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Niemietz D, Farrera P, Langenfeld S, Rempe G. Nondestructive detection of photonic qubits. Nature 2021; 591:570-574. [PMID: 33762772 PMCID: PMC7990738 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in experimental quantum information is to sustain the fragile superposition state of a qubit1. Long lifetimes can be achieved for material qubit carriers as memories2, at least in principle, but not for propagating photons that are rapidly lost by absorption, diffraction or scattering3. The loss problem can be mitigated with a nondestructive photonic qubit detector that heralds the photon without destroying the encoded qubit. Such a detector is envisioned to facilitate protocols in which distributed tasks depend on the successful dissemination of photonic qubits4,5, improve loss-sensitive qubit measurements6,7 and enable certain quantum key distribution attacks8. Here we demonstrate such a detector based on a single atom in two crossed fibre-based optical resonators, one for qubit-insensitive atom–photon coupling and the other for atomic-state detection9. We achieve a nondestructive detection efficiency upon qubit survival of 79 ± 3 per cent and a photon survival probability of 31 ± 1 per cent, and we preserve the qubit information with a fidelity of 96.2 ± 0.3 per cent. To illustrate the potential of our detector, we show that it can, with the current parameters, improve the rate and fidelity of long-distance entanglement and quantum state distribution compared to previous methods, provide resource optimization via qubit amplification and enable detection-loophole-free Bell tests. A nondestructive detector of photonic qubits, comprising a single 87Rb atom trapped in the centre point of two crossed fibre-based optical resonators, is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pau Farrera
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany.,ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain
| | | | - Gerhard Rempe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
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2
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Liu C, Zhu TX, Su MX, Ma YZ, Zhou ZQ, Li CF, Guo GC. On-Demand Quantum Storage of Photonic Qubits in an On-Chip Waveguide. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:260504. [PMID: 33449731 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.260504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photonic quantum memory is the core element in quantum information processing (QIP). For the scalable and convenient practical applications, great efforts have been devoted to the integrated quantum memory based on various waveguides fabricated in solids. However, on-demand storage of qubits, which is an essential requirement for QIP, is still challenging to be implemented using such integrated quantum memory. Here we report the on-demand storage of time-bin qubits in an on-chip waveguide memory fabricated on the surface of a ^{151}Eu^{3+}:Y_{2}SiO_{5} crystal, utilizing the Stark-modulated atomic frequency comb protocol. A qubit storage fidelity of 99.3%±0.2% is obtained with single-photon-level coherent pulses, far beyond the highest fidelity achievable using the classical measure-and-prepare strategy. The developed integrated quantum memory with the on-demand retrieval capability represents an important step toward practical applications of integrated quantum nodes in quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China and CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Tian-Xiang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China and CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ming-Xu Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China and CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - You-Zhi Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China and CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zong-Quan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China and CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China and CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China and CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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3
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Abstract
In this work, we propose a universal (spectral-topological) approach towards the realization of the quantum memory, consisting of a small number of controlled absorbers, providing a super-high quantum efficiency of more than 99.9% required for practical quantum information science. In this way, we have found a series of spectral-topological matching conditions for the spectroscopic parameters of the absorbers which ensure the maximal efficiency in the broadband spectral range due to controlling the relative position (topology) of the eigenfrequencies in the absorbers spectrum. We also discuss the implementation of the proposed approach using the modern microwave and optical technologies.
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4
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Maring N, Farrera P, Kutluer K, Mazzera M, Heinze G, de Riedmatten H. Photonic quantum state transfer between a cold atomic gas and a crystal. Nature 2018; 551:485-488. [PMID: 29168806 DOI: 10.1038/nature24468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interfacing fundamentally different quantum systems is key to building future hybrid quantum networks. Such heterogeneous networks offer capabilities superior to those of their homogeneous counterparts, as they merge the individual advantages of disparate quantum nodes in a single network architecture. However, few investigations of optical hybrid interconnections have been carried out, owing to fundamental and technological challenges such as wavelength and bandwidth matching of the interfacing photons. Here we report optical quantum interconnection of two disparate matter quantum systems with photon storage capabilities. We show that a quantum state can be transferred faithfully between a cold atomic ensemble and a rare-earth-doped crystal by means of a single photon at 1,552 nanometre telecommunication wavelength, using cascaded quantum frequency conversion. We demonstrate that quantum correlations between a photon and a single collective spin excitation in the cold atomic ensemble can be transferred to the solid-state system. We also show that single-photon time-bin qubits generated in the cold atomic ensemble can be converted, stored and retrieved from the crystal with a conditional qubit fidelity of more than 85 per cent. Our results open up the prospect of optically connecting quantum nodes with different capabilities and represent an important step towards the realization of large-scale hybrid quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Maring
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Pau Farrera
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Kutlu Kutluer
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Margherita Mazzera
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Georg Heinze
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Hugues de Riedmatten
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain.,ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08015 Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Moiseev SA, Gerasimov KI, Latypov RR, Perminov NS, Petrovnin KV, Sherstyukov ON. Broadband multiresonator quantum memory-interface. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3982. [PMID: 29507297 PMCID: PMC5838197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21941-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we experimentally demonstrated a broadband scheme of the multiresonator quantum memory-interface. The microwave photonic scheme consists of the system of mini-resonators strongly interacting with a common broadband resonator coupled with the external waveguide. We have implemented the impedance matched quantum storage in this scheme via controllable tuning of the mini-resonator frequencies and coupling of the common resonator with the external waveguide. Proof-of-principal experiment has been demonstrated for broadband microwave pulses when the quantum efficiency of 16.3% was achieved at room temperature. By using the obtained experimental spectroscopic data, the dynamics of the signal retrieval has been simulated and promising results were found for high-Q mini-resonators in microwave and optical frequency ranges. The results pave the way for the experimental implementation of broadband quantum memory-interface with quite high efficiency η > 0.99 on the basis of modern technologies, including optical quantum memory at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Moiseev
- Kazan Quantum Center, Kazan National Research Technical University n.a. A.N.Tupolev-KAI, 10 K. Marx, Kazan, 420111, Russia.
| | - K I Gerasimov
- Kazan Quantum Center, Kazan National Research Technical University n.a. A.N.Tupolev-KAI, 10 K. Marx, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - R R Latypov
- Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., Kazan, 420008, Russia
| | - N S Perminov
- Kazan Quantum Center, Kazan National Research Technical University n.a. A.N.Tupolev-KAI, 10 K. Marx, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - K V Petrovnin
- Kazan Quantum Center, Kazan National Research Technical University n.a. A.N.Tupolev-KAI, 10 K. Marx, Kazan, 420111, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., Kazan, 420008, Russia
| | - O N Sherstyukov
- Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Str., Kazan, 420008, Russia
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Zhong T, Kindem JM, Bartholomew JG, Rochman J, Craiciu I, Miyazono E, Bettinelli M, Cavalli E, Verma V, Nam SW, Marsili F, Shaw MD, Beyer AD, Faraon A. Nanophotonic rare-earth quantum memory with optically controlled retrieval. Science 2017; 357:1392-1395. [PMID: 28860208 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan5959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Optical quantum memories are essential elements in quantum networks for long-distance distribution of quantum entanglement. Scalable development of quantum network nodes requires on-chip qubit storage functionality with control of the readout time. We demonstrate a high-fidelity nanophotonic quantum memory based on a mesoscopic neodymium ensemble coupled to a photonic crystal cavity. The nanocavity enables >95% spin polarization for efficient initialization of the atomic frequency comb memory and time bin-selective readout through an enhanced optical Stark shift of the comb frequencies. Our solid-state memory is integrable with other chip-scale photon source and detector devices for multiplexed quantum and classical information processing at the network nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhong
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jonathan M Kindem
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - John G Bartholomew
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jake Rochman
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Ioana Craiciu
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Evan Miyazono
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marco Bettinelli
- Laboratorio Materiali Luminescenti, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Enrico Cavalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilita Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Varun Verma
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, MC 815.04, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Sae Woo Nam
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, MC 815.04, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Francesco Marsili
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Matthew D Shaw
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Andrew D Beyer
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Andrei Faraon
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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7
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Sinclair N, Oblak D, Thiel CW, Cone RL, Tittel W. Properties of a Rare-Earth-Ion-Doped Waveguide at Sub-Kelvin Temperatures for Quantum Signal Processing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:100504. [PMID: 28339230 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.100504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We characterize the 795 nm ^{3}H_{6} to ^{3}H_{4} transition of Tm^{3+} in a Ti^{4+}:LiNbO_{3} waveguide at temperatures as low as 800 mK. Coherence and hyperfine population lifetimes-up to 117 μs and 2.5 h, respectively-exceed those at 3 K at least tenfold, and are equivalent to those observed in a bulk Tm^{3+}:LiNbO_{3} crystal under similar conditions. We also find a transition dipole moment that is equivalent to that of the bulk. Finally, we prepare a 0.5 GHz-bandwidth atomic frequency comb of finesse >2 on a vanishing background. These results demonstrate the suitability of rare-earth-ion-doped waveguides created using industry-standard Ti indiffusion in LiNbO_{3} for on-chip quantum applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sinclair
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - D Oblak
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - C W Thiel
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
| | - R L Cone
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
| | - W Tittel
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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