1
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Murphy CE, Duenas M, Iron D, Nelson T, D'Urso B. Selective loading of a micrometer-scale particle into a magneto-gravitational trap by sublimation-activated release. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:063201. [PMID: 38912909 DOI: 10.1063/5.0213468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we discuss a technique for selectively loading a particle into a magneto-gravitational trap using the sublimation of camphor to release particles from a tungsten probe tip directly into the trapping region. This sublimation-activated release (SAR) loading technique makes use of micropositioners with tungsten probe tips, as well as the relatively fast rate of sublimation of camphor at room temperature, to selectively load particles having diameters ranging from 8 to 100 μm or more. The advantages of this method include its ability to selectively load unique particles or particles in limited supply, its low loss compared to alternative techniques, the low speed of the particle when released, and the versatility of its design, which allows for loading into traps with complex geometries. SAR is demonstrated here by loading a particle into a magneto-gravitational trap, but the technique could also be applicable to other levitated optomechanical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor E Murphy
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
| | - Mario Duenas
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
| | - Daniel Iron
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
| | - Tobias Nelson
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
| | - Brian D'Urso
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
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2
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Stroboscopic thermally-driven mechanical motion. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20091. [PMID: 36418396 PMCID: PMC9684504 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Unstable nonlinear systems can produce a large displacement driven by a small thermal initial noise. Such inherently nonlinear phenomena are stimulating in stochastic physics, thermodynamics, and in the future even in quantum physics. In one-dimensional mechanical instabilities, recently made available in optical levitation, the rapidly increasing noise accompanying the unstable motion reduces a displacement signal already in its detection. It limits the signal-to-noise ratio for upcoming experiments, thus constraining the observation of such essential nonlinear phenomena and their further exploitation. An extension to a two-dimensional unstable dynamics helps to separate the desired displacement from the noisy nonlinear driver to two independent variables. It overcomes the limitation upon observability, thus enabling further exploitation. However, the nonlinear driver remains unstable and rapidly gets noisy. It calls for a challenging high-order potential to confine the driver dynamics and rectify the noise. Instead, we propose and analyse a feasible stroboscopically-cooled driver that provides the desired detectable motion with sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratio. Fast and deep cooling, together with a rapid change of the driver stiffness, are required to reach it. However, they have recently become available in levitating optomechanics. Therefore, our analysis finally opens the road to experimental investigation of thermally-driven motion in nonlinear systems, its thermodynamical analysis, and future quantum extensions.
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3
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Kamba M, Shimizu R, Aikawa K. Optical cold damping of neutral nanoparticles near the ground state in an optical lattice. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:26716-26727. [PMID: 36236858 DOI: 10.1364/oe.462921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate purely optical feedback cooling of neutral nanoparticles in an optical lattice to an occupation number of 0.85 ± 0.20. The cooling force is derived from the optical gradients of displaced optical lattices produced with two sidebands on the trapping laser. To achieve highly accurate position observations required for cooling near the ground state, we reduce the laser intensity noise to a relative power noise of 6×10-8/Hz in a frequency band of 30 kHz to 600 kHz. We establish a reproducible method for neutralizing nanoparticles at high vacuum via a combination of discharging and irradiating an ultraviolet light. Our results form an important basis for the investigation of quantum mechanical properties of ultracold nanoparticles and are also useful for precision measurements with neutral nanoparticles.
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4
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Bykov DS, Meusburger M, Dania L, Northup TE. Hybrid electro-optical trap for experiments with levitated particles in vacuum. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:073201. [PMID: 35922316 DOI: 10.1063/5.0096391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We confine a microparticle in a hybrid potential created by a Paul trap and a dual-beam optical trap. We transfer the particle between the Paul trap and the optical trap at different pressures and study the influence of feedback cooling on the transfer process. This technique provides a path for experiments with optically levitated particles in ultra-high vacuum and in potentials with complex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S Bykov
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maximilian Meusburger
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lorenzo Dania
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tracy E Northup
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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5
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Squeezing Light via Levitated Cavity Optomechanics. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Squeezing light is a critical resource in both fundamental physics and precision measurement. Squeezing light has been generated through optical-parametric amplification inside an optical resonator. However, preparing the squeezing light in an optomechanical system is still a challenge for the thermal noise inevitably coupled to the system. We consider an optically levitated nano-particle in a bichromatic cavity, in which two cavity modes could be excited by the scattering photons of the dual tweezers, respectively. Based on the coherent scattering mechanism, the ultra-strong coupling between the cavity field and the torsional motion of nano-particle could be achieved for the current experimental conditions. With the back-action of the optically levitated nano-particle, the broad single-mode squeezing light can be realized in the bad cavity regime. Even at room temperature, the single-mode light can be squeezed for more than 17 dB, which is far beyond the 3 dB limit. The two-mode squeezing light can also be generated, if the optical tweezers contain two frequencies, one is on the red sideband of the cavity mode, the other is on the blue sideband. The two-mode squeezing can be maximized near the boundary of the system stable regime and is sensitive to both the cavity decay rate and the power of the optical tweezers.
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6
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Direct and Clean Loading of Nanoparticles into Optical Traps at Millibar Pressures. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8110458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles levitated by optical fields under vacuum conditions have applications in quantum science, the study of nanothermodynamics and precision sensing. The existing techniques for loading optical traps require ambient conditions and often involve dispersion in liquids, which can contaminate delicate optics and lead to enhanced optical absorption and heating. Here, we present a clean, dry and generic mechanism for directly loading optical traps at pressures down to 1 mbar, exploiting Laser Induced Acoustic Desorption and allowing for the rapid and efficient trapping of nanoparticles.
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7
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Ornigotti L, Filip R. Uncertainty-induced instantaneous speed and acceleration of a levitated particle. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18185. [PMID: 34521904 PMCID: PMC8440777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97663-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Levitating nanoparticles trapped in optical potentials at low pressure open the experimental investigation of nonlinear ballistic phenomena. With engineered non-linear potentials and fast optical detection, the observation of autonomous transient mechanical effects, such as instantaneous speed and acceleration stimulated purely by initial position uncertainty, are now achievable. By using parameters of current low pressure experiments, we simulate and analyse such uncertainty-induced particle ballistics in a cubic optical potential demonstrating their evolution, faster than their standard deviations, justifying the feasibility of the experimental verification. We predict, the maxima of instantaneous speed and acceleration distributions shift alongside the potential force, while the maximum of position distribution moves opposite to it. We report that cryogenic cooling is not necessary in order to observe the transient effects, while a low uncertainty in initial particle speed is required, via cooling or post-selection, to not mask the effects. These results stimulate the discussion for both attractive stochastic thermodynamics, and extension of recently explored quantum regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ornigotti
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Radim Filip
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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8
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Huang WCW, Batelaan H, Arndt M. Kapitza-Dirac Blockade: A Universal Tool for the Deterministic Preparation of Non-Gaussian Oscillator States. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:253601. [PMID: 34241507 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.253601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Harmonic oscillators count among the most fundamental quantum systems with important applications in molecular physics, nanoparticle trapping, and quantum information processing. Their equidistant energy level spacing is often a desired feature, but at the same time a challenge if the goal is to deterministically populate specific eigenstates. Here, we show how interference in the transition amplitudes in a bichromatic laser field can suppress the sequential climbing of harmonic oscillator states (Kapitza-Dirac blockade) and achieve selective excitation of energy eigenstates, cat states, and other non-Gaussian states. This technique can transform the harmonic oscillator into a coherent two-level system or be used to build a large-momentum-transfer beam splitter for matter waves. To illustrate the universality of the concept, we discuss feasible experiments that cover many orders of magnitude in mass, from single electrons over large molecules to dielectric nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Cheng-Wei Huang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Herman Batelaan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Markus Arndt
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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9
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Schäfer J, Rudolph H, Hornberger K, Stickler BA. Cooling Nanorotors by Elliptic Coherent Scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:163603. [PMID: 33961470 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.163603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneously cooling the rotational and translational motion of nanoscale dielectrics into the quantum regime is an open task of great importance for sensing applications and quantum superposition tests. Here, we show that the six-dimensional ground state can be reached by coherent-scattering cooling with an elliptically polarized and shaped optical tweezer. We determine the cooling rates and steady-state occupations in a realistic setup and discuss applications for mechanical sensing and fundamental experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schäfer
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Henning Rudolph
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Hornberger
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin A Stickler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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10
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Strong optomechanical coupling at room temperature by coherent scattering. Nat Commun 2021; 12:276. [PMID: 33436586 PMCID: PMC7803762 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum control of a system requires the manipulation of quantum states faster than any decoherence rate. For mesoscopic systems, this has so far only been reached by few cryogenic systems. An important milestone towards quantum control is the so-called strong coupling regime, which in cavity optomechanics corresponds to an optomechanical coupling strength larger than cavity decay rate and mechanical damping. Here, we demonstrate the strong coupling regime at room temperature between a levitated silica particle and a high finesse optical cavity. Normal mode splitting is achieved by employing coherent scattering, instead of directly driving the cavity. The coupling strength achieved here approaches three times the cavity linewidth, crossing deep into the strong coupling regime. Entering the strong coupling regime is an essential step towards quantum control with mesoscopic objects at room temperature. Reaching the strong coupling regime is a crucial step towards room-temperature quantum control with mesoscopic objects. Here, the authors use coherent scattering to demonstrate room temperature strong coupling between a levitated silica particle and a high-finesse optical cavity.
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11
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Sommer C, Asjad M, Genes C. Prospects of reinforcement learning for the simultaneous damping of many mechanical modes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2623. [PMID: 32060483 PMCID: PMC7021687 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We apply adaptive feedback for the partial refrigeration of a mechanical resonator, i.e. with the aim to simultaneously cool the classical thermal motion of more than one vibrational degree of freedom. The feedback is obtained from a neural network parametrized policy trained via a reinforcement learning strategy to choose the correct sequence of actions from a finite set in order to simultaneously reduce the energy of many modes of vibration. The actions are realized either as optical modulations of the spring constants in the so-called quadratic optomechanical coupling regime or as radiation pressure induced momentum kicks in the linear coupling regime. As a proof of principle we numerically illustrate efficient simultaneous cooling of four independent modes with an overall strong reduction of the total system temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sommer
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Muhammad Asjad
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudiu Genes
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 2, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Millen J, Monteiro TS, Pettit R, Vamivakas AN. Optomechanics with levitated particles. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2020; 83:026401. [PMID: 31825901 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab6100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Optomechanics is concerned with the use of light to control mechanical objects. As a field, it has been hugely successful in the production of precise and novel sensors, the development of low-dissipation nanomechanical devices, and the manipulation of quantum signals. Micro- and nano-particles levitated in optical fields act as nanoscale oscillators, making them excellent low-dissipation optomechanical objects, with minimal thermal contact to the environment when operating in vacuum. Levitated optomechanics is seen as the most promising route for studying high-mass quantum physics, with the promise of creating macroscopically separated superposition states at masses of 106 amu and above. Optical feedback, both using active monitoring or the passive interaction with an optical cavity, can be used to cool the centre-of-mass of levitated nanoparticles well below 1 mK, paving the way to operation in the quantum regime. In addition, trapped mesoscopic particles are the paradigmatic system for studying nanoscale stochastic processes, and have already demonstrated their utility in state-of-the-art force sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Millen
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
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13
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Goldwater D, Barker PF, Bassi A, Donadi S. Quantum Spectrometry for Arbitrary Noise. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:230801. [PMID: 31868443 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.230801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a technique for recovering the spectrum of a non-Markovian bosonic bath and/or non-Markovian noises coupled to a harmonic oscillator. The treatment is valid under the conditions that the environment is large and hot compared to the oscillator, and that its temporal autocorrelation functions are symmetric with respect to time translation and reflection-criteria which we consider fairly minimal. We model a demonstration of the technique as deployed in the experimental scenario of a nanosphere levitated in a Paul trap, and show that it would effectively probe the spectrum of an electric field noise source from 10^{2} to 10^{6} Hz with a resolution inversely proportional to the measurement time. This technique may be deployed in quantum sensing, metrology, computing, and in experimental probes of foundational questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Goldwater
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - P F Barker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Angelo Bassi
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Trieste Section, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sandro Donadi
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), Ruth-Moufang-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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14
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Sommer C, Genes C. Partial Optomechanical Refrigeration via Multimode Cold-Damping Feedback. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:203605. [PMID: 31809091 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.203605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We provide a fully analytical treatment for the partial refrigeration of the thermal motion of a quantum mechanical resonator under the action of feedback. As opposed to standard cavity optomechanics where the aim is to isolate and cool a single mechanical mode, the aim here is to extract the thermal energy from many vibrational modes within a large frequency bandwidth. We consider a standard cold-damping technique, where homodyne readout of the cavity output field is fed into a feedback loop that provides a cooling action directly applied on the mechanical resonator. Analytical and numerical results predict that low final occupancies are achievable independent of the number of modes addressed by the feedback, as long as the cooling rate is smaller than the intermode frequency separation. For resonators exhibiting a few nearly degenerate pairs of modes, cooling is less efficient and a weak dependence on the number of modes is obtained. These scalings hint toward the design of frequency-resolved mechanical resonators, where efficient refrigeration is possible via simultaneous cold-damping feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sommer
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudiu Genes
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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15
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Meyer N, Sommer ADLR, Mestres P, Gieseler J, Jain V, Novotny L, Quidant R. Resolved-Sideband Cooling of a Levitated Nanoparticle in the Presence of Laser Phase Noise. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:153601. [PMID: 31702279 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.153601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the influence of laser phase noise heating on resolved sideband cooling in the context of cooling the center-of-mass motion of a levitated nanoparticle in a high-finesse cavity. Although phase noise heating is not a fundamental physical constraint, the regime where it becomes the main limitation in Levitodynamics has so far been unexplored and hence embodies from this point forward the main obstacle in reaching the motional ground state of levitated mesoscopic objects with resolved sideband cooling. We reach minimal center-of-mass temperatures comparable to T_{min}=10 mK at a pressure of p=3×10^{-7} mbar, solely limited by phase noise. Finally we present possible strategies towards motional ground state cooling in the presence of phase noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Meyer
- ICFO Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés de Los Rios Sommer
- ICFO Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Mestres
- ICFO Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jan Gieseler
- ICFO Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vijay Jain
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Romain Quidant
- ICFO Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Wachter G, Kuhn S, Minniberger S, Salter C, Asenbaum P, Millen J, Schneider M, Schalko J, Schmid U, Felgner A, Hüser D, Arndt M, Trupke M. Silicon microcavity arrays with open access and a finesse of half a million. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:37. [PMID: 30992987 PMCID: PMC6456601 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Optical resonators are essential for fundamental science, applications in sensing and metrology, particle cooling, and quantum information processing. Cavities can significantly enhance interactions between light and matter. For many applications they perform this task best if the mode confinement is tight and the photon lifetime is long. Free access to the mode center is important in the design to admit atoms, molecules, nanoparticles, or solids into the light field. Here, we demonstrate how to machine microcavity arrays of extremely high quality in pristine silicon. Etched to an almost perfect parabolic shape with a surface roughness on the level of 2 Å and coated to a finesse exceeding F = 500,000, these new devices can have lengths below 17 µm, confining the photons to 5 µm waists in a mode volume of 88λ3. Extending the cavity length to 150 µm, on the order of the radius of curvature, in a symmetric mirror configuration yields a waist smaller than 7 µm, with photon lifetimes exceeding 64 ns. Parallelized cleanroom fabrication delivers an entire microcavity array in a single process. Photolithographic precision furthermore yields alignment structures that result in mechanically robust, pre-aligned, symmetric microcavity arrays, representing a light-matter interface with unprecedented performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Wachter
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Atomic and Subatomic Physics, TU Wien, VCQ, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Kuhn
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Minniberger
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cameron Salter
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Asenbaum
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - James Millen
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Present Address: Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS UK
| | - Michael Schneider
- Institute for Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Schalko
- Institute for Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Schmid
- Institute for Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - André Felgner
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dorothee Hüser
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Markus Arndt
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trupke
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Atomic and Subatomic Physics, TU Wien, VCQ, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
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17
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Delić U, Reisenbauer M, Grass D, Kiesel N, Vuletić V, Aspelmeyer M. Cavity Cooling of a Levitated Nanosphere by Coherent Scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:123602. [PMID: 30978033 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.123602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report three-dimensional (3D) cooling of a levitated nanoparticle inside an optical cavity. The cooling mechanism is provided by cavity-enhanced coherent scattering off an optical tweezer. The observed 3D dynamics and cooling rates are as theoretically expected from the presence of both linear and quadratic terms in the interaction between the particle motion and the cavity field. By achieving nanometer-level control over the particle location we optimize the position-dependent coupling and demonstrate axial cooling by two orders of magnitude at background pressures of 6×10^{-2} mbar. We also estimate a significant (>40 dB) suppression of laser phase noise heating, which is a specific feature of the coherent scattering scheme. The observed performance implies that quantum ground state cavity cooling of levitated nanoparticles can be achieved for background pressures below 1×10^{-7} mbar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uroš Delić
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Reisenbauer
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Grass
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolai Kiesel
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladan Vuletić
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Markus Aspelmeyer
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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18
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19
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Generation of reconfigurable optical traps for microparticles spatial manipulation through dynamic split lens inspired light structures. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11263. [PMID: 30050141 PMCID: PMC6062552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an experimental method, based on the use of dynamic split-lens configurations, useful for the trapping and spatial control of microparticles through the photophoretic force. In particular, the concept of split-lens configurations is exploited to experimentally create customized and reconfigurable three-dimensional light structures, in which carbon coated glass microspheres, with sizes in a range of 63–75 μm, can be captured. The generation of light spatial structures is performed by properly addressing phase distributions corresponding to different split-lens configurations onto a spatial light modulator (SLM). The use of an SLM allows a dynamic variation of the light structures geometry just by modifying few control parameters of easy physical interpretation. We provide some examples in video format of particle trapping processes. What is more, we also perform further spatial manipulation, by controlling the spatial position of the particles in the axial direction, demonstrating the generation of reconfigurable three-dimensional photophoretic traps for microscopic manipulation of absorbing particles.
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20
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Martinetz L, Hornberger K, Stickler BA. Gas-induced friction and diffusion of rigid rotors. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:052112. [PMID: 29906937 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.052112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We derive the Boltzmann equation for the rotranslational dynamics of an arbitrary convex rigid body in a rarefied gas. It yields as a limiting case the Fokker-Planck equation accounting for friction, diffusion, and nonconservative drift forces and torques. We provide the rotranslational friction and diffusion tensors for specular and diffuse reflection off particles with spherical, cylindrical, and cuboidal shape, and show that the theory describes thermalization, photophoresis, and the inverse Magnus effect in the free molecular regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Martinetz
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Hornberger
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin A Stickler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
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21
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Bykov DS, Xie S, Zeltner R, Machnev A, Wong GKL, Euser TG, Russell PS. Long-range optical trapping and binding of microparticles in hollow-core photonic crystal fibre. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:22. [PMID: 30839617 PMCID: PMC6107024 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-018-0015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Optically levitated micro- and nanoparticles offer an ideal playground for investigating photon-phonon interactions over macroscopic distances. Here we report the observation of long-range optical binding of multiple levitated microparticles, mediated by intermodal scattering and interference inside the evacuated core of a hollow-core photonic crystal fibre (HC-PCF). Three polystyrene particles with a diameter of 1 µm are stably bound together with an inter-particle distance of ~40 μm, or 50 times longer than the wavelength of the trapping laser. The levitated bound-particle array can be translated to-and-fro over centimetre distances along the fibre. When evacuated to a gas pressure of 6 mbar, the collective mechanical modes of the bound-particle array are able to be observed. The measured inter-particle distance at equilibrium and mechanical eigenfrequencies are supported by a novel analytical formalism modelling the dynamics of the binding process. The HC-PCF system offers a unique platform for investigating the rich optomechanical dynamics of arrays of levitated particles in a well-isolated and protected environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S. Bykov
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Shangran Xie
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Richard Zeltner
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrey Machnev
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gordon K. L. Wong
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tijmen G. Euser
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE UK
| | - Philip St.J. Russell
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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22
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Bose S, Home D, Mal S. Nonclassicality of the Harmonic-Oscillator Coherent State Persisting up to the Macroscopic Domain. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:210402. [PMID: 29883147 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.210402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Can the most "classical-like" of all quantum states, namely the Schrödinger coherent state of a harmonic oscillator, exhibit nonclassical behavior? We find that for an oscillating object initially in a coherent state, merely by observing at various instants which spatial region the object is in, the Leggett-Garg inequality (LGI) can be violated through a genuine negative result measurement, thereby repudiating the everyday notion of macrorealism. This violation thus reveals an unnoticed nonclassicality of the very state which epitomizes classicality within the quantum description. It is found that for any given mass and oscillator frequency, a significant quantum violation of LGI can be obtained by suitably choosing the initial peak momentum of the coherent state wave packet. It thus opens up potentially the simplest way (without coupling with any ancillary quantum system or using nonlinearity) for testing whether various recently engineered and sought after macroscopic oscillators, such as feedback cooled thermal trapped nanocrystals of ∼10^{6}-10^{9} amu mass, are indeed bona fide nonclassical objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bose
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - D Home
- CAPSS, Physics Department, Bose Institute, Salt Lake, Sector V, Kolkata 700097, India
| | - S Mal
- S.N. Bose National Center for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700098, India
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23
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Schwartz O, Axelrod JJ, Tuthill DR, Haslinger P, Ophus C, Glaeser RM, Müller H. Near-concentric Fabry-Pérot cavity for continuous-wave laser control of electron waves. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:14453-14462. [PMID: 28789031 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.014453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating free-space electron wave functions with laser fields can bring about new electron-optical elements for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In particular, a Zernike phase plate would enable high-contrast TEM imaging of soft matter, leading to new opportunities in structural biology and materials science. A Zernike phase plate can be implemented using a tight, intense continuous laser focus that shifts the phase of the electron wave by the ponderomotive potential. Here, we use a near-concentric cavity to focus 7.5 kW of continuous-wave circulating laser power at 1064 nm into a 7 µm mode waist, achieving a record continuous laser intensity of 40 GW/cm2. Such parameters are sufficient to impart a phase shift of 1 rad to a 10 keV electron beam, or 0.16 rad to a 300 keV beam. Our numerical simulations confirm that the standing-wave phase shift profile imprinted on the electron wave by the intra-cavity field can serve as a nearly ideal Zernike phase plate.
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24
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Hosseini M, Duan Y, Beck KM, Chen YT, Vuletić V. Cavity Cooling of Many Atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:183601. [PMID: 28524680 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.183601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate cavity cooling of all motional degrees of freedom of an atomic ensemble using light that is far detuned from the atomic transitions by several gigahertz. The cooling is achieved by cavity-induced frequency-dependent asymmetric enhancement of the atomic emission spectrum, thereby extracting thermal kinetic energy from the atomic system. Within 100 ms, the atomic temperature is reduced from 200 to 10 μK, where the final temperature is mainly limited by the linewidth of the cavity. In principle, the technique can be applied to molecules and atoms with complex internal energy structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hosseini
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yiheng Duan
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kristin M Beck
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yu-Ting Chen
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Vladan Vuletić
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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25
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Fonseca PZG, Aranas EB, Millen J, Monteiro TS, Barker PF. Nonlinear Dynamics and Strong Cavity Cooling of Levitated Nanoparticles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:173602. [PMID: 27824467 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.173602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Optomechanical systems explore and exploit the coupling between light and the mechanical motion of macroscopic matter. A nonlinear coupling offers rich new physics, in both quantum and classical regimes. We investigate a dynamic, as opposed to the usually studied static, nonlinear optomechanical system, comprising a nanosphere levitated in a hybrid electro-optical trap. The cavity offers readout of both linear-in-position and quadratic-in-position (nonlinear) light-matter coupling, while simultaneously cooling the nanosphere, for indefinite periods of time and in high vacuum. We observe the cooling dynamics via both linear and nonlinear coupling. As the background gas pressure was lowered, we observed a greater than 1000-fold reduction in temperature before temperatures fell below readout sensitivity in the present setup. This Letter opens the way to strongly coupled quantum dynamics between a cavity and a nanoparticle largely decoupled from its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Z G Fonseca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - E B Aranas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - J Millen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - T S Monteiro
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - P F Barker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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26
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Li T, Yin ZQ. Quantum superposition, entanglement, and state teleportation of a microorganism on an electromechanical oscillator. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-015-0990-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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28
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Kuhn S, Asenbaum P, Kosloff A, Sclafani M, Stickler BA, Nimmrichter S, Hornberger K, Cheshnovsky O, Patolsky F, Arndt M. Cavity-Assisted Manipulation of Freely Rotating Silicon Nanorods in High Vacuum. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:5604-8. [PMID: 26167662 PMCID: PMC4538454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Optical control of nanoscale objects has recently developed into a thriving field of research with far-reaching promises for precision measurements, fundamental quantum physics and studies on single-particle thermodynamics. Here, we demonstrate the optical manipulation of silicon nanorods in high vacuum. Initially, we sculpture these particles into a silicon substrate with a tailored geometry to facilitate their launch into high vacuum by laser-induced mechanical cleavage. We manipulate and trace their center-of-mass and rotational motion through the interaction with an intense intracavity field. Our experiments show that the anisotropy of the nanorotors leads to optical forces that are three times stronger than on silicon nanospheres of the same mass. The optical torque experienced by the spinning rods will enable cooling of the rotational motion and torsional optomechanics in a dissipation-free environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kuhn
- University
of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Asenbaum
- University
of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alon Kosloff
- School
of Chemistry, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Michele Sclafani
- University
of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Klaus Hornberger
- University
of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße
1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Ori Cheshnovsky
- School
of Chemistry, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | - Markus Arndt
- University
of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- E-mail:
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29
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Sezer U, Wörner L, Horak J, Felix L, Tüxen J, Götz C, Vaziri A, Mayor M, Arndt M. Laser-induced acoustic desorption of natural and functionalized biochromophores. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5614-9. [PMID: 25946522 PMCID: PMC4455108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Laser-induced acoustic desorption
(LIAD) has recently been established
as a tool for analytical chemistry. It is capable of launching intact,
neutral, or low charged molecules into a high vacuum environment.
This makes it ideally suited to mass spectrometry. LIAD can be used
with fragile biomolecules and very massive compounds alike. Here,
we apply LIAD time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) to the natural
biochromophores chlorophyll, hemin, bilirubin, and biliverdin and
to high mass fluoroalkyl-functionalized porphyrins. We characterize
the variation in the molecular fragmentation patterns as a function
of the desorption and the VUV postionization laser intensity. We find
that LIAD can produce molecular beams an order of magnitude slower
than matrix-assisted laser desorption (MALD), although this depends
on the substrate material. Using titanium foils we observe a most
probable velocity of 20 m/s for functionalized molecules with a mass m = 10 000 Da.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uğur Sezer
- †University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, VCQ and QuNaBioS, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Wörner
- †University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, VCQ and QuNaBioS, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Horak
- †University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, VCQ and QuNaBioS, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Felix
- ‡University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johannsring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Tüxen
- ‡University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johannsring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Götz
- §University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, QuNaBioS, Doktor-Bohr-Gasse 7, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alipasha Vaziri
- §University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, QuNaBioS, Doktor-Bohr-Gasse 7, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcel Mayor
- ‡University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johannsring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,∥Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Markus Arndt
- †University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, VCQ and QuNaBioS, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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30
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Millen J, Fonseca PZG, Mavrogordatos T, Monteiro TS, Barker PF. Cavity cooling a single charged levitated nanosphere. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:123602. [PMID: 25860743 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.123602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Optomechanical cavity cooling of levitated objects offers the possibility for laboratory investigation of the macroscopic quantum behavior of systems that are largely decoupled from their environment. However, experimental progress has been hindered by particle loss mechanisms, which have prevented levitation and cavity cooling in a vacuum. We overcome this problem with a new type of hybrid electro-optical trap formed from a Paul trap within a single-mode optical cavity. We demonstrate a factor of 100 cavity cooling of 400 nm diameter silica spheres trapped in vacuum. This paves the way for ground-state cooling in a smaller, higher finesse cavity, as we show that a novel feature of the hybrid trap is that the optomechanical cooling becomes actively driven by the Paul trap, even for singly charged nanospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Millen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - P Z G Fonseca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - T Mavrogordatos
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - T S Monteiro
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - P F Barker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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31
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Hamilton P, Jaffe M, Brown JM, Maisenbacher L, Estey B, Müller H. Atom interferometry in an optical cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:100405. [PMID: 25815912 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.100405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a new scheme for atom interferometry, using light pulses inside an optical cavity as matter wave beam splitters. The cavity provides power enhancement, spatial filtering, and a precise beam geometry, enabling new techniques such as low power beam splitters (<100 μW), large momentum transfer beam splitters with modest power, or new self-aligned interferometer geometries utilizing the transverse modes of the optical cavity. As a first demonstration, we obtain Ramsey-Raman fringes with >75% contrast and measure the acceleration due to gravity, g, to 60 μg/sqrt[Hz] resolution in a Mach-Zehnder geometry. We use >10(7) cesium atoms in the compact mode volume (600 μm 1/e(2) waist) of the cavity and show trapping of atoms in higher transverse modes. This work paves the way toward compact, high sensitivity, multiaxis interferometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hamilton
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Matt Jaffe
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Justin M Brown
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Lothar Maisenbacher
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Brian Estey
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Holger Müller
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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32
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Bera S, Motwani B, Singh TP, Ulbricht H. A proposal for the experimental detection of CSL induced random walk. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7664. [PMID: 25563619 PMCID: PMC4288224 DOI: 10.1038/srep07664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous Spontaneous Localization (CSL) is one possible explanation for dynamically induced collapse of the wave-function during a quantum measurement. The collapse is mediated by a stochastic non-linear modification of the Schrödinger equation. A consequence of the CSL mechanism is an extremely tiny violation of energy-momentum conservation, which can, in principle, be detected in the laboratory via the random diffusion of a particle induced by the stochastic collapse mechanism. In a paper in 2003, Collett and Pearle investigated the translational CSL diffusion of a sphere, and the rotational CSL diffusion of a disc, and showed that this effect dominates over the ambient environmental noise at low temperatures and extremely low pressures (about ten-thousandth of a pico-Torr). In the present paper, we revisit their analysis and argue that this stringent condition on pressure can be relaxed, and that the CSL effect can be seen at the pressure of about a pico-Torr. A similar analysis is provided for diffusion produced by gravity-induced decoherence, where the effect is typically much weaker than CSL. We also discuss the CSL induced random displacement of a quantum oscillator. Lastly, we propose possible experimental set-ups justifying that CSL diffusion is indeed measurable with the current technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantani Bera
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Homi Bhabha Road Mumbai 400005 India
| | - Bhawna Motwani
- Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee 247667 India
| | - Tejinder P Singh
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Homi Bhabha Road Mumbai 400005 India
| | - Hendrik Ulbricht
- School of Physics and Astronomy University of Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
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33
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Bateman J, Nimmrichter S, Hornberger K, Ulbricht H. Near-field interferometry of a free-falling nanoparticle from a point-like source. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4788. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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34
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Abstract
The coupling of a levitated submicron particle and an optical cavity field promises access to a unique parameter regime both for macroscopic quantum experiments and for high-precision force sensing. We report a demonstration of such controlled interactions by cavity cooling the center-of-mass motion of an optically trapped submicron particle. This paves the way for a light-matter interface that can enable room-temperature quantum experiments with mesoscopic mechanical systems.
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