glycobia, Inc., 33 Thornwood Drive, Suite 104, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA
| | | | - Adam C Fisher
- Glycobia, Inc., 33 Thornwood Drive, Suite 104, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA
| | - James C Brooks
- Glycobia, Inc., 33 Thornwood Drive, Suite 104, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA
| | - Alyssa Pontes
- Glycobia, Inc., 33 Thornwood Drive, Suite 104, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA
| | - Radnaa Naran
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Christian Heiss
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Kardish
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Judith H Merritt
- Glycobia, Inc., 33 Thornwood Drive, Suite 104, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA.
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Li W, Zhu Z, Chen W, Feng Y, Dimitrov DS. Crystallizable Fragment Glycoengineering for Therapeutic Antibodies Development. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1554. [PMID: 29181010 PMCID: PMC5693878 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics are the fastest growing class of human pharmaceuticals. They are typically IgG1 molecules with N-glycans attached to the N297 residue on crystallizable fragment (Fc). Different Fc glycoforms impact their effector function, pharmacokinetics, stability, aggregation, safety, and immunogenicity. Fc glycoforms affect mAbs effector functions including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) by modulating the Fc-FcγRs and Fc-C1q interactions. While the terminal galactose enhances CDC activity, the fucose significantly decreases ADCC. Defucosylated immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs) are thus highly pursued as next-generation therapeutic mAbs with potent ADCC at reduced doses. A plethora of cell glycoengineering and chemoenzymatic glycoengineering strategies is emerging to produce IgGs with homogenous glycoforms especially without core fucose. The chemoenzymatic glycosylation remodeling also offers useful avenues for site-specific conjugations of small molecule drugs onto mAbs. Herein, we review the current progress of IgG-Fc glycoengineering. We begin with the discussion of the structures of IgG N-glycans and biosynthesis followed by reviewing the impact of IgG glycoforms on antibody effector functions and the current Fc glycoengineering strategies with emphasis on Fc defucosylation. Furthermore, we briefly discuss two novel therapeutic mAbs formats: aglycosylated mAbs and Fc glycan specific antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). The advances in the understanding of Fc glycobiology and development of novel glycoengineering technologies have facilitated the generation of therapeutic mAbs with homogenous glycoforms and improved therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Zhongyu Zhu
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Weizao Chen
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Yang Feng
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Dimiter S. Dimitrov
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
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Iwamoto S, Kasahara Y, Yoshimura Y, Seko A, Takeda Y, Ito Y, Totani K, Matsuo I. Endo-α-Mannosidase-Catalyzed Transglycosylation. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1376-1378. [PMID: 28444927 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In order for facilitating the synthesis of oligosaccharides, transglycosylation reactions mediated by glycoside hydrolases have been studied in various contexts. In this study, we examined the transglycosylating activity of a Golgi endo-α-mannosidase. We prepared various glycosyl donors and acceptors, and recombinant human Golgi endo-α-mannosidase and its various mutants were expressed. The enzyme was able to mediate transglycosylation from α-glycosyl-fluorides. Systematic screening of various point mutants revealed that the E407D mutant had excellent transglycosylation activity and extremely low hydrolytic activity. Substrate specificity analysis revealed that minimum motif required for glycosyl acceptor is Manα1- 2Man. The synthetic utility of the enzyme was demonstrated by generation of a high-mannose-type undecasaccharide (Glc1 Man9 GlcNAc2 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Iwamoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Yuta Kasahara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Yayoi Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
| | - Akira Seko
- ERATO Science and Technology Agency, JST), Ito Glycotrilogy Project, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takeda
- Department of Biotechnology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- ERATO Science and Technology Agency, JST), Ito Glycotrilogy Project, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Totani
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijoji-kitamachi, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8633, Japan
| | - Ichiro Matsuo
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan
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32
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Song Q, Wu Z, Fan Y, Song W, Zhang P, Wang L, Wang F, Xu Y, Wang PG, Cheng J. Production of homogeneous glycoprotein with multisite modifications by an engineered N-glycosyltransferase mutant. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:8856-8863. [PMID: 28381551 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.777383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring N-glycoproteins exhibit glycoform heterogeneity with respect to N-glycan sequon occupancy (macroheterogeneity) and glycan structure (microheterogeneity). However, access to well-defined glycoproteins is always important for both basic research and therapeutic purposes. As a result, there has been a substantial effort to identify and understand the catalytic properties of N-glycosyltransferases, enzymes that install the first glycan on the protein chain. In this study we found that ApNGT, a newly discovered cytoplasmic N-glycosyltransferase from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, has strict selectivity toward the residues around the Asn of N-glycosylation sequon by screening a small library of synthetic peptides. The inherent stringency was subsequently demonstrated to be closely associated with a critical residue (Gln-469) of ApNGT which we propose hinders the access of bulky residues surrounding the occupied Asn into the active site. Site-saturated mutagenesis revealed that the introduction of small hydrophobic residues at the site cannot only weaken the stringency of ApNGT but can also contribute to enormous improvement of glycosylation efficiency against both short peptides and proteins. We then employed the most efficient mutant (Q469A) other than the wild-type ApNGT to produce a homogeneous glycoprotein carrying multiple (up to 10) N-glycans, demonstrating that this construct is a promising biocatalyst for potentially addressing the issue of macroheterogeneity in glycoprotein preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qitao Song
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China and
| | - Zhigang Wu
- the Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Yueyuan Fan
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China and
| | - Woran Song
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China and
| | - Peiru Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China and
| | - Li Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China and
| | - Faxing Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China and
| | - Yangyang Xu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China and
| | - Peng G Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China and
| | - Jiansong Cheng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China and
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Chaffey PK, Guan X, Wang LX, Tan Z. Introduction: General Aspects of the Chemical Biology of Glycoproteins. CHEMICAL BIOLOGY OF GLYCOPROTEINS 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782623823-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This chapter is meant to serve as an introduction to the remainder of the book by providing general background on the chemical biology of glycoproteins as well as a brief review of the chapters that follow. The purpose here is to introduce some basic concepts common to many forms of glycosylation for those readers who may be unfamiliar with the field. We begin with a discussion of the strategies and methods used to study protein glycosylation. During the overview, an effort is made to highlight a few relevant aspects of chemical glycobiology, including glycoprotein biosynthesis and a brief description of the synthesis and function of glycoproteins. Finally, we have a summary of the contributions from chemical biology over the years. It is our hope that, after reading this introductory chapter, the reader will have a broad view of the chemical glycobiology field as it currently stands and a deeper appreciation for some of the unique ideas that chemical biology brings to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick K. Chaffey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder CO 80303 USA
| | - Xiaoyang Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder CO 80303 USA
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Zhongping Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder CO 80303 USA
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Strutton B, Jaffé SRP, Pandhal J, Wright PC. Generation of Recombinant N-Linked Glycoproteins in E. coli. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1586:233-250. [PMID: 28470609 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6887-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The production of N-linked recombinant glycoproteins is possible in a variety of biotechnology host cells, and more recently in the bacterial workhorse, Escherichia coli. This methods chapter will outline the components and procedures needed to produce N-linked glycoproteins in E. coli, utilizing Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation machinery, although other related genes can be used with minimal tweaks to this methodology. To ensure a successful outcome, various methods will be highlighted that can confirm glycoprotein production to a high degree of confidence, including the gold standard of mass spectrometry analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Strutton
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Stephen R P Jaffé
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Jagroop Pandhal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Phillip C Wright
- Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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35
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Khan AH, Bayat H, Rajabibazl M, Sabri S, Rahimpour A. Humanizing glycosylation pathways in eukaryotic expression systems. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 33:4. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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36
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Xu S, Zhang GY, Zhang H, Kitajima T, Nakanishi H, Gao XD. Effects of Rho1, a small GTPase on the production of recombinant glycoproteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:179. [PMID: 27769287 PMCID: PMC5073930 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To humanize yeast N-glycosylation pathways, genes involved in yeast specific hyper-mannosylation must be disrupted followed by the introduction of genes catalyzing the synthesis, transport, and addition of human sugars. However, deletion of these genes, for instance, OCH1, which initiates hyper-mannosylation, could cause severe defects in cell growth, morphogenesis and response to environmental challenges. Results In this study, overexpression of RHO1, which encodes the Rho1p small GTPase, is confirmed to partially recover the growth defect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Δalg3Δoch1 double mutant strain. In addition, transmission electron micrographs indicated that the cell wall structure of RHO1-expressed cells have an enhanced glucan layer and also a recovered mannoprotein layer, revealing the effect of Rho1p GTPase on cell wall biosynthesis. Similar complementation phenotypes have been confirmed by overexpression of the gene that encodes Fks2 protein, a catalytic subunit of a 1,3-β-glucan synthase. Besides the recovery of cell wall structure, the RHO1-overexpressed Δalg3Δoch1 strain also showed improved abilities in temperature tolerance, osmotic potential and drug sensitivity, which were not observed in the Δalg3Δoch1-FKS2 cells. Moreover, RHO1 overexpression could also increase N-glycan site occupancy and the amount of secreted glycoproteins. Conclusions Overexpression of RHO1 in ‘humanized’ glycoprotein producing yeasts could significantly facilitate its future industrial applications for the production of therapeutic glycoproteins. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0575-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Xu
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Glycobiology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ge-Yuan Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Glycobiology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijie Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Glycobiology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Toshihiko Kitajima
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Glycobiology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hideki Nakanishi
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Glycobiology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Glycobiology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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37
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Le NPL, Bowden TA, Struwe WB, Crispin M. Immune recruitment or suppression by glycan engineering of endogenous and therapeutic antibodies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1860:1655-68. [PMID: 27105835 PMCID: PMC4922387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human serum IgG contains multiple glycoforms which exhibit a range of binding properties to effector molecules such as cellular Fc receptors. Emerging knowledge of how the Fc glycans contribute to the antibody structure and effector functions has opened new avenues for the exploitation of defined antibody glycoforms in the treatment of diseases. Here, we review the structure and activity of antibody glycoforms and highlight developments in antibody glycoengineering by both the manipulation of the cellular glycosylation machinery and by chemoenzymatic synthesis. We discuss wide ranging applications of antibody glycoengineering in the treatment of cancer, autoimmunity and inflammation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine" Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Phuong Lan Le
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Weston B Struwe
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom.
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38
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Luley-Goedl C, Schmoelzer K, Thomann M, Malik S, Greif M, Ribitsch D, Jung C, Sobek H, Engel A, Mueller R, Schwab H, Nidetzky B. Two N-terminally truncated variants of human β-galactoside α2,6 sialyltransferase I with distinct properties for in vitro protein glycosylation. Glycobiology 2016; 26:1097-1106. [PMID: 27102286 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid groups of protein N-glycans are important determinants of biological activity. Exposed at the end of the glycan chain, they are potential targets for glycan remodeling. Sialyltransferases (STs; EC 2.4.99) are the enzymes that catalyze the sialic acid transfer from a CMP-activated donor on to a carbohydrate acceptor in vivo. Recombinant expression of the full-length human β-galactoside α2,6 sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) was hampered and therefore variants with truncated N-termini were investigated. We report on the distinct properties of two N-terminally truncated versions of ST6Gal-I, namely Δ89ST6Gal-I and Δ108ST6Gal-I, which were successfully expressed in human embryonic kidney cells. The different properties of these enzymes result most probably from the loss of interactions from helix α1 in the Δ108ST6Gal-I variant, which plays a role in acceptor substrate binding. The Km for N-acetyl-d-lactosamine was 10-fold increased for Δ108ST6Gal-I (84 mM) as compared to Δ89ST6Gal-I (8.3 mM). The two enzyme variants constitute a suitable tool box for the terminal modification of N-glycans. While the enzyme Δ89ST6Gal-I exhibited both ST (di-sialylation) and sialidase activity on a monoclonal antibody, the enzyme Δ108ST6Gal-I showed only ST activity with specificity for mono-sialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael Greif
- Pharma Technical Development Fermentation, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Doris Ribitsch
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christine Jung
- Pharma Technical Development Fermentation, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Harald Sobek
- Labor Dr. Merk & Kollegen GmbH, Beim Braunland 1, 88416 Ochsenhausen, Germany
| | - Alfred Engel
- Costum Biotech, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Mueller
- Costum Biotech, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Schwab
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria .,Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
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39
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Priyanka P, Fairbanks AJ. Synthesis of a hybrid type N-glycan heptasaccharide oxazoline for Endo M catalysed glycosylation. Carbohydr Res 2016; 426:40-5. [PMID: 27058295 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases (ENGases) are versatile biocatalysts that allow access to a wide variety of defined homogenous N-linked glycoconjugates in a convergent manner. A hybrid-type N-glycan was accessed by total synthesis, converted to an oxazoline, and used as a donor substrate with both wild type Endo M and an N175Q glycosynthase Endo M mutant allowing the convergent synthesis of a glycosylated amino acid bearing a hybrid N-glycan structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Priyanka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Antony J Fairbanks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
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40
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Giddens JP, Lomino JV, Amin MN, Wang LX. Endo-F3 Glycosynthase Mutants Enable Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Core-fucosylated Triantennary Complex Type Glycopeptides and Glycoproteins. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9356-70. [PMID: 26966183 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.721597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoenzymatic synthesis is emerging as a promising approach to the synthesis of homogeneous glycopeptides and glycoproteins highly demanded for functional glycomics studies, but its generality relies on the availability of a range of enzymes with high catalytic efficiency and well defined substrate specificity. We describe in this paper the discovery of glycosynthase mutants derived from Elizabethkingia meningoseptica endoglycosidase F3 (Endo-F3) of the GH18 family, which are devoid of the inherent hydrolytic activity but are able to take glycan oxazolines for transglycosylation. Notably, the Endo-F3 D165A and D165Q mutants demonstrated high acceptorsubstrate specificity toward α1,6-fucosyl-GlcNAc-Asn or α1,6-fucosyl-GlcNAc-polypeptide in transglycosylation, enabling a highly convergent synthesis of core-fucosylated, complex CD52 glycopeptide antigen. The Endo-F3 mutants were able to use both bi- and triantennary glycan oxazolines as substrates for transglycosylation, in contrast to previously reported endoglycosidases derived from Endo-S, Endo-M, Endo-D, and Endo-A mutants that could not recognize triantennary N-glycans. Using rituximab as a model system, we have further demonstrated that the Endo-F3 mutants are highly efficient for glycosylation remodeling of monoclonal antibodies to produce homogeneous intact antibody glycoforms. Interestingly, the new triantennary glycan glycoform of antibody showed much higher affinity for galectin-3 than that of the commercial antibody. The Endo-F3 mutants represent the first endoglycosidase-based glycosynthases capable of transferring triantennary complex N-glycans, which would be very useful for glycoprotein synthesis and glycosylation remodeling of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Giddens
- From the Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201 and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Joseph V Lomino
- From the Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201 and
| | - Mohammed N Amin
- From the Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201 and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- From the Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201 and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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41
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Tomàs-Gamisans M, Ferrer P, Albiol J. Integration and Validation of the Genome-Scale Metabolic Models of Pichia pastoris: A Comprehensive Update of Protein Glycosylation Pathways, Lipid and Energy Metabolism. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148031. [PMID: 26812499 PMCID: PMC4734642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation Genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) are tools that allow predicting a phenotype from a genotype under certain environmental conditions. GEMs have been developed in the last ten years for a broad range of organisms, and are used for multiple purposes such as discovering new properties of metabolic networks, predicting new targets for metabolic engineering, as well as optimizing the cultivation conditions for biochemicals or recombinant protein production. Pichia pastoris is one of the most widely used organisms for heterologous protein expression. There are different GEMs for this methylotrophic yeast of which the most relevant and complete in the published literature are iPP668, PpaMBEL1254 and iLC915. However, these three models differ regarding certain pathways, terminology for metabolites and reactions and annotations. Moreover, GEMs for some species are typically built based on the reconstructed models of related model organisms. In these cases, some organism-specific pathways could be missing or misrepresented. Results In order to provide an updated and more comprehensive GEM for P. pastoris, we have reconstructed and validated a consensus model integrating and merging all three existing models. In this step a comprehensive review and integration of the metabolic pathways included in each one of these three versions was performed. In addition, the resulting iMT1026 model includes a new description of some metabolic processes. Particularly new information described in recently published literature is included, mainly related to fatty acid and sphingolipid metabolism, glycosylation and cell energetics. Finally the reconstructed model was tested and validated, by comparing the results of the simulations with available empirical physiological datasets results obtained from a wide range of experimental conditions, such as different carbon sources, distinct oxygen availability conditions, as well as producing of two different recombinant proteins. In these simulations, the iMT1026 model has shown a better performance than the previous existing models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Màrius Tomàs-Gamisans
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Ferrer
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Albiol
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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42
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Parsons TB, Struwe WB, Gault J, Yamamoto K, Taylor TA, Raj R, Wals K, Mohammed S, Robinson CV, Benesch JLP, Davis BG. Optimal Synthetic Glycosylation of a Therapeutic Antibody. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 128:2407-2413. [PMID: 27546920 PMCID: PMC4974915 DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation patterns in antibodies critically determine biological and physical properties but their precise control is a significant challenge in biology and biotechnology. We describe herein the optimization of an endoglycosidase‐catalyzed glycosylation of the best‐selling biotherapeutic Herceptin, an anti‐HER2 antibody. Precise MS analysis of the intact four‐chain Ab heteromultimer reveals nonspecific, non‐enzymatic reactions (glycation), which are not detected under standard denaturing conditions. This competing reaction, which has hitherto been underestimated as a source of side products, can now be minimized. Optimization allowed access to the purest natural form of Herceptin to date (≥90 %). Moreover, through the use of a small library of sugars containing non‐natural functional groups, Ab variants containing defined numbers of selectively addressable chemical tags (reaction handles at Sia C1) in specific positions (for attachment of cargo molecules or “glycorandomization”) were readily generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Parsons
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Weston B Struwe
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Joseph Gault
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Keisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Thomas A Taylor
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Ritu Raj
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Kim Wals
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK; Department of Pharmacology University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QT UK
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Carol V Robinson
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Justin L P Benesch
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Benjamin G Davis
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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43
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Parsons TB, Struwe WB, Gault J, Yamamoto K, Taylor TA, Raj R, Wals K, Mohammed S, Robinson CV, Benesch JLP, Davis BG. Optimal Synthetic Glycosylation of a Therapeutic Antibody. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2361-7. [PMID: 26756880 PMCID: PMC4973692 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation patterns in antibodies critically determine biological and physical properties but their precise control is a significant challenge in biology and biotechnology. We describe herein the optimization of an endoglycosidase-catalyzed glycosylation of the best-selling biotherapeutic Herceptin, an anti-HER2 antibody. Precise MS analysis of the intact four-chain Ab heteromultimer reveals nonspecific, non-enzymatic reactions (glycation), which are not detected under standard denaturing conditions. This competing reaction, which has hitherto been underestimated as a source of side products, can now be minimized. Optimization allowed access to the purest natural form of Herceptin to date (≥90 %). Moreover, through the use of a small library of sugars containing non-natural functional groups, Ab variants containing defined numbers of selectively addressable chemical tags (reaction handles at Sia C1) in specific positions (for attachment of cargo molecules or "glycorandomization") were readily generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Parsons
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Weston B Struwe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Joseph Gault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Keisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Thomas A Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Ritu Raj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Kim Wals
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Carol V Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Justin L P Benesch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Benjamin G Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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44
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Lee CL, Lam KKW, Vijayan M, Koistinen H, Seppala M, Ng EHY, Yeung WSB, Chiu PCN. The Pleiotropic Effect of Glycodelin-A in Early Pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 75:290-7. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk-Lun Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; LKS Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Hong Kong
- Centre for Reproduction, Development and Growth; LKS Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital; Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Kevin K. W. Lam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; LKS Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital; Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Madhavi Vijayan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; LKS Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Markku Seppala
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Ernest H. Y. Ng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; LKS Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Hong Kong
- Centre for Reproduction, Development and Growth; LKS Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital; Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - William S. B. Yeung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; LKS Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Hong Kong
- Centre for Reproduction, Development and Growth; LKS Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital; Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Philip C. N. Chiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; LKS Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Hong Kong
- Centre for Reproduction, Development and Growth; LKS Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital; Hong Kong Hong Kong
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Kober DL, Yurtsever Z, Brett TJ. Efficient Mammalian Cell Expression and Single-step Purification of Extracellular Glycoproteins for Crystallization. J Vis Exp 2015:e53445. [PMID: 26780656 DOI: 10.3791/53445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of secreted mammalian proteins for structural and biophysical studies can be challenging, time intensive, and costly. Here described is a time and cost efficient protocol for secreted protein expression in mammalian cells and one step purification using nickel affinity chromatography. The system is based on large scale transient transfection of mammalian cells in suspension, which greatly decreases the time to produce protein, as it eliminates steps, such as developing expression viruses or generating stable expressing cell lines. This protocol utilizes cheap transfection agents, which can be easily made by simple chemical modification, or moderately priced transfection agents, which increase yield through increased transfection efficiency and decreased cytotoxicity. Careful monitoring and maintaining of media glucose levels increases protein yield. Controlling the maturation of native glycans at the expression step increases the final yield of properly folded and functional mammalian proteins, which are ideal properties to pursue X-ray crystallography. In some cases, single step purification produces protein of sufficient purity for crystallization, which is demonstrated here as an example case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Kober
- Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine; Drug Discovery Program in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Zeynep Yurtsever
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine; Drug Discovery Program in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine; Biochemistry Program, Washington University School of Medicine; Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Thomas J Brett
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine; Drug Discovery Program in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine; Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine;
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Anyaogu DC, Mortensen UH. Manipulating the glycosylation pathway in bacterial and lower eukaryotes for production of therapeutic proteins. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 36:122-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Schwarz F, Aebi M. Production of Glycoproteins with Asparagine-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine in Escherichia coli. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1321:49-56. [PMID: 26082214 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2760-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Glycans linked to asparagine (N) residues of eukaryotic glycoproteins are typically heterogeneous. This diversity complicates the study of biological functions associated with particular glycan structures and impairs the application of glycoproteins in medicine. Several approaches have been developed to produce homogeneous glycoproteins. We describe a method to produce glycoproteins carrying N-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) through glyco-engineered E. coli cells and enzymatic treatment. N-linked GlcNAc can then be extended by existing methods to produce homogeneous glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Schwarz
- Department of Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Fernández-Tejada A, Cañada FJ, Jiménez-Barbero J. Glycans in Medicinal Chemistry: An Underexploited Resource. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1291-5. [PMID: 25974358 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The biological relevance of glycans as mediators of key physiological processes, including disease-related mechanisms, makes them attractive targets for a wide range of medical applications. Despite their important biological roles, especially as molecular recognition elements, carbohydrates have not been fully exploited as therapeutics mainly due to the scarcity of structure-activity correlations and their non-drug-like properties. A more detailed understanding of the complex carbohydrate structures and their associated functions should contribute to the development of new glycan-based pharmaceuticals. Recent significant progress in oligosaccharide synthesis and chemical glycobiology has renewed the interest of the medicinal chemistry community in carbohydrates. This promises to increase our possibilities to harness them in drug discovery efforts for the development of new and more effective, synthetic glycan-based therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Fernández-Tejada
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid (Spain).
| | - F Javier Cañada
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid (Spain)
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CIC bioGUNE: Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio (Spain). .,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, María López de Haro 13, 48009 Bilbao (Spain).
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49
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Wang LX, Amin MN. Chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycoproteins for deciphering functions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:51-66. [PMID: 24439206 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins are an important class of biomolecules involved in a number of biological recognition processes. However, natural and recombinant glycoproteins are usually produced as mixtures of glycoforms that differ in the structures of the pendent glycans, which are difficult to separate in pure glycoforms. As a result, synthetic homogeneous glycopeptides and glycoproteins have become indispensable probes for detailed structural and functional studies. A number of elegant chemical and biological strategies have been developed for synthetic construction of tailor-made, full-size glycoproteins to address specific biological problems. In this review, we highlight recent advances in chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis of homogeneous glycoproteins. Selected examples are given to demonstrate the applications of tailor-made, glycan-defined glycoproteins for deciphering glycosylation functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Xi Wang
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Mohammed N Amin
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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50
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De novo design of a trans- -N-acetylglucosaminidase activity from a GH1 -glycosidase by mechanism engineering. Glycobiology 2014; 25:394-402. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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