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Liu C, Fu D, Wu Y, Zhang X. Cambrian euarthropod Urokodia aequalis sheds light on the origin of Artiopoda body plan. iScience 2024; 27:110443. [PMID: 39148713 PMCID: PMC11325232 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The origin and evolution of trilobated body plan of the Artiopoda, a group of epibenthic euarthropods from Cambrian Lagerstätten, remain unclear. Here we examine old and new specimens of Urokodia aequalis, one of euarthropods from the Chengjiang biota, revealing new morphological details and revising its taxonomy. Urokodia possesses an elongate body with a five-segmented head, a thorax with 13-15 tergites, and a three-segmented pygidium with well-defined axial region. The ventral morphology includes paired stalked eyes, one fleshy antenna pair, the following homogeneous head and thoracic appendages, each with an annular proximal-element, an articulated stenopodous branch and a lamellar flap, and the pygidial appendages solely consisting of lamellar flaps. Cladistic analyses resolved Urokodia as the basal-most member of the Artiopoda, offering a hypothesis of the initial origin of trilobation in the pygidium. The new data, in conjunction with the presence of the elongated body plan across major lineages of euarthropods, suggest a convergent evolution of this trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of the Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Dongjing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of the Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of the Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xingliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of the Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
- Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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2
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Kihm JH, Smith FW, Kim S, Rho HS, Zhang X, Liu J, Park TYS. Cambrian lobopodians shed light on the origin of the tardigrade body plan. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2211251120. [PMID: 37399417 PMCID: PMC10334802 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211251120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylum Tardigrada (water bears), well known for their cryptobiosis, includes small invertebrates with four paired limbs and is divided into two classes: Eutardigrada and Heterotardigrada. The evolutionary origin of Tardigrada is known to lie within the lobopodians, which are extinct soft-bodied worms with lobopodous limbs mostly discovered at sites of exceptionally well-preserved fossils. Contrary to their closest relatives, onychophorans and euarthropods, the origin of morphological characters of tardigrades remains unclear, and detailed comparison with the lobopodians has not been well explored. Here, we present detailed morphological comparison between tardigrades and Cambrian lobopodians, with a phylogenetic analysis encompassing most of the lobopodians and three panarthropod phyla. The results indicate that the ancestral tardigrades likely had a Cambrian lobopodian-like morphology and shared most recent ancestry with the luolishaniids. Internal relationships within Tardigrada indicate that the ancestral tardigrade had a vermiform body shape without segmental plates, but possessed cuticular structures surrounding the mouth opening, and lobopodous legs terminating with claws, but without digits. This finding is in contrast to the long-standing stygarctid-like ancestor hypothesis. The highly compact and miniaturized body plan of tardigrades evolved after the tardigrade lineage diverged from an ancient shared ancestor with the luolishaniids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Kihm
- Division of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon21990, Korea
| | - Frank W. Smith
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL32224
| | - Sanghee Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon21990, Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Rho
- East Sea Environment Research Center, East Sea Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Uljin, Gyeongsangbuk-do36315, Korea
| | - Xingliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an710069, China
| | - Jianni Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an710069, China
| | - Tae-Yoon S. Park
- Division of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon21990, Korea
- Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon34113, Korea
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3
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Budd GE, Mayer G, Janssen R, Eriksson BJ. Comment on "The lower Cambrian lobopodian Cardiodictyon resolves the origin of euarthropod brains". Science 2023; 380:eadg1412. [PMID: 37384683 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Strausfeld et al. (Report, 24 Nov 2022, p. 905) claim that Cambrian fossilized nervous tissue supports the interpretation that the ancestral panarthropod brain was tripartite and unsegmented. We argue that this conclusion is unsupported, and developmental data from living onychophorans contradict it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham E Budd
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Ralf Janssen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B Joakim Eriksson
- Department für Neurowissenschaften und Entwicklungsbiologie, Universität Wien, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
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Jahn H, Hammel JU, Göpel T, Wirkner CS, Mayer G. A multiscale approach reveals elaborate circulatory system and intermittent heartbeat in velvet worms (Onychophora). Commun Biol 2023; 6:468. [PMID: 37117786 PMCID: PMC10147947 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04797-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An antagonistic hemolymph-muscular system is essential for soft-bodied invertebrates. Many ecdysozoans (molting animals) possess neither a heart nor a vascular or circulatory system, whereas most arthropods exhibit a well-developed circulatory system. How did this system evolve and how was it subsequently modified in panarthropod lineages? As the closest relatives of arthropods and tardigrades, onychophorans (velvet worms) represent a key group for addressing this question. We therefore analyzed the entire circulatory system of the peripatopsid Euperipatoides rowelli and discovered a surprisingly elaborate organization. Our findings suggest that the last common ancestor of Onychophora and Arthropoda most likely possessed an open vascular system, a posteriorly closed heart with segmental ostia, a pericardial sinus filled with nephrocytes and an impermeable pericardial septum, whereas the evolutionary origin of plical and pericardial channels is unclear. Our study further revealed an intermittent heartbeat-regular breaks of rhythmic, peristaltic contractions of the heart-in velvet worms, which might stimulate similar investigations in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Jahn
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, D-34132, Kassel, Germany.
| | - Jörg U Hammel
- Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon at DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torben Göpel
- Multiscale Biology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Christian S Wirkner
- Institut für Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Rostock, Universitätsplatz 2, D-18055, Rostock, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, D-34132, Kassel, Germany
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Strausfeld NJ, Hou X, Sayre ME, Hirth F. The lower Cambrian lobopodian Cardiodictyon resolves the origin of euarthropod brains. Science 2022; 378:905-909. [PMID: 36423269 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn6264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
For more than a century, the origin and evolution of the arthropod head and brain have eluded a unifying rationale reconciling divergent morphologies and phylogenetic relationships. Here, clarification is provided by the fossilized nervous system of the lower Cambrian lobopodian Cardiodictyon catenulum, which reveals an unsegmented head and brain comprising three cephalic domains, distinct from the metameric ventral nervous system serving its appendicular trunk. Each domain aligns with one of three components of the foregut and with a pair of head appendages. Morphological correspondences with stem group arthropods and alignments of homologous gene expression patterns with those of extant panarthropods demonstrate that cephalic domains of C. catenulum predate the evolution of the euarthropod head yet correspond to neuromeres defining brains of living chelicerates and mandibulates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xianguang Hou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Marcel E Sayre
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Frank Hirth
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Martin C, Jahn H, Klein M, Hammel JU, Stevenson PA, Homberg U, Mayer G. The velvet worm brain unveils homologies and evolutionary novelties across panarthropods. BMC Biol 2022; 20:26. [PMID: 35073910 PMCID: PMC9136957 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01196-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The evolution of the brain and its major neuropils in Panarthropoda (comprising Arthropoda, Tardigrada and Onychophora) remains enigmatic. As one of the closest relatives of arthropods, onychophorans are regarded as indispensable for a broad understanding of the evolution of panarthropod organ systems, including the brain, whose anatomical and functional organisation is often used to gain insights into evolutionary relations. However, while numerous recent studies have clarified the organisation of many arthropod nervous systems, a detailed investigation of the onychophoran brain with current state-of-the-art approaches is lacking, and further inconsistencies in nomenclature and interpretation hamper its understanding. To clarify the origins and homology of cerebral structures across panarthropods, we analysed the brain architecture in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli by combining X-ray micro-computed tomography, histology, immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and three-dimensional reconstruction. Results Here, we use this detailed information to generate a consistent glossary for neuroanatomical studies of Onychophora. In addition, we report novel cerebral structures, provide novel details on previously known brain areas, and characterise further structures and neuropils in order to improve the reproducibility of neuroanatomical observations. Our findings support homology of mushroom bodies and central bodies in onychophorans and arthropods. Their antennal nerve cords and olfactory lobes most likely evolved independently. In contrast to previous reports, we found no evidence for second-order visual neuropils, or a frontal ganglion in the velvet worm brain. Conclusion We imaged the velvet worm nervous system at an unprecedented level of detail and compiled a comprehensive glossary of known and previously uncharacterised neuroanatomical structures to provide an in-depth characterisation of the onychophoran brain architecture. We expect that our data will improve the reproducibility and comparability of future neuroanatomical studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01196-w.
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Medina-Jiménez BI, Budd GE, Janssen R. Panarthropod tiptop/teashirt and spalt orthologs and their potential role as "trunk"-selector genes. EvoDevo 2021; 12:7. [PMID: 34078450 PMCID: PMC8173736 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-021-00177-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster, the homeodomain containing transcription factor Teashirt (Tsh) appears to specify trunk identity in concert with the function of the Hox genes. While in Drosophila there is a second gene closely related to tsh, called tiptop (tio), in other arthropods species only one copy exists (called tio/tsh). The expression of tsh and tio/tsh, respectively, is surprisingly similar among arthropods suggesting that its function as trunk selector gene may be conserved. Other research, for example on the beetle Tribolium castaneum, questions even conservation of Tsh function among insects. The zinc-finger transcription factor Spalt (Sal) is involved in the regulation of Drosophila tsh, but this regulatory interaction does not appear to be conserved in Tribolium either. Whether the function and interaction of tsh and sal as potential trunk-specifiers, however, is conserved is still unclear because comparative studies on sal expression (except for Tribolium) are lacking, and functional data are (if at all existing) restricted to Insecta. RESULTS Here, we provide additional data on arthropod tsh expression, show the first data on onychophoran tio/tsh expression, and provide a comprehensive investigation on sal expression patterns in arthropods and an onychophoran. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the idea that tio/tsh genes are involved in the development of "trunk" segments by regulating limb development. Our data suggest further that the function of Sal is indeed unlikely to be conserved in trunk vs head development like in Drosophila, but early expression of sal is in line with a potential homeotic function, at least in Arthropoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda I Medina-Jiménez
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Graham E Budd
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ralf Janssen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, Sweden.
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8
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Budd GE. The origin and evolution of the euarthropod labrum. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 62:101048. [PMID: 33862532 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A widely (although not universally) accepted model of arthropod head evolution postulates that the labrum, a structure seen in almost all living euarthropods, evolved from an anterior pair of appendages homologous to the frontal appendages of onychophorans. However, the implications of this model for the interpretation of fossil arthropods have not been fully integrated into reconstructions of the euarthropod stem group, which remains in a state of some disorder. Here I review the evidence for the nature and evolution of the labrum from living taxa, and reconsider how fossils should be interpreted in the light of this. Identification of the segmental identity of head appendage in fossil arthropods remains problematic, and often rests ultimately on unproven assertions. New evidence from the Cambrian stem-group euarthropod Parapeytoia is presented to suggest that an originally protocerebral appendage persisted well up into the upper stem-group of the euarthropods, which prompts a re-evaluation of widely-accepted segmental homologies and the interpretation of fossil central nervous systems. Only a protocerebral brain was implicitly present in a large part of the euarthropod stem group, and the deutocerebrum must have been a relatively late addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham E Budd
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology Programme, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, SE 752 36, Sweden.
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9
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Cerullo AR, Lai TY, Allam B, Baer A, Barnes WJP, Barrientos Z, Deheyn DD, Fudge DS, Gould J, Harrington MJ, Holford M, Hung CS, Jain G, Mayer G, Medina M, Monge-Nájera J, Napolitano T, Espinosa EP, Schmidt S, Thompson EM, Braunschweig AB. Comparative Animal Mucomics: Inspiration for Functional Materials from Ubiquitous and Understudied Biopolymers. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:5377-5398. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio R. Cerullo
- The PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- The Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Tsoi Ying Lai
- The Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Bassem Allam
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5000, United States
| | - Alexander Baer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - W. Jon P. Barnes
- Centre for Cell Engineering, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, U.K
| | - Zaidett Barrientos
- Laboratorio de Ecología Urbana, Universidad Estatal a Distancia, Mercedes de Montes de Oca, San José 474-2050, Costa Rica
| | - Dimitri D. Deheyn
- Marine Biology Research Division-0202, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, UCSD, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Douglas S. Fudge
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, 1 University Drive, Orange, California 92866, United States
| | - John Gould
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Harrington
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Mandë Holford
- The PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, The American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, United States
- The PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- The PhD Program in Biology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Chia-Suei Hung
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Gaurav Jain
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, 1 University Drive, Orange, California 92866, United States
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Mónica Medina
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Julian Monge-Nájera
- Laboratorio de Ecología Urbana, Universidad Estatal a Distancia, Mercedes de Montes de Oca, San José 474-2050, Costa Rica
| | - Tanya Napolitano
- The PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Emmanuelle Pales Espinosa
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5000, United States
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eric M. Thompson
- Sars Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, Thormøhlensgt. 55, 5020 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Adam B. Braunschweig
- The PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
- The Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- The PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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Vizueta J, Escuer P, Frías-López C, Guirao-Rico S, Hering L, Mayer G, Rozas J, Sánchez-Gracia A. Evolutionary History of Major Chemosensory Gene Families across Panarthropoda. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:3601-3615. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Chemosensory perception is a fundamental biological process of particular relevance in basic and applied arthropod research. However, apart from insects, there is little knowledge of specific molecules involved in this system, which is restricted to a few taxa with uneven phylogenetic sampling across lineages. From an evolutionary perspective, onychophorans (velvet worms) and tardigrades (water bears) are of special interest since they represent the closest living relatives of arthropods, altogether comprising the Panarthropoda. To get insights into the evolutionary origin and diversification of the chemosensory gene repertoire in panarthropods, we sequenced the antenna- and head-specific transcriptomes of the velvet worm Euperipatoides rowelli and analyzed members of all major chemosensory families in representative genomes of onychophorans, tardigrades, and arthropods. Our results suggest that the NPC2 gene family was the only family encoding soluble proteins in the panarthropod ancestor and that onychophorans might have lost many arthropod-like chemoreceptors, including the highly conserved IR25a receptor of protostomes. On the other hand, the eutardigrade genomes lack genes encoding the DEG-ENaC and CD36-sensory neuron membrane proteins, the chemosensory members of which have been retained in arthropods; these losses might be related to lineage-specific adaptive strategies of tardigrades to survive extreme environmental conditions. Although the results of this study need to be further substantiated by an increased taxon sampling, our findings shed light on the diversification of chemosensory gene families in Panarthropoda and contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of animal chemical senses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Vizueta
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Escuer
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Frías-López
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lars Hering
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Julio Rozas
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Sánchez-Gracia
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Howard RJ, Hou X, Edgecombe GD, Salge T, Shi X, Ma X. A Tube-Dwelling Early Cambrian Lobopodian. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1529-1536.e2. [PMID: 32109391 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Facivermis yunnanicus [1, 2] is an enigmatic worm-like animal from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Biota of Yunnan Province, China. It is a small (<10 cm) bilaterian with five pairs of spiny anterior arms, an elongated body, and a swollen posterior end. The unusual morphology of Facivermis has prompted a history of diverse taxonomic interpretations, including among annelids [1, 3], lophophorates [4], and pentastomids [5]. However, in other studies, Facivermis is considered to be more similar to lobopodians [2, 6-8]-the fossil grade from which modern panarthropods (arthropods, onychophorans, and tardigrades) are derived. In these studies, Facivermis is thought to be intermediate between cycloneuralian worms and lobopodians. Facivermis has therefore been suggested to represent an early endobenthic-epibenthic panarthropod transition [6] and to provide crucial insights into the origin of paired appendages [2]. However, the systematic affinity of Facivermis was poorly supported in a previous phylogeny [6], partially due to incomplete understanding of its morphology. Therefore, the evolutionary significance of Facivermis remains unresolved. In this study, we re-examine Facivermis from new material and the holotype, leading to the discovery of several new morphological features, such as paired eyes on the head and a dwelling tube. Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses using parsimony, Bayesian inference, and maximum likelihood all support Facivermis as a luolishaniid in a derived position within the onychophoran stem group rather than as a basal panarthropod. In contrast to previous studies, we therefore conclude that Facivermis provides a rare early Cambrian example of secondary loss to accommodate a highly specialized tube-dwelling lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Howard
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650500, China; Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall TR10 9TA, UK; Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Xianguang Hou
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Gregory D Edgecombe
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650500, China; Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Tobias Salge
- Imaging and Analysis Centre, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Xiaomei Shi
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiaoya Ma
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650500, China; Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall TR10 9TA, UK.
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12
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Gross V, Mayer G. Cellular morphology of leg musculature in the water bear Hypsibius exemplaris (Tardigrada) unravels serial homologies. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:191159. [PMID: 31824724 PMCID: PMC6837179 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tardigrades (water bears) are microscopic, segmented ecdysozoans with four pairs of legs. Lobopodous limbs that are similar to those seen in tardigrades are hypothesized to represent the ancestral state of Panarthropoda (Tardigrada + Onychophora + Arthropoda), and their evolutionary history is important to our understanding of ecdysozoan evolution. Equally important is our understanding of the functional morphology of these legs, which requires knowledge of their musculature. Tardigrade musculature is well documented but open questions remain. For example, while the muscular organization of each trunk segment and its legs is unique, three of the four trunk segments are nevertheless relatively homonomous. To what extent, then, do leg muscles show segmental patterns? Specifically, which leg muscles are serially repeated and which are unique? The present study addresses these questions using a combination of techniques intended to visualize both the overall layout and fine structure of leg muscles in the eutardigrade Hypsibius exemplaris. In doing so, we propose serial homologies for all leg muscles in each of the four legs and reveal new details of their cellular structure and attachment sites. We compare our results to those of previous studies and address the functional implications of specialized muscle cell morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gross
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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13
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Oliveira IDS, Kumerics A, Jahn H, Müller M, Pfeiffer F, Mayer G. Functional morphology of a lobopod: case study of an onychophoran leg. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:191200. [PMID: 31824728 PMCID: PMC6837196 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Segmental, paired locomotory appendages are a characteristic feature of Panarthropoda-a diversified clade of moulting animals that includes onychophorans (velvet worms), tardigrades (water bears) and arthropods. While arthropods acquired a sclerotized exoskeleton and articulated limbs, onychophorans and tardigrades possess a soft body and unjointed limbs called lobopods, which they inherited from Cambrian lobopodians. To date, the origin and ancestral structure of the lobopods and their transformation into the jointed appendages are all poorly understood. We therefore combined high-resolution computed tomography with high-speed camera recordings to characterize the functional anatomy of a trunk lobopod from the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the complete set of muscles and muscle fibres as well as non-muscular structures revealed the spatial relationship and relative volumes of the muscular, excretory, circulatory and nervous systems within the leg. Locomotory movements of individual lobopods of E. rowelli proved far more diverse than previously thought and might be governed by a complex interplay of 15 muscles, including one promotor, one remotor, one levator, one retractor, two depressors, two rotators, one flexor and two constrictors as well as muscles for stabilization and haemolymph control. We discuss the implications of our findings for understanding the evolution of locomotion in panarthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo de Sena Oliveira
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Andreas Kumerics
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Henry Jahn
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Mark Müller
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Department of Physics and Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
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14
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Ou Q, Mayer G. A Cambrian unarmoured lobopodian, †Lenisambulatrix humboldti gen. et sp. nov., compared with new material of †Diania cactiformis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13667. [PMID: 30237414 PMCID: PMC6147921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cambrian marine lobopodians are generally considered as predecessors of modern panarthropods (onychophorans, tardigrades, and arthropods). Hence, further study of their morphological diversity and early radiation may enhance our understanding of the ground pattern and evolutionary history of panarthropods. Here, we report a rare lobopodian species, †Lenisambulatrix humboldti gen. et sp. nov. ("Humboldt lobopodian"), from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte and describe new morphological features of †Diania cactiformis, a coeval armoured lobopodian nicknamed "walking cactus". Both lobopodian species were similar in possessing rather thick, elongate lobopods without terminal claws. However, in contrast to †Diania cactiformis, the body of which was heavily armored with spines, the trunk and limbs of the Humboldt lobopodian were entirely unarmored. Our study augments the morphological diversity of Cambrian lobopodians and presents two evolutionary extremes of cuticular ornamentation: one represented by the Humboldt lobopodian, which was most likely entirely "naked", the other epitomized by †D. cactiformis, which was highly "armoured".
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ou
- Early Life Evolution Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China. .,Department of Zoology, University of Kassel, 34132, Kassel, Germany.
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, University of Kassel, 34132, Kassel, Germany
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15
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Kirwan JD, Graf J, Smolka J, Mayer G, Henze MJ, Nilsson DE. Low--resolution vision in a velvet worm (Onychophora). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.175802. [PMID: 29626113 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.175802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Onychophorans, also known as velvet worms, possess a pair of simple lateral eyes, and are a key lineage with regard to the evolution of vision. They resemble ancient Cambrian forms, and are closely related to arthropods, which boast an unrivalled diversity of eye designs. Nonetheless, the visual capabilities of onychophorans have not been well explored. Here, we assessed the spatial resolution of the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli using behavioural experiments, three-dimensional reconstruction, anatomical and optical examinations, and modelling. Exploiting their spontaneous attraction towards dark objects, we found that E. rowelli can resolve stimuli that have the same average luminance as the background. Depending on the assumed contrast sensitivity of the animals, we estimate the spatial resolution to be in the range 15-40 deg. This results from an arrangement where the cornea and lens project the image largely behind the retina. The peculiar ellipsoid shape of the eye in combination with the asymmetric position and tilted orientation of the lens may improve spatial resolution in the forward direction. Nonetheless, the unordered network of interdigitating photoreceptors, which fills the whole eye chamber, precludes high-acuity vision. Our findings suggest that adult specimens of E. rowelli cannot spot or visually identify prey or conspecifics beyond a few centimetres from the eye, but the coarse spatial resolution that the animals exhibited in our experiments is likely to be sufficient to find shelter and suitable microhabitats from further away. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of resolving vision in an onychophoran.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Kirwan
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Josefine Graf
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jochen Smolka
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Miriam J Henze
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden .,Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Dan-Eric Nilsson
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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16
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Abstract
Recent discoveries of fossil nervous tissue in Cambrian fossils have allowed researchers to trace the origin and evolution of the complex arthropod head and brain based on stem groups close to the origin of the clade, rather than on extant, highly derived members. Here we show that Kerygmachela from Sirius Passet, North Greenland, a primitive stem-group euarthropod, exhibits a diminutive (protocerebral) brain that innervates both the eyes and frontal appendages. It has been surmised, based on developmental evidence, that the ancestor of vertebrates and arthropods had a tripartite brain, which is refuted by the fossil evidence presented here. Furthermore, based on the discovery of eyes in Kerygmachela, we suggest that the complex compound eyes in arthropods evolved from simple ocelli, present in onychophorans and tardigrades, rather than through the incorporation of a set of modified limbs. The arthropod head is complex and its evolution has been difficult to reconstruct. Here, Park et al. describe new specimens of the Cambrian stem-group euarthropod Kerygmachela that preserve evidence of primitive compound eyes and a unipartite brain, providing insight into the structure of the early arthropod head.
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17
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Giribet G, Edgecombe GD. Current Understanding of Ecdysozoa and its Internal Phylogenetic Relationships. Integr Comp Biol 2017; 57:455-466. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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18
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Martin C, Gross V, Hering L, Tepper B, Jahn H, de Sena Oliveira I, Stevenson PA, Mayer G. The nervous and visual systems of onychophorans and tardigrades: learning about arthropod evolution from their closest relatives. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2017; 203:565-590. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-017-1186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Ortega-Hernández J, Janssen R, Budd GE. Origin and evolution of the panarthropod head - A palaeobiological and developmental perspective. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2017; 46:354-379. [PMID: 27989966 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The panarthropod head represents a complex body region that has evolved through the integration and functional specialization of the anterior appendage-bearing segments. Advances in the developmental biology of diverse extant organisms have led to a substantial clarity regarding the relationships of segmental homology between Onychophora (velvet worms), Tardigrada (water bears), and Euarthropoda (e.g. arachnids, myriapods, crustaceans, hexapods). The improved understanding of the segmental organization in panarthropods offers a novel perspective for interpreting the ubiquitous Cambrian fossil record of these successful animals. A combined palaeobiological and developmental approach to the study of the panarthropod head through deep time leads us to propose a consensus hypothesis for the intricate evolutionary history of this important tagma. The contribution of exceptionally preserved brains in Cambrian fossils - together with the recognition of segmentally informative morphological characters - illuminate the polarity for major anatomical features. The euarthropod stem-lineage provides a detailed view of the step-wise acquisition of critical characters, including the origin of a multiappendicular head formed by the fusion of several segments, and the transformation of the ancestral protocerebral limb pair into the labrum, following the postero-ventral migration of the mouth opening. Stem-group onychophorans demonstrate an independent ventral migration of the mouth and development of a multisegmented head, as well as the differentiation of the deutocerebral limbs as expressed in extant representatives. The anterior organization of crown-group Tardigrada retains several ancestral features, such as an anterior-facing mouth and one-segmented head. The proposed model aims to clarify contentious issues on the evolution of the panarthropod head, and lays the foundation from which to further address this complex subject in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralf Janssen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, Uppsala SE-752 36, Sweden
| | - Graham E Budd
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, Uppsala SE-752 36, Sweden
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20
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Smith FW, Goldstein B. Segmentation in Tardigrada and diversification of segmental patterns in Panarthropoda. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2017; 46:328-340. [PMID: 27725256 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The origin and diversification of segmented metazoan body plans has fascinated biologists for over a century. The superphylum Panarthropoda includes three phyla of segmented animals-Euarthropoda, Onychophora, and Tardigrada. This superphylum includes representatives with relatively simple and representatives with relatively complex segmented body plans. At one extreme of this continuum, euarthropods exhibit an incredible diversity of serially homologous segments. Furthermore, distinct tagmosis patterns are exhibited by different classes of euarthropods. At the other extreme, all tardigrades share a simple segmented body plan that consists of a head and four leg-bearing segments. The modular body plans of panarthropods make them a tractable model for understanding diversification of animal body plans more generally. Here we review results of recent morphological and developmental studies of tardigrade segmentation. These results complement investigations of segmentation processes in other panarthropods and paleontological studies to illuminate the earliest steps in the evolution of panarthropod body plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Smith
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Bob Goldstein
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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21
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Treffkorn S, Mayer G. Conserved versus derived patterns of controlled cell death during the embryonic development of two species of Onychophora (velvet worms). Dev Dyn 2017; 246:403-416. [PMID: 28198063 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis is involved in various developmental processes, including cell migration and tissue and organ formation. Some of these processes are conserved across metazoans, while others are specific to particular taxa. Although the patterns of apoptosis have been investigated in arthropods, no corresponding data are available from one of their closest relatives, the Onychophora (velvet worms). RESULTS We analyzed the patterns of apoptosis in embryos of two onychophoran species: the lecithotrophic/matrotrophic viviparous peripatopsid Euperipatoides rowelli, and the placentotrophic viviparous peripatid Principapillatus hitoyensis. Our data show that apoptosis occurs early in development and might be responsible for the degeneration of extra-embryonic tissues. Moreover, apoptosis might be involved in the morphogenesis of the ventral and preventral organs in both species and occurs additionally in the placental stalk of P. hitoyensis. CONCLUSIONS Despite the different developmental modes in these onychophoran species, our data suggest that patterns of apoptosis are conserved among onychophorans. While apoptosis in the dorsal extra-embryonic tissue might contribute to dorsal closure-a process also known from arthropods-the involvement of apoptosis in ventral closure might be unique to onychophorans. Apoptosis in the placental stalk of P. hitoyensis is most likely a derived feature of the placentotrophic onychophorans. Developmental Dynamics 246:403-416, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Treffkorn
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
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22
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Gross V, Minich I, Mayer G. External morphogenesis of the tardigrade Hypsibius dujardini as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. J Morphol 2017; 278:563-573. [PMID: 28168720 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tardigrada, commonly called water bears, is a taxon of microscopic panarthropods with five-segmented bodies and four pairs of walking legs. Although tardigrades have been known to science for several centuries, questions remain regarding many aspects of their biology, such as embryogenesis. Herein, we used scanning electron microscopy to document the external changes that occur during embryonic development in the tardigrade Hypsibius dujardini (Eutardigrada, Parachela, Hypsibiidae). Our results show an accelerated development of external features, with approximately 30 hrs separating the point at which external structures first become recognizable and a fully formed embryo. All segments appear to arise simultaneously between ∼20 and 25 hrs of development, and no differences in the degree of development could be detected between the limb buds at any stage. Claws emerge shortly after the limb buds and are morphologically similar to those of adults. The origin of the claws is concurrent with that of the sclerotized parts of the mouth, suggesting that all cuticular structures arise simultaneously at ∼30 hrs. The mouth arises as an invagination in the terminal region of the head at ∼25 hrs, closes later in development, and opens again shortly before hatching. The anlagen of the peribuccal lobes arise as one dorsal and one ventral row, each consisting of three lobes, and later form a ring in the late embryo, whereas there is no indication of a labrum anlage at any point during development. Furthermore, we describe limited postembryonic development in the form of cuticular pores that are absent in juveniles but present in adults. This study represents the first scanning electron micrographs of tardigrade embryos, demonstrating the utility of this technique for studying embryogenesis in tardigrades. This work further adds an external morphological perspective to the developmental data already available for H. dujardini, facilitating future comparisons to related panarthropod taxa. J. Morphol. 278:563-573, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gross
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, D-34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Irene Minich
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, D-34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, D-34132, Kassel, Germany
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23
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Caron JB, Aria C. Cambrian suspension-feeding lobopodians and the early radiation of panarthropods. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:29. [PMID: 28137244 PMCID: PMC5282736 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0858-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arthropoda, Tardigrada and Onychophora evolved from lobopodians, a paraphyletic group of disparate Palaeozoic vermiform animals with soft legs. Although the morphological diversity that this group encompasses likely illustrates the importance of niche diversification in the early radiation of panarthropods, the ecology of lobopodians remains poorly characterized. Results Here we describe a new luolishaniid taxon from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale (Walcott Quarry) in British Columbia, Canada, whose specialized morphology epitomizes the suspension-feeding ecology of this clade, and is convergent with some modern marine animals, such as caprellid crustaceans. This species possesses two long pairs and four shorter pairs of elongate spinose lobopods at the front, each bearing two slender claws, and three pairs of stout lobopods bearing single, strong, hook-like anterior-facing claws at the back. The trunk is remarkably bare, widening rearwards, and, at the front, extends beyond the first pair of lobopods into a small “head” bearing a pair of visual organs and a short proboscis with numerous teeth. Based on a critical reappraisal of character coding in lobopodians and using Bayesian and parsimony-based tree searches, two alternative scenarios for early panarthropod evolution are retrieved. In both cases, hallucigeniids and luolishaniids are found to be extinct radiative stem group panarthropods, in contrast to previous analyses supporting a position of hallucigeniids as part of total-group Onychophora. Our Bayesian topology finds luolishaniids and hallucigeniids to form two successive clades at the base of Panarthropoda. Disparity analyses suggest that luolishaniids, hallucigeniids and total-group Onychophora each occupy a distinct region of morphospace. Conclusions Hallucigeniids and luolishaniids were comparably diverse and successful, representing two major lobopodian clades in the early Palaeozoic, and both evolved body plans adapted to different forms of suspension feeding. A Bayesian approach to cladistics supports the view that a semi-sessile, suspension-feeding lifestyle characterized the origin and rise of Panarthropoda from cycloneuralian body plans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0858-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Bernard Caron
- Department of Natural History (Palaeobiology Section), Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Cédric Aria
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Garwood RJ, Edgecombe GD, Charbonnier S, Chabard D, Sotty D, Giribet G. Carboniferous Onychophora from Montceau-les-Mines, France, and onychophoran terrestrialization. INVERTEBRATE BIOLOGY : A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY AND THE DIVISION OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY/ASZ 2016; 135:179-190. [PMID: 27708504 PMCID: PMC5042098 DOI: 10.1111/ivb.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The geological age of the onychophoran crown-group, and when the group came onto land, have been sources of debate. Although stem-group Onychophora have been identified from as early as the Cambrian, the sparse record of terrestrial taxa from before the Cretaceous is subject to contradictory interpretations. A Late Carboniferous species from the Mazon Creek biota of the USA, Helenodora inopinata, originally interpreted as a crown-group onychophoran, has recently been allied to early Cambrian stem-group taxa. Here we describe a fossil species from the Late Carboniferous Montceau-les-Mines Lagerstätte, France, informally referred to as an onychophoran for more than 30 years. The onychophoran affinities of Antennipatus montceauensis gen. nov., sp. nov. are indicated by the form of the trunk plicae and the shape and spacing of their papillae, details of antennal annuli, and the presence of putative slime papillae. The poor preservation of several key systematic characters for extant Onychophora, however, prohibits the precise placement of the Carboniferous fossil in the stem or crown of the two extant families, or the onychophoran stem-group as a whole. Nevertheless, A. montceauensis is the most compelling candidate to date for a terrestrial Paleozoic onychophoran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell J. Garwood
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
- Department of Earth SciencesThe Natural History MuseumLondonSW7 5BDUK
| | | | - Sylvain Charbonnier
- Département Histoire de la TerreMuséum national d'Histoire naturelle, ParisF‐75005ParisFrance
| | | | - Daniel Sotty
- Muséum d'Histoire naturelle d'AutunF‐71400AutunFrance
| | - Gonzalo Giribet
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusetts02138USA
- Department of Life SciencesThe Natural History MuseumLondonSW7 5BDUK
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Jiao DG, Yang J, Zhang XG. A superarmoured lobopodian from the Cambrian Stage 4 of southern China. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-016-1156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Frase T, Richter S. Nervous system development in the fairy shrimpBranchinellasp. (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Anostraca): Insights into the development and evolution of the branchiopod brain and its sensory organs. J Morphol 2016; 277:1423-1446. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Frase
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissensschaften, Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2; D-18055 Rostock Germany
| | - Stefan Richter
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissensschaften, Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2; D-18055 Rostock Germany
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27
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Obukhova AL, Voronezhskaya EE, Malakhov VV. Fine morphology of frontal filaments in nauplii of cirriped crustaceans. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2016; 468:122-124. [PMID: 27411823 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496616030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fine morphology of the frontal filaments (FFs) at all nauplius stages of two barnacle species (Verruca stroemia and Hesperibalanus hesperius) has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy. FFs have been detected at the second nauplius stage and persist during all stages. FFs contain a wide proximal and a fine distal parts, but they are not actually separated as segments of the limbs, and the area between them looks like a single cuticular crease. Apical and subapical pores have been found at the top of each FF in the larvae of both species, which may indicate the chemoreceptor function of these organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Obukhova
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
| | - E E Voronezhskaya
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - V V Malakhov
- Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russia
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Ortega-Hernández J, Budd GE. The nature of non-appendicular anterior paired projections in Palaeozoic total-group Euarthropoda. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2016; 45:185-199. [PMID: 26802876 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have clarified the segmental organization of appendicular and exoskeletal structures in the anterior region of Cambrian stem-group Euarthropoda, and thus led to better understanding of the deep evolutionary origins of the head region in this successful animal group. However, there are aspects of the anterior organization of Palaeozoic euarthropods that remain problematic, such as the morphological identity and significance of minute limb-like projections on the anterior region in stem and crown-group representatives. Here, we draw attention to topological and morphological similarities between the frontal filaments of extant Crustacea and the embryonic frontal processes of Onychophora, and distinctive anterior paired projections observed in several extinct total-group Euarthropoda. Anterior paired projections are redescribed in temporally and phylogenetically distant fossil taxa, including the gilled lobopodians Kerygmachela kierkegaardi and Pambdelurion whittingtoni, the bivalved stem-euarthropod Canadaspis perfecta, the larval pycnogonid Cambropycnogon klausmuelleri, and the mandibulate Tanazios dokeron. Developmental data supporting the homology of the 'primary antennae' of Onychophora, the 'frontal appendages' of lower-stem Euarthropoda, and the hypostome/labrum complex of Deuteropoda, argue against the morphological identity of the anterior paired projections of extant and extinct panarthropods as a pair of pre-ocular appendages. Instead, we regard the paired projections of fossil total-group euarthropods as non-appendicular evaginations with a likely protocerebral segmental association, and a possible sensorial function. The widespread occurrence of pre-ocular paired projections among extant and extinct taxa suggests their potential homology as fundamentally ancestral features of the anterior body organization in Panarthropoda. Non-appendicular paired projections with a sensorial function may reflect a critical--yet previously overlooked--component of the panarthropod ground pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ortega-Hernández
- Department of Earth Sciences, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK.
| | - Graham E Budd
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 22, Uppsala SE 752 36, Sweden
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Caron JB, Gaines RR, Aria C, Mángano MG, Streng M. A new phyllopod bed-like assemblage from the Burgess Shale of the Canadian Rockies. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3210. [PMID: 24513643 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Burgess Shale-type fossil assemblages provide the best evidence of the 'Cambrian explosion'. Here we report the discovery of an extraordinary new soft-bodied fauna from the Burgess Shale. Despite its proximity (ca. 40 km) to Walcott's original locality, the Marble Canyon fossil assemblage is distinct, and offers new insights into the initial diversification of metazoans, their early morphological disparity, and the geographic ranges and longevity of many Cambrian taxa. The arthropod-dominated assemblage is remarkable for its high density and diversity of soft-bodied fossils, as well as for its large proportion of new species (22% of total diversity) and for the preservation of hitherto unreported anatomical features, including in the chordate Metaspriggina and the arthropod Mollisonia. The presence of the stem arthropods Misszhouia and Primicaris, previously known only from the early Cambrian of China, suggests that the palaeogeographic ranges and longevity of Burgess Shale taxa may be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Bernard Caron
- 1] Department of Natural History-Palaeobiology, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2C6 [2] Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2 [3] Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 25 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B1
| | - Robert R Gaines
- Geology Department, Pomona College, 185 E. Sixth Street, Claremont, California 91711, USA
| | - Cédric Aria
- 1] Department of Natural History-Palaeobiology, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2C6 [2] Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - M Gabriela Mángano
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E2
| | - Michael Streng
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
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Martin C, Mayer G. Insights into the segmental identity of post-oral commissures and pharyngeal nerves in Onychophora based on retrograde fills. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:53. [PMID: 26303946 PMCID: PMC4549126 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the tripartite brain of arthropods is believed to have evolved by a fusion of initially separate ganglia, the evolutionary origin of the bipartite brain of onychophorans-one of the closest arthropod relatives-remains obscure. Clarifying the segmental identity of post-oral commissures and pharyngeal nerves might provide useful insights into the evolution of the onychophoran brain. We therefore performed retrograde fills of these commissures and nerves in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli. RESULTS Our fills of the anterior and posterior pharyngeal nerves revealed groups of somata that are mainly associated with the deutocerebrum. This resembles the innervation pattern of other feeding structures in Onychophora, including the jaws and several lip papillae surrounding the mouth. Our fills of post-oral commissures in E. rowelli revealed a graded arrangement of anteriorly shifted somata associated with post-oral commissures #1 to #5. The number of deutocerebral somata associated with each commissure decreases posteriorly, i.e., commissure #1 shows the highest and commissure #5 the lowest numbers of associated somata, whereas none of the subsequent median commissures, beginning with commissure #6, shows somata located in the deutocerebrum. CONCLUSIONS Based on the graded and shifted arrangement of somata associated with the anteriormost post-oral commissures, we suggest that the onychophoran brain, which is a bipartite syncerebrum, might have evolved by a successive anterior/anterodorsal migration of neurons towards the protocerebrum in the last onychophoran ancestor. This implies that the composite brain of onychophorans and the compound brain of arthropods might have independent evolutionary origins, as in contrast to arthropods the onychophoran syncerebrum is unlikely to have evolved by a fusion of initially separate ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Martin
- Animal Evolution and Development, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. .,Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany.
| | - Georg Mayer
- Animal Evolution and Development, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. .,Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany.
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Yang J, Ortega-Hernández J, Gerber S, Butterfield NJ, Hou JB, Lan T, Zhang XG. A superarmored lobopodian from the Cambrian of China and early disparity in the evolution of Onychophora. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:8678-83. [PMID: 26124122 PMCID: PMC4507230 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1505596112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe Collinsium ciliosum from the early Cambrian Xiaoshiba Lagerstätte in South China, an armored lobopodian with a remarkable degree of limb differentiation including a pair of antenna-like appendages, six pairs of elongate setiferous limbs for suspension feeding, and nine pairs of clawed annulated legs with an anchoring function. Collinsium belongs to a highly derived clade of lobopodians within stem group Onychophora, distinguished by a substantial dorsal armature of supernumerary and biomineralized spines (Family Luolishaniidae). As demonstrated here, luolishaniids display the highest degree of limb specialization among Paleozoic lobopodians, constitute more than one-third of the overall morphological disparity of stem group Onychophora, and are substantially more disparate than crown group representatives. Despite having higher disparity and appendage complexity than other lobopodians and extant velvet worms, the specialized mode of life embodied by luolishaniids became extinct during the Early Paleozoic. Collinsium and other superarmored lobopodians exploited a unique paleoecological niche during the Cambrian explosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Paleobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | | | - Sylvain Gerber
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Butterfield
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jin-Bo Hou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Paleobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Tian Lan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Paleobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xi-guang Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Paleobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China;
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Aria C, Caron JB. Cephalic and limb anatomy of a new Isoxyid from the Burgess Shale and the role of "stem bivalved arthropods" in the disparity of the frontalmost appendage. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124979. [PMID: 26038846 PMCID: PMC4454494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein describe Surusicaris elegans gen. et sp. nov. (in Isoxyidae, amended), a middle (Series 3, Stage 5) Cambrian bivalved arthropod from the new Burgess Shale deposit of Marble Canyon (Kootenay National Park, British Columbia). Surusicaris exhibits 12 simple, partly undivided biramous trunk limbs with long tripartite caeca, which may illustrate a plesiomorphic "fused" condition of exopod and endopod. We construe also that the head is made of five somites (= four segments), including two eyes, one pair of anomalocaridid-like frontalmost appendages, and three pairs of poorly sclerotized uniramous limbs. This fossil may therefore be a candidate for illustrating the origin of the plesiomorphic head condition in euarthropods, and questions the significance of the "two-segmented head" in, e.g., fuxianhuiids. The frontalmost appendage in isoxyids is intriguingly disparate, bearing similarities with both dinocaridids and euarthropods. In order to evaluate the relative importance of bivalved arthropods, such as Surusicaris, in the hypothetical structuro-functional transition between the dinocaridid frontal appendage and the pre-oral-arguably deutocerebral-appendage of euarthropods, we chose a phenetic approach and computed morphospace occupancy for the frontalmost appendages of 36 stem and crown taxa. Results show different levels of evolutionary decoupling between frontalmost appendage disparity and body plans. Variance is greatest in dinocaridids and "stem bivalved" arthropods, but these groups do not occupy the morphospace homogeneously. Rather, the diversity of frontalmost appendages in "stem bivalved" arthropods, distinct in its absence of clear clustering, is found to link the morphologies of "short great appendages," chelicerae and antennules. This find fits the hypothesis of an increase in disparity of the deutocerebral appendage prior to its diversification in euarthropods, and possibly corresponds to its original time of development. The analysis of this pattern, however, is sensitive to the-still unclear-extent of polyphyly of the "stem bivalved" taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Aria
- University of Toronto, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Royal Ontario Museum, Department of Natural History-Palaeobiology, 100 Queen’s Park, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2C6, Canada
| | - Jean-Bernard Caron
- University of Toronto, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Royal Ontario Museum, Department of Natural History-Palaeobiology, 100 Queen’s Park, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2C6, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Earth Sciences, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B1, Canada
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Guidetti R, Bonifacio A, Altiero T, Bertolani R, Rebecchi L. Distribution of Calcium and Chitin in the Tardigrade Feeding Apparatus in Relation to its Function and Morphology. Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55:241-52. [PMID: 25857526 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cuticular portion of the tardigrade feeding apparatus is a complex structure that can be schematically divided into four parts: a buccal ring, a buccal tube, a stylet system (formed by two piercing stylets, each within a stylet coat, and two stylet supports), and the lining of a myoepithelial sucking pharynx. To better understand the function and evolution of the feeding apparatus, the morpho-functional traits and chemical composition of the structures forming the feeding apparatuses of eight different species of tardigrades were analyzed. These eight species are representative of almost all main phylogenetic lineages of the phylum. The calcium and chitin in the feeding apparatus were examined by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Raman microspectroscopy (Raman). In all species, the feeding apparatus had been subjected to biomineralization due to CaCO3 encrustations organized in the crystalline form of aragonite. Aragonite and chitin are present in different concentrations in the feeding apparatus according to the structures and species considered. Generally, where the structures are rigid there is more aragonite than chitin, and vice versa. The buccal tube and piercing stylets are rich in calcium, with the piercing stylets apparently composed exclusively of aragonite. In eutardigrades, chitin is in higher concentration in the structures subject to higher mechanical stresses, such as the crests of the buccal crown and the condyles of the stylet furca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Guidetti
- *Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 213/D, 41124 Modena, Italy;
| | - Alois Bonifacio
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, via Valerio 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Tiziana Altiero
- Department of Education and Human Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, viale Allegri 9, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Roberto Bertolani
- Department of Education and Human Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, viale Allegri 9, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Lorena Rebecchi
- *Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 213/D, 41124 Modena, Italy
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Mayer G, Oliveira IS, Baer A, Hammel JU, Gallant J, Hochberg R. Capture of Prey, Feeding, and Functional Anatomy of the Jaws in Velvet Worms (Onychophora). Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55:217-27. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Espinasa L, Garvey R, Espinasa J, Fratto CA, Taylor S, Toulkeridis T, Addison A. Cave dwelling Onychophora from a Lava Tube in the Galapagos. SUBTERRANEAN BIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.15.8468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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36
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Ortega-Hernández J. Making sense of 'lower' and 'upper' stem-group Euarthropoda, with comments on the strict use of the name Arthropoda von Siebold, 1848. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 91:255-73. [PMID: 25528950 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ever-increasing number of studies that address the origin and evolution of Euarthropoda - whose extant representatives include chelicerates, myriapods, crustaceans and hexapods - are gradually reaching a consensus with regard to the overall phylogenetic relationships of some of the earliest representatives of this phylum. The stem-lineage of Euarthropoda includes numerous forms that reflect the major morphological transition from a lobopodian-type to a completely arthrodized body organization. Several methods of classification that aim to reflect such a complex evolutionary history have been proposed as a consequence of this taxonomic diversity. Unfortunately, this has also led to a saturation of nomenclatural schemes, often in conflict with each other, some of which are incompatible with cladistic-based methodologies. Here, I review the convoluted terminology associated with the classification of stem-group Euarthropoda, and propose a synapomorphy-based distinction that allows 'lower stem-Euarthropoda' (e.g. lobopodians, radiodontans) to be separated from 'upper stem-Euarthropoda' (e.g. fuxianhuiids, Cambrian bivalved forms) in terms of the structural organization of the head region and other aspects of overall body architecture. The step-wise acquisition of morphological features associated with the origins of the crown-group indicate that the node defining upper stem-Euarthropoda is phylogenetically stable, and supported by numerous synapomorphic characters; these include the presence of a deutocerebral first appendage pair, multisegmented head region with one or more pairs of post-ocular differentiated limbs, complete body arthrodization, posterior-facing mouth associated with the hypostome/labrum complex, and post-oral biramous arthropodized appendages. The name 'Deuteropoda' nov. is proposed for the scion (monophyletic group including the crown-group and an extension of the stem-group) that comprises upper stem-Euarthropoda and Euarthropoda. A brief account of common terminological inaccuracies in recent palaeontological studies evinces the utility of Deuteropoda nov. as a reference point for discussing aspects of early euarthropod phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ortega-Hernández
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, U.K
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Franke FA, Mayer G. Controversies surrounding segments and parasegments in onychophora: insights from the expression patterns of four "segment polarity genes" in the peripatopsid Euperipatoides rowelli. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114383. [PMID: 25470738 PMCID: PMC4255022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropods typically show two types of segmentation: the embryonic parasegments and the adult segments that lie out of register with each other. Such a dual nature of body segmentation has not been described from Onychophora, one of the closest arthropod relatives. Hence, it is unclear whether onychophorans have segments, parasegments, or both, and which of these features was present in the last common ancestor of Onychophora and Arthropoda. To address this issue, we analysed the expression patterns of the "segment polarity genes" engrailed, cubitus interruptus, wingless and hedgehog in embryos of the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli. Our data revealed that these genes are expressed in repeated sets with a specific anterior-to-posterior order along the body in embryos of E. rowelli. In contrast to arthropods, the expression occurs after the segmental boundaries have formed. Moreover, the initial segmental furrow retains its position within the engrailed domain throughout development, whereas no new furrow is formed posterior to this domain. This suggests that no re-segmentation of the embryo occurs in E. rowelli. Irrespective of whether or not there is a morphological or genetic manifestation of parasegments in Onychophora, our data clearly show that parasegments, even if present, cannot be regarded as the initial metameric units of the onychophoran embryo, because the expression of key genes that define the parasegmental boundaries in arthropods occurs after the segmental boundaries have formed. This is in contrast to arthropods, in which parasegments rather than segments are the initial metameric units of the embryo. Our data further revealed that the expression patterns of "segment polarity genes" correspond to organogenesis rather than segment formation. This is in line with the concept of segmentation as a result of concerted evolution of individual periodic structures rather than with the interpretation of 'segments' as holistic units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Anni Franke
- Animal Evolution & Development, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Animal Evolution & Development, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Smith FW, Jockusch EL. The metameric pattern of Hypsibius dujardini(Eutardigrada) and its relationship to that of other panarthropods. Front Zool 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/s12983-014-0066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Smith MR, Ortega-Hernández J. Hallucigenia’s onychophoran-like claws and the case for Tactopoda. Nature 2014; 514:363-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Sophisticated digestive systems in early arthropods. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3641. [PMID: 24785191 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the way in which animals diversified and radiated during their early evolutionary history remains one of the most captivating of scientific challenges. Integral to this is the 'Cambrian explosion', which records the rapid emergence of most animal phyla, and for which the triggering and accelerating factors, whether environmental or biological, are still unclear. Here we describe exceptionally well-preserved complex digestive organs in early arthropods from the early Cambrian of China and Greenland with functional similarities to certain modern crustaceans and trace these structures through the early evolutionary lineage of fossil arthropods. These digestive structures are assumed to have allowed for more efficient digestion and metabolism, promoting carnivory and macrophagy in early arthropods via predation or scavenging. This key innovation may have been of critical importance in the radiation and ecological success of Arthropoda, which has been the most diverse and abundant invertebrate phylum since the Cambrian.
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Martin C, Mayer G. Neuronal tracing of oral nerves in a velvet worm-Implications for the evolution of the ecdysozoan brain. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:7. [PMID: 24616668 PMCID: PMC3935231 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the closest relatives of arthropods, Onychophora plays an important role in understanding the evolution of arthropod body plans. Currently there is controversy surrounding the evolution of the brain among the ecdysozoan clades, which shows a collar-shaped, circumoral organization in cycloneuralians but a ganglionic architecture in panarthropods. Based on the innervation pattern of lip papillae surrounding the mouth, the onychophoran brain has been interpreted as a circumoral ring, suggesting that this organization is an ancestral feature of Ecdysozoa. However, this interpretation is inconsistent with other published data. To explore the evolutionary origin of the onychophoran mouth and to shed light on the evolution of the ecdysozoan brains, we analyzed the innervation pattern and morphogenesis of the oral lip papillae in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli using DNA labeling, immunocytochemistry, and neuronal tracing techniques. Our morphogenetic data revealed that the seven paired and one unpaired oral lip papillae arise from three anterior-most body segments. Retrograde fills show that only the first and the third nerves supplying the lip papillae are associated with cell bodies within the brain, whereas the second nerve exclusively receives fibers from somata of peripheral neurons located in the lip papillae. According to our anterograde fills and immunocytochemical data, the first nerve supplies the anterior-most pair of lip papillae, whereas the second and the third nerves are associated with the second to fifth and second to eighth lip papillae, respectively. These data suggest that the lip papillae of E. rowelli are mainly innervated by the proto- and deutocerebrum, whereas there are only a few additional cell bodies situated posterior to the brain. According to these findings, the overall innervation pattern of the oral lip papillae in E. rowelli is incompatible with the interpretation of the onychophoran brain as a modified circumoral ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Martin
- Animal Evolution & Development, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georg Mayer
- Animal Evolution & Development, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
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de Sena Oliveira I, Tait NN, Strübing I, Mayer G. The role of ventral and preventral organs as attachment sites for segmental limb muscles in Onychophora. Front Zool 2013; 10:73. [PMID: 24308783 PMCID: PMC3866996 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-10-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The so-called ventral organs are amongst the most enigmatic structures in Onychophora (velvet worms). They were described as segmental, ectodermal thickenings in the onychophoran embryo, but the same term has also been applied to mid-ventral, cuticular structures in adults, although the relationship between the embryonic and adult ventral organs is controversial. In the embryo, these structures have been regarded as anlagen of segmental ganglia, but recent studies suggest that they are not associated with neural development. Hence, their function remains obscure. Moreover, their relationship to the anteriorly located preventral organs, described from several onychophoran species, is also unclear. To clarify these issues, we studied the anatomy and development of the ventral and preventral organs in several species of Onychophora. RESULTS Our anatomical data, based on histology, and light, confocal and scanning electron microscopy in five species of Peripatidae and three species of Peripatopsidae, revealed that the ventral and preventral organs are present in all species studied. These structures are covered externally with cuticle that forms an internal, longitudinal, apodeme-like ridge. Moreover, phalloidin-rhodamine labelling for f-actin revealed that the anterior and posterior limb depressor muscles in each trunk and the slime papilla segment attach to the preventral and ventral organs, respectively. During embryonic development, the ventral and preventral organs arise as large segmental, paired ectodermal thickenings that decrease in size and are subdivided into the smaller, anterior anlagen of the preventral organs and the larger, posterior anlagen of the ventral organs, both of which persist as paired, medially-fused structures in adults. Our expression data of the genes Delta and Notch from embryos of Euperipatoides rowelli revealed that these genes are expressed in two, paired domains in each body segment, corresponding in number, position and size with the anlagen of the ventral and preventral organs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the ventral and preventral organs are a common feature of onychophorans that serve as attachment sites for segmental limb depressor muscles. The origin of these structures can be traced back in the embryo as latero-ventral segmental, ectodermal thickenings, previously suggested to be associated with the development of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo de Sena Oliveira
- Animal Evolution and Development, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Expression of the decapentaplegic ortholog in embryos of the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli. Gene Expr Patterns 2013; 13:384-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Persson DK, Halberg KA, Jørgensen A, Møbjerg N, Kristensen RM. Brain anatomy of the marine tardigradeactinarctus doryphorus(arthrotardigrada). J Morphol 2013; 275:173-90. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis K. Persson
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Natural History Museum of Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15; DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
- Department of Biology, August Krogh Centre; University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13; DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Kenneth A. Halberg
- Department of Biology, August Krogh Centre; University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13; DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Aslak Jørgensen
- Laboratory of Molecular Systematics, Natural History Museum of Denmark; University of Copenhagen; Sølvgade 83 DK-1307 Copenhagen K Denmark
| | - Nadja Møbjerg
- Department of Biology, August Krogh Centre; University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13; DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Reinhardt M. Kristensen
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Natural History Museum of Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15; DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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de Sena Oliveira I, Mayer G. Apodemes associated with limbs support serial homology of claws and jaws in Onychophora (velvet worms). J Morphol 2013; 274:1180-90. [PMID: 23922297 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the onychophoran jaw blades are believed to be derivatives of foot claws, serial homology of these structures has not been demonstrated. To shed light on the evolutionary origin of the onychophoran jaws, we searched for morphological landmarks and compared the internal and external anatomy of jaws and distal leg portions in representatives of the two major onychophoran subgroups, the Peripatidae and Peripatopsidae. Our data revealed hitherto unknown structures associated with the onychophoran limbs, such as a soft diastemal membrane separating the anterior and posterior portions of the inner jaw blade (present only in Peripatidae), apodemes associated with feet, an eversible dorsal sac at the basis of each foot claw, and a specific arrangement of musculature associated with the sclerotised claws, jaws and their apodemes. Specific correspondences in structure and position of apodemes support serial homology of claws and jaws, suggesting that the onychophoran jaw evolved from the distal portion rather than the entire limb in the last common ancestor of Onychophora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo de Sena Oliveira
- Animal Evolution and Development, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Caron JB, Smith MR, Harvey THP. Beyond the Burgess Shale: Cambrian microfossils track the rise and fall of hallucigeniid lobopodians. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20131613. [PMID: 23902914 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Burgess Shale-type deposits are renowned for their exquisite preservation of soft-bodied organisms, representing a range of animal body plans that evolved during the Cambrian 'explosion'. However, the rarity of these fossil deposits makes it difficult to reconstruct the broader-scale distributions of their constituent organisms. By contrast, microscopic skeletal elements represent an extensive chronicle of early animal evolution--but are difficult to interpret in the absence of corresponding whole-body fossils. Here, we provide new observations on the dorsal spines of the Cambrian lobopodian (panarthropod) worm Hallucigenia sparsa from the Burgess Shale (Cambrian Series 3, Stage 5). These exhibit a distinctive scaly microstructure and layered (cone-in-cone) construction that together identify a hitherto enigmatic suite of carbonaceous and phosphatic Cambrian microfossils--including material attributed to Mongolitubulus, Rushtonites and Rhombocorniculum--as spines of Hallucigenia-type lobopodians. Hallucigeniids are thus revealed as an important and widespread component of disparate Cambrian communities from late in the Terreneuvian (Cambrian Stage 2) through the 'middle' Cambrian (Series 3); their apparent decline in the latest Cambrian may be partly taphonomic. The cone-in-cone construction of hallucigeniid sclerites is shared with the sclerotized cuticular structures (jaws and claws) in modern onychophorans. More generally, our results emphasize the reciprocal importance and complementary roles of Burgess Shale-type fossils and isolated microfossils in documenting early animal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Bernard Caron
- Department of Natural History (Palaeobiology Section), Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Mayer G, Kauschke S, Rüdiger J, Stevenson PA. Neural markers reveal a one-segmented head in tardigrades (water bears). PLoS One 2013; 8:e59090. [PMID: 23516602 PMCID: PMC3596308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While recent neuroanatomical and gene expression studies have clarified the alignment of cephalic segments in arthropods and onychophorans, the identity of head segments in tardigrades remains controversial. In particular, it is unclear whether the tardigrade head and its enclosed brain comprises one, or several segments, or a non-segmental structure. To clarify this, we applied a variety of histochemical and immunocytochemical markers to specimens of the tardigrade Macrobiotus cf. harmsworthi and the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Our immunolabelling against serotonin, FMRFamide and α-tubulin reveals that the tardigrade brain is a dorsal, bilaterally symmetric structure that resembles the brain of onychophorans and arthropods rather than a circumoesophageal ring typical of cycloneuralians (nematodes and allies). A suboesophageal ganglion is clearly lacking. Our data further reveal a hitherto unknown, unpaired stomatogastric ganglion in Macrobiotus cf. harmsworthi, which innervates the ectodermal oesophagus and the endodermal midgut and is associated with the second leg-bearing segment. In contrast, the oesophagus of the onychophoran E. rowelli possesses no immunoreactive neurons, whereas scattered bipolar, serotonin-like immunoreactive cell bodies are found in the midgut wall. Furthermore, our results show that the onychophoran pharynx is innervated by a medullary loop nerve accompanied by monopolar, serotonin-like immunoreactive cell bodies. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE A comparison of the nervous system innervating the foregut and midgut structures in tardigrades and onychophorans to that of arthropods indicates that the stomatogastric ganglion is a potential synapomorphy of Tardigrada and Arthropoda. Its association with the second leg-bearing segment in tardigrades suggests that the second trunk ganglion is a homologue of the arthropod tritocerebrum, whereas the first ganglion corresponds to the deutocerebrum. We therefore conclude that the tardigrade brain consists of a single segmental region corresponding to the arthropod protocerebrum and, accordingly, that the tardigrade head is a non-composite, one-segmented structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Mayer
- Animal Evolution and Development, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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