1
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Rygg JR, Celliers PM, Collins GW. Specific Heat of Electron Plasma Waves. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:225101. [PMID: 37327418 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.225101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Collective modes in a plasma, like phonons in a solid, contribute to a material's equation of state and transport properties, but the long wavelengths of these modes are difficult to simulate with today's finite-size quantum simulation techniques. A simple Debye-type calculation of the specific heat of electron plasma waves is presented, yielding up to 0.05k/e^{-} for warm dense matter (WDM), where thermal and Fermi energies are near 1 Ry=13.6 eV. This overlooked energy reservoir is sufficient to explain reported compression differences between theoretical hydrogen models and shock experiments. Such an additional specific heat contribution refines our understanding of systems passing through the WDM regime, such as the convective threshold in low-mass main-sequence stars, white dwarf envelopes, and substellar objects; WDM x-ray scattering experiments; and the compression of inertial confinement fusion fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Rygg
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - P M Celliers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - G W Collins
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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2
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Döppner T, Bethkenhagen M, Kraus D, Neumayer P, Chapman DA, Bachmann B, Baggott RA, Böhme MP, Divol L, Falcone RW, Fletcher LB, Landen OL, MacDonald MJ, Saunders AM, Schörner M, Sterne PA, Vorberger J, Witte BBL, Yi A, Redmer R, Glenzer SH, Gericke DO. Observing the onset of pressure-driven K-shell delocalization. Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-05996-8. [PMID: 37225995 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The gravitational pressure in many astrophysical objects exceeds one gigabar (one billion atmospheres)1-3, creating extreme conditions where the distance between nuclei approaches the size of the K shell. This close proximity modifies these tightly bound states and, above a certain pressure, drives them into a delocalized state4. Both processes substantially affect the equation of state and radiation transport and, therefore, the structure and evolution of these objects. Still, our understanding of this transition is far from satisfactory and experimental data are sparse. Here we report on experiments that create and diagnose matter at pressures exceeding three gigabars at the National Ignition Facility5 where 184 laser beams imploded a beryllium shell. Bright X-ray flashes enable precision radiography and X-ray Thomson scattering that reveal both the macroscopic conditions and the microscopic states. The data show clear signs of quantum-degenerate electrons in states reaching 30 times compression, and a temperature of around two million kelvins. At the most extreme conditions, we observe strongly reduced elastic scattering, which mainly originates from K-shell electrons. We attribute this reduction to the onset of delocalization of the remaining K-shell electron. With this interpretation, the ion charge inferred from the scattering data agrees well with ab initio simulations, but it is significantly higher than widely used analytical models predict6.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.
| | - M Bethkenhagen
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, LGLTPE, CNRS UMR 5276, Lyon, France
| | - D Kraus
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - P Neumayer
- GSI Helmholtz-Zentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - B Bachmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - R A Baggott
- The John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M P Böhme
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), Görlitz, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - L Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - R W Falcone
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - L B Fletcher
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - M J MacDonald
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - A M Saunders
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - M Schörner
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - P A Sterne
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - J Vorberger
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - B B L Witte
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - A Yi
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - R Redmer
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - S H Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - D O Gericke
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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3
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Celliers PM, Millot M. Imaging velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR) diagnostics for high energy density sciences. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:011101. [PMID: 36725591 DOI: 10.1063/5.0123439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Two variants of optical imaging velocimetry, specifically the one-dimensional streaked line-imaging and the two-dimensional time-resolved area-imaging versions of the Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector (VISAR), have become important diagnostics in high energy density sciences, including inertial confinement fusion and dynamic compression of condensed matter. Here, we give a brief review of the historical development of these techniques, then describe the current implementations at major high energy density (HED) facilities worldwide, including the OMEGA Laser Facility and the National Ignition Facility. We illustrate the versatility and power of these techniques by reviewing diverse applications of imaging VISARs for gas-gun and laser-driven dynamic compression experiments for materials science, shock physics, condensed matter physics, chemical physics, plasma physics, planetary science and astronomy, as well as a broad range of HED experiments and laser-driven inertial confinement fusion research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Celliers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Marius Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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4
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Li GJ, Li ZG, Chen QF, Gu YJ, Zhang W, Liu L, Geng HY, Wang ZQ, Lan YS, Hou Y, Dai JY, Chen XR. Multishock to Quasi-Isentropic Compression of Dense Gaseous Deuterium-Helium Mixtures up to 120 GPa: Probing the Sound Velocities Relevant to Planetary Interiors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:075701. [PMID: 33666443 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.075701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Shock reverberation compression experiments on dense gaseous deuterium-helium mixtures are carried out to provide thermodynamic parameters relevant to the conditions in planetary interiors. The multishock pressures are determined up to 120 GPa and reshock temperatures to 7400 K. Furthermore, the unique compression path from shock-adiabatic to quasi-isentropic compressions enables a direct estimation of the high-pressure sound velocities in the unexplored range of 50-120 GPa. The equation of state and sound velocity provide particular dual perspectives to validate the theoretical models. Our experimental data are found to agree with several equation of state models widely used in astrophysics within the probed pressure range. The current data improve the experimental constraints on sound velocities in the Jovian insulating-to-metallic transition layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jun Li
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Li
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Qi-Feng Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yun-Jun Gu
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Science, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Science, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Hua-Yun Geng
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yang-Shun Lan
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yong Hou
- Department of Physics, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Jia-Yu Dai
- Department of Physics, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Chen
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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5
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Interspecies radiative transition in warm and superdense plasma mixtures. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1989. [PMID: 32332785 PMCID: PMC7181684 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15916-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Superdense plasmas widely exist in planetary interiors and astrophysical objects such as brown-dwarf cores and white dwarfs. How atoms behave under such extreme-density conditions is not yet well understood, even in single-species plasmas. Here, we apply thermal density functional theory to investigate the radiation spectra of superdense iron–zinc plasma mixtures at mass densities of ρ = 250 to 2000 g cm−3 and temperatures of kT = 50 to 100 eV, accessible by double-shell–target implosions. Our ab initio calculations reveal two extreme atomic-physics phenomena—firstly, an interspecies radiative transition; and, secondly, the breaking down of the dipole-selection rule for radiative transitions in isolated atoms. Our first-principles calculations predict that for superdense plasma mixtures, both interatomic radiative transitions and dipole-forbidden transitions can become comparable to the normal intra-atomic Kα-emission signal. These physics phenomena were not previously considered in detail for extreme high-density plasma mixtures at super-high energy densities. Matter at extremely high density and pressure behaves differently than at ambient conditions. Here the authors use first-principles calculations to show the existence of interspecies radiative and dipole-forbidden transitions in warm and superdense plasma mixture of iron and zinc.
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6
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Liang TT, Bauer JM, Liu JC, Rokni SH. Radiation Protection Around High-intensity Laser Interactions with Solid Targets. HEALTH PHYSICS 2018; 115:687-697. [PMID: 30252713 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of a high-intensity optical laser with a solid target can generate an ionizing radiation hazard in the form of high-energy "hot" electrons and bremsstrahlung, resulting from hot electrons interacting with the target itself and the surrounding target chamber. Previous studies have characterized the bremsstrahlung dose yields generated by such interactions for lasers in the range of 10 to 10 W cm using particle-in-cell code EPOCH and Monte Carlo code FLUKA. In this paper, electron measurements based on a depth-dose approach are presented for two laser intensities, which indicate a Maxwellian distribution is more suitable for estimating the hot electrons' energy distribution. Also, transmission factors for the resulting bremsstrahlung for common shielding materials are calculated with FLUKA, and shielding tenth-value-layer thicknesses are also derived. In combination with the bremsstrahlung dose yield, the tenth-value layers provide radiation protection programs the means to evaluate radiation hazards and design shielding for high-intensity laser facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiee Ted Liang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, MS 48, Menlo Park, CA 94025
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7
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Mo C, Fu Z, Kang W, Zhang P, He XT. First-Principles Estimation of Electronic Temperature from X-Ray Thomson Scattering Spectrum of Isochorically Heated Warm Dense Matter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:205002. [PMID: 29864337 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.205002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Through the perturbation formula of time-dependent density functional theory broadly employed in the calculation of solids, we provide a first-principles calculation of x-ray Thomson scattering spectrum of isochorically heated aluminum foil, as considered in the experiments of Sperling et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 115001 (2015)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.115.115001], where ions were constrained near their lattice positions. From the calculated spectra, we find that the electronic temperature cannot exceed 2 eV, much smaller than the previous estimation of 6 eV via the detailed balance relation. Our results may well be an indication of unique electronic properties of warm dense matter, which can be further illustrated by future experiments. The lower electronic temperature predicted partially relieves the concern on the heating of x-ray free electron laser to the sample when used in structure measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongjie Mo
- HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenguo Fu
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Wei Kang
- HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - X T He
- HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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8
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Mazzola G, Helled R, Sorella S. Phase Diagram of Hydrogen and a Hydrogen-Helium Mixture at Planetary Conditions by Quantum Monte Carlo Simulations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:025701. [PMID: 29376719 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.025701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding planetary interiors is directly linked to our ability of simulating exotic quantum mechanical systems such as hydrogen (H) and hydrogen-helium (H-He) mixtures at high pressures and temperatures. Equation of state (EOS) tables based on density functional theory are commonly used by planetary scientists, although this method allows only for a qualitative description of the phase diagram. Here we report quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) molecular dynamics simulations of pure H and H-He mixture. We calculate the first QMC EOS at 6000 K for a H-He mixture of a protosolar composition, and show the crucial influence of He on the H metallization pressure. Our results can be used to calibrate other EOS calculations and are very timely given the accurate determination of Jupiter's gravitational field from the NASA Juno mission and the effort to determine its structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravit Helled
- Institute for Computational Science, Center for Theoretical Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Sorella
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) and INFM Democritos National Simulation Center, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
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9
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Diaw A, Murillo MS. A viscous quantum hydrodynamics model based on dynamic density functional theory. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15352. [PMID: 29127308 PMCID: PMC5681597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic density functional theory (DDFT) is emerging as a useful theoretical technique for modeling the dynamics of correlated systems. We extend DDFT to quantum systems for application to dense plasmas through a quantum hydrodynamics (QHD) approach. The DDFT-based QHD approach includes correlations in the the equation of state self-consistently, satisfies sum rules and includes irreversibility arising from collisions. While QHD can be used generally to model non-equilibrium, heterogeneous plasmas, we employ the DDFT-QHD framework to generate a model for the electronic dynamic structure factor, which offers an avenue for measuring hydrodynamic properties, such as transport coefficients via x-ray Thomson scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdourahmane Diaw
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan, 48823, USA.
| | - Michael S Murillo
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan, 48823, USA
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10
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Mo MZ, Shen X, Chen Z, Li RK, Dunning M, Sokolowski-Tinten K, Zheng Q, Weathersby SP, Reid AH, Coffee R, Makasyuk I, Edstrom S, McCormick D, Jobe K, Hast C, Glenzer SH, Wang X. Single-shot mega-electronvolt ultrafast electron diffraction for structure dynamic studies of warm dense matter. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:11D810. [PMID: 27910490 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a single-shot mega-electronvolt ultrafast-electron-diffraction system to measure the structural dynamics of warm dense matter. The electron probe in this system is featured by a kinetic energy of 3.2 MeV and a total charge of 20 fC, with the FWHM pulse duration and spot size at sample of 350 fs and 120 μm respectively. We demonstrate its unique capability by visualizing the atomic structural changes of warm dense gold formed from a laser-excited 35-nm freestanding single-crystal gold foil. The temporal evolution of the Bragg peak intensity and of the liquid signal during solid-liquid phase transition are quantitatively determined. This experimental capability opens up an exciting opportunity to unravel the atomic dynamics of structural phase transitions in warm dense matter regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Mo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - X Shen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Z Chen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R K Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Dunning
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - K Sokolowski-Tinten
- Faculty of Physics and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, D-47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Q Zheng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S P Weathersby
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A H Reid
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R Coffee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - I Makasyuk
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Edstrom
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D McCormick
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - K Jobe
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C Hast
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S H Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - X Wang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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