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Gao Y, Luo Y, Zhang J, Huang Z, Zheng B, Chen H, Ye D. Full-parameter omnidirectional transformation optical devices. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad171. [PMID: 38312374 PMCID: PMC10833459 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Transformation optics (TO) provides an unprecedented technique to control electromagnetic (EM) waves by engineering the constitutive parameters of the surrounding medium through a proper spatial transformation. In general, ideal transformation optical devices require simultaneous electric and magnetic responses along all three dimensions. To ease the practical implementation, previous studies usually made use of reduced parameters or other simplified approaches, which inevitably introduce extra reflection or unwanted phase shift. Up to today, experimental realizations of full-parameter transformation optical devices in free space are still quite limited. Here, a general design strategy is proposed to solve this problem. As a specific example, a full-parameter spatial-compression TO medium with constitutive parameters taking the diagonal form diag(a, a, 1/a) for the TM wave incidence was designed and realized experimentally. Such spatial-compression TO media were then applied to the implementation of an ideal omnidirectional invisibility cloak capable of concealing a large-scale object over a wide range of illumination angles. Both the simulation and experiment confirm that the cloak allows for nearly unity transmission of EM waves in the forward direction without introducing extra scattering or phase shift. This work constitutes an important stepping stone for future practical implementation of arbitrary full-parameter omnidirectional transformation optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yu Luo
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- CNRS-International-NTU-Thales Research Alliance, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhengjie Huang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Dexin Ye
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Cui Z, Xia S, Shen L, Zheng B, Chen H, Wu Y. Polariton Microfluidics for Nonreciprocal Dragging and Reconfigurable Shaping of Polaritons. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:1360-1366. [PMID: 38252685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Dielectric environment engineering is an efficient and general approach to manipulating polaritons. Liquids serving as the surrounding media of polaritons have been used to shift polariton dispersions and tailor polariton wavefronts. However, those liquid-based methods have so far been limited to their static states, not fully unleashing the promise offered by the mobility of liquids. Here, we propose a microfluidic strategy for polariton manipulation by merging polaritonics with microfluidics. The diffusion of fluids causes gradient refractive indices over microchannels, which breaks the symmetry of polariton dispersions and realizes the microfluidic analogue to nonreciprocal polariton dragging. Based on polariton microfluidics, we also designed a set of on-chip polaritonic elements to actively shape polaritons, including planar lenses, off-axis lenses, Janus lenses, bends, and splitters. Our strategy expands the toolkit for the manipulation of polaritons at the subwavelength scale and possesses potential in the fields of polariton biochemistry and molecular sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Sihao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Lian Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- International Joint Innovation Center, The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices & Smart Systems of Zhejiang, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321099, China
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Gao X, Hu X, Yang D, Hu Q, Zheng J, Zhao S, Zhu C, Xiao X, Yang Y. Acoustic quasi-periodic bioassembly based diverse stem cell arrangements for differentiation guidance. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4413-4421. [PMID: 37772435 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00448a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Arrangement patterns and geometric cues have been demonstrated to influence cell function and fate, which calls for efficient and versatile cell patterning techniques. Despite constant achievements that mainly focus on individual cells and uniform cell patterns, simultaneously constructing cellular arrangements with diverse patterns and positional relationships in a flexible and contact-free manner remains a challenge. Here, stem cell arrangements possessing multiple geometries and structures are proposed based on powerful and diverse pattern-building capabilities of quasi-periodic acoustic fields, with advantages of rich patterns and structures and flexibility in structure modulation. Eight-fold waves' interference produces regular potentials that result in higher rotational symmetry and more complex arrangement of geometric units. Moreover, through flexible modulation of the phase relations among these wave vectors, a wide variety of cellular pattern units are arranged in this potential, such as circular-, triangular- and square-shape, simultaneously. It is proved that these diverse cellular patterns conveniently build human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) models, for research on the effect of cellular arrangement on stem cell differentiation. This work fills the gap of acoustic cell patterning in quasi-periodic patterns and shows promising potential in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Medicine and Physics, Renmin Hospital, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics & Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejia Hu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyong Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghao Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Medicine and Physics, Renmin Hospital, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics & Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Medicine and Physics, Renmin Hospital, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics & Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shukun Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Medicine and Physics, Renmin Hospital, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics & Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengliang Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Medicine and Physics, Renmin Hospital, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics & Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Medicine and Physics, Renmin Hospital, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics & Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
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Zamboni R, Gauthier-Manuel L, Zaltron A, Lucchetti L, Chauvet M, Sada C. Opto-microfluidic coupling between optical waveguides and tilted microchannels in lithium niobate. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:28423-28436. [PMID: 37710896 DOI: 10.1364/oe.495406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a reconfigurable opto-microfluidic coupling between optical waveguides and tilted microfluidic channels in monolithic lithium niobate crystal. The light path connecting two waveguide arrays located on opposite sides of a microfluidic channel depends on the refractive index between the liquid phase and the hosting crystal. As a result, the optical properties of the flowing fluid, which is pumped into the microfluidic channel on demand, can be exploited to control the light pathways inside the optofluidic device. Proof-of-concept applications are herein presented, including microfluidic optical waveguide switching, optical refractive index sensing, and wavelength demultiplexing.
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Hu Q, Hu X, Shi Y, Liang L, Zhu J, Zhao S, Wang Y, Wu Z, Wang F, Zhou F, Yang Y. Heterogeneous tissue construction by on-demand bubble-assisted acoustic patterning. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2206-2216. [PMID: 37006165 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00122a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Highly heterogeneous structures are closely related to the realization of the tissue functions of living organisms. However, precisely controlling the assembly of heterogeneous structures is still a crucial challenge. This work presents an on-demand bubble-assisted acoustic method for active cell patterning to achieve high-precision heterogeneous structures. Active cell patterning is achieved by the combined effect of acoustic radiation forces and microstreaming around oscillating bubble arrays. On-demand bubble arrays allow flexible construction of cell patterns with a precision of up to 45 μm. As a typical example, the in vitro model of hepatic lobules, composed of patterned endothelial cells and hepatic parenchymal cells, was constructed and cultured for 5 days. The good performance of urea and albumin secretion, enzymatic activity and good proliferation of both cells prove the feasibility of this technique. Overall, this bubble-assisted acoustic approach provides a simple and efficient strategy for on-demand large-area tissue construction, with considerable potential for different tissue model fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Medicine and Physics, Renmin Hospital, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics & Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejia Hu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Shi
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Li Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Medicine and Physics, Renmin Hospital, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics & Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaomeng Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Medicine and Physics, Renmin Hospital, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics & Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shukun Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Medicine and Physics, Renmin Hospital, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics & Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Medicine and Physics, Renmin Hospital, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics & Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zezheng Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Medicine and Physics, Renmin Hospital, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics & Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fubing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Medicine and Physics, Renmin Hospital, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics & Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
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Chen L, Liang S, Chen Z, Liang X, Chen Q. Electrically Tunable Lenses for Imaging and Light Manipulation. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:319. [PMID: 36838021 PMCID: PMC9964308 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Optofluidics seamlessly combines optics and microfluidics together to construct novel devices for microsystems, providing flexible reconfigurability and high compatibility. By taking advantage of mature electronic fabrication techniques and flexible regulation of microfluidics, electrically actuated optofluidics has achieved fantastic optical functions. Generally, the optical function is achieved by electrically modulating the interfaces or movements of microdroplets inside a small chamber. The high refractive index difference (~0.5) at the interfaces between liquid/air or liquid/liquid makes unprecedented optical tunability a reality. They are suitable for optical imaging devices, such as microscope and portable electronic. This paper will review the working principle and recent development of electrical optofluidic devices by electrowetting and dielectrophoresis, including optical lens/microscope, beam steering and in-plane light manipulation. Some methods to improve the lens performance are reviewed. In addition, the applications of electrical microfluidics are also discussed. In order to stimulate the development of electrically controlled liquid lens, two novel designs derived from electrowetting and dielectrophoresis are introduced in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Chen
- School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Shijie Liang
- School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Zhenshi Chen
- School of Electronic Information, Huzhou College, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Xifa Liang
- School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Qingming Chen
- School of Microelectronics Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing Chips and Systems, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 511400, China
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Tang J, Qiu G, Cao X, deMello A, Wang J. Microfluid Switching-Induced Transient Refractive Interface. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3521-3529. [PMID: 36356161 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The laminar flow interface (LFI) developed at low Reynolds numbers is one of the most prominent features of microscale flows and has been employed in a diverse range of optofluidic applications. The formation of LFIs usually requires the manipulation of multiple streams within a microchannel using a complex hydrodynamic pumping system. Herein, we present a new type of LFI that is generated by fluid switching within a three-dimensional (3D) microlens-incorporating microfluidic chip (3D-MIMC). Since Poiseuille flows exhibit a parabolic velocity profile, the LFI is cone-like in shape and acts as a transient refractive interface (TRI), which is sensitive to the refractive index (RI) and the Péclet number (Pe) of the switching fluids. In response to the TRI, the intensity of the transmitted light can be intensified or attenuated depending on the sequence of fluid switching operations. By incorporating three-dimensional (3D) microlenses and increasing the Pe values, the profile and amplitude of the intensity peak are both significantly improved. The limit of detection (LoD) for a sodium chloride (NaCl) solution at Pe = 1363 is as low as 0.001% (w/w), representing an improvement of 1-2 orders of magnitude when compared to existing optofluidic concentration sensors based on intensity modulation. Fluid switching of a variety of inorganic and organic sample fluids confirms that the specific optical response (Kor) correlates positively with both Pe and the specific RI (Knc), obeying a linear relationship. This model is further verified through cross-validations and used to estimate the molecular diffusion coefficient (D) of a range of species. Furthermore, by virtue of the TRI, we achieve a sensitive measurement of optical-equivalent total dissolved solids (OE-TDS) for environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiukai Tang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich8093, Switzerland.,Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf8600, Switzerland
| | - Guangyu Qiu
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich8093, Switzerland.,Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf8600, Switzerland.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Xiaobao Cao
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich8093, Switzerland.,Guangzhou Lab, International Bio Island, Haizhu District, Guangzhou510005, Guangdong, China
| | - Andrew deMello
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich8093, Switzerland
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich8093, Switzerland.,Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf8600, Switzerland
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Wu Q, Zhang H, Jia D, Liu T. Recent Development of Tunable Optical Devices Based on Liquid. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27228025. [PMID: 36432123 PMCID: PMC9694320 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid opens up a new stage of device tunability and gradually replaced solid-state devices and mechanical tuning. It optimizes the control method and improves the dynamic range of many optical devices, exhibiting several attractive features, such as rapid prototyping, miniaturization, easy integration and low power consumption. The advantage makes optical devices widely used in imaging, optical control, telecommunications, autopilot and lab-on-a-chip. Here, we review the tunable liquid devices, including isotropic liquid and anisotropic liquid crystal devices. Due to the unique characteristics of the two types of liquids, the tuning principles and tuning methods are distinguished and demonstrated in detail firstly and then some recent progress in this field, covering the adaptive lens, beam controller, beam filter, bending waveguide, iris, resonator and display devices. Finally, the limitations and future perspectives of the current liquid devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technical Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technical Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Dagong Jia
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technical Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tiegen Liu
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technical Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Liu X, Su Q, Zhang X, Yang W, Ning J, Jia K, Xin J, Li H, Yu L, Liao Y, Zhang D. Recent Advances of Organ-on-a-Chip in Cancer Modeling Research. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12111045. [PMID: 36421163 PMCID: PMC9688857 DOI: 10.3390/bios12111045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although many studies have focused on oncology and therapeutics in cancer, cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Due to the unclear molecular mechanism and complex in vivo microenvironment of tumors, it is challenging to reveal the nature of cancer and develop effective therapeutics. Therefore, the development of new methods to explore the role of heterogeneous TME in individual patients' cancer drug response is urgently needed and critical for the effective therapeutic management of cancer. The organ-on-chip (OoC) platform, which integrates the technology of 3D cell culture, tissue engineering, and microfluidics, is emerging as a new method to simulate the critical structures of the in vivo tumor microenvironment and functional characteristics. It overcomes the failure of traditional 2D/3D cell culture models and preclinical animal models to completely replicate the complex TME of human tumors. As a brand-new technology, OoC is of great significance for the realization of personalized treatment and the development of new drugs. This review discusses the recent advances of OoC in cancer biology studies. It focuses on the design principles of OoC devices and associated applications in cancer modeling. The challenges for the future development of this field are also summarized in this review. This review displays the broad applications of OoC technique and has reference value for oncology development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Qiuping Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Research Center for Intelligent Sensing Systems, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Wenjian Yang
- Research Center for Intelligent Sensing Systems, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Junhua Ning
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Kangle Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Jinlan Xin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Huanling Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Longfei Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Yuheng Liao
- Research Center for Intelligent Sensing Systems, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Diming Zhang
- Research Center for Intelligent Sensing Systems, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, China
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Liang L, Hu X, Shi Y, Zhao S, Hu Q, Liang M, Ai Y. Tunable and Dynamic Optofluidic Microlens Arrays Based on Droplets. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14938-14946. [PMID: 36263633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microlens arrays (MLAs) are acquiring a key role in the micro-optical system, which have been widely applied in the fields of imaging processing, light extraction, biochemical sensing, and display technology. Compared with solid MLAs, liquid MLAs have received extensive attention due to their natural smooth interface and adjustability. However, manufacturing tunable liquid MLAs with ideal structures is still a key challenge for current technologies. In this paper, a novel and simple optofluidic method is demonstrated, enabling the tunable focusing and high-quality imaging of liquid MLAs. Tunable droplets are fabricated and self-assembled into arrays as the MLAs, which can be easily adjusted to focus, form images, and display different focal lengths. Tuning of MLAs' focusing properties (range from 550 to 5370 μm) is demonstrated by changing the refractive index (RI) of the droplets with a fixed size of 200 μm, which can be changed by adjusting the flow rates of the two branch streams. Also, the corresponding numerical apertures of the MLAs range from 0.026 to 0.26. Furthermore, the MLAs' functionality for microparticle imaging applications is also illustrated. Combining the MLAs with a 4× objective, microparticle imaging is magnified two times, and the resolution has also been improved on the original basis. Besides, both the size and RI of the MLAs in an optofluidic chip can be further adjusted to detect samples at different positions. These MLAs have the merits of high optical performance, a simple fabrication procedure, easy integration, and good tunability. Thus, it shows promising opportunities for many applications, such as adaptive imaging and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liang
- School of Physics and Electronic Technology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu241000, China
| | - Xuejia Hu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, China
| | - Yang Shi
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou511443, China
| | - Shukun Zhao
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, China
| | - Qinghao Hu
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, China
| | - Minhui Liang
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore487372, Singapore
| | - Ye Ai
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore487372, Singapore
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11
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Gao X, Hu X, Zheng J, Hu Q, Zhao S, Chen L, Yang Y. On-demand liquid microlens arrays by non-contact relocation of inhomogeneous fluids in acoustic fields. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:3942-3951. [PMID: 36102930 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00603k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microlens arrays (MLAs) are key micro-optical components that possess a high degree of parallelism and ease of integration. However, rapid and low-cost fabrication of MLAs with flexible focusing remains a challenge. Herein, liquid MLAs with dynamic tunability are presented using non-contact acoustic relocation of inhomogeneous fluids. By designing ring-shaped acoustic pressure node (PN) arrays, the denser fluid of miscible liquids is relocated to PNs, and liquid MLAs with ideal morphology are obtained. The experimental results demonstrate that the liquid MLAs possess a powerful reconfigurability with long-term stability and sharp imaging that can conveniently switch between the on and off state and can dynamically magnify by simply adjusting the acoustic amplitude. Moreover, the high biocompatibility inherited from liquids accompanied by the acoustic treatment allows cells to be within working distance of the MLAs without immersion, as would be required for a solid lens. This innovative liquid MLA is inexpensive to manufacture and possesses continuous focus, fast response, and satisfactory bioaffinity, and thus offers promising potential for microfluidic adaptive imaging and biomedical sensing, especially for live cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Gao
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xuejia Hu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jingjing Zheng
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Qinghao Hu
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Shukun Zhao
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Longfei Chen
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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12
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Li SL, Wang SH, Luo WC, You LQ, Li SS, Chen LJ. Optofluidic tunable broadband distributed Bragg reflector based on liquid crystal polymer composites. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:33603-33612. [PMID: 36242391 DOI: 10.1364/oe.470286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A dynamically reconfigurable liquid crystal (LC) photonic device is an important research field in modern LC photonics. We present a type of continuously tunable distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) based on LC polymer composites modulated via a novel optofluidic method. LC-templated DBR films are fabricated by photopolymerization under visible standing wave interference. The influences of the incident angle, incident light intensity, and content of ethanol as a pore-forming additive on the reflection behavior are discussed in detail. Then, the LC-templated DBR films are integrated into microfluidic channels and reversibly refilled by different organic solvents. The reconfigurable characteristics of optofluidic DBRs were demonstrated by changing the average refractive index (RI) of the mixed liquids and adjusting the flow rates, resulting in the dynamic and continuous variation of the reflection band within a specific visible light band. It is anticipated that the prototype optofluidic LC device will hopefully be applied to some specific scenarios where conventional means of regulation, such as electric, optical, and temperature fields, are unsuitable and possibly boost the development of microfluidic analysis techniques based on structural color.
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13
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A Comparative Study on Optofluidic Fenton Microreactors Integrated with Fe-Based Materials for Water Treatment. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13071125. [PMID: 35888942 PMCID: PMC9317202 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The catalysts employed in catalytic reactors greatly affect the reaction efficiency of the reaction system and the reactor’s performance. This work presents a rapid comparative study on three kinds of Fe-based materials integrated into an optofluidic Fenton reactor for water treatment. The Fe-based sheets (FeSiB, FeNbCuSiB, and FeNi) were respectively implanted into the reaction chamber to degrade the organic dyes with the assistance of H2O2. In the experiment, by adjusting the hydrogen peroxide concentration, flow rate, and light irradiation, the applicable conditions of the Fe-based materials for the dye degradation could be evaluated quickly to explore the optimal design of the Fenton reaction system. The results indicated that FeNi (1j85) exhibits excellent degradability in the microreactor, the reaction rate can reach 23.4%/s at the flow rate of 330 μL/min, but its weak corrosion resistance was definitely demonstrated. Although the initial degradability of the microreactor by using FeNbCuSiB (1k107) was not as good as that of 1j85, it increased after being reused several times instead, and the degradation efficiency reached >98% after being reused five times. However, the FeSiB (1k101) material shows the worst degradability and recycling. Therefore, in contrast, 1k107 has the greatest potential to be used in Fenton reactors for practical water treatment.
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14
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Abstract
Optofluidics represents the interaction of light and fluids on a chip that integrates microfluidics and optics, which provides a promising optical platform for manipulating and analyzing fluid samples. Recent years have witnessed a substantial growth in optofluidic devices, including the integration of optical and fluidic control units, the incorporation of diverse photonic nanostructures, and new applications. All these advancements have enabled the implementation of optofluidics with improved performance. In this review, the recent advances of fabrication techniques and cutting-edge applications of optofluidic devices are presented, with a special focus on the developments of imaging and sensing. Specifically, the optofluidic based imaging techniques and applications are summarized, including the high-throughput cytometry, biochemical analysis, and optofluidic nanoparticle manipulation. The optofluidic sensing section is categorized according to the modulation approaches and the transduction mechanisms, represented by absorption, reflection/refraction, scattering, and plasmonics. Perspectives on future developments and promising avenues in the fields of optofluidics are also provided.
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15
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Hu X, Zhu J, Hu Q, Zheng J, Yang D, Zhou F, Cheng Y, Yang Y. Digital optofluidic compound eyes with natural structures and zooming capability for large-area fluorescence sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 195:113670. [PMID: 34592498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Compound eyes are ubiquitous natural biosensors that possess high temporal resolution and large fields of view (FOVs). While for solid materials based artificial imaging systems, flexible zooming ability while keeping the constant FOV is still challenging, as well as the low-cost fabrication. Herein, liquid compound eyes with natural structures are presented that synthesize optofluidics and bionics in a non-trivial manner, which enables the deformation-free zooming and flexible cell fluorescence sensing. Experimental results indicate that the innovatively manufactured bionic template possesses low roughness and uniform lens configuration with more than two thousands units, which endows the eyes with high-quality and low aberration imaging ability. Besides, digital controlled miscible liquids switching enables the focus of ommatidia simultaneously be adjusted from 150 μm to 5 mm with 100° view angle, and without bending the microlens curvature, to avoid FOV changing and image aberration. Due to large FOV and tunable ability, large-area cell fluorescence signal arrays and dynamic cell motion are imaged using this liquid compound eyes. This work presents novel strategy for compound lens manufacture at low-cost, and proposes deformation-free and continuous focus-tuning strategy, offering potentials for numerous applications, including biomedical sensing and adaptive imaging with large FOV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejia Hu
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jiaomeng Zhu
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Qinghao Hu
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jingjing Zheng
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Dongyong Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Neurosurg, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yanxiang Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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16
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Zhao SK, Hu XJ, Zhu JM, Luo ZY, Liang L, Yang DY, Chen YL, Chen LF, Zheng YJ, Hu QH, Zheng JJ, Guo SS, Cheng YX, Zhou FL, Yang Y. On-chip rapid drug screening of leukemia cells by acoustic streaming. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4005-4015. [PMID: 34476431 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00684c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and personalized single-cell drug screening testing plays an essential role in acute myeloid leukemia drug combination chemotherapy. Conventional chemotherapeutic drug screening is a time-consuming process because of the natural resistance of cell membranes to drugs, and there are still great challenges related to using technologies that change membrane permeability such as sonoporation in high-throughput and precise single-cell drug screening with minimal damage. In this study, we proposed an acoustic streaming-based non-invasive single-cell drug screening acceleration method, using high-frequency acoustic waves (>10 MHz) in a concentration gradient microfluidic device. High-frequency acoustics leads to increased difficulties in inducing cavitation and generates acoustic streaming around each single cell. Therefore, single-cell membrane permeability is non-invasively increased by the acoustic pressure and acoustic streaming-induced shear force, which significantly improves the drug uptake process. In the experiment, single human myeloid leukemia mononuclear (THP-1) cells were trapped by triangle cell traps in concentration gradient chips with different cytarabine (Ara-C) drug concentrations. Due to this dual acoustic effect, the drugs affect cell viability in less than 30 min, which is faster than traditional methods (usually more than 24 h). This dual acoustic effect-based drug delivery strategy has the potential to save time and reduce the cost of drug screening, when combined with microfluidic technology for multi-concentration drug screening. This strategy offers enormous potential for use in multiple drug screening or efficient drug combination screening in individualized/personalized treatments, which can greatly improve efficiency and reduce costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Kun Zhao
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xue-Jia Hu
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jiao-Meng Zhu
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Zi-Yi Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Li Liang
- College of Physics and Electronic Technology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Hefei 241000, China
| | - Dong-Yong Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Yan-Ling Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Long-Fei Chen
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Ya-Jing Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Qing-Hao Hu
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zheng
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Shi-Shang Guo
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Yan-Xiang Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Fu-Ling Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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17
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Numerical Investigation of a Designed-Inlet Optofluidic Beam Splitter for Split-Angle and Transmission Improvement. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12101200. [PMID: 34683248 PMCID: PMC8540226 DOI: 10.3390/mi12101200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The beam splitter is one of the important elements in optical waveguide circuits. To improve the performance of an optofluidic beam splitter, a microchannel including a two-stage main channel with divergent side walls and two pairs of inlet channels is proposed. Besides, the height of the inlets injected with cladding fluid is set to be less than the height of other parts of the microchannel. When we inject calcium chloride solution (cladding fluid) and deionized water (core fluid) into the inlet channels, the gradient refractive index (GRIN) developed in fluids flowing through the microchannel splits the incident light beam into two beams with a larger split angle. Moreover, the designed inlets yield a GRIN distribution which increases the light collected around the middle horizontal line on the objective plane, and so enhances the transmission efficiency of the device. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed beam splitter, we use polydimethylsiloxane to fabricate the microchannel. The results obtained by simulation and experiment are compared to show the effectiveness of the device and the validity of numerical simulation. The influence of the microchannel geometry and the flow rate ratio on the performance of the proposed beam splitter is investigated.
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18
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Brzobohatý O, Chvátal L, Šiler M, Zemánek P. Complex colloidal structures with non-linear optical properties formed in an optical trap. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:37700-37707. [PMID: 33379599 DOI: 10.1364/oe.405839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Illumination of a colloidal suspension of dielectric nanoparticles (50 nm in radius) with counter-propagating non-interfering laser beams of sufficient power leads to spatial redistribution of particles due to associated optical forces and formation of colloidal structures composed of thousands of nanoparticles along the beams. We employ a weak probe beam propagating through the colloidal structure and demonstrate that the colloidal structure acts effectively as a non-linear optical medium, similar to a gradient index lens, with optical transformation properties externally tunable by trapping laser power. With an increasing number of nanoparticles we observe the formation of a more complex colloidal structure axially and even laterally and we explain the origin of this process.
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19
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Mahoney EJ, Xiong B, Fang Q. Optical model of light propagation in total internal reflection fluorescence sensors. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:10651-10660. [PMID: 33361882 DOI: 10.1364/ao.404112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a three-dimensional optical model to predict the propagation of light through multilayer optical fluorescence sensors employing total internal reflection. The ray-tracing-based model visualizes the propagation of light from a light source through the optical sensor allowing optimization of the optical path, optical properties of the materials, and the coupling strategy. The model demonstrates how light can be guided through different layers of the sensor structure by controlling the incident angle of light and the relationship between the incident angle and the relative sensitivity. Simulation results are compared against experimental data to validate the model in a fluorescence-based dissolved oxygen sensor. Customization of the light source parameters, coupling optics, sensor optical properties, and sensor dimensions could allow developers to refine and optimize sensor prototypes before conducting bench testing.
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20
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Zhang Y, Kenarangi F, Zhang H, Vaziri S, Li D, Pu X, Sun Y. Versatile Optofluidic Solid-Core/Liquid-Cladding Waveguide Based on Evanescent Wave Excitation. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14983-14989. [PMID: 33108157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present the design and operation of a solid-core/liquid-cladding (SL) waveguide excited by an evanescent wave. To do this, an optical fiber is integrated into a microfluidic channel and pumped along the fiber axis, ensuring the cladding solution is excited by the evanescent field of the guided mode at the core/cladding interface. The pump beam is guided by the total internal reflection in the fiber, providing a uniform excitation along the microfluidic channel. The evanescent wave provides precise excitation to the dye molecules in close proximity to the core/cladding interface, which significantly reduces the background fluorescence and increases the signal-to-noise ratio. Fluorescence intensity measurements of different dye concentrations and refractive indices of the cladding solution are conducted to evaluate their influences on the propagation loss, which shows that the peak intensity propagation loss can be as low as about 0.1 dB/cm. We further exemplify that the intensity of the fluorescence emission and the dye concentration show good linearity when the dye is in the low concentration region (<250 μM). A broad-band and simultaneous light source with a single pump light is also demonstrated by employing cascade SL waveguide segments through fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The proposed SL waveguide demonstrates excellent robustness and is easy to fabricate and use, providing a versatile platform for a variety of applications, such as high-sensitivity detection of low-concentration samples, multiband on-chip light sources, and simultaneous measurement of multiplexed parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxian Zhang
- Department of Physics, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Fariba Kenarangi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Seyedmohsen Vaziri
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Dongyang Li
- Department of Physics, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xiaoyun Pu
- Department of Physics, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yuze Sun
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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21
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Hu X, Zhu J, Zuo Y, Yang D, Zhang J, Cheng Y, Yang Y. Versatile biomimetic array assembly by phase modulation of coherent acoustic waves. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3515-3523. [PMID: 32935708 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00779j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A high-throughput cell-assembly method, with the advantages of adjustability, ease of operation, and good precision, is remarkable for artificial tissue engineering. Here, we present a scientific solution by introducing high rotational symmetrical coherent acoustic waves, in order to enable the shape and arrangement of the acoustic potential wells to be flexibly modulated, and therefore to assemble on a large area diverse biomimetic arrays on a microfluidic platform. Ring arrays, honeycomb, and many other biomimetic arrays are achieved by real-time modulation of the wave vectors and phase relation of acoustic beams from six directions. In the experiments, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), arranged in ring structures, tend to connect with the adjacent cells and reach confluency, thus directing the in vitro two-dimensional vascular network formation. Higher rotational symmetry of the six coherent acoustic waves provides much more flexibility and diversity for acoustic cell assembly. With the advantages of efficiency, diversity and adjustability, this acoustic chip is expected to fulfill many applications, such as in biochemistry, bioprinting and tissue engineering related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejia Hu
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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22
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Liu HL, Zuo YF, Zhu XQ, Yang Y. Optofluidic gradient refractive index resonators using liquid diffusion for tunable unidirectional emission. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:2656-2662. [PMID: 32578645 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00395f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Resonators have been used in a wide range of fields, such as biochemical detection and microscale lasers. In recent years, optofluidic resonators have attracted a significant amount of attention owing to their unique liquid environments. Liquids containing biochemical samples can be designed to pass through the ring resonators or to directly form droplets, for sample sensing. Liquid diffusion is an important property in optofluidic applications, such as gradient refractive index lenses and waveguides. However, liquid diffusion has not been used in the study of optofluidic resonators, for both possible sensing characteristics, and unidirectional emission that is mostly acted as light sources. Here, we introduce a gradient refractive index profile formed by liquid diffusion in annular channels into a circular resonator, forming a gradient-index resonator with a tunable unidirectional emission. For both simulations and experiments, the squeezed and non-rotationally symmetrical light intensity profile was first obtained in a circular resonator. The squeezed light profile enables unidirectional emission in circular resonators, which is difficult to achieve in conventional ones. The squeezed light profile and unidirectional emission are determined by the refractive index difference of the liquids used, the dimension of the circular channels, and the working wavelengths. In experiments, different dimensions of bending radii were demonstrated and a tunable squeezed light intensity profile and unidirectional emission were exhibited. Interestingly, the squeezed coefficient of light, which was about 1.8 for a bending radius of 100 μm, enabled emission with a divergence angle as small as 14 degrees, which could be used for laser emission applications in the future. This work reveals the significant potential of the novel liquid gradient refractive index resonator, which provides a practicable approach for optofluidic resonator emission applications and also has potential for use in optofluidic sensing based on the squeezed light profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Liu
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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23
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Zuo Y, Liu H, Yang Y. Optofluidic waveguide bending by thermal diffusion for visible light control. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:3725-3728. [PMID: 32630939 DOI: 10.1364/ol.395932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Optofluidics has inspired many promising optical devices. Among them, waveguide bending is an important element for guiding light. Here, we demonstrated the thermal-diffusion liquids, acting as a natural transformation optical material in an annular structure. Compared with conventional step-index waveguide bending, this thermal one enables real-time tunable visible light bends by extreme angles, with nearly no power loss and intensity distribution. This unique light bending is because gradient refractive-index profiles caused by thermal diffusion meet the requirements by transformation optics. The work demonstrates the thermal diffusion in liquids as a natural technology to realize optofluidic gradient-index designs and has potential for tunable optical systems.
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24
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Shi Y, Liang L, Zuo Y, Zhu X, Yang Y, Xin H, Li B. Amplitude Holographic Interference-Based Microfluidic Colorimetry at the Micrometer Scale. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:4747-4754. [PMID: 32407119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative molecular analysis is usually based on spectrophotometric methods using colorimetric assay. Conventional methods, however, rely on the direct uniform absorption of the sample under test, and the detection sensitivity is strictly limited by the length of the absorption cell at the millimeter scale. Here, we report a new methodology for colorimetric assay based on the amplitude holographic interference (AHI) caused by nonuniform absorption of light, with detection sensitivity at the micrometer scale. In our method, the curved surface of the microfluidics results in a phase profile with a high diffraction efficiency, and the nonuniform absorption of samples exactly matches with the amplitude modulation in the holographic interference. The signal intensity is affected by not only direct sample absorption but also the sequential optical interference behind the liquid level. Both single- and multiple-wavelength colorimetric analyses of the Griess-Saltzman dye (GSD) were carried out using this method, and we found that the sensitivity can be improved by approximately 2-fold in comparison to the conventional method. This interference-based method would be a useful tool for the colorimetric assay of chemical samples in highly integrated systems with better performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shi
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Li Liang
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yunfeng Zuo
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Zhu
- Research Institute of Union Optech (Zhongshan) Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528400, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hongbao Xin
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Baojun Li
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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Yan R, Yang J, Yang Y, Tu X, Huang T, Ge MF, Liu Y, Song C. Cloaking object on an optofluidic chip: its theory and demonstration. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:18283-18295. [PMID: 32680027 DOI: 10.1364/oe.394486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the design of metamaterial guided by transformation optics (TO) has emerged as an effective method to hide objects from optical detection, based on arranging a bended light beam to detour. However, this TO-based solution involves fabrication of material with complicated distribution of permittivity and permeability, and the device falls short of tunability after fabrication. In this work, we propose an optofluidic model employing the method of streamline tracing-based transformation optofluidics (STTOF) to hydrodynamically reconfigure light propagation in a given flow field for object-cloaking purposes. The proof-of-concept is demonstrated and tested on an optofluidic chip to validate our proposed theory. Experimental results show that our proposed STTOF method can be used to successfully detour the light path from the object under cloaking in a mathematically pre-defined manner.
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26
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Zhu J, Han G, Hu X, Zuo Y, Chen L, Wang F, Yang Y, Jiang F, Sun C, Zhao W, Han X. A Portable and Accurate Phosphate Sensor Using a Gradient Fabry-Pérot Array. ACS Sens 2020; 5:1381-1388. [PMID: 32314571 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, a portable and accurate phosphate sensor using a gradient Fabry-Pérot array (FPA) is proposed. It can form a bidirectional gradient concentration (absorbance) distribution in the gradient FPA, simplifying the complex operations to get a standard curve and saving time. The gradient FPA can effectively filter out the interference (bubbles, light intensity, and salinity) while improving the absorbance, achieving a highly accurate and stable detection. Besides, the smartphone simplifies data processing and makes sensors more portable. In this work, the detection errors of standard solutions (100, 50, and 30 μM) are 0.39, 1.48, and 1.84%, respectively, and it has also been demonstrated with errors of 2.46 (sample 1, seawater), 2.08 (sample 2, lake water), and 1.83% (sample 3, sewage) for natural samples detection, which is more accurate than a traditional analyzer. The sensor has a good performance when affected by bubbles, light intensity, and salinity. In addition, the detection time is shortened to 80 s, which is more time saving compared with traditional devices, and the limit of detection (LOD) is 0.4 μM. It can be predicted that the novel optofluidic sensor is conducive to build a smart nutrient monitoring system and will be applied in the field of biochemistry and environmental chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaomeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Guangwen Han
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xuejia Hu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yunfeng Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Longfei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Fenghua Jiang
- The First Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- The First Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Weihong Zhao
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaotian Han
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Chen Q, Tong X, Zhu Y, Tsoi CC, Jia Y, Li Z, Zhang X. Aberration-free aspherical in-plane tunable liquid lenses by regulating local curvatures. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:995-1001. [PMID: 32025666 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01217f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aberration is a long-standing problem of fixed focal lenses and a complicated lens set is usually required to compensate for aberration. It becomes more challenging for tunable lenses. This paper reports an original design of an in-plane optofluidic lens that enables compensation for spherical aberration during the tuning of focal length. The key idea is to use two arrays of electrode strips to symmetrically control the two air/liquid interfaces by the dielectrophoretic effect. The strips work together to define the global shape of the lens interface and thus the focal length, whereas each strip regulates the local curvature of the interface to focus the paraxial and peripheral arrays on the same point. Experiments using a silicone oil droplet demonstrate the tuning of focal length over 500-1400 μm and obtain a longitudinal spherical aberration (LSA) of ∼3.5 μm, which is only 1/24 of the LSA (85 μm) of the spherical lens. Fine adjustment of the applied voltages of strips allows even elimination of the LSA and enabling of the aberration-free tunable lenses. It is the first time that local curvature regulation is used to compensate for the aberration within one in-plane liquid lens. This simple and effective method will find potential applications in lab-on-a-chip systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Chen
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiliang Tong
- Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics & Electricity, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chi Chung Tsoi
- Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics & Electricity, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yanwei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau, China and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Xuming Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China. and State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Macau, China and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
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28
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Waveguiding and focusing in a bio-medium with an optofluidic cell chain. Acta Biomater 2020; 103:165-171. [PMID: 31812842 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Long-distance waveguiding and submicron focusing of light in a bio-medium are crucial for biomedical sensing and imaging. Disordered bio-mediums usually exhibit high scattering and absorption, which limits effective waveguiding and focusing. Here, we demonstrate an optofluidic cell chain, assembled via an optical trapping force from an optical fiber probe, to achieve long-distance waveguiding and submicron light focusing in a disordered bio-medium. By applying a trapping light at 980 nm to generate an optical force, stable binding of E. faecalis cells was achieved in a fluid to assemble cell chains of different lengths. The length could reach up to 360 µm and the incident light (at 675, 532 and 473 nm) could be focused into a beam with a waist radius of 400 nm. As a potential practical application, backscattered signals from human red blood cells were detected using the cell chains, which is expected to benefit biomedical sensing and single cell analysis. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: With the assistance of optofluidic techniques, we assembled an E. faecalis cell chain with a length up to 360 µm to achieve long-distance waveguiding and submicron focusing at a propagation loss of 0.03 dB/µm in the bio-medium. Visible lights were launched into the cell chain and the incident lights can converge into a beam with a waist radius of 400 nm. The cell chain was further used to detect the backscattering signals from human red blood cells (RBCs), and the results indicate that the cell chain can be applied as a fully biocompatible extension of the probe for the real-time detection of RBCs in healthy and pathological states.
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29
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Tunable-Focus Liquid Lens through Charge Injection. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11010109. [PMID: 31968568 PMCID: PMC7019498 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Liquid lenses are the simplest and cheapest optical lenses, and various studies have been conducted to develop tunable-focus liquid lenses. In this study, a simple and easily implemented method for achieving tunable-focus liquid lenses was proposed and experimentally validated. In this method, charges induced by a corona discharge in the air were injected into dielectric liquid, resulting in “electropressure” at the interface between the air and the liquid. Through a 3D-printed U-tube structure, a tunable-focus liquid lens was fabricated and tested. Depending on the voltage, the focus of the liquid lens can be adjusted in large ranges (−∞ to −9 mm and 13.11 mm to ∞). The results will inspire various new liquid-lens applications.
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30
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Hu X, Zhu D, Chen M, Chen K, Liu H, Liu W, Yang Y. Precise and non-invasive circulating tumor cell isolation based on optical force using homologous erythrocyte binding. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2549-2556. [PMID: 31263813 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00361d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Precise isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is proved to be significant for early cancer diagnosis and downstream analysis. Most of the existing strategies yield low purity or cause unexpected damage to cells because of foreign material introduction. To avoid foreign material caused damage and achieve high efficiency simultaneously, this work presents an innovative strategy using tumor cell targeting molecules to bind homologous red blood cells (RBCs) with tumor cells, which results in obvious optical constant differences (both size and mean refractive index) between CC-RBCs (RBC conjugated CTCs) and other blood cells. Then the modified CTCs can be precisely separated under laser illumination in an optofluidic system. Experiments show that CTCs are efficiently modified with erythrocytes and finally isolated from blood at high purity (more than 92%) and a high recovery rate (over 90%). In the whole process, CTCs are proved to keep membrane and function integrity. The combination of homologous RBC binding and an optofluidic system will provide a convenient tool for cancer early diagnosis and treatment monitoring, which exhibits good performance in CTC non-invasive and precise isolation, thus showing great potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejia Hu
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China. and Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Daoming Zhu
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Keke Chen
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Hailiang Liu
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China. and Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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31
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Cao Y, Yi YJ, Lin BZ, Sun Y, Che XC, Zheng J, Wang F, Zhang DM. Polymer/glass hybrid DC-MZI thermal optical switch for 3D-integrated chips. RSC Adv 2019; 9:10651-10656. [PMID: 35515278 PMCID: PMC9062521 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00037b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A directional coupler (DC) Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) thermal optical switch based on a polymer and glass waveguide hybrid for three-dimensional (3D)-integrated chips is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics
- College of Electronic Science & Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
| | - Yun-Ji Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics
- College of Electronic Science & Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
| | - Bai-Zhu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics
- College of Electronic Science & Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
| | - Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics
- College of Electronic Science & Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
| | - Xin-Chi Che
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics
- College of Electronic Science & Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics
- College of Electronic Science & Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics
- College of Electronic Science & Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
| | - Da-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics
- College of Electronic Science & Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- PR China
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32
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Chen Q, Li T, Li Z, Lu C, Zhang X. Dielectrophoresis-actuated liquid lenses with dual air/liquid interfaces tuned from biconcave to biconvex. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3849-3854. [PMID: 30420975 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00999f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports an electrically reconfigurable optofluidic lens with two air-liquid (silicone oil) interfaces actuated by dielectrophoretic (DEP) force. Initially, a symmetric biconcave air-liquid lens is formed by the surface tension in a microfluidic chip. Then, the DEP force deforms the air-liquid interfaces from biconcave to biconvex, tuning the focal length from -0.5 mm to infinite to +0.5 mm. The wide tunability of the focal length results from the large refractive index difference (∼0.4 at the air-liquid interface), which is only 0.1 in previous liquid-liquid lenses. In the experiment, the lens achieves an ƒ number of 0.91 while consuming only 6.7 nJ per circle. Some asymmetric working states, such as concave-convex and plano-convex lenses, have also been demonstrated. Compared with continuous liquid flow-sustained lenses, this stationary liquid lens holds promise of better compatibility and higher scalability. Its wide tunability, low power consumption and easy operation make it suitable for light manipulation in microfluidic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Chen
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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33
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Hu XJ, Liu HL, Jin YX, Liang L, Zhu DM, Zhu XQ, Guo SS, Zhou FL, Yang Y. Precise label-free leukocyte subpopulation separation using hybrid acoustic-optical chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3405-3412. [PMID: 30357194 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00911b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte subpopulations contain crucial physiological information; hence, precise and specific leukocyte separation is very important for leukemia diagnosis and analysis. However, conventional centrifugation and immunofluorescence-based separation methods are inaccurate and inconvenient due to the overlapping cell size and density or complex marking processes. Herein, we report a new label-free technology for precise leukocyte subpopulation separation by synergy of acoustic and optical technologies. Standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW) solved the problem of gentle and precise focusing of cells in optical systems. In addition, SSAW was used for the separation of granulocytes, which have evident size distinction from other components. In case of lymphocytes and monocytes, which have overlap in size/density, optical force could distinguish them accurately based on the RI difference, with the convenience of acoustic pre-focusing. In this experiment, separation of three types of leukocyte subtypes with considerable throughput and purity was conducted, through which we obtained 99% pure lymphocytes, 98% pure monocytes, and 95% pure granulocytes. Experimental results prove that the device has robust ability in separating leukocyte phenotypes and have the advantages of being non-invasive, label-free and precise. In the future, this convenient hybrid method will be a potential powerful tool for auxiliary clinical diagnosis and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X J Hu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro and Nano Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics & Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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34
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Shi Y, Liu HL, Zhu XQ, Zhu JM, Zuo YF, Yang Y, Jiang FH, Sun CJ, Zhao WH, Han XT. Optofluidic differential colorimetry for rapid nitrite determination. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2994-3002. [PMID: 30128458 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00690c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite detection plays a very important role in environmental monitoring and for industrial purposes. The commonly used colorimetric analysis requires the measurement of a system's calibration curve by asynchronously preparing and detecting a dozen standard samples, leading to time-consuming, slow and cumbersome procedures. Here, we present a differential colorimetry method that determines the nitrite level based on the paired chromaticity gradient, formed by coupling the colour reaction into the microfluidic network. The two gradients reshape each other and contain enough information for the quantitative analysis of the sample being tested, without the need for a calibration curve. The independence of the two gradients of the absorbance change caused by the detecting system and water quality results in a high stability and anti-interference performance, with the assistance of its self-correcting ability. This differential colorimetry method requires little time and energy consumption as only one sample is needed. Standard nitrite solutions of 0.50 mM and 0.33 mM have been determined with an error of 1.16% and 0.50%, respectively. These measurements are advantageous in terms of greater stability by up to 10 times and accuracy by 6 times, compared with the calibration curve approaches. It is foreseeable that this differential colorimetry method will find a wide range of applications in the field of chemical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shi
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics & Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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35
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Liang L, Jin YX, Zhu XQ, Zhou FL, Yang Y. Real-time detection and monitoring of the drug resistance of single myeloid leukemia cells by diffused total internal reflection. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1422-1429. [PMID: 29713720 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00088c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Real-time detection and monitoring of the drug resistance of single cells have important significance in clinical diagnosis and therapy. Traditional methods operate a number of times for each individual concentration, and innovation is required for the design of more simple and efficient manipulation platforms with necessary higher sensitivity. Here, we have developed a novel diffused total internal reflection (TIR) method to perform drug metabolism and cytotoxicity analysis of trapped myeloid leukemia cells. Molm-13 cells, a type of acute myeloid leukemia cell, were chosen and injected into the device and fittingly captured by cell traps. Differing from previous studies, a series of different concentrations of azelaic acid (AZA) drug could be used from 0 mM to 50 mM through convection and diffusion processes in a single chip, with each concentration region featuring 50 cells, with a total of 549 cell trapping units. Thanks to the high sensitivity of the TIR method, only cells with the same drug concentration could be illuminated in the detection process. By adjusting the incident angle, we could exactly detect and monitor the drug resistance of the cells using different drug concentrations and the experimental resolution of the drug concentration was as small as 5 mM. Images of the membrane integrity and morphology of the cells in the bright field were measured and we also monitored the cell viabilities in the dark field over 2 hours. The effects of AZA on the Molm-13 cells were explored in different concentrations at the single cell level. Compared with the results of the traditional MTT assay method, the experimental results are more simple and accurate. A cell death of 5% at an AZA concentration of 5 mM was observed after 30 minutes, while a concentration of 40 mM corresponded to a 98% cell death. The designed method in this study provides a novel toolkit to control and monitor drug resistance at the single cell level more easily with higher sensitivity and we believe it has significant potential application in single cell quality assessment and medicine analysis in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liang
- School of Physics & technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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36
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Zuo Y, Zhu X, Shi Y, Liang L, Yang Y. Light Manipulation in Inhomogeneous Liquid Flow and Its Application in Biochemical Sensing. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9040163. [PMID: 30424097 PMCID: PMC6187708 DOI: 10.3390/mi9040163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Light manipulation has always been the fundamental subject in the field of optics since centuries ago. Traditional optical devices are usually designed using glasses and other materials, such as semiconductors and metals. Optofluidics is the combination of microfluidics and optics, which brings a host of new advantages to conventional solid systems. The capabilities of light manipulation and biochemical sensing are inherent alongside the emergence of optofluidics. This new research area promotes advancements in optics, biology, and chemistry. The development of fast, accurate, low-cost, and small-sized biochemical micro-sensors is an urgent demand for real-time monitoring. However, the fluid flow in the on-chip sensor is usually non-uniformed, which is a new and emerging challenge for the accuracy of optical detection. It is significant to reveal the principle of light propagation in an inhomogeneous liquid flow and the interaction between biochemical samples and light in flowing liquids. In this review, we summarize the current state of optofluidic lab-on-a-chip techniques from the perspective of light modulation by the unique dynamic properties of fluid in heterogeneous media, such as diffusion, heat transfer, and centrifugation etc. Furthermore, this review introduces several novel photonic phenomena in an inhomogeneous liquid flow and demonstrates their application in biochemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Zuo
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Zhu
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yang Shi
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Li Liang
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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37
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Chen Q, Li T, Zhu Y, Yu W, Zhang X. Dielectrophoresis-actuated in-plane optofluidic lens with tunability of focal length from negative to positive. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:6532-6541. [PMID: 29609341 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.006532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a tunable in-plane optofluidic lens by continuously tuning a silicone oil-air interface from concave to convex using the dielectrophoresis (DEP) force. Two parallel glasses are bonded firmly on two sides by NOA 81(Norland Optical Adhesive 81) spacers, forming an open microfluidic channel. An ITO (indium tin oxide) strip and another unpatterned ITO layer are deposited on two glasses as the top and bottom electrodes. Initially, a capillary concave liquid-air interface is formed at the end of the open channel. Then the DEP force is enabled to continuously deform the interface (lens) from concave to convex. In the experiment, the focal length gradually decreases from about -1 mm to infinite and then from infinite to around + 1 mm when the driving voltage is increased from 0 V to 260 V. Particularly, the longitudinal spherical aberration (LSA) is effectively suppressed to have LSA < 0.04 when the lens is operated in the focusing state. This work is the first study of in-plane tunable lenses using the DEP force and possesses special merits as compared to the other reported tunable lenses that are formed by pumping different liquids or by temperature gradient, such as wide tunability, no need for continuous supply of liquids, low power consumption (~81 nJ per switching) due to the capacitor-type driving, and the use of only one type of liquid. Besides, its low aberration makes it favorable for light manipulation in microfluidic networks.
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38
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Shi YZ, Xiong S, Zhang Y, Chin LK, Chen YY, Zhang JB, Zhang TH, Ser W, Larrson A, Lim SH, Wu JH, Chen TN, Yang ZC, Hao YL, Liedberg B, Yap PH, Wang K, Tsai DP, Qiu CW, Liu AQ. Sculpting nanoparticle dynamics for single-bacteria-level screening and direct binding-efficiency measurement. Nat Commun 2018; 9:815. [PMID: 29483548 PMCID: PMC5827716 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Particle trapping and binding in optical potential wells provide a versatile platform for various biomedical applications. However, implementation systems to study multi-particle contact interactions in an optical lattice remain rare. By configuring an optofluidic lattice, we demonstrate the precise control of particle interactions and functions such as controlling aggregation and multi-hopping. The mean residence time of a single particle is found considerably reduced from 7 s, as predicted by Kramer’s theory, to 0.6 s, owing to the mechanical interactions among aggregated particles. The optofluidic lattice also enables single-bacteria-level screening of biological binding agents such as antibodies through particle-enabled bacteria hopping. The binding efficiency of antibodies could be determined directly, selectively, quantitatively and efficiently. This work enriches the fundamental mechanisms of particle kinetics and offers new possibilities for probing and utilising unprecedented biomolecule interactions at single-bacteria level. Optical trapping is a versatile tool for biomedical applications. Here, the authors use an optofluidic lattice to achieve controllable multi-particle hopping and demonstrate single-bacteria-level screening and measurement of binding efficiency of biological binding agents through particle-enabled bacteria hopping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Z Shi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.,School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - S Xiong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Y Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - L K Chin
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Y -Y Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - J B Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - T H Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - W Ser
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - A Larrson
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - S H Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - J H Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - T N Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Z C Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Y L Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - B Liedberg
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - P H Yap
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - K Wang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.,Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - D P Tsai
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - C-W Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore. .,SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - A Q Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore. .,National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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39
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Chen Q, Li T, Li Z, Long J, Zhang X. Optofluidic Tunable Lenses for In-Plane Light Manipulation. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E97. [PMID: 30424031 PMCID: PMC6187471 DOI: 10.3390/mi9030097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Optofluidics incorporates optics and microfluidics together to construct novel devices for microsystems, providing flexible reconfigurability and high compatibility. Among many novel devices, a prominent one is the in-plane optofluidic lens. It manipulates the light in the plane of the substrate, upon which the liquid sample is held. Benefiting from the compatibility, the in-plane optofluidic lenses can be incorporated into a single chip without complicated manual alignment and promises high integration density. In term of the tunability, the in-plane liquid lenses can be either tuned by adjusting the fluidic interface using numerous microfluidic techniques, or by modulating the refractive index of the liquid using temperature, electric field and concentration. In this paper, the in-plane liquid lenses will be reviewed in the aspects of operation mechanisms and recent development. In addition, their applications in lab-on-a-chip systems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Chen
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Tenghao Li
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Zhaohui Li
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Jinlin Long
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
| | - Xuming Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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40
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Shi Y, Xiong S, Chin LK, Zhang J, Ser W, Wu J, Chen T, Yang Z, Hao Y, Liedberg B, Yap PH, Tsai DP, Qiu CW, Liu AQ. Nanometer-precision linear sorting with synchronized optofluidic dual barriers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaao0773. [PMID: 29326979 PMCID: PMC5756665 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao0773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed the revolutionary development of optical trapping of nanoparticles, most of which deal with trapping stiffness larger than 10-8 N/m. In this conventional regime, however, it remains a formidable challenge to sort out sub-50-nm nanoparticles with single-nanometer precision, isolating us from a rich flatland with advanced applications of micromanipulation. With an insightfully established roadmap of damping, the synchronization between optical force and flow drag force can be coordinated to attempt the loosely overdamped realm (stiffness, 10-10 to 10-8 N/m), which has been challenging. This paper intuitively demonstrates the remarkable functionality to sort out single gold nanoparticles with radii ranging from 30 to 50 nm, as well as 100- and 150-nm polystyrene nanoparticles, with single nanometer precision. The quasi-Bessel optical profile and the loosely overdamped potential wells in the microchannel enable those aforementioned nanoparticles to be separated, positioned, and microscopically oscillated. This work reveals an unprecedentedly meaningful damping scenario that enriches our fundamental understanding of particle kinetics in intriguing optical systems, and offers new opportunities for tumor targeting, intracellular imaging, and sorting small particles such as viruses and DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhi Shi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Sha Xiong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Corresponding author. (S.X.); (C.-W.Q.); (A.Q.L.)
| | - Lip Ket Chin
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Wee Ser
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiuhui Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Tianning Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Zhenchuan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yilong Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bo Liedberg
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Peng Huat Yap
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Din Ping Tsai
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Corresponding author. (S.X.); (C.-W.Q.); (A.Q.L.)
| | - Ai Qun Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Corresponding author. (S.X.); (C.-W.Q.); (A.Q.L.)
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41
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Kolle M, Lee S. Progress and Opportunities in Soft Photonics and Biologically Inspired Optics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1702669. [PMID: 29057519 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Optical components made fully or partially from reconfigurable, stimuli-responsive, soft solids or fluids-collectively referred to as soft photonics-are poised to form the platform for tunable optical devices with unprecedented functionality and performance characteristics. Currently, however, soft solid and fluid material systems still represent an underutilized class of materials in the optical engineers' toolbox. This is in part due to challenges in fabrication, integration, and structural control on the nano- and microscale associated with the application of soft components in optics. These challenges might be addressed with the help of a resourceful ally: nature. Organisms from many different phyla have evolved an impressive arsenal of light manipulation strategies that rely on the ability to generate and dynamically reconfigure hierarchically structured, complex optical material designs, often involving soft or fluid components. A comprehensive understanding of design concepts, structure formation principles, material integration, and control mechanisms employed in biological photonic systems will allow this study to challenge current paradigms in optical technology. This review provides an overview of recent developments in the fields of soft photonics and biologically inspired optics, emphasizes the ties between the two fields, and outlines future opportunities that result from advancements in soft and bioinspired photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Kolle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Seungwoo Lee
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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42
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Zhu JM, Shi Y, Zhu XQ, Yang Y, Jiang FH, Sun CJ, Zhao WH, Han XT. Optofluidic marine phosphate detection with enhanced absorption using a Fabry-Pérot resonator. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:4025-4030. [PMID: 29090721 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01016h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Real-time detection of phosphate has significant meaning in marine environmental monitoring and forecasting the occurrence of harmful algal blooms. Conventional monitoring instruments are dependent on artificial sampling and laboratory analysis. They have various shortcomings for real-time applications because of the large equipment size and high production cost, with low target selectivity and the requirement of time-consuming procedures to obtain the detection results. We propose an optofluidic miniaturized analysis chip combined with micro-resonators to achieve real-time phosphate detection. The quantitative water-soluble components are controlled by the flow rate of the phosphate solution, chromogenic agent A (ascorbic acid solution) and chromogenic agent B (12% ammonium molybdate solution, 80% concentrated sulfuric acid and 8% antimony potassium tartrate solution with a volume ratio of 80 : 18 : 2). Subsequently, an on-chip Fabry-Pérot microcavity is formed with a pair of aligned coated fiber facets. With the help of optical feedback, the absorption of phosphate can be enhanced, which can avoid the disadvantages of the macroscale absorption cells in traditional instruments. It can also overcome the difficulties of traditional instruments in terms of size, parallel processing of numerous samples and real-time monitoring, etc. The absorption cell length is shortened to 300 μm with a detection limit of 0.1 μmol L-1. The time required for detection is shortened from 20 min to 6 seconds. Predictably, microsensors based on optofluidic technology will have potential in the field of marine environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Zhu
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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43
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Liang L, Zhu XQ, Liu HL, Shi Y, Yang Y. A switchable 3D liquid-liquid biconvex lens with enhanced resolution using Dean flow. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3258-3263. [PMID: 28831491 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00598a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid (L2) microlenses have great potential for various applications in imaging and detection systems. Traditional L2 microlenses are almost two-dimensional (2D) due to the modulation of flow rates in planer chips. Fundamental difficulties in effective application to cell imaging and analysis arise due to the limitations of 2D profiles. Herein, we demonstrate the feasible design of three-dimensional (3D) L2 biconvex lenses to detect flowing cells. Using the auxiliary curved microchannels, a 3D L2 lens is formed using Dean flow. The shape of the 3D biconvex lens and its focal length can be modulated by tuning the flow rates of the liquids. 3D light focusing was successfully achieved and the focal length could be modulated by around 435 μm, from 3554 μm to 3989 μm, in the experiment. The numerical aperture of the 3D L2 lens was also measured and its range was 0.175-0.198. Compared to a traditional objective lens with the same magnification (4×/0.1), the resolution of the 3D L2 biconvex lenses was improved 1.79-fold due to being completely immersed in liquid. Mouse myeloma cells sp2/0 and acute promyelocytic leukemia cells NB4 were imaged in the contrast experiments. The time response of experimental manipulation was about 2.7 ms. This 3D biconvex lens has great application prospects for cell imaging and analysis systems in lab-on-a-chip settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liang
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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44
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Shi YZ, Xiong S, Chin LK, Yang Y, Zhang JB, Ser W, Wu JH, Chen TN, Yang ZC, Hao YL, Liedberg B, Yap PH, Zhang Y, Liu AQ. High-resolution and multi-range particle separation by microscopic vibration in an optofluidic chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2017. [PMID: 28634603 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00484b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
An optofluidic chip is demonstrated in experiments for high-resolution and multi-range particle separation through the optically-induced microscopic vibration effect, where nanoparticles are trapped in loosely overdamped optical potential wells created with combined optical and fluidic constraints. It is the first demonstration of separating single nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 60 to 100 nm with a resolution of 10 nm. Nanoparticles vibrate with an amplitude of 3-7 μm in the loosely overdamped potential wells in the microchannel. The proposed optofluidic device is capable of high-resolution particle separation at both nanoscale and microscale without reconfiguring the device. The separation of bacteria from other larger cells is accomplished using the same chip and operation conditions. The unique trapping mechanism and the superb performance in high-resolution and multi-range particle separation of the proposed optofluidic chip promise great potential for a diverse range of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Z Shi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xian 710049, China
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45
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Liu HL, Shi Y, Liang L, Li L, Guo SS, Yin L, Yang Y. A liquid thermal gradient refractive index lens and using it to trap single living cell in flowing environments. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1280-1286. [PMID: 28271103 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00078b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A gradient refractive index (GRIN) lens has a great potential for on-chip imaging and detection systems because of its flat surface with reduced defects. This paper reports a liquid thermal GRIN lens prepared using heat conduction between only one liquid, and uses it as a tunable optical tweezer for single living cell trapping in a flowing environment. This liquid GRIN lens consists of a trapezoidal region in the upper layer which is used to establish a GRIN profile by the heat conduction between three streams of benzyl alcohol with different temperatures, and subsequently a rhombus region in the lower layer with compensation liquids to form a steady square-law parabolic refractive index profile only in transverse direction. Simulations and experiments successfully show the real-time tunability of the focusing properties. The focal length can be modulated in the range of 500 μm with the minimum focal length of 430 μm. A considerable high enhancement factor achieves 5.4 whereas the full width at half maximum is 4 μm. The response time of the GRIN lens is about 20 ms. Based on this enhancement, tunable optical trapping for single human embryonic kidney 293 cell in the range of 280 μm is demonstrated by varying the focal length and working distance which is difficult for solid optical tweezers. The considerable quality of this liquid GRIN lens indicates on-chip applications especially in high quality optical imaging, detection and cells' handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Liu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano- Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics & Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Y Shi
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano- Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics & Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - L Liang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano- Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics & Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - L Li
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano- Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics & Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - S S Guo
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano- Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics & Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - L Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Y Yang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano- Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics & Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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46
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Nemati SH, Liyu DA, Canul AJ, Vasdekis AE. Solvent immersion imprint lithography: A high-performance, semi-automated procedure. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:024111. [PMID: 28798847 PMCID: PMC5533493 DOI: 10.1063/1.4979575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We expand upon our recent, fundamental report on solvent immersion imprint lithography (SIIL) and describe a semi-automated and high-performance procedure for prototyping polymer microfluidics and optofluidics. The SIIL procedure minimizes manual intervention through a cost-effective (∼$200) and easy-to-assemble apparatus. We analyze the procedure's performance specifically for Poly (methyl methacrylate) microsystems and report repeatable polymer imprinting, bonding, and 3D functionalization in less than 5 min, down to 8 μm resolutions and 1:1 aspect ratios. In comparison to commercial approaches, the modified SIIL procedure enables substantial cost reductions, a 100-fold reduction in imprinting force requirements, as well as a more than 10-fold increase in bonding strength. We attribute these advantages to the directed polymer dissolution that strictly localizes at the polymer-solvent interface, as uniquely offered by SIIL. The described procedure opens new desktop prototyping opportunities, particularly for non-expert users performing live-cell imaging, flow-through catalysis, and on-chip gas detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Nemati
- Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
| | - D A Liyu
- Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
| | - A J Canul
- Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
| | - A E Vasdekis
- Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
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47
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Odeh M, Voort B, Anjum A, Paredes B, Dimas C, Dahlem MS. Gradient-index optofluidic waveguide in polydimethylsiloxane. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:1202-1206. [PMID: 28158134 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.001202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a gradient-index (GRIN) optofluidic waveguide using polydimethylsiloxane cured with a radial variation of temperature. The waveguide wraps the microfluidic channel and the GRIN profile localizes the light around it, making the device suitable for evanescent sensing applications. The fabricated waveguide shows good light confinement, with a propagation loss of 1.47 dB/cm at a wavelength of 632.8 nm.
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48
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Fang C, Dai B, Xu Q, Zhuo R, Wang Q, Wang X, Zhang D. Hydrodynamically reconfigurable optofluidic microlens with continuous shape tuning from biconvex to biconcave. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:888-897. [PMID: 28157977 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.000888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an in-plane hydrodynamically reconfigurable optofluidic microlens, which is formed by the laminar flow of two streams of a low-refractive-index fluid and two streams of a high-refractive-index fluid in the two microchannels connecting to an expansion chamber where the microlens finally forms. In the expansion chamber, the stream of high-refractive-index fluid, acting as core, is sandwiched by the two streams of low-refractive-index fluid, acting as cladding. The interfaces between the streams can be flexibly manipulated by controlling the flow rate ratio between the two fluids in real time. Thus, the biconvex and biconcave microlens with different curvatures can be formed. By adjusting the microlens, the light beam can be continuously manipulated from focusing to collimation and then to divergence. In the experiment, a wide focus tuning range from 2.75 (focusing) to -1.21 mm (diverging) via collimation is achieved.
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49
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Lee SY, Wee D, Youn JR, Song YS. Manipulation and analysis of an optofluidic multiphase microlens. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04828a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We show the underlying physics governing the shape of a multiphasic microlens by exploiting nonlinear flow behavior at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Y. Lee
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - D. Wee
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - J. R. Youn
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Y. S. Song
- Department of Fiber System Engineering
- Dankook University
- Korea
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50
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Li L, Zhu XQ, Liang L, Zuo YF, Xu YS, Yang Y, Yuan YJ, Huang QQ. Switchable 3D optofluidic Y-branch waveguides tuned by Dean flows. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38338. [PMID: 27910958 PMCID: PMC5133564 DOI: 10.1038/srep38338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical branch waveguides are one of the most important optical elements and have been widely exploited for optical communication systems. However, prevailing devices are typically solid and have limit in tunability. Liquid optical devices have attracted more interest for the advantage of tunability of liquid media, but their signals suffer serious leakage if the refractive index (RI) of liquid is smaller than that of solid channels. This paper demonstrates the tunable three-dimensional (3D) optofluidic Y-branch waveguides in plannar microchannels by simply introducing Dean flow. This device can reconfigure 3D Y-branch profiles and separate the intensity of light as tunable ratio from 0 to 1 by adjusting the flow rates with low loss. Different from the prevailing 2D liquid counterparts, the 3D configuration offer much more freedom in the selection of liquid media as liquid's RI can be totally independent to the solid channel structure. The transmission loss through the device is estimated to 0.97 db when the splitting angle is 10°, which shows the light is confined better in the 3D liquid structures than traditional 2D liquid counterparts. The Y-branch waveguides show potential in applications of integrated optofluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Li
- School of Physics &Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - X Q Zhu
- School of Physics &Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - L Liang
- School of Physics &Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Y F Zuo
- School of Physics &Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Y S Xu
- School of Physics &Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Y Yang
- School of Physics &Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Y J Yuan
- School of pharmaceutical sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Q Q Huang
- School of pharmaceutical sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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