1
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Shi Y, Arefiev A, Hao JX, Zheng J. Efficient Generation of Axial Magnetic Field by Multiple Laser Beams with Twisted Pointing Directions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:155101. [PMID: 37115879 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.155101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Strong laser-driven magnetic fields are crucial for high-energy-density physics and laboratory astrophysics research, but generation of axial multikilotesla fields remains a challenge. The difficulty comes from the inability of a conventional linearly polarized laser beam to induce the required azimuthal current or, equivalently, angular momentum (AM). We show that several laser beams can overcome this difficulty. Our three-dimensional kinetic simulations demonstrate that a twist in their pointing directions enables them to carry orbital AM and transfer it to the plasma, thus generating a hot electron population carrying AM needed to sustain the magnetic field. The resulting multikilotesla field occupies a volume that is tens of thousands of cubic microns and it persists on a picosecond timescale. The mechanism can be realized for a wide range of laser intensities and pulse durations. Our scheme is well suited for implementation using multikilojoule petawatt-class lasers, because, by design, they have multiple beamlets and because the scheme requires only linear polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Shi
- Department of Plasma Physics and Fusion Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Alexey Arefiev
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jue Xuan Hao
- Department of Plasma Physics and Fusion Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Plasma Physics and Fusion Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, Peoples Republic of China
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2
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Kolmes EJ, Fisch NJ. Minimum stabilizing energy release for mixing processes. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:055209. [PMID: 36559394 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.055209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Diffusive operations, which mix the populations of different elements of phase space, can irreversibly transform a given initial state into any of a spectrum of different states from which no further energy can be extracted through diffusive operations. We call these ground states. The lower bound of accessible ground-state energies represents the maximal possible release of energy. This lower bound, sometimes called the diffusively accessible free energy, is of interest in theories of instabilities and wave-particle interactions. On the other hand, the upper bound of accessible ground-state energies has escaped identification as a problem of interest. Yet, as demonstrated here, in the case of a continuous system, it is precisely this upper bound that corresponds to the paradigmatic "quasilinear plateau" ground state of the bump-on-tail distribution. Although for general discrete systems the complexity of calculating the upper bound grows rapidly with the number of states, using techniques adapted from treatments of the lower bound, the upper bound can in fact be computed directly for the three-state discrete system.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Kolmes
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - N J Fisch
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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3
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Kolmes EJ, Fisch NJ. Recovering Gardner restacking with purely diffusive operations. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:063209. [PMID: 33466018 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.063209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The maximum particle kinetic energy that can be extracted from an initial six-dimensional phase space distribution motivates the concept of free or available energy. The free energy depends on the allowed operations that can be performed. A key concept underlying the theoretical treatment of plasmas is the Gardner free energy, where the exchange of the contents of equal phase volumes is allowed. A second free energy concept is the diffusive free energy, in which the contents of volumes are instead averaged. For any finite discretization of phase space, the diffusive free energy is known to be less than the Gardner free energy. However, despite the apparent fundamental differences between these free energies, it is demonstrated here that the Gardner free energy may be recovered from the continuous limit of the diffusive free energy, leading to the surprise that macroscopic phase-space conservation can be achieved by ostensibly entropy-producing microscopic operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Kolmes
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - N J Fisch
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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4
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Kovács Z, Bali K, Gilicze B, Szatmári S, Földes IB. Reflectivity and spectral shift from laser plasmas generated by high-contrast, high-intensity KrF laser pulses. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20200043. [PMID: 33040649 PMCID: PMC7658750 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The energy and spectrum of the reflected 248 nm radiation are studied from solid targets up to 1.15 × 1018 W cm-2 intensity. The experiments used the 700 fs directly amplified pulses of the KrF system which was cleaned from prepulses with the new Fourier-filtering method providing 12 orders of magnitude temporal contrast. Increasing the intensity from 1015 W cm-2 results in increasing absorption up to more than 90% above 1018 W cm-2. This is accompanied by increasing x-ray conversion exhibiting a less steep power law dependence for low-Z matter than for gold. Strong blue shift of the reflected radiation from the backward propagating plasma was observed. It is shown that in the case of KrF laser pulses of highest contrast, vacuum heating can be one of the dominant absorption mechanisms. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy (part 1)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zs. Kovács
- Department of High Energy Experimental Particle and Heavy Ion Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Experimental Physics, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - K. Bali
- Department of High Energy Experimental Particle and Heavy Ion Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Experimental Physics, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - B. Gilicze
- Department of Experimental Physics, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Photonics and Laser Research, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - S. Szatmári
- Department of Experimental Physics, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Photonics and Laser Research, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - I. B. Földes
- Department of High Energy Experimental Particle and Heavy Ion Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
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5
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Iwata N, Kojima S, Sentoku Y, Hata M, Mima K. Plasma density limits for hole boring by intense laser pulses. Nat Commun 2018; 9:623. [PMID: 29434203 PMCID: PMC5809619 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02829-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High-power lasers in the relativistic intensity regime with multi-picosecond pulse durations are available in many laboratories around the world. Laser pulses at these intensities reach giga-bar level radiation pressures, which can push the plasma critical surface where laser light is reflected. This process is referred to as the laser hole boring (HB), which is critical for plasma heating, hence essential for laser-based applications. Here we derive the limit density for HB, which is the maximum plasma density the laser can reach, as a function of laser intensity. The time scale for when the laser pulse reaches the limit density is also derived. These theories are confirmed by a series of particle-in-cell simulations. After reaching the limit density, the plasma starts to blowout back toward the laser, and is accompanied by copious superthermal electrons; therefore, the electron energy can be determined by varying the laser pulse length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Iwata
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Sadaoki Kojima
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Beam Science, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Sentoku
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masayasu Hata
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kunioki Mima
- The Graduate School for the Creation of New Photon Industries, 1955-1 Kurematsu, Nishiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 141-1201, Japan
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6
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Sato Y, Akiyama J, Taira T. Process design of microdomains with quantum mechanics for giant pulse lasers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10732. [PMID: 28878223 PMCID: PMC5587561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The power scaling of laser devices can contribute to the future of humanity. Giant microphotonics have been advocated as a solution to this issue. Among various technologies in giant microphotonics, process control of microdomains with quantum mechanical calculations is expected to increase the optical power extracted per unit volume in gain media. Design of extensive variables influencing the Gibbs energy of controlled microdomains in materials can realize desired properties. Here we estimate the angular momentum quantum number of rare-earth ions in microdomains. Using this process control, we generate kilowatt-level laser output from orientation-controlled microdomains in a laser gain medium. We also consider the limitations of current samples, and discuss the prospects of power scaling and applications of our technology. This work overturns at least three common viewpoints in current advanced technologies, including material processing based on magnetohydrodynamics, grain-size control of transparent polycrystals in fine ceramics, and the crystallographic symmetry of laser ceramics in photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Sato
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Jun Akiyama
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takunori Taira
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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7
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Micron-scale mapping of megagauss magnetic fields using optical polarimetry to probe hot electron transport in petawatt-class laser-solid interactions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8347. [PMID: 28827645 PMCID: PMC5566325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of hot, relativistic electrons produced by the interaction of an intense petawatt laser pulse with a solid has garnered interest due to its potential application in the development of innovative x-ray sources and ion-acceleration schemes. We report on spatially and temporally resolved measurements of megagauss magnetic fields at the rear of a 50-μm thick plastic target, irradiated by a multi-picosecond petawatt laser pulse at an incident intensity of ~1020 W/cm2. The pump-probe polarimetric measurements with micron-scale spatial resolution reveal the dynamics of the magnetic fields generated by the hot electron distribution at the target rear. An annular magnetic field profile was observed ~5 ps after the interaction, indicating a relatively smooth hot electron distribution at the rear-side of the plastic target. This is contrary to previous time-integrated measurements, which infer that such targets will produce highly structured hot electron transport. We measured large-scale filamentation of the hot electron distribution at the target rear only at later time-scales of ~10 ps, resulting in a commensurate large-scale filamentation of the magnetic field profile. Three-dimensional hybrid simulations corroborate our experimental observations and demonstrate a beam-like hot electron transport at initial time-scales that may be attributed to the local resistivity profile at the target rear.
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8
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Tang S, Kumar N, Keitel CH. Plasma high-order-harmonic generation from ultraintense laser pulses. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:051201. [PMID: 28618496 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.051201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasma high-order-harmonic generation from an extremely intense short-pulse laser is explored by including the effects of ion motion, electron-ion collisions, and radiation reaction force in the plasma dynamics. The laser radiation pressure induces plasma ion motion through the hole-boring effect, resulting in frequency shifting and widening of the harmonic spectra. The classical radiation reaction force slightly mitigates the frequency broadening caused by the ion motion. Based on the results and physical considerations, parameter maps highlighting the optimum regions for generating a single intense attosecond pulse and coherent XUV radiation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suo Tang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph H Keitel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Ratan N, Sircombe NJ, Ceurvorst L, Sadler J, Kasim MF, Holloway J, Levy MC, Trines R, Bingham R, Norreys PA. Dense plasma heating by crossing relativistic electron beams. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:013211. [PMID: 28208312 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.013211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Here we investigate, using relativistic fluid theory and Vlasov-Maxwell simulations, the local heating of a dense plasma by two crossing electron beams. Heating occurs as an instability of the electron beams drives Langmuir waves, which couple nonlinearly into damped ion-acoustic waves. Simulations show a factor 2.8 increase in electron kinetic energy with a coupling efficiency of 18%. Our results support applications to the production of warm dense matter and as a driver for inertial fusion plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ratan
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - N J Sircombe
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingdom.,AWE plc. Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire, RG7 4PR, United Kingdom.,Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - L Ceurvorst
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - J Sadler
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M F Kasim
- John Adams Institute, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - J Holloway
- John Adams Institute, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - M C Levy
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R Trines
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - R Bingham
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom.,Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - P A Norreys
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingdom.,STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
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10
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Guided post-acceleration of laser-driven ions by a miniature modular structure. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10792. [PMID: 27089200 PMCID: PMC4837447 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
All-optical approaches to particle acceleration are currently attracting a significant research effort internationally. Although characterized by exceptional transverse and longitudinal emittance, laser-driven ion beams currently have limitations in terms of peak ion energy, bandwidth of the energy spectrum and beam divergence. Here we introduce the concept of a versatile, miniature linear accelerating module, which, by employing laser-excited electromagnetic pulses directed along a helical path surrounding the laser-accelerated ion beams, addresses these shortcomings simultaneously. In a proof-of-principle experiment on a university-scale system, we demonstrate post-acceleration of laser-driven protons from a flat foil at a rate of 0.5 GeV m−1, already beyond what can be sustained by conventional accelerator technologies, with dynamic beam collimation and energy selection. These results open up new opportunities for the development of extremely compact and cost-effective ion accelerators for both established and innovative applications. Intense laser-driven acceleration mechanisms are promising for the realization of compact particle accelerators. Here, the authors present a miniature linear accelerating module for laser-driven protons from a foil that addresses limitation in terms of peak energy, bandwidth and beam divergence.
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11
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Mixed Diffusive-Convective Relaxation of a Warm Beam of Energetic Particles in Cold Plasma. ENTROPY 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/e18040143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Palaniyappan S, Huang C, Gautier DC, Hamilton CE, Santiago MA, Kreuzer C, Sefkow AB, Shah RC, Fernández JC. Efficient quasi-monoenergetic ion beams from laser-driven relativistic plasmas. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10170. [PMID: 26657147 PMCID: PMC4682178 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Table-top laser-plasma ion accelerators have many exciting applications, many of which require ion beams with simultaneous narrow energy spread and high conversion efficiency. However, achieving these requirements has been elusive. Here we report the experimental demonstration of laser-driven ion beams with narrow energy spread and energies up to 18 MeV per nucleon and ∼5% conversion efficiency (that is 4 J out of 80-J laser). Using computer simulations we identify a self-organizing scheme that reduces the ion energy spread after the laser exits the plasma through persisting self-generated plasma electric (∼10(12) V m(-1)) and magnetic (∼10(4) T) fields. These results contribute to the development of next generation compact accelerators suitable for many applications such as isochoric heating for ion-fast ignition and producing warm dense matter for basic science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chengkun Huang
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Donald C Gautier
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | | | | | | | - Adam B Sefkow
- Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Rahul C Shah
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Juan C Fernández
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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13
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Contrasting levels of absorption of intense femtosecond laser pulses by solids. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17870. [PMID: 26648399 PMCID: PMC4673463 DOI: 10.1038/srep17870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The absorption of ultraintense, femtosecond laser pulses by a solid unleashes relativistic electrons, thereby creating a regime of relativistic optics. This has enabled exciting applications of relativistic particle beams and coherent X-ray radiation, and fundamental leaps in high energy density science and laboratory astrophysics. Obviously, central to these possibilities lies the basic problem of understanding and if possible, manipulating laser absorption. Surprisingly, the absorption of intense light largely remains an open question, despite the extensive variations in target and laser pulse structures. Moreover, there are only few experimental measurements of laser absorption carried out under very limited parameter ranges. Here we present an extensive investigation of absorption of intense 30 femtosecond laser pulses by solid metal targets. The study, performed under varying laser intensity and contrast ratio over four orders of magnitude, reveals a significant and non-intuitive dependence on these parameters. For contrast ratio of 10−9 and intensity of 2 × 1019 W cm−2, three observations are revealed: preferential acceleration of electrons along the laser axis, a ponderomotive scaling of electron temperature, and red shifting of emitted second-harmonic. These point towards the role of J × B absorption mechanism at relativistic intensity. The experimental results are supported by particle-in-cell simulations.
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14
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High e+/e- Ratio Dense Pair Creation with 10(21)W.cm(-2) Laser Irradiating Solid Targets. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13968. [PMID: 26364764 PMCID: PMC4568603 DOI: 10.1038/srep13968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We report results of new pair creation experiments using ~100 Joule pulses of the Texas Petawatt Laser to irradiate solid gold and platinum targets, with intensities up to ~1.9 × 1021 W.cm−2 and pulse durations as short as ~130 fs. Positron to electron (e+/e−) ratios >15% were observed for many thick disk and rod targets, with the highest e+/e− ratio reaching ~50% for a Pt rod. The inferred pair yield was ~ few ×1010 with emerging pair density reaching ~1015/cm3 so that the pair skin depth becomes < pair jet transverse size. These results represent major milestones towards the goal of creating a significant quantity of dense pair-dominated plasmas with e+/e− approaching 100% and pair skin depth ≪ pair plasma size, which will have wide-ranging applications to astrophysics and fundamental physics.
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