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Schmitt-Kopplin P, Matzka M, Ruf A, Menez B, Chennaoui Aoudjehane H, Harir M, Lucio M, Hertzog J, Hertkorn N, Gougeon RD, Hoffmann V, Hinman NW, Ferrière L, Greshake A, Gabelica Z, Trif L, Steele A. Complex carbonaceous matter in Tissint martian meteorites give insights into the diversity of organic geochemistry on Mars. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd6439. [PMID: 36630504 PMCID: PMC9833655 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add6439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report a huge organic diversity in the Tissint Mars meteorite and the sampling of several mineralogical lithologies, which revealed that the organic molecules were nonuniformly distributed in functionality and abundance. The range of organics in Tissint meteorite were abundant C3-7 aliphatic branched carboxylic acids and aldehydes, olefins, and polyaromatics with and without heteroatoms in a homologous oxidation structural continuum. Organomagnesium compounds were extremely abundant in olivine macrocrystals and in the melt veins, reflecting specific organo-synsthesis processes in close interaction with the magnesium silicates and temperature stresses, as previously observed. The diverse chemistry and abundance in complex molecules reveal heterogeneity in organic speciation within the minerals grown in the martian mantle and crust that may have evolved over geological time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Center for Astrochemical Studies, Garching 85748, Germany
- Helmholtz München, Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Marco Matzka
- Helmholtz München, Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Alexander Ruf
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
- Excellence Cluster ORIGINS, Boltzmannstraße 2, Garching 85748, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Benedicte Menez
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS - 1, rue Jussieu, Paris Cedex 05 75238, France
| | - Hasnaa Chennaoui Aoudjehane
- Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock, GAIA Laboratory, Hassan II University of Casablanca, km 8 Route d’El Jadida, Casablanca 20150, Morocco
| | - Mourad Harir
- Helmholtz München, Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Marianna Lucio
- Helmholtz München, Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Jasmine Hertzog
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
- Helmholtz München, Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Norbert Hertkorn
- Helmholtz München, Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Régis D. Gougeon
- UMR Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne/AgroSupDijon, Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin Jules Guyot, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Victor Hoffmann
- Faculty of Geosciences, Dep. Geo- and Environmental Sciences, LMU, Muenchen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Zelimir Gabelica
- Université de Haute Alsace, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, F-68094 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - László Trif
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrew Steele
- Earth and Planetary Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5251 Broad Branch Rd., Washington, DC 20015, USA
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2
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Unique evidence of fluid alteration in the Kakowa (L6) ordinary chondrite. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5520. [PMID: 35414699 PMCID: PMC9005539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Meteorites preserve evidence of processes on their parent bodies, including alteration, metamorphism, and shock events. Here we show that the Kakowa (L6) ordinary chondrite (OC) preserves both shock-melt veins and pockets of detrital grains from a brecciated and altered object, including corundum, albite, silica, fayalite, forsterite, and margarite in a Pb- and Fe-rich matrix. Preservation of the observed mineralogy and texture requires a sequence of at least two impacts: first, a high-velocity collision formed the shock melt veins containing the high-pressure minerals ringwoodite, wadsleyite, majorite, and albitic jadeite; later, a low-velocity impact formed fractures and filled them with the detrital material. Oxygen and Pb isotope ratios suggest an OC origin for these detrital minerals. Although fluid alteration is common in carbonaceous chondrites, the discovery of margarite with an OC oxygen isotopic signature is novel. Kakowa extends both the impact and alteration history of L6 ordinary chondrites in general.
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Barnes JJ, McCubbin FM, Santos AR, Day JMD, Boyce JW, Schwenzer SP, Ott U, Franchi IA, Messenger S, Anand M, Agee CB. Multiple early-formed water reservoirs in the interior of Mars. NATURE GEOSCIENCE 2020; 13:260-264. [PMID: 32523614 PMCID: PMC7284968 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-020-0552-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The abundance and distribution of water within Mars through time plays a fundamental role in constraining its geological evolution and habitability. The isotopic composition of martian hydrogen provides insights into the interplay between different water reservoirs on Mars. However, D/H (deuterium/hydrogen) ratios of martian rocks and of the martian atmosphere span a wide range of values. This has complicated identification of distinct water reservoirs in and on Mars within the confines of existing models that assume an isotopically homogenous mantle. Here we present D/H data collected by secondary ion mass spectrometry for two martian meteorites. These data indicate that the martian crust has been characterized by a constant D/H ratio over the last 3.9 billion years. The crust represents a reservoir with a D/H ratio that is intermediate between at least two isotopically distinct primordial water reservoirs within the martian mantle, sampled by partial melts from geochemically depleted and enriched mantle sources. From mixing calculations, we find that a subset of depleted martian basalts are consistent with isotopically light hydrogen (low D/H) in their mantle source, whereas enriched shergottites sampled a mantle source containing heavy hydrogen (high D/H). We propose that the martian mantle is chemically heterogeneous with multiple water reservoirs, indicating poor mixing within the mantle after accretion, differentiation, and its subsequent thermochemical evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Barnes
- NASA Johnson Space Center, mailcode XI, 2101 E NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, 1629 E University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Francis M McCubbin
- NASA Johnson Space Center, mailcode XI, 2101 E NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - Alison R Santos
- NASA Glenn Research Center, 21000 Brookpark Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135, USA
| | - James M D Day
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeremy W Boyce
- NASA Johnson Space Center, mailcode XI, 2101 E NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | | | - Ulrich Ott
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- MTA Atomki, Bem tér 18/c, 4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ian A Franchi
- The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Scott Messenger
- NASA Johnson Space Center, mailcode XI, 2101 E NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, 1629 E University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- NASA Glenn Research Center, 21000 Brookpark Rd, Cleveland, OH 44135, USA
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- MTA Atomki, Bem tér 18/c, 4026 Debrecen, Hungary
- The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, Kensington, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Institute of Meteoritics, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Mahesh Anand
- The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
- The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, Kensington, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Carl B Agee
- Institute of Meteoritics, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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DUNHAM ET, BALTA JB, WADHWA M, SHARP TG, MCSWEEN HY. Petrology and geochemistry of olivine-phyric shergottites LAR 12095 and LAR 12240: Implications for their petrogenetic history on Mars. METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE 2019; 54:811-835. [PMID: 31360056 PMCID: PMC6662651 DOI: 10.1111/maps.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Larkman Nunatak (LAR) 12095 and LAR 12240 are recent olivine-phyric shergottite lnds. We report the results of petrographic and chemical analyses of these two samples to understand their petrogenesis on Mars. Based on our analyses, we suggest that these samples are likely paired and are most similar to other depleted olivine-phyric shergottites, particularly Dar al Gani (DaG) 476 and Sayh al Uhaymir (SaU) 005 (and samples paired with those). The olivine megacryst cores in LAR 12095 and LAR 12240 are not in equilibrium with the groundmass olivines. We infer that these megacrysts are phenocrysts and their major element compositions have been homogenized by diffusion (the cores of the olivine megacrysts have Mg# ~70, whereas megacryst rims and groundmass olivines typically have Mg# ~58-60). The rare earth element (REE) microdistributions in the various phases (olivine, low- and high-Ca pyroxene, maskelynite, and merrillite) in both samples are similar and support the likelihood that these two shergottites are indeed paired. The calculated parent melt (i.e., in equilibrium with the low-Ca pyroxene, which is one of the earliest formed REE-bearing minerals) has an REE pattern parallel to that of melt in equilibrium with merrillite (i.e., one of the last-formed minerals). This suggests that the LAR 12095/12240 paired shergottites represent the product of closed-system fractional crystallization following magma emplacement and crystal accumulation. Utilizing the europium oxybarometer, we estimate that the magmatic oxygen fugacity early in the crystallization sequence was ~IW. Finally, petrographic evidence indicates that LAR 12095/12240 experienced extensive shock prior to being ejected from Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie T. DUNHAM
- Center for Meteorite Studies, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 8528, USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 8528, USA
| | - J. Brian BALTA
- Department of Geology & Geophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Planetary Geosciences Institute, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Meenakshi WADHWA
- Center for Meteorite Studies, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 8528, USA
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 8528, USA
| | - Thomas G. SHARP
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 8528, USA
| | - Harry Y. MCSWEEN
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Planetary Geosciences Institute, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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Steele A, Benning LG, Wirth R, Siljeström S, Fries MD, Hauri E, Conrad PG, Rogers K, Eigenbrode J, Schreiber A, Needham A, Wang JH, McCubbin FM, Kilcoyne D, Rodriguez Blanco JD. Organic synthesis on Mars by electrochemical reduction of CO 2. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat5118. [PMID: 30402538 PMCID: PMC6209388 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat5118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The sources and nature of organic carbon on Mars have been a subject of intense research. Steele et al. (2012) showed that 10 martian meteorites contain macromolecular carbon phases contained within pyroxene- and olivine-hosted melt inclusions. Here, we show that martian meteorites Tissint, Nakhla, and NWA 1950 have an inventory of organic carbon species associated with fluid-mineral reactions that are remarkably consistent with those detected by the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission. We advance the hypothesis that interactions among spinel-group minerals, sulfides, and a brine enable the electrochemical reduction of aqueous CO2 to organic molecules. Although documented here in martian samples, a similar process likely occurs wherever igneous rocks containing spinel-group minerals and/or sulfides encounter brines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Steele
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Geophysical Laboratory, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - L. G. Benning
- German Research Centre for Geosciences, GFZ, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Earth Sciences, Free University of Berlin, 12249 Berlin, Germany
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - R. Wirth
- German Research Centre for Geosciences, GFZ, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - S. Siljeström
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioscience and Materials/Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, Box 5607, 114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. D. Fries
- NASA, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - E. Hauri
- Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5241 Broad Branch Rd, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - P. G. Conrad
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Geophysical Laboratory, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - K. Rogers
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - J. Eigenbrode
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - A. Schreiber
- German Research Centre for Geosciences, GFZ, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - A. Needham
- USRA–Science and Technology Institute, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA
| | - J. H. Wang
- Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5241 Broad Branch Rd, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | | | - D. Kilcoyne
- Advanced Light Source, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 7R0222, LBNL, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Juan Diego Rodriguez Blanco
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- ICRAG, Department of Geology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Non-destructive characterisation of the Elephant Moraine 83227 meteorite using confocal Raman, micro-energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence and Raman-scanning electron microscope-energy-dispersive X-ray microscopies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:7477-7488. [PMID: 30218122 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The application of a non-destructive analytical procedure to characterise the mineral phases in meteorites is a key issue in order to preserve this type of scarce materials. In the present work, the Elephant Moraine 83227 meteorite, found in Antarctica in 1983 and originated from 4 Vesta asteroid, was analysed by micro-Raman spectroscopy, micro-energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence and the structural and chemical analyser (Raman spectroscopy coupled with scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive spectroscopy) working in both point-by-point and image modes. The combination of all these techniques allows the extraction of, at the same time, elemental, molecular and structural data of the studied microscopic area of the meteorite. The most relevant results of the Elephant Moraine 83227 were the finding of tridymite for the first time in a 4 Vesta meteorite, along with quartz, which means that the meteorite suffered high temperatures at a certain point. Moreover, both feldspar and pyroxene were found as the main mineral phases in the sample. Ilmenite, apatite, chromite and elemental sulphur were also detected as secondary minerals. Finally, calcite was found as a weathering product, which was probably formed in terrestrial weathering processes of the pyroxene present in the sample. Besides, Raman spectroscopy provided information about the conditions that the meteorite experienced; the displacements in some feldspar Raman bands were used to estimate the temperature and pressure conditions to which the Elephant Moraine 83227 was subjected, because we obtained both low and high formation temperature feldspar.
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Terrestrial exposure of a fresh Martian meteorite causes rapid changes in hydrogen isotopes and water concentrations. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12385. [PMID: 30120344 PMCID: PMC6097984 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30807-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the hydrogen isotopic compositions and H2O contents of meteorites and their components is important for addressing key cosmochemical questions about the abundance and source(s) of water in planetary bodies. However, deconvolving the effects of terrestrial contamination from the indigenous hydrogen isotopic compositions of these extraterrestrial materials is not trivial, because chondrites and some achondrites show only small deviations from terrestrial values such that even minor contamination can mask the indigenous values. Here we assess the effects of terrestrial weathering and contamination on the hydrogen isotope ratios and H2O contents of meteoritic minerals through monitored terrestrial weathering of Tissint, a recent Martian fall. Our findings reveal the rapidity with which this weathering affects nominally anhydrous phases in extraterrestrial materials, which illustrates the necessity of sampling the interiors of even relatively fresh meteorite falls and underlines the importance of sample return missions.
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High pressure minerals in the Château-Renard (L6) ordinary chondrite: implications for collisions on its parent body. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9851. [PMID: 29959423 PMCID: PMC6026127 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first discoveries of high-pressure minerals in the historical L6 chondrite fall Château-Renard, based on co-located Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron backscatter diffraction, electron microprobe analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with selected-area electron diffraction. A single polished section contains a network of melt veins from ~40 to ~200 μm wide, with no cross-cutting features requiring multiple vein generations. We find high-pressure minerals in veins greater than ~50 μm wide, including assemblages of ringwoodite + wadsleyite, ringwoodite + wadsleyite + majorite-pyropess, and ahrensite + wadsleyite. In association with ahrensite + wadsleyite at both SEM and TEM scale, we find a sodic pyroxene whose Raman spectrum is indistinguishable from that of jadeite but whose composition and structure are those of omphacite. We discuss constraints on the impact record of this meteorite and the L-chondrites in general.
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Abstract
Silica polymorphs, such as quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, coesite, stishovite, seifertite, baddeleyite-type SiO2, high-pressure silica glass, moganite, and opal, have been found in lunar and/or martian rocks by macro-microanalyses of the samples and remote-sensing observations on the celestial bodies. Because each silica polymorph is stable or metastable at different pressure and temperature conditions, its appearance is variable depending on the occurrence of the lunar and martian rocks. In other words, types of silica polymorphs provide valuable information on the igneous process (e.g., crystallization temperature and cooling rate), shock metamorphism (e.g., shock pressure and temperature), and hydrothermal fluid activity (e.g., pH and water content), implying their importance in planetary science. Therefore, this article focused on reviewing and summarizing the representative and important investigations of lunar and martian silica from the viewpoints of its discovery from lunar and martian materials, the formation processes, the implications for planetary science, and the future prospects in the field of “micro-mineralogy”.
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10
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Si-Disordering in MgAl2O4-Spinel under High P-T Conditions, with Implications for Si-Mg Disorder in Mg2SiO4-Ringwoodite. MINERALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/min8050210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of Si-bearing MgAl2O4-spinels were synthesized at 1500–1650 °C and 3–6 GPa. These spinels had SiO2 contents of up to ~1.03 wt % and showed a substitution mechanism of Si4+ + Mg2+ = 2Al3+. Unpolarized Raman spectra were collected from polished single grains, and displayed a set of well-defined Raman peaks at ~610, 823, 856 and 968 cm−1 that had not been observed before. Aided by the Raman features of natural Si-free MgAl2O4-spinel, synthetic Si-free MgAl2O4-spinel, natural low quartz, synthetic coesite, synthetic stishovite and synthetic forsterite, we infer that these Raman peaks should belong to the SiO4 groups. The relations between the Raman intensities and SiO2 contents of the Si-bearing MgAl2O4-spinels suggest that under some P-T conditions, some Si must adopt the M-site. Unlike the SiO4 groups with very intense Raman signals, the SiO6 groups are largely Raman-inactive. We further found that the Si cations primarily appear on the T-site at P-T conditions ≤~3–4 GPa and 1500 °C, but attain a random distribution between the T-site and M-site at P-T conditions ≥~5–6 GPa and 1630–1650 °C. This Si-disordering process observed for the Si-bearing MgAl2O4-spinels suggests that similar Si-disordering might happen to the (Mg,Fe)2SiO4-spinels (ringwoodite), the major phase in the lower part of the mantle transition zone of the Earth and the benchmark mineral for the very strong shock stage experienced by extraterrestrial materials. The likely consequences have been explored.
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11
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Agarwal A, Reznik B, Kontny A, Heissler S, Schilling F. Lingunite-a high-pressure plagioclase polymorph at mineral interfaces in doleritic rock of the Lockne impact structure (Sweden). Sci Rep 2016; 6:25991. [PMID: 27188436 PMCID: PMC4870623 DOI: 10.1038/srep25991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lingunite nanocrystals and amorphous plagioclase (maskelynite) are identified at the contacts between augite and labradorite wedge-shaped interfaces in the doleritic rocks of the Lockne impact structure in Sweden. The occurrence of lingunite suggests that the local pressure was above 19 GPa and the local temperature overwhelmed 1000 °C. These values are up to 10 times higher than previous values estimated numerically for bulk pressure and temperature. High shock-induced temperatures are manifested by maskelynite injections into microfractures in augite located next to the wedges. We discuss a possible model of shock heterogeneity at mineral interfaces, which may lead to longer duration of the same shock pressure and a concentration of high temperature thus triggering the kinetics of labradorite transformation into lingunite and maskelynite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Agarwal
- Division of Structural Geology and Tectonophysics, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Department of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India.,Laboratory of Paleomagnetism, Institute of Geophysics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 4510 Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Boris Reznik
- Division of Structural Geology and Tectonophysics, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Agnes Kontny
- Division of Structural Geology and Tectonophysics, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Heissler
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Frank Schilling
- Division of Technical Petrophysics, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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12
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Pang RL, Zhang AC, Wang SZ, Wang RC, Yurimoto H. High-pressure minerals in eucrite suggest a small source crater on Vesta. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26063. [PMID: 27181381 PMCID: PMC4867502 DOI: 10.1038/srep26063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
High-pressure minerals in meteorites are important records of shock events that have affected the surfaces of planets and asteroids. A widespread distribution of impact craters has been observed on the Vestan surface. However, very few high-pressure minerals have been discovered in Howardite-Eucrite-Diogenite (HED) meteorites. Here we present the first evidence of tissintite, vacancy-rich clinopyroxene, and super-silicic garnet in the eucrite Northwest Africa (NWA) 8003. Combined with coesite and stishovite, the presence of these high-pressure minerals and their chemical compositions reveal that solidification of melt veins in NWA 8003 began at a pressure of >~10 GPa and ceased when the pressure dropped to <~8.5 GPa. The shock temperature in the melt veins exceeded 1900 °C. Simulation results show that shock events that create impact craters of ~3 km in diameter (subject to a factor of 2 uncertainty) are associated with sufficiently high pressures to account for the occurrence of the high-pressure minerals observed in NWA 8003. This indicates that HED meteorites containing similar high-pressure minerals should be observed more frequently than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Lian Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Ai-Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Shu-Zhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Ru-Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Hisayoshi Yurimoto
- Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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13
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Cao G, Li HO, Yu GD, Wang BC, Chen BB, Song XX, Xiao M, Guo GC, Jiang HW, Hu X, Guo GP. Tunable Hybrid Qubit in a GaAs Double Quantum Dot. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:086801. [PMID: 26967435 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.086801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate a tunable hybrid qubit in a five-electron GaAs double quantum dot. The qubit is encoded in the (1,4) charge regime of the double dot and can be manipulated completely electrically. More importantly, dot anharmonicity leads to quasiparallel energy levels and a new anticrossing, which help preserve quantum coherence of the qubit and yield a useful working point. We have performed Larmor precession and Ramsey fringe experiments near the new working point and find that the qubit decoherence time is significantly improved over a charge qubit. This work shows a new way to encode a semiconductor qubit that is controllable and coherent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hai-Ou Li
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guo-Dong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bao-Chuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bao-Bao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiang-Xiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hong-Wen Jiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Xuedong Hu
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | - Guo-Ping Guo
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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14
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Kubo T, Kato T, Higo Y, Funakoshi KI. Curious kinetic behavior in silica polymorphs solves seifertite puzzle in shocked meteorite. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500075. [PMID: 26601182 PMCID: PMC4640644 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The presence of seifertite, one of the high-pressure polymorphs of silica, in achondritic shocked meteorites has been problematic because this phase is thermodynamically stable at more than ~100 GPa, unrealistically high-pressure conditions for the shock events in the early solar system. We conducted in situ x-ray diffraction measurements at high pressure and temperatures, and found that it metastably appears down to ~11 GPa owing to the clear difference in kinetics between the metastable seifertite and stable stishovite formations. The temperature-insensitive but time-sensitive kinetics for the formation of seifertite uniquely constrains that the critical shock duration and size of the impactor on differentiated parental bodies are at least ~0.01 s and ~50 to 100 m, respectively, from the presence of seifertite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Kubo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Takumi Kato
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yuji Higo
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
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15
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Abstract
Stishovite exhibits a negative Poisson's ratio when stressed in a range of directions in the (100), (010) and (001) planes under specific ambient pressure ranges. This may be explained through mechanisms involving rotations and distortions of the constituent octahedral.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Azzopardi
- Metamaterials Unit
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malta
- Msida
- Malta
| | - J. P. Brincat
- Metamaterials Unit
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malta
- Msida
- Malta
| | - J. N. Grima
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malta
- Msida
- Malta
| | - Ruben Gatt
- Metamaterials Unit
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malta
- Msida
- Malta
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16
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Miyahara M, Kaneko S, Ohtani E, Sakai T, Nagase T, Kayama M, Nishido H, Hirao N. Discovery of seifertite in a shocked lunar meteorite. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1737. [PMID: 23612278 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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