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Zhang T, He Y, Hu S, Ge J, Chen T, Shan H, Ji T, Yu D, Liu Q. Facile Preparation of Polyacrylonitrile-Based Activated Carbon Fiber Felts for Effective Adsorption of Dipropyl Sulfide. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:252. [PMID: 38257052 PMCID: PMC10820270 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Activated carbon fibers (ACFs) derived from various polymeric fibers with the characteristics of a high specific surface area, developed pore structure, and good flexibility are promising for the new generation of chemical protection clothing. In this paper, a polyacrylonitrile-based ACF felt was prepared via the process of liquid phase pre-oxidation, along with a one-step carbonization and chemical activation method. The obtained ACF felt exhibited a large specific surface area of 2219.48 m2/g and pore volume of 1.168 cm3/g, as well as abundant polar groups on the surface. Owing to the developed pore structure and elaborated surface chemical property, the ACF felt possessed an intriguing adsorption performance for a chemical warfare agent simulant dipropyl sulfide (DPS), with the highest adsorption capacity being 202.38 mg/g. The effects of the initial concentration of DPS and temperature on the adsorption performance of ACF felt were investigated. Meanwhile, a plausible adsorption mechanism was proposed based on the kinetic analysis and fitting of different adsorption isotherm models. The results demonstrated that the adsorption process of DPS onto ACF felt could be well fitted with a pseudo-second-order equation, indicating a synergistic effect of chemical adsorption and physical adsorption. We anticipate that this work could be helpful to the design and development of advanced ACF felts for the application of breathable chemical protection clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Protection, School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China (H.S.); (T.J.)
| | - Yafang He
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Protection, School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China (H.S.); (T.J.)
| | - Shiqi Hu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Protection, School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China (H.S.); (T.J.)
| | - Jianlong Ge
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Protection, School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China (H.S.); (T.J.)
| | - Tianye Chen
- Jiangsu Sutong Carbon Fiber Co., Ltd., Nantong 226005, China
| | - Haoru Shan
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Protection, School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China (H.S.); (T.J.)
| | - Tao Ji
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Protection, School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China (H.S.); (T.J.)
| | - Decheng Yu
- Jiangsu Sutong Carbon Fiber Co., Ltd., Nantong 226005, China
| | - Qixia Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Protection, School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China (H.S.); (T.J.)
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Fairchild AJ, Chirayath VA, Gladen RW, Koymen AR, Weiss AH, Barbiellini B. Photoemission Spectroscopy Using Virtual Photons Emitted by Positron Sticking: A Complementary Probe for Top-Layer Surface Electronic Structures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:106801. [PMID: 36112464 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.106801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We present a spectroscopic method which utilizes virtual photons to selectively measure the electronic structure of the topmost atomic layer. These virtual photons are created when incident positrons transition from vacuum states to bound surface states on the sample surface and can transfer sufficient energy to excite electrons into the vacuum. The short interaction range of the virtual photons restricts the penetration depth to approximately the Thomas-Fermi screening length. Measurements and analysis of the kinetic energies of the emitted electrons made on a single layer of graphene deposited on Cu and on the clean Cu substrate show that the ejected electrons originate exclusively from the topmost atomic layer. Moreover, we find that the kinetic energies of the emitted electrons reflect the density of states at the surface. These results demonstrate that this technique will be a complementary tool to existing spectroscopic techniques in determining the electronic structure of 2D materials and fragile systems due to the absence of subsurface contributions and probe-induced surface damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Fairchild
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - Varghese A Chirayath
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - Randall W Gladen
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - Ali R Koymen
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - Alex H Weiss
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - Bernardo Barbiellini
- Department of Physics, School of Engineering Science, LUT University, 53851 Lappeenranta, Finland and Physics Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Hioki T, Gholami YH, McKelvey KJ, Aslani A, Marquis H, Eslick EM, Willowson KP, Howell VM, Bailey DL. Overlooked potential of positrons in cancer therapy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2475. [PMID: 33510222 PMCID: PMC7843622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81910-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron (β+) emitting radionuclides have been used for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in diagnostic medicine since its development in the 1950s. Development of a fluorinated glucose analog, fluorodeoxyglucose, labelled with a β+ emitter fluorine-18 (18F-FDG), made it possible to image cellular targets with high glycolytic metabolism. These targets include cancer cells based on increased aerobic metabolism due to the Warburg effect, and thus, 18F-FDG is a staple in nuclear medicine clinics globally. However, due to its attention in the diagnostic setting, the therapeutic potential of β+ emitters have been overlooked in cancer medicine. Here we show the first in vitro evidence of β+ emitter cytotoxicity on prostate cancer cell line LNCaP C4-2B when treated with 20 Gy of 18F. Monte Carlo simulation revealed thermalized positrons (sub-keV) traversing DNA can be lethal due to highly localized energy deposition during the thermalization and annihilation processes. The computed single and double strand breakages were ~ 55% and 117% respectively, when compared to electrons at 400 eV. Our in vitro and in silico data imply an unexplored therapeutic potential for β+ emitters. These results may also have implications for emerging cancer theranostic strategies, where β+ emitting radionuclides could be utilized as a therapeutic as well as a diagnostic agent once the challenges in radiation safety and protection after patient administration of a radioactive compound are overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Hioki
- School of Physics, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. .,Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. .,Sydney Vital Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Yaser H Gholami
- School of Physics, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Vital Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kelly J McKelvey
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Vital Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alireza Aslani
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Harry Marquis
- School of Physics, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Vital Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Enid M Eslick
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathy P Willowson
- School of Physics, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Viive M Howell
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Vital Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dale L Bailey
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia. .,Sydney Vital Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Howell RW. Advancements in the use of Auger electrons in science and medicine during the period 2015-2019. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 99:2-27. [PMID: 33021416 PMCID: PMC8062591 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1831706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Auger electrons can be highly radiotoxic when they are used to irradiate specific molecular sites. This has spurred basic science investigations of their radiobiological effects and clinical investigations of their potential for therapy. Focused symposia on the biophysical aspects of Auger processes have been held quadrennially. This 9th International Symposium on Physical, Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Aspects of Auger Processes at Oxford University brought together scientists from many different fields to review past findings, discuss the latest studies, and plot the future work to be done. This review article examines the research in this field that was published during the years 2015-2019 which corresponds to the period since the last meeting in Japan. In addition, this article points to future work yet to be done. There have been a plethora of advancements in our understanding of Auger processes. These advancements range from basic atomic and molecular physics to new ways to implement Auger electron emitters in radiopharmaceutical therapy. The highly localized doses of radiation that are deposited within a 10 nm of the decay site make them precision tools for discovery across the physical, chemical, biological, and medical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger W Howell
- Division of Radiation Research, Department of Radiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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Direct evidence for low-energy electron emission following O LVV Auger transitions at oxide surfaces. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17993. [PMID: 33093505 PMCID: PMC7582947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74953-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen, the third most abundant element in the universe, plays a key role in the chemistry of condensed matter and biological systems. Here, we report evidence for a hitherto unexplored Auger transition in oxides, where a valence band electron fills a vacancy in the 2s state of oxygen, transferring sufficient energy to allow electron emission. We used a beam of positrons with kinetic energies of [Formula: see text] eV to create O 2s holes via matter-antimatter annihilation. This made possible the elimination of the large secondary electron background that has precluded definitive measurements of the low-energy electrons emitted through this process. Our experiments indicate that low-energy electron emission following the Auger decay of O 2s holes from adsorbed oxygen and oxide surfaces are very efficient. Specifically, our results indicate that the low energy electron emission following the Auger decay of O 2s hole is nearly as efficient as electron emission following the relaxation of O 1s holes in [Formula: see text]. This has important implications for the understanding of Auger-stimulated ion desorption, Coulombic decay, photodynamic cancer therapies, and may yield important insights into the radiation-induced reactive sites for corrosion and catalysis.
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Chirayath VA, Gladen RW, McDonald AD, Fairchild AJ, Joglekar PV, Satyal S, Lim ZH, Shead TN, Chrysler MD, Mukherjee S, Barnett BM, Byrnes NK, Koymen AR, Greaves RG, Weiss AH. A multi-stop time-of-flight spectrometer for the measurement of positron annihilation-induced electrons in coincidence with the Doppler-shifted annihilation gamma photon. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:033903. [PMID: 32260020 DOI: 10.1063/1.5140789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we describe an advanced multi-functional, variable-energy positron beam system capable of measuring the energies of multiple "positron-induced" electrons in coincidence with the Doppler-shifted gamma photon resulting from the annihilation of the correlated positron. The measurements were carried out using the unique characteristics of the digital time-of-flight spectrometer and the gamma spectrometer available with the advanced positron beam system. These measurements have resulted in (i) the first digital time-of-flight spectrum of positron annihilation-induced Auger electrons generated using coincident signals from a high-purity Ge detector and a micro-channel plate, (ii) a two-dimensional array of the energy of Doppler-broadened annihilation gamma and the time-of-flight of positron-annihilation induced Auger electrons/secondary electrons measured in coincidence with the annihilation gamma photon, and (iii) the time-of-flight spectra of multiple secondary electrons ejected from a bilayer graphene surface as a result of the impact and/or annihilation of positrons. The novelty of the gamma-electron coincidence spectroscopy has been demonstrated by extracting the Doppler-broadened spectrum of gamma photons emitted due to the annihilation of positrons exclusively with 1s electrons of carbon. The width of the extracted Doppler-broadened gamma spectrum has been found to be consistent with the expected broadening of the annihilation gamma spectrum due to the momentum of the 1s electrons in carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Chirayath
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - R W Gladen
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - A D McDonald
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - A J Fairchild
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - P V Joglekar
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - S Satyal
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - Z H Lim
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - T N Shead
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - M D Chrysler
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - S Mukherjee
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - B M Barnett
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - N K Byrnes
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - A R Koymen
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - R G Greaves
- First Point Scientific Inc., Agoura Hills, California 91301, USA
| | - A H Weiss
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
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Ultrafast Hyperspectral Transient Absorption Spectroscopy: Application to Single Layer Graphene. PHOTONICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics6030095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We describe the basic principles and the experimental implementation of the hyperspectral transient absorption technique, based on femtosecond laser sources. In this technique the samples were optically “pumped” using the femtosecond tunable pulse delivered by an Optical Parametric Amplifier, and “probed” for changes in transmission in a broad spectral range with a “white light” laser-generated supercontinuum. The spectra were collected by a pair of multichannel detectors which allowed retrieval of the absorbance change in a wide spectral range in one time. The use of the supercontinuum probe introduced artifacts in the measured 2D data set which could be corrected with a proper calibration of the chirp. The configuration with crossed polarization for pump and probe pulse extended the spectral measured range above and below the pump energy within the same experiment. We showed the versatility of the technique by applying it to the investigation of the charge carrier dynamics in two-dimensional single layer graphene.
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Shi W, Callewaert V, Barbiellini B, Saniz R, Butterling M, Egger W, Dickmann M, Hugenschmidt C, Shakeri B, Meulenberg RW, Brück E, Partoens B, Bansil A, Eijt SWH. Nature of the Positron State in CdSe Quantum Dots. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:057401. [PMID: 30118267 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.057401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that positron-annihilation spectroscopy is a highly sensitive probe of the electronic structure and surface composition of ligand-capped semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) embedded in thin films. The nature of the associated positron state, however, whether the positron is confined inside the QDs or localized at their surfaces, has so far remained unresolved. Our positron-annihilation lifetime spectroscopy studies of CdSe QDs reveal the presence of a strong lifetime component in the narrow range of 358-371 ps, indicating abundant trapping and annihilation of positrons at the surfaces of the QDs. Furthermore, our ab initio calculations of the positron wave function and lifetime employing a recent formulation of the weighted density approximation demonstrate the presence of a positron surface state and predict positron lifetimes close to experimental values. Our study thus resolves the long-standing question regarding the nature of the positron state in semiconductor QDs and opens the way to extract quantitative information on surface composition and ligand-surface interactions of colloidal semiconductor QDs through highly sensitive positron-annihilation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqin Shi
- Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, NL-2629 JB Delft, Netherlands
| | | | - Bernardo Barbiellini
- School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, FI-53851 Lappeenranta, Finland
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Rolando Saniz
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maik Butterling
- Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, NL-2629 JB Delft, Netherlands
| | - Werner Egger
- Institut für Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik, Universität der Bundeswehr München, D-85579 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Dickmann
- Institut für Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik, Universität der Bundeswehr München, D-85579 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Hugenschmidt
- Physics Department and Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Behtash Shakeri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
| | - Robert W Meulenberg
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
| | - Ekkes Brück
- Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, NL-2629 JB Delft, Netherlands
| | - Bart Partoens
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Arun Bansil
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Stephan W H Eijt
- Fundamental Aspects of Materials and Energy, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, NL-2629 JB Delft, Netherlands
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Stenson EV, Hergenhahn U, Stoneking MR, Pedersen TS. Positron-Induced Luminescence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:147401. [PMID: 29694114 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.147401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on the observation that low-energy positrons incident on a phosphor screen produce significantly more luminescence than electrons do. For two different wide-band-gap semiconductor phosphors (ZnS:Ag and ZnO:Zn), we compare the luminescent response to a positron beam with the response to an electron beam. For both phosphors, the positron response is significantly brighter than the electron response, by a factor that depends strongly on incident energy (0-5 keV). Positrons with just a few tens of electron-volts of energy (for ZnS:Ag) or less (for ZnO:Zn) produce as much luminescence as is produced by electrons with several kilo-electron-volts. We attribute this effect to valence band holes and excited electrons produced by positron annihilation and subsequent Auger processes. These results demonstrate a valuable approach for addressing long-standing questions about luminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Stenson
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald and 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - U Hergenhahn
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald and 85748 Garching, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - M R Stoneking
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald and 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Physics, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin 54911, USA
| | - T Sunn Pedersen
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, 17491 Greifswald and 85748 Garching, Germany
- University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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11
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Lei S, Fan H, Fang J, Ren X, Ma L, Tian H. Unusual devisable high-performance perovskite materials obtained by engineering in twins, domains, and antiphase boundaries. Inorg Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qi00711f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With the widespread application, engineering of microstructures, domains, twins, and antiphase boundaries (APBs) is attracting significant attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenhui Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- China
| | - Huiqing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- China
| | - Jiawen Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- China
| | - Xiaohu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- China
| | - Longtao Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- City University of Hong Kong
- Kowloon
- Hong Kong
| | - Hailin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- Xi'an 710072
- China
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