1
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Schneider JE, Zeng S, Anferov SW, Filatov AS, Anderson JS. Isolation and Crystallographic Characterization of an Octavalent Co 2O 2 Diamond Core. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39146525 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
High-valent cobalt oxides play a pivotal role in alternative energy technology as catalysts for water splitting and as cathodes in lithium-ion batteries. Despite this importance, the properties governing the stability of high-valent cobalt oxides and specifically possible oxygen evolution pathways are not clear. One root of this limited understanding is the scarcity of high-valent Co(IV)-containing model complexes; there are no reports of stable, well-defined complexes with multiple Co(IV) centers. Here, an oxidatively robust fluorinated ligand scaffold enables the isolation and crystallographic characterization of a Co(IV)2-bis-μ-oxo complex. This complex is remarkably stable, in stark contrast with previously reported Co(IV)2 species that are highly reactive, which demonstrates that oxy-Co(IV)2 species are not necessarily unstable with respect to oxygen evolution. This example underscores a new design strategy for highly oxidizing transition-metal fragments and provides detailed data on a previously inaccessible chemical unit of relevance to O-O bond formation and oxygen evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Shilin Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Sophie W Anferov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Alexander S Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - John S Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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2
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Wen X, Ma Y, Chen J, Wang B. A synthetically useful catalytic system for aliphatic C-H oxidation with a nonheme cobalt complex and m-CPBA. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5729-5733. [PMID: 38932595 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00807c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
We report herein a synthetically useful catalytic system for aliphatic C-H oxidation with a mononuclear nonheme cobalt(II) complex and m-chloroperbenzoic acid (m-CPBA). Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that a high-valent cobalt-oxygen species (e.g., cobalt(IV)-oxo or cobalt(III)-oxyl) is the oxidant that effects C-H oxidation via a rate-determining hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Yidong Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
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3
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Zhong Y, Ma S, Chen D, Feng Y, Zhang W, Sun S, Lv G, Zhang W, Zhang JZ, Ding H. Ultrathin BiOCl-OV/CoAl-LDH S-scheme heterojunction for efficient photocatalytic peroxymonosulfate activation to boost Co (IV)=O generation. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 258:121774. [PMID: 38772316 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable and rapid production of high-valent cobalt-oxo (Co(IV)=O) species for efficiently removing organic pollutants is challenging in permoxymonosulfate (PMS) based advanced-oxidation-processes (AOPs) due to the limitation of the high 3d-orbital electronic occupancy of Co and slow conversion from Co(III) to Co(II). Herein, S-scheme BiOCl-OV/CoAl-LDH heterojunction were constructed by ultrathin BiOCl with the oxygen-vacancy (OV) self-assembled with ultrathin CoAl-LDH. OV promoted the formation of charge transfer channel (Bi-O-Co bonds) at the interface of the heterojunction and reduced electron occupation of the Co 3d-orbital to facilitate the generation of Co(IV)=O in the BiOCl-OV/CoAl-LDH/PMS/Visible-light system. S-scheme heterojunction accelerated the photogenerated electrons to allow rapid conversion of Co(III) to Co(II), promoting the fast two-electron transfer from Co(II) to Co(IV)=O. Consequently, the developed BiOCl-OV/CoAl-LDH/PMS/Visible-light system showed excellent degradation efficiency for most of organic pollutions, and exhibited very high removal capability for the actual industrial wastewater. This study provides a new insight into the evolution of Co(IV)=O and the coordinative mechanism for photocatalysis and PMS activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhong
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Material Sciences and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shiqing Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Material Sciences and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Daimei Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Material Sciences and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yanmei Feng
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Material Sciences and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenyang Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Material Sciences and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Sijia Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Material Sciences and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guocheng Lv
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Material Sciences and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Weibin Zhang
- College of Physics and Electronics Information, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Jin Zhong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Hao Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Material Sciences and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China.
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4
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Kayne M, Murphy PS, Kwon YM, Lee Y, Jackson TA, Wang D. Generation, Characterization and Reactivity of a High-Valent Mononuclear Cobalt(IV)-Diazide Complex. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401218. [PMID: 38644346 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
High-valent Fe(IV)=O intermediates of metalloenzymes have inspired numerous efforts to generate synthetic analogs to mimic and understand their substrate oxidation reactivities. However, high-valent M(IV) complexes of late transition metals are rare. We have recently reported a novel Co(IV)-dinitrate complex (1-NO3) that activates sp3 C-H bonds up to 87 kcal/mol. In this work, we have shown that the nitrate ligands in 1-NO3 can be replaced by azide, a more basic coordinating base, resulting in the formation of a more potent Co(IV)-diazide species (1-N3) that reacts with substrates (hydrocarbons and phenols) at faster rate constants and activates stronger C-H bonds than the parent complex 1-NO3. We have characterized 1-N3 employing a combination of spectroscopic and computational approaches. Our results clearly show that the coordination of azide leads to the modulation of the Co(IV) electronic structure and the Co(IV/III) redox potential. Together with the higher basicity of azide, these thermodynamic parameters contribute to the higher driving forces of 1-N3 than 1-NO3 for C-H bond activation. Our discoveries are thus insightful for designing more reactive bio-inspired high-valent late transition metal complexes for activating inert aliphatic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kayne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, United States
| | - Patrick S Murphy
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, United States
| | - Yubin M Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, United States
| | - Yuri Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, United States
| | - Timothy A Jackson
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, United States
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, United States
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5
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Morimoto Y, Shimaoka Y, Fukui K, Itoh S. Selective Alkane Hydroxylation in a Fluorous Solvent System Catalyzed by a Fluorocarbon-Soluble Transition-Metal Catalyst. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:23624-23633. [PMID: 38854554 PMCID: PMC11154937 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxylation of aliphatic hydrocarbons requires highly reactive oxidants, but their strength can lead to undesired oxidation of the initially formed alcohols and solvents, undermining the product selectivity. To address these problems, we developed a novel catalytic system using fluorocarbon solvents. A cobalt complex supported by the fluorinated ligand, N,N,N',N',N″-pentakis-[CF3(CF2)7(CH2)3]-diethylenetriamine (Rf-deta), acts as an efficient catalyst [turnover number (TON) = 1203, turnover frequency = 51 ± 1 min-1] for cyclohexane hydroxylation with the m-chloroperbenzoic acid oxidant, achieving high alcohol selectivity (96%). Overoxidation to form cyclohexanone is minimized due to the separation of cyclohexanol from the reaction phase, comprising perfluoromethylcyclohexane and α,α,α-trifluorotoluene. The catalyst hydroxylates primary carbons (5 examples) and exhibits significant reactivity toward the terminal C-H bond of normal hexane (TON = 13). This system extends to the hydroxylation of the gaseous substrate butane, yielding the corresponding alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuki Shimaoka
- Department of Molecular Chemistry,
Division of Advanced Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kosuke Fukui
- Department of Molecular Chemistry,
Division of Advanced Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinobu Itoh
- Department of Molecular Chemistry,
Division of Advanced Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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6
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Malik DD, Ryu W, Kim Y, Singh G, Kim JH, Sankaralingam M, Lee YM, Seo MS, Sundararajan M, Ocampo D, Roemelt M, Park K, Kim SH, Baik MH, Shearer J, Ray K, Fukuzumi S, Nam W. Identification, Characterization, and Electronic Structures of Interconvertible Cobalt-Oxygen TAML Intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13817-13835. [PMID: 38716885 PMCID: PMC11216523 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The reaction of Li[(TAML)CoIII]·3H2O (TAML = tetraamido macrocyclic tetraanionic ligand) with iodosylbenzene at 253 K in acetone in the presence of redox-innocent metal ions (Sc(OTf)3 and Y(OTf)3) or triflic acid affords a blue species 1, which is converted reversibly to a green species 2 upon cooling to 193 K. The electronic structures of 1 and 2 have been determined by combining advanced spectroscopic techniques (X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), X-ray absorption spectroscopy/extended X-ray absorption fine structure (XAS/EXAFS), and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD)) with ab initio theoretical studies. Complex 1 is best represented as an S = 1/2 [(Sol)(TAML•+)CoIII---OH(LA)]- species (LA = Lewis/Brønsted acid and Sol = solvent), where an S = 1 Co(III) center is antiferromagnetically coupled to S = 1/2 TAML•+, which represents a one-electron oxidized TAML ligand. In contrast, complex 2, also with an S = 1/2 ground state, is found to be multiconfigurational with contributions of both the resonance forms [(H-TAML)CoIV═O(LA)]- and [(H-TAML•+)CoIII═O(LA)]-; H-TAML and H-TAML•+ represent the protonated forms of TAML and TAML•+ ligands, respectively. Thus, the interconversion of 1 and 2 is associated with a LA-associated tautomerization event, whereby H+ shifts from the terminal -OH group to TAML•+ with the concomitant formation of a terminal cobalt-oxo species possessing both singlet (SCo = 0) Co(III) and doublet (SCo = 1/2) Co(IV) characters. The reactivities of 1 and 2 at different temperatures have been investigated in oxygen atom transfer (OAT) and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactions to compare the activation enthalpies and entropies of 1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deesha D Malik
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Wooyeol Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Yujeong Kim
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Korea
| | - Gurjot Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jun-Hyeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | | | - Yong-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Mi Sook Seo
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Mahesh Sundararajan
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Theoretical Chemistry Section, Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Daniel Ocampo
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212-7200, United States
| | - Michael Roemelt
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kiyoung Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sun Hee Kim
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jason Shearer
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212-7200, United States
| | - Kallol Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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7
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Wang D, Ingram AA, Luka J, Mao M, Ahrens L, Bienstein M, Spaniol TP, Schwaneberg U, Okuda J. Engineered Anchor Peptide LCI with a Cobalt Cofactor Enhances Oxidation Efficiency of Polystyrene Microparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317419. [PMID: 38251394 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
A typical component of polymer waste is polystyrene (PS) used in numerous applications, but degraded only slowly in the environment due to its hydrophobic properties. To increase the reactivity of polystyrene, polar groups need to be introduced. Here, biohybrid catalysts based on the engineered anchor peptide LCI_F16C are presented, which are capable of attaching to polystyrene microparticles and hydroxylating benzylic C-H bonds in polystyrene microparticles using commercially available oxone as oxidant. LCI peptides achieve a dense surface coverage of PS through monolayer formation within minutes in aqueous solutions at ambient temperature. The catalytically active cobalt cofactor Co-L1 or Co-L2 with a modified NNNN macrocyclic TACD ligand (TACD=1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) is covalently bound to the anchor peptide LCI through a maleimide linker. Compared to the free cofactors, a 12- to 15-fold improvement in catalytic activity using biohybrid catalysts based on LCI_F16C was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Aaron A Ingram
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julian Luka
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maochao Mao
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Leon Ahrens
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marian Bienstein
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas P Spaniol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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8
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Kumar M, Gupta MK, Ansari M, Ansari A. C-H bond activation by high-valent iron/cobalt-oxo complexes: a quantum chemical modeling approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4349-4362. [PMID: 38235511 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05866b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
High-valent metal-oxo species serve as key intermediates in the activation of inert C-H bonds. Here, we present a comprehensive DFT analysis of the parameters that have been proposed as influencing factors in modeled high-valent metal-oxo mediated C-H activation reactions. Our approach involves utilizing DFT calculations to explore the electronic structures of modeled FeIVO (species 1) and CoIVO ↔ CoIII-O˙ (species 2), scrutinizing their capacity to predict improved catalytic activity. DFT and DLPNO-CCSD(T) calculations predict that the iron-oxo species possesses a triplet as the ground state, while the cobalt-oxo has a doublet as the ground state. Furthermore, we have investigated the mechanistic pathways for the first C-H bond activation, as well as the desaturation of the alkanes. The mechanism was determined to be a two-step process, wherein the first hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) represents the rate-limiting step, involving the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process. However, we found that the second HAA step is highly exothermic for both species. Our calculations suggest that the iron-oxo species (Fe-O = 1.672 Å) exhibit relatively sluggish behavior compared to the cobalt-oxo species (Co-O = 1.854 Å) in C-H bond activation, attributed to a weak metal-oxygen bond. MO, NBO, and deformation energy analysis reveal the importance of weakening the M-O bond in the cobalt species, thereby reducing the overall barrier to the reaction. This catalyst was found to have a C-H activation barrier relatively smaller than that previously reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeet Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh-123031, Haryana, India.
| | - Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh-123031, Haryana, India.
| | - Mursaleem Ansari
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Azaj Ansari
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh-123031, Haryana, India.
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9
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Katoch A, Mandal D. High-valent nonheme Fe(IV)O/Ru(IV)O complexes catalyze C-H activation reactivity and hydrogen tunneling: a comparative DFT investigation. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:2386-2394. [PMID: 38214597 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03155a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive density functional theory investigation has been presented towards the comparison of the C-H activation reactivity between high-valent iron-oxo and ruthenium-oxo complexes. A total of four compounds, e.g., [Ru(IV)O(tpy-dcbpy)] (1), [Fe(IV)O(tpy-dcbpy)] (1'), [Ru(IV)O(TMCS)] (2), and [Fe(IV)O(TMCS)] (2'), have been considered for this investigation. The macrocyclic ligand framework tpy(dcbpy) implies tpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine, dcbpy = 5,5'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine, and TMCS is TMC with an axially tethered -SCH2CH2 group. Compounds 1 and 2' are experimentally synthesized standard complexes with Ru and Fe, whereas compounds 1' and 2 were considered to keep the macrocycle intact when switching the central metal atom. Three reactants including benzyl alcohol, ethyl benzene, and dihydroanthracene were selected as substrates for C-H activation. It is noteworthy to mention that Fe(IV)O complexes exhibit higher reactivity than those of their Ru(IV)O counterparts. Furthermore, regardless of the central metal, the complex featuring a tpy-dcbpy macrocycle demonstrates higher reactivity than that of TMCS. Here, a thorough analysis of the reactivity-controlling characteristics-such as spin state, steric factor, distortion energy, energy of the electron acceptor orbital, and quantum mechanical tunneling-was conducted. Fe(IV)O exhibits the exchanged enhanced two-state-reactivity with the quintet reactive state, whereas Ru(IV)O has only a triplet reactive state. Both the distortion energy and acceptor orbital energy are low in the case of Fe(IV)O supporting its higher reactivity. All the investigated C-H activation processes involve a significant contribution from hydrogen tunneling, which is more pronounced in the case of Ru, although it cannot alter the reactivity pattern. Furthermore, it has also been found that, independent of the central metal, aliphatic hydroxylation is always preferable to aromatic hydroxylation. Overall, this work is successful in establishing and investigating the cause of enzymes' natural preference for Fe over Ru as a cofactor for C-H activation enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Katoch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala-147001, Punjab, India.
| | - Debasish Mandal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala-147001, Punjab, India.
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10
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Wang D, Ingram AA, Okumura A, Spaniol TP, Schwaneberg U, Okuda J. Benzylic C(sp 3 )-H Bond Oxidation with Ketone Selectivity by a Cobalt(IV)-Oxo Embedded in a β-Barrel Protein. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303066. [PMID: 37818668 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Artificial metalloenzymes have emerged as biohybrid catalysts that allow to combine the reactivity of a metal catalyst with the flexibility of protein scaffolds. This work reports the artificial metalloenzymes based on the β-barrel protein nitrobindin NB4, in which a cofactor [CoII X(Me3 TACD-Mal)]+ X- (X=Cl, Br; Me3 TACD=N,N' ,N''-trimethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, Mal=CH2 CH2 CH2 NC4 H2 O2 ) was covalently anchored via a Michael addition reaction. These biohybrid catalysts showed higher efficiency than the free cobalt complexes for the oxidation of benzylic C(sp3 )-H bonds in aqueous media. Using commercially available oxone (2KHSO5 ⋅ KHSO4 ⋅ K2 SO4 ) as oxidant, a total turnover number of up to 220 and 97 % ketone selectivity were achieved for tetralin. As catalytically active intermediate, a mononuclear terminal cobalt(IV)-oxo species [Co(IV)=O]2+ was generated by reacting the cobalt(II) cofactor with oxone in aqueous solution and characterized by ESI-TOF MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Aaron A Ingram
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Akira Okumura
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas P Spaniol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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11
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Wang R, Pan Y, Feng S, Liang C, Xie J, Lau TC, Liu Y. Structure and reactivity of a seven-coordinate ruthenium acylperoxo complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:312-315. [PMID: 38063010 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04751b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The use of metal-acylperoxo complexes as oxidants has been little explored. Herein we report the synthesis and characterization of the first seven-coordinate Ru-acylperoxo complex, [RuIV(bdpm)(pic)2(mCPBA)]+ (H2bdpm = [2,2'-bipyridine]-6,6'-diylbis(diphenylmethanol); pic = 4-picoline; HmCPBA = m-chloroperbenzoic acid). This complex is a highly reactive oxidant for C-H bond activation and O-atom transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China.
- Science Island Branch, Graduate School of USTC, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yunling Pan
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Sushan Feng
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China.
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Chenyi Liang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China.
- Science Island Branch, Graduate School of USTC, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Xie
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Tai-Chu Lau
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China.
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12
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Yang J, Tripodi GL, Derks MTGM, Seo MS, Lee YM, Southwell KW, Shearer J, Roithová J, Nam W. Generation, Spectroscopic Characterization, and Computational Analysis of a Six-Coordinate Cobalt(III)-Imidyl Complex with an Unusual S = 3/2 Ground State that Promotes N-Group and Hydrogen Atom-Transfer Reactions with Exogenous Substrates. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26106-26121. [PMID: 37997643 PMCID: PMC11175169 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of a mononuclear nonheme cobalt(III)-imidyl complex, [Co(NTs)(TQA)(OTf)]+ (1), with an S = 3/2 spin state that is capable of facilitating exogenous substrate modifications. Complex 1 was generated from the reaction of CoII(TQA)(OTf)2 with PhINTs at -20 °C. A flow setup with ESI-MS detection was used to explore the kinetics of the formation, stability, and degradation pathway of 1 in solution by treating the Co(II) precursor with PhINTs. Co K-edge XAS data revealed a distinct shift in the Co K-edge compared to the Co(II) precursor, in agreement with the formation of a Co(III) intermediate. The unusual S = 3/2 spin state was proposed based on EPR, DFT, and CASSCF calculations and Co Kβ XES results. Co K-edge XAS and IR photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopies demonstrate that 1 is a six-coordinate species, and IRPD and resonance Raman spectroscopies are consistent with 1 being exclusively the isomer with the NT ligand occupying the vacant site trans to the TQA aliphatic amine nitrogen atom. Electronic structure calculations (broken symmetry DFT and CASSCF/NEVPT2) demonstrate an S = 3/2 oxidation state resulting from the strong antiferromagnetic coupling of an •NTs spin to the high-spin S = 2 Co(III) center. Reactivity studies of 1 with PPh3 derivatives revealed its electrophilic characteristic in the nitrene-transfer reaction. While the activation of C-H bonds by 1 was proved to be kinetically challenging, 1 could oxidize weak O-H and N-H bonds. Complex 1 is, therefore, a rare example of a Co(III)-imidyl complex capable of exogenous substrate transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindou Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Guilherme L. Tripodi
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Max T. G. M. Derks
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mi Sook Seo
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yong-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Kendal W. Southwell
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, United States
| | - Jason Shearer
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, United States
| | - Jana Roithová
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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13
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Pain T, Singh AK, Tarai A, Mondal S, Indra A, Kar S. C-H Bond Activation by an Antimony(V) Oxo Intermediate Accessed through Electrochemical Oxidation of Antimony(III) Tetrakis(thiocyano)corrole. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:18779-18788. [PMID: 37933554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
A new class of antimony(III) corroles has been described. The photophysical properties of these newly synthesized tetrakis(thiocyano)corrolatoantimony(III) derivatives having four SCN groups on the bipyrrole unit of corrole are drastically altered compared to their β-unsubstituted corrolatoantimony(III) analogues. The UV-vis and emission spectra of tetrakis(thiocyano)corrolatoantimony(III) derivatives are significantly red-shifted (roughly 30-40 nm) in comparison with their β-unsubstituted corrolatoantimony(III) derivatives. The Q bands are significantly strengthened. The intensity of the most prominent Q band is roughly 70% that of the Soret band and absorbs strongly at the far-red region, i.e., at 700-720 nm. These molecules emit light in the near-infrared region (700-900 nm). Tetrakis(thiocyano)corrolatoantimony(III) undergoes electrochemical anodic oxidation to form SbV═O species, which facilitates electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the activation of benzylic C-H to produce benzoic acid selectively. Under optimized conditions, SbIII-corrole@NF (NF = nickel foam) required an overpotential of 380 mV to reach a 50 mA cm-2 current density, comparable with those of other transition-metal-based complexes. On the other hand, replacing the anodic OER with benzyl alcohol oxidation lowered the required potential by 150 mV (at 300 mA cm-2) to improve the energy efficiency of the electrochemical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Pain
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar 752050, India
- Training School Complex, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arup Tarai
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar 752050, India
- Training School Complex, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Sruti Mondal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar 752050, India
| | - Arindam Indra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjib Kar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar 752050, India
- Training School Complex, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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14
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Saini A, Das C, Rai S, Guha A, Dolui D, Majumder P, Dutta A. A homogeneous cobalt complex mediated electro and photocatalytic O 2/H 2O interconversion in neutral water. iScience 2023; 26:108189. [PMID: 37920669 PMCID: PMC10618691 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The O2/H2O redox couple is vital in various renewable energy conversion strategies. This work delves into the Co(L-histidine)2 complex, a functional mimic of oxygen-carrying metalloproteins, and its electrochemical behavior driving the bidirectional oxygen reduction (ORR) and oxygen evolution (OER) activity in neutral water. This complex electrocatalyzes O2 via two distinct pathways: a two-electron O2/H2O2 reduction (catalytic rate = 250 s-1) and a four-electron O2 to H2O production (catalytic rate = 66 s-1). The formation of the key trans-μ-1,2-Co(III)-peroxo intermediate expedites this process. Additionally, this complex effectively oxidizes water to O2 (catalytic rate = 15606 s-1) at anodic potentials via a Co(IV)-oxo species. Additionally, this complex executes the ORR and OER under photocatalytic conditions in neutral water in the presence of appropriate photosensitizer (Eosin-Y) and redox mediators (triethanolamine/ORR and Na2S2O8/OER) at an appreciable rate. These results highlight one of the early examples of both electro- and photoactive bidirectional ORR/OER catalysts operational in neutral water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Saini
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Chandan Das
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Surabhi Rai
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- National Center of Excellence in CCU, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Aritra Guha
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Dependu Dolui
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Piyali Majumder
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Arnab Dutta
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- National Center of Excellence in CCU, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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15
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Monika, Kumar M, Somi, Sarkar A, Gupta MK, Ansari A. Theoretical study of the formation of metal-oxo species of the first transition series with the ligand 14-TMC: driving factors of the "Oxo Wall". Dalton Trans 2023; 52:14160-14169. [PMID: 37750348 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02109b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Terminal metal-oxo species of the early transition metal series are well known, whereas those for the late transition series are rare, and this is related to the "Oxo Wall". Here, we have undertaken a theoretical study on the formation of metal-oxo species from the metal hydroperoxo species of the 3d series (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) with the ligand 14-TMC (1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) via O⋯O bond cleavage. DFT calculations reveal that the barrier for O⋯O bond cleavage is higher with the late transition metals (Co, Ni, and Cu) than the early transition metals (Cr, Mn, and Fe), and the formed late metal-oxo species are also thermodynamically less stable. The higher barrier may be due to electronic repulsion because of the pairing of d electrons. In the late transition metal series, the electron goes into an antibonding orbital, which decreases the bond order and hence decreases the possibility of metal-oxo formation. Computed structural parameters and spin densities suggest that valence tautomerism occurs in the late transition metal-oxo species which remain as a metal-oxyl. Our findings support the concept of the "Oxo Wall".
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh-123031, Haryana, India.
| | - Manjeet Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh-123031, Haryana, India.
| | - Somi
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh-123031, Haryana, India.
| | - Arup Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh-123031, Haryana, India.
| | - Azaj Ansari
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh-123031, Haryana, India.
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16
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He Q, Pu MP, Jiang Z, Wang H, Feng X, Liu X. Asymmetric Epoxidation of Alkenes Catalyzed by a Cobalt Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37406347 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric epoxidation of alkenes catalyzed by nonheme chiral Mn-O and Fe-O catalysts has been well established, but chiral Co-O catalysts for the purpose remain virtually undeveloped due to the oxo wall. Herein is first reported a chiral cobalt complex to realize the enantioselective epoxidation of cyclic and acyclic trisubstituted alkenes by using PhIO as the oxidant in acetone, wherein the tetra-oxygen-based chiral N,N'-dioxide with sterically hindered amide subunits plays a crucial role in supporting the formation of the Co-O intermediate and enantioselective electrophilic oxygen transfer. Mechanistic studies, including HRMS measurements, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, as well as DFT calculations, were carried out, confirming the formation of Co-O species as a quartet Co(III)-oxyl tautomer. The mechanism and the origin of enantioselectivity were also elucidated based on control experiments, nonlinear effects, kinetic studies, and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Mao-Ping Pu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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17
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Pan Y, Zhou M, Wang R, Song D, Yiu SM, Xie J, Lau KC, Lau TC, Liu Y. Structure and Reactivity of a Seven-Coordinate Ruthenium Iodosylbenzene Complex. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:7772-7778. [PMID: 37146252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Seven-coordinate (CN7) ruthenium-oxo species have attracted much attention as highly reactive intermediates in both organic and water oxidation. Apart from metal-oxo, other metal-oxidant adducts, such as metal-iodosylarenes, have also recently emerged as active oxidants. We reported herein the first example of a CN7 Ru-iodosylbenzene complex, [RuIV(bdpm)(pic)2(O)I(Cl)Ph]+ (H2bdpm = [2,2'-bipyridine]-6,6'-diylbis(diphenylmethanol); pic = 4-picoline). The X-ray crystal structure of this complex shows that it adopts a distorted pentagonal bipyramidal geometry with Ru-O(I) and O-I distances of 2.0451(39) and 1.9946(40) Å, respectively. This complex is highly reactive, and it readily undergoes O-atom transfer (OAT) and C-H bond activation reactions with various organic substrates. This work should provide insights for the development of new highly reactive oxidizing agents based on CN7 geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunling Pan
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Dan Song
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Shek-Man Yiu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Xie
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Chung Lau
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Tai-Chu Lau
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
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18
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Xiang J, Pan Y, Liu LL, Wang LX, Yang H, Cheng SC, Yiu SM, Leung CF, Ko CC, Lau KC, Lau TC. Visible Light-Induced Oxidation of Alcohols by a Luminescent Osmium(VI) Nitrido Complex: Evidence for the Generation of PhIO + as a Highly Active Oxidant in the Presence of PhIO. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9129-9135. [PMID: 37053567 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Although alcohols are readily oxidized by a variety of oxidants, their oxidation by metal nitrido complexes is yet to be studied. We report herein visible-light-induced oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to carbonyl compounds by a strongly luminescent osmium(VI) nitrido complex (OsN). The proposed mechanism involves initial rate-limiting hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) from the α-carbon of the alcohol to OsN*. Attempts to develop catalytic oxidation of alcohols by OsN* using PhIO as the terminal oxidant resulted in the formation of novel osmium(IV) iminato complexes in which the nitrido ligand is bonded to a δ-carbon of the alcohol. Experimental and theoretical studies suggest that OsN* is reductively quenched by PhIO to generate PhIO+, which is a highly active oxidant that readily undergoes α- and δ-C-H activation of alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Lu-Lu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, China
| | - Li-Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, China
| | - Huan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, China
| | - Shun-Cheung Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Shek-Man Yiu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Chi-Fai Leung
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po N. T., Hong Kong 00000, China
| | - Chi-Chiu Ko
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Kai-Chung Lau
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Tai-Chu Lau
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China
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19
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Wu Q, Liang J, Xiao M, Long C, Li L, Zeng Z, Mavrič A, Zheng X, Zhu J, Liang HW, Liu H, Valant M, Wang W, Lv Z, Li J, Cui C. Non-covalent ligand-oxide interaction promotes oxygen evolution. Nat Commun 2023; 14:997. [PMID: 36813796 PMCID: PMC9947139 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36718-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Strategies to generate high-valence metal species capable of oxidizing water often employ composition and coordination tuning of oxide-based catalysts, where strong covalent interactions with metal sites are crucial. However, it remains unexplored whether a relatively weak "non-bonding" interaction between ligands and oxides can mediate the electronic states of metal sites in oxides. Here we present an unusual non-covalent phenanthroline-CoO2 interaction that substantially elevates the population of Co4+ sites for improved water oxidation. We find that phenanthroline only coordinates with Co2+ forming soluble Co(phenanthroline)2(OH)2 complex in alkaline electrolytes, which can be deposited as amorphous CoOxHy film containing non-bonding phenanthroline upon oxidation of Co2+ to Co3+/4+. This in situ deposited catalyst demonstrates a low overpotential of 216 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and sustainable activity over 1600 h with Faradaic efficiency above 97%. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the presence of phenanthroline can stabilize CoO2 through the non-covalent interaction and generate polaron-like electronic states at the Co-Co center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianbao Wu
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 China
| | - Junwu Liang
- grid.440772.20000 0004 1799 411XOptoelectronic Information Research Center, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, Guangxi 537000 China
| | - Mengjun Xiao
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 China
| | - Chang Long
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 China
| | - Lei Li
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 China
| | - Zhenhua Zeng
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Andraž Mavrič
- grid.438882.d0000 0001 0212 6916Materials Research Laboratory, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Xia Zheng
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 China
| | - Jing Zhu
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Hai-Wei Liang
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Hongfei Liu
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 China
| | - Matjaz Valant
- grid.438882.d0000 0001 0212 6916Materials Research Laboratory, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Wei Wang
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 China
| | - Zhengxing Lv
- grid.458506.a0000 0004 0497 0637Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210 China
| | - Jiong Li
- grid.458506.a0000 0004 0497 0637Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210 China
| | - Chunhua Cui
- Molecular Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
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20
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Hu H, Li Y, Li Y, Sun Y, Li Y. Carbamoyl Manganese Complexes for Epoxidation of Alkenes and Cycloaddition of Epoxides to Carbon Dioxide. J Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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21
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Lee Y, Tripodi GL, Jeong D, Lee S, Roithova J, Cho J. Aliphatic and Aromatic C–H Bond Oxidation by High-Valent Manganese(IV)-Hydroxo Species. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20752-20762. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Guilherme L. Tripodi
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Donghyun Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggi Lee
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu42988, Korea
| | - Jana Roithova
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jaeheung Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
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22
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Chung M, Jin K, Zeng JS, Ton TN, Manthiram K. Tuning Single-Atom Dopants on Manganese Oxide for Selective Electrocatalytic Cyclooctene Epoxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17416-17422. [PMID: 36098659 PMCID: PMC9523708 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Selective and efficient electrocatalysts are imperative for the successful deployment of electrochemistry toward synthetic applications. In this study, we used galvanic replacement reactions to synthesize iridium-decorated manganese oxide nanoparticles, which showed a cyclooctene epoxidation partial current density of 10.5 ± 2.8 mA/cm2 and a Faradaic efficiency of 46 ± 4%. Results from operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy suggest that manganese leaching from the nanoparticles during galvanic replacement introduces lattice vacancies that make the nanoparticles more susceptible to metal oxidation and catalyst reconstruction under an applied anodic potential. This results in an increased presence of electrophilic oxygen atoms on the catalyst surface during reaction conditions, which may contribute to the enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward cyclooctene epoxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minju Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kyoungsuk Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joy S Zeng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Thu N Ton
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Karthish Manthiram
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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23
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Cao M, Wang H, Ma Y, Tung CH, Liu L. Site- and Enantioselective Manganese-Catalyzed Benzylic C-H Azidation of Indolines. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15383-15390. [PMID: 35951549 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A manganese-catalyzed highly site- and enantioselective benzylic C-H azidation of indolines has been described. The practical method is applicable for azidation of a tertiary benzylic C-H bond with good functional group tolerance, allowing facile access to structurally diverse tertiary azide-containing indolines in high efficiency with excellent site-, chemo-, and enantioselectivity. The generality of the method was further demonstrated by site- and enantioselective azidation of the secondary benzylic C-H bond for a range of secondary azide-containing indolines. The benzylic C-H azidation method allows to straightforwardly and enantioselectively install a variety of nitrogen-based functional groups and diverse bioactive molecules at the C3 position of indoline frameworks through post-azidation manipulations. Gram-scale synthesis was also demonstrated, further highlighting the synthetic potential of the method. Mechanistic studies by combined experiments and computations elucidated the reaction mechanism and origins of stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yingang Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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24
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Das B, Toledo-Carrillo EA, Li L, Ye F, Chen J, Slabon A, Verho O, Eriksson L, Göthelid M, Dutta J, Äkermark B. Cobalt Electrocatalyst on Fluorine Doped Carbon Cloth – a Robust and Partially Regenerable Anode for Water Oxidation. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biswanath Das
- Stockholm University: Stockholms Universitet Organic Chemistry Stockholm SWEDEN
| | | | - Lin Li
- ShanghaiTech University - Zhangjiang Campus: ShanghaiTech University School of Physical Science and Technology CHINA
| | - Fei Ye
- KTH: Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan Materials and nanophysics SWEDEN
| | - Jianhong Chen
- Stockholm University: Stockholms Universitet MMK SWEDEN
| | - Adam Slabon
- University of Wuppertal: Bergische Universitat Wuppertal Inorganic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Oscar Verho
- Uppsala Universitet Biomedicinskt Centrum BMC SWEDEN
| | | | - Mats Göthelid
- KTH: Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan Materials and nanophysics SWEDEN
| | - Joydeep Dutta
- KTH: Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan Materials and nanophysics SWEDEN
| | - Björn Äkermark
- Stockholms Universitet Organic Chemistry Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 11418 Stockholm SWEDEN
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25
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Nandy A, Adamji H, Kastner DW, Vennelakanti V, Nazemi A, Liu M, Kulik HJ. Using Computational Chemistry To Reveal Nature’s Blueprints for Single-Site Catalysis of C–H Activation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Nandy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Husain Adamji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David W. Kastner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vyshnavi Vennelakanti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Azadeh Nazemi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mingjie Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heather J. Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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26
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Chao M, Wang H, Zhang H, Zhong F, Luo Z, Wu F, Sun F, Jiang J, He X, Zhang S, Gong P, Wang B, Shen D. Cobalt (II)‐Catalyzed Oxidation of 2‐Aryl Benzoic Acids to Access Biaryl Lactones. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mianran Chao
- Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu P. R. China
| | - Haixing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu P. R. China
| | - Fubi Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu P. R. China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu P. R. China
| | - Fengyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu P. R. China
| | - Feiyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu P. R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu P. R. China
| | - Xuexue He
- Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu P. R. China
| | - Shumiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu P. R. China
| | - Peiwei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu P. R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of Jinan Jinan P. R. China
| | - Duyi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Life‐Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University Qufu P. R. China
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27
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Malik DD, Lee Y, Nam W. Identification of a cobalt(
IV
)–oxo intermediate as an active oxidant in catalytic oxidation reactions. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deesha D. Malik
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science Ewha Womans University Seoul South Korea
| | - Yong‐Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science Ewha Womans University Seoul South Korea
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science Ewha Womans University Seoul South Korea
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28
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Kwon YM, Lee Y, Schmautz AK, Jackson TA, Wang D. C-H Bond Activation by a Mononuclear Nickel(IV)-Nitrate Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12072-12080. [PMID: 35767834 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The recent focus on developing high-valent non-oxo-metal complexes for late transition metals has proven to be an effective strategy to study the rich chemistry of these high-valent species while bypassing the synthetic challenges of obtaining the oxo-metal counterparts. In our continuing work of exploring late transition metal complexes of unusually high oxidation states, we have obtained in the present study a formal mononuclear Ni(IV)-nitrate complex (2) upon 1-e- oxidation of its Ni(III) derivatives (1-OH and 1-NO3). Characterization of these Ni complexes by combined spectroscopic and computational approaches enables deep understanding of their geometric and electronic structures, bonding interactions, and spectroscopic properties, showing that all of them are square planar complexes and exhibit strong π-covalency with the amido N-donors of the N3 ligand. Furthermore, results obtained from X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations provide strong support for the assignment of the Ni(IV) oxidation state of complex 2, albeit with strong ligand-to-metal charge donation. Notably, 2 is able to oxidize hydrocarbons with C-H bond strength in the range of 76-92 kcal/mol, representing a rare example of high-valent late transition metal complexes capable of activating strong sp3 C-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin M Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Yuri Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Anna K Schmautz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Timothy A Jackson
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
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29
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Su Y, Luo W, Lin W, Su Y, Li Z, Yuan Y, Li J, Chen G, Li Z, Yu Z, Zou Z. A Water‐Soluble Highly Oxidizing Cobalt Molecular Catalyst Designed for Bioinspired Water Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201430. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐Fei Su
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Zhi Luo
- Department of Chemistry Shantou University Guangdong 515063 P. R. China
| | - Wang‐Qiang Lin
- Department of Chemistry Shantou University Guangdong 515063 P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Bing Su
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Zi‐Jian Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Yong‐Jun Yuan
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering Hangzhou Dianzi University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310018 P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Feng Li
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqi Lake, Huairou District Beijing 101408 P. R. China
| | - Guang‐Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry Shantou University Guangdong 515063 P. R. China
| | - Zhaosheng Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Zhen‐Tao Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Zou
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
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30
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Nishijo M, Mori S, Nishimura T, Shinokubo H, Miyake Y. Stepwise N-Methylation of Ruthenium and Cobalt 5,15-Diazaporphyrins: Post-Functionalization of Porphyrinoid Catalysts. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200305. [PMID: 35513348 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Post-functionalization of porphyrinoid catalysts provides a powerful tool for fine-tuning their electronic structure. We have succeeded in the stepwise methylation of the peripheral nitrogen atoms in ruthenium and cobalt 5,15-diazaporphyrins. The axial coordination of an anion to the metal center accelerates the second methylation through charge neutralization. N-Methylation of the diazaporphyrin complexes effectively controls their electron deficiency, Lewis acidity, and catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Nishijo
- Nagoya University: Nagoya Daigaku, Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, JAPAN
| | - Shiho Mori
- Nagoya University: Nagoya Daigaku, Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, JAPAN
| | - Tsubasa Nishimura
- Nagoya University: Nagoya Daigaku, Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, JAPAN
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Nagoya University: Nagoya Daigaku, Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, JAPAN
| | - Yoshihiro Miyake
- Nagoya University, Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Furo-cho, 464-8603, Nagoya, JAPAN
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31
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Monika, Ansari A. Effect of the ring size of TMC ligands in controlling C-H bond activation by metal-superoxo species. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5878-5889. [PMID: 35347335 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00491g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Metal-superoxo species play a very important role in many metal-mediated catalytic transformation reactions. Their catalytic reactivity is affected by many factors such as the nature of metal ions and ring size of ligands. Herein, for the first time, we report DFT calculations on the electronic structures of a series of metal-superoxo species (M = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Co) with two ring size ligands, i.e., 13-TMC/14-TMC, and a detailed mechanistic study on the C-H bond activation of cyclohexa-1,4-diene followed by the effect of the ring size of ligands. Our DFT results showed that the electron density at the distal oxygen plays an important role in C-H bond activation. By computing the energetics of C-H bond activation and mapping the potential energy surface, it was found that the initial hydrogen abstraction is the rate-determining step with both TMC rings and all the studied metal-superoxo species. The significant electron density at the cyclohex-1,4-diene carbon indicates that the reaction proceeds via the proton-coupled electron transfer mechanism. By mapping the potential energy surfaces, we found that the 13-TMC ligated superoxo with the anti-isomer are more reactive than the 14-TMC superoxo species except for the iron-superoxo species where the 14-TMC ligated superoxo species is more reactive i.e. smaller ring size TMC is more reactive towards C-H bond activation. This is also supported by the structural correlation, i.e., the greater contraction in the smaller ring results in the metal being pushed out of plane along the z-axis, which reduces the steric hindrance. Thus, the ring size can help in designing catalysts with better efficiency for catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, India, 123031.
| | - Azaj Ansari
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, India, 123031.
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32
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Su Y, Luo W, Lin W, Su Y, Li Z, Yuan Y, Li J, Chen G, Li Z, Yu Z, Zou Z. A Water‐Soluble Highly Oxidizing Cobalt Molecular Catalyst Designed for Bioinspired Water Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐Fei Su
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Zhi Luo
- Department of Chemistry Shantou University Guangdong 515063 P. R. China
| | - Wang‐Qiang Lin
- Department of Chemistry Shantou University Guangdong 515063 P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Bing Su
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Zi‐Jian Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Yong‐Jun Yuan
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering Hangzhou Dianzi University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310018 P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Feng Li
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqi Lake, Huairou District Beijing 101408 P. R. China
| | - Guang‐Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry Shantou University Guangdong 515063 P. R. China
| | - Zhaosheng Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Zhen‐Tao Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Zou
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
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33
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Zhou A, Cao X, Chen H, Sun D, Zhao Y, Nam W, Wang Y. The chameleon-like nature of elusive cobalt-oxygen intermediates in C-H bond activation reactions. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:4317-4323. [PMID: 35212349 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00224h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-valence metal-oxo (M-O, M = Fe, Mn, etc.) species are well-known reaction intermediates that are responsible for a wide range of pivotal oxygenation reactions and water oxidation reactions in metalloenzymes. Although extensive efforts have been devoted to synthesizing and identifying such complexes in biomimetic studies, the structure-function relationship and related reaction mechanisms of these reaction intermediates remain elusive, especially for the cobalt-oxygen species. In the present manuscript, the calculated results demonstrate that the tetraamido macrocycle ligated cobalt complex, Co(O)(TAML) (1), behaves like a chameleon: the electronic structure varies from a cobalt(III)-oxyl species to a cobalt(IV)-oxo species when a Lewis acid Sc3+ salt coordinates or an acidic hydrocarbon attacks 1. The dichotomous correlation between the reaction rates of C-H bond activation by 1 and the bond dissociation energy (BDE) vs. the acidity (pKa) was rationalized for the first time by different reaction mechanisms: for normal C-H bond activation, the Co(III)-oxyl species directly activates the C-H bond via a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) mechanism, whereas for acidic C-H bond activation, the Co(III)-oxyl species evolves to a Co(IV)-oxo species to increase the basicity of the oxygen to activate the acidic C-H bond, via a novel PCET(PT) mechanism (proton-coupled electron transfer with a PT(proton-transfer)-like transition state). These theoretical findings will enrich the knowledge of biomimetic metal-oxygen chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anran Zhou
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China. .,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xuanyu Cao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China. .,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Huanhuan Chen
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China. .,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Dongru Sun
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China. .,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China. .,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China. .,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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34
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Park Y, Kim S, Kim K, Shin B, Jang Y, Cho KB, Cho J. Structure and Reactivity of Nonporphyrinic Terminal Manganese(IV)-Hydroxide Complexes in the Oxidative Electrophilic Reaction. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:4292-4301. [PMID: 35226491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High-valent transition metal-hydroxide complexes have been proposed as essential intermediates in biological and synthetic catalytic reactions. In this work, we report the single-crystal X-ray structure and spectroscopic characteristics of a mononuclear nonporphyrinic MnIV-(OH) complex, [MnIV(Me3-TPADP)(OH)(OCH2CH3)]2+ (2), using various physicochemical methods. Likewise, [MnIV(Me3-TPADP)(OH)(OCH2CF3)]2+ (3), which is thermally stable at room temperature, was also synthesized and characterized spectroscopically. The MnIV-(OH) adducts are capable of performing oxidation reactions with external organic substrates such as C-H bond activation, sulfoxidation, and epoxidation. Kinetic studies, involving the Hammett correlation and kinetic isotope effect, and product analyses indicate that 2 and 3 exhibit electrophilic oxidative reactivity toward hydrocarbons. Density functional theory calculations support the assigned electronic structure and show that direct C-H bond activation of the MnIV-(OH) species is indeed possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younwoo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.,Department of Emerging Materials Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Seonghan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.,Department of Emerging Materials Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Kyungmin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.,Department of Emerging Materials Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Bongki Shin
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Youngchae Jang
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Kyung-Bin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Jaeheung Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
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35
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Ghosh I, Chakraborty B, Bera A, Paul S, Paine TK. Selective oxygenation of C-H and CC bonds with H 2O 2 by high-spin cobalt(II)-carboxylate complexes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:2480-2492. [PMID: 35050271 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02235k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Four cobalt(II)-carboxylate complexes [(6-Me3-TPA)CoII(benzoate)](BPh4) (1), [(6-Me3-TPA)CoII(benzilate)](ClO4) (2), [(6-Me3-TPA)CoII(mandelate)](BPh4) (3), and [(6-Me3-TPA)CoII(MPA)](BPh4) (4) (HMPA = 2-methoxy-2-phenylacetic acid) of the 6-Me3-TPA (tris((6-methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl)amine) ligand were isolated to investigate their ability in H2O2-dependent selective oxygenation of C-H and CC bonds. All six-coordinate complexes contain a high-spin cobalt(II) center. While the cobalt(II) complexes are inert toward dioxygen, each of these complexes reacts readily with hydrogen peroxide to form a diamagnetic cobalt(III) species, which decays with time leading to the oxidation of the methyl groups on the pyridine rings of the supporting ligand. Intramolecular ligand oxidation by the cobalt-based oxidant is partially inhibited in the presence of external substrates, and the substrates are converted to their corresponding oxidized products. Kinetic studies and labelling experiments indicate the involvement of a metal-based oxidant in affecting the chemo- and stereo-selective catalytic oxygenation of aliphatic C-H bonds and epoxidation of alkenes. An electrophilic cobalt-oxygen species that exhibits a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) value of 5.3 in toluene oxidation by 1 is proposed as the active oxidant. Among the complexes, the cobalt(II)-benzoate (1) and cobalt(II)-MPA (4) complexes display better catalytic activity compared to their α-hydroxy analogues (2 and 3). Catalytic studies with the cobalt(II)-acetonitrile complex [(6-Me3-TPA)CoII(CH3CN)2](ClO4)2 (5) in the presence and absence of externally added benzoate support the role of the carboxylate co-ligand in oxidation reactions. The proposed catalytic reaction involves a carboxylate-bridged dicobalt complex in the activation of H2O2 followed by the oxidation of substrates by a metal-based oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India.
| | - Biswarup Chakraborty
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India.
| | - Abhijit Bera
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India.
| | - Satadal Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Bangabasi Morning College, 19, Rajkumar Chakraborty Sarani, Kolkata - 700 009, India
| | - Tapan Kanti Paine
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India.
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36
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Amtawong J, Nguyen AI, Tilley TD. Mechanistic Aspects of Cobalt–Oxo Cubane Clusters in Oxidation Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1475-1492. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaruwan Amtawong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Andy I. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - T. Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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37
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Zhang J, Lee YM, Seo MS, Kim Y, Lee E, Fukuzumi S, Nam W. Oxidative versus basic asynchronous hydrogen atom transfer reactions of Mn(III)-hydroxo and Mn(III)-aqua complexes. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00741j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) of metal-oxygen intermediates such as metal-oxo, -hydroxo and -superoxo species have so far been studied extensively. However, HAT reactions of metal-aqua complexes have yet to be...
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38
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Mandal D, Katoch A. Effect of Substituent on C-H Activation Catalysed by a nonheme Fe(IV)O Complex: A Computational Investigation of Reactivity and Hydrogen Tunneling. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:11641-11649. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01529c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A density functional theory investigation has been presented here to address the C-H activation reactivity and the influence of quantum mechanical tunneling catalyzed by a non-heme iron(IV)-Oxo complex viz. [FeIVOdpaq-X]+...
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39
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Zhang H, Yang D, Zhao XF, Niu JL, Song MP. Cobalt-catalyzed C(sp3)-H bond functionalization to access indole derivatives. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00562j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we develop an efficient method of cobalt-catalyzed C(sp3)-H bond functionalization to synthesize indole derivatives. The highlight of this protocol is accomplished by the sequential C-H activation. This “cobalt/ organic...
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40
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Nesterova OV, Kuznetsov ML, Pombeiro AJL, Shul'pin GB, Nesterov DS. Homogeneous oxidation of C–H bonds with m-CPBA catalysed by a Co/Fe system: mechanistic insights from the point of view of the oxidant. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01991k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Co/Fe system efficiently catalyses the oxidation of C–H bonds with m-CPBA. The nitric acid promoter hampers the m-CPBA homolysis, suppressing the free radical activity. Experimental and computational data evidence a concerted oxidation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana V. Nesterova
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maxim L. Kuznetsov
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Armando J. L. Pombeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Research Institute of Chemistry, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya st, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Georgiy B. Shul'pin
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulitsa Kosygina 4, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Chair of Chemistry and Physics, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Stremyannyi pereulok 36, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Dmytro S. Nesterov
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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41
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Fujimoto T, Hirata Y, Sugimoto H, Miyanishi M, Shiota Y, Yoshizawa K, Itoh S. C(sp 3)-H bond activation by the carboxylate-adduct of osmium tetroxide (OsO 4). Dalton Trans 2021; 51:1123-1130. [PMID: 34951431 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03819b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of osmium tetroxide (OsO4) and carboxylate anions (acetate: X- = AcO- and benzoate: X- = BzO-) gave 1 : 1 adducts, [OsO4(X)]- (1X), the structures of which were determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis. In both cases, the carboxylate anion X coordinates to the osmium centre to generate a distorted trigonal bipyramidal osmium(VIII) complex. The carboxylate adducts show a negative shift of the redox potentials (E1/2) and a red shift of the νOsO stretches as compared to those of tetrahedral OsO4 itself. Despite the negative shift of E1/2, the reactivity of these adduct complexes 1X was enhanced compared to that of OsO4 in benzylic C(sp3)-H bond oxidation. The reaction obeyed the first-order kinetics on both 1X and the substrates, giving the second-order rate constant (k2), which exhibits a linear correlation with the C-H bond dissociation energy (BDEC-H) of the substrates (xanthene, 9,10-dihydroanthracene, fluorene and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene) and a kinetic deuterium isotope effect (KIE) of 9.7 (k2(xanthene-h2)/k2(xanthene-d2)). On the basis of these kinetic data together with the DFT calculation results, we propose a stepwise reaction mechanism involving rate-limiting benzylic hydrogen atom abstraction and subsequent rebound of the generated organic radical intermediate to a remaining oxido group on the osmium centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Fujimoto
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yuka Hirata
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hideki Sugimoto
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Mayuko Miyanishi
- Institute for Material Chemistry and Engineering and International Research Center for Molecular System, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Yoshihito Shiota
- Institute for Material Chemistry and Engineering and International Research Center for Molecular System, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Material Chemistry and Engineering and International Research Center for Molecular System, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Shinobu Itoh
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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42
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Goetz MK, Schneider JE, Filatov AS, Jesse KA, Anderson JS. Enzyme-Like Hydroxylation of Aliphatic C-H Bonds From an Isolable Co-Oxo Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20849-20862. [PMID: 34856101 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The selective hydroxylation of aliphatic C-H bonds remains a challenging but broadly useful transformation. Nature has evolved systems that excel at this reaction, exemplified by cytochrome P450 enzymes, which use an iron-oxo intermediate to activate aliphatic C-H bonds with k1 > 1400 s-1 at 4 °C. Many synthetic catalysts have been inspired by these enzymes and are similarly proposed to use transition metal-oxo intermediates. However, most examples of well-characterized transition metal-oxo species are not capable of reacting with strong, aliphatic C-H bonds, resulting in a lack of understanding of what factors facilitate this reactivity. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a new terminal CoIII-oxo complex, PhB(AdIm)3CoIIIO. Upon oxidation, a transient CoIV-oxo intermediate is generated that is capable of hydroxylating aliphatic C-H bonds with an extrapolated k1 for C-H activation >130 s-1 at 4 °C, comparable to values observed in cytochrome P450 enzymes. Experimental thermodynamic values and DFT analysis demonstrate that, although the initial C-H activation step in this reaction is endergonic, the overall reaction is driven by an extremely exergonic radical rebound step, similar to what has been proposed in cytochrome P450 enzymes. The rapid C-H hydroxylation reactivity displayed in this well-defined system provides insight into how hydroxylation is accomplished by biological systems and similarly potent synthetic oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKenna K Goetz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Joseph E Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Alexander S Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Kate A Jesse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - John S Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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43
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Zong Y, Zhang H, Zhang X, Shao Y, Zeng Y, Ji W, Xu L, Wu D. Highly selective oxidation of organic contaminants in the Ru III-activated peroxymonosulfate process: The dominance of Ru VO species. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131544. [PMID: 34710964 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium (RuIII)-activated peroxymonosulfate (the RuIII/PMS process) is one of the most efficient PMS-based advanced oxidation processes for the abatement of organic contaminants. Here we interestingly found that phenyl methyl sulfoxide (PMSO) was significantly oxidized to phenyl methyl sulfone (PMSO2) in the RuIII/PMS process at the pH range of 3.0-6.0, with the conversion ratio of ΔPMSO to ΔPMSO2 was close to 100%, which favored the dominance of high-valent ruthenium-oxo species (RuVO) instead of the widely-recognized radicals (i.e, hydroxyl radical and sulfate radical). Scavenging experiments further indicated that RuVO was unreactive to tert-butyl alcohol, but could be scavenged by methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide. Besides, sulfamethoxazole, acetaminophen, carbamazepine, diclofenac, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol were readily degraded in the RuIII/PMS process, but atrazine, ibuprofen, benzoic acid and 4-nitrobenzoic acid were barely removed, suggesting the high selectivity of RuVO species. This study enriched the understandings on the mechanism of RuIII-mediated PMS activation and the nature of RuVO species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Yufei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Yunqiao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Wenjie Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Longqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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44
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Khan SN, Miliordos E. Electronic Structure of RhO 2+, Its Ammoniated Complexes (NH 3) 1-5RhO 2+, and Mechanistic Exploration of CH 4 Activation by Them. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16111-16119. [PMID: 34637614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High-level electronic structure calculations are initially performed to investigate the electronic structure of RhO2+. The construction of potential energy curves for the ground and low-lying excited states allowed the calculation of spectroscopic constants, including harmonic and anharmonic vibrational frequencies, bond lengths, spin-orbit constants, and excitation energies. The equilibrium electronic configurations were used for the interpretation of the chemical bonding. We further monitored how the Rh-O bonding scheme changes with the gradual addition of ammonia ligands. The nature of this bond remains unaffected up to four ammonia ligands but adopts a different electronic configuration in the pseudo-octahedral geometry of (NH3)5RhO2+. This has consequences in the activation mechanism of the C-H bond of methane by these complexes, especially (NH3)4RhO2+. We show that the [2 + 2] mechanism in the (NH3)4RhO2+ case has a very low energy barrier comparable to that of a radical mechanism. We also demonstrate that methane can coordinate to the metal in a similar fashion to ammonia and that knowledge of the electronic structure of the pure ammonia complexes provides qualitative insights into the optimal reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar N Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, United States
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5312, United States
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45
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Yang J, Dong HT, Seo MS, Larson VA, Lee YM, Shearer J, Lehnert N, Nam W. The Oxo-Wall Remains Intact: A Tetrahedrally Distorted Co(IV)-Oxo Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16943-16959. [PMID: 34609879 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the preparation, spectroscopic and theoretical characterization, and reactivity studies of a Co(IV)-oxo complex bearing an N4-macrocyclic coligand, 12-TBC (12-TBC = 1,4,7,10-tetrabenzyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane). On the basis of the ligand and the structure of the Co(II) precursor, [CoII(12-TBC)(CF3SO3)2], one would assume that this species corresponds to a tetragonal Co(IV)-oxo complex, but the spectroscopic data do not support this notion. Co K-edge XAS data show that the treatment of the Co(II) precursor with iodosylbenzene (PhIO) as an oxidant at -40 °C in the presence of a proton source leads to a distinct shift in the Co K-edge, in agreement with the formation of a Co(IV) intermediate. The presence of the oxo group is further demonstrated by resonance Raman (rRaman) spectroscopy. Interestingly, the EPR data of this complex show a high degree of rhombicity, indicating structural distortion. This is further supported by the EXAFS data. Using DFT calculations, a structural model is developed for this complex with a ligand-protonated structure that features a Co═O···HN hydrogen bond and a four-coordinate Co center in a seesaw-shaped coordination geometry. Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy further supports this finding. The hydrogen bond leads to an interesting polarization of the Co-oxo π-bonds, where one O(p) lone-pair is stabilized and leads to a regular Co(d) interaction, whereas the other π-bond shows an inverted ligand field. The reactivity of this complex in hydrogen atom and oxygen atom transfer reactions is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindou Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Hai T Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Mi Sook Seo
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Virginia A Larson
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Yong-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Jason Shearer
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212-7200, United States
| | - Nicolai Lehnert
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
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46
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Dey A, Guha A, Kumar V, Bawari S, Narayanan TN, Chandrasekhar V. Facile water oxidation by dinuclear mixed-valence Co III/Co II complexes: the role of coordinated water. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14257-14263. [PMID: 34553710 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01910d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rational design of a catalyst using earth abundant transition metals that can facilitate the smooth O-O bond formation is crucial for developing efficient water oxidation catalysts. The coordination environment around the metal ion of the catalyst plays a pivotal role in this context. We have chosen dinuclear mixed-valence CoIIICoII complexes of the general formula of [CoIIICoII(LH2)2(X)(H2O)] (X = OAc or Cl) which bear a coordinated water molecule in the primary coordination sphere. We anticipated that the water molecule in the primary sphere can take part in the proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) mechanism which can accelerate the facile formation of the O-O bond under strong alkaline conditions (1 M NaOH). To understand the role of the coordinated water molecule we have generated an analogous complex, [CoIIICoII(LH2)2(o-vanillin)] (o-vanillin = 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde), without coordinated water. Interestingly, we have found that the water coordinated complexes show better oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Dey
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500107, India.
| | - Anku Guha
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500107, India.
| | - Vierandra Kumar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500107, India.
| | - Sumit Bawari
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500107, India.
| | | | - Vadapalli Chandrasekhar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally, Hyderabad-500107, India. .,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India.
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47
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Claveau EE, Miliordos E. Electronic structure of the dicationic first row transition metal oxides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:21172-21182. [PMID: 34528643 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02492b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multi-reference electronic structure calculations combined with large basis sets are performed to investigate the electronic structure of the ground and low-lying electronic states of the MO2+ diatomic species with M = Ti-Cu. These systems have shown high efficiency in the activation of the C-H of saturated hydrocarbons. This study is the first systematic and accurate work for these systems and our results and discussion provides insights into the reactivity and stability of MO2+ units. We find that they can be divided in three groups. The early transition metals (Ti, V, Cr) have very stable and well separated oxo (M4+O2-) character ground states, the middle transition metals (Mn, Fe) have oxyl (M3+O˙-) ground states with low-lying oxo excited states, and the late transition metals (Co, Ni, Cu) have well separated oxyl states. The reported spectroscopic constants will aid future experimental investigations, which are sparse in the literature. Periodic trends for the bond lengths, energetics, excitation energies, and wavefunction composition are discussed in detail. Complete basis set limit results indicate the high accuracy of the quintuple-ζ basis sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Claveau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5312, USA.
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48
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Li X, Cho K, Nam W. Electronic properties and reactivity patterns of
high‐valent metal‐oxo
species of Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Xi Li
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science Ewha Womans University Seoul Korea
| | - Kyung‐Bin Cho
- Department of Chemistry Jeonbuk National University Jeonju Korea
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science Ewha Womans University Seoul Korea
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49
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Liu B, Guo W, Jia W, Wang H, Si Q, Zhao Q, Luo H, Jiang J, Ren N. Novel Nonradical Oxidation of Sulfonamide Antibiotics with Co(II)-Doped g-C 3N 4-Activated Peracetic Acid: Role of High-Valent Cobalt-Oxo Species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12640-12651. [PMID: 34464118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report that Co(II)-doped g-C3N4 can efficiently trigger peracetic acid (PAA) oxidation of various sulfonamides (SAs) in a wide pH range. Quite different from the traditional radical-generating or typical nonradical-involved (i.e., singlet oxygenation and mediated electron transfer) catalytic systems, the PAA activation follows a novel nonradical pathway with unprecedented high-valent cobalt-oxo species [Co(IV)] as the dominant reactive species. Our experiments and density functional theory calculations indicate that the Co atom fixated into the nitrogen pots of g-C3N4 serves as the main active site, enabling dissociation of the adsorbed PAA and conversion of the coordinated Co(II) to Co(IV) via a unique two-electron transfer mechanism. Considering Co(IV) to be highly electrophilic in nature, different substituents (i.e., five-membered and six-membered heterocyclic moieties) on the SAs could affect their nucleophilicity, thus leading to the differences in degradation efficiency and transformation pathway. Also, benefiting from the selective oxidation of Co(IV), the established oxidative system exhibits excellent anti-interference capacity and achieves satisfactory decontamination performance under actual water conditions. This study provides a new nonradical approach to degrade SAs by efficiently activating PAA via heterogeneous cobalt-complexed catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banghai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wanqian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wenrui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Huazhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qishi Si
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Haichao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Nanqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Lee JL, Ross DL, Barman SK, Ziller JW, Borovik AS. C-H Bond Cleavage by Bioinspired Nonheme Metal Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:13759-13783. [PMID: 34491738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The functionalization of C-H bonds is one of the most challenging transformations in synthetic chemistry. In biology, these processes are well-known and are achieved with a variety of metalloenzymes, many of which contain a single metal center within their active sites. The most well studied are those with Fe centers, and the emerging experimental data show that high-valent iron oxido species are the intermediates responsible for cleaving the C-H bond. This Forum Article describes the state of this field with an emphasis on nonheme Fe enzymes and current experimental results that provide insights into the properties that make these species capable of C-H bond cleavage. These parameters are also briefly considered in regard to manganese oxido complexes and Cu-containing metalloenzymes. Synthetic iron oxido complexes are discussed to highlight their utility as spectroscopic and mechanistic probes and reagents for C-H bond functionalization. Avenues for future research are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Dolores L Ross
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Suman K Barman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - A S Borovik
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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