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Rebolledo-Salgado I, Helgason ÓB, Durán V, Girardi M, Zelan M, Torres-Company V. Active feedback stabilization of super-efficient microcombs in photonic molecules. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:2325-2328. [PMID: 38691710 DOI: 10.1364/ol.514761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Dissipative Kerr soliton (DKS) frequency combs, when generated within coupled cavities, exhibit exceptional performance concerning controlled initiation and power conversion efficiency. Nevertheless, to fully exploit these enhanced capabilities, it is necessary to maintain the frequency comb in a low-noise state over an extended duration. In this study, we demonstrate the control and stabilization of super-efficient microcombs in a photonic molecule. Our findings demonstrate that there is a direct relation between effective detuning and soliton power, allowing the latter to be used as a setpoint in a feedback control loop. Employing this method, we achieve the stabilization of a highly efficient microcomb indefinitely, paving the way for its practical deployment in optical communications and dual-comb spectroscopy applications.
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2
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Zhang M, Ding S, Li X, Pu K, Lei S, Xiao M, Jiang X. Strong interactions between solitons and background light in Brillouin-Kerr microcombs. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1661. [PMID: 38395966 PMCID: PMC10891115 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46026-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Dissipative Kerr-soliton combs are laser pulses regularly sustained by a localized solitary wave on top of a continuous-wave background inside a nonlinear resonator. Usually, the intrinsic interactions between the background light and solitons are weak and localized. Here, we demonstrate a strong interaction between the generated soliton comb and the background light in a Brillouin-Kerr microcomb system. This strong interaction enables the generation of a monostable single-soliton microcomb on a silicon chip. Also, new phenomena related to soliton physics including solitons hopping between different states as well as controlling the formations of the soliton states by the pump power, are observed owing to such strong interaction. Utilizing this monostable single-soliton microcomb, we achieve the 100% deterministic turnkey operation successfully without any feedback controls. Importantly, it allows to output turnkey ultra-low-noise microwave signals using a free-running pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghua Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Shulin Ding
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Keren Pu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Shujian Lei
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Min Xiao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiaoshun Jiang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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3
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Twayana K, Lei F, Ye Z, Rebolledo-Salgado I, Helgason ÖB, Karlsson M, Torres-Company V. Differential phase reconstruction of microcombs. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:3351-3354. [PMID: 35776628 DOI: 10.1364/ol.460913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Measuring microcombs in amplitude and phase provides unique insight into the nonlinear cavity dynamics, but spectral phase measurements are experimentally challenging. Here, we report a linear heterodyne technique assisted by electro-optic downconversion that enables differential phase measurement of such spectra with unprecedented sensitivity (-50 dBm) and bandwidth coverage (>110 nm in the telecommunications range). We validate the technique with a series of measurements, including single-cavity and photonic molecule microcombs.
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4
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Pang K, Zou K, Song H, Karpov M, Yessenov M, Zhao Z, Minoofar A, Zhang R, Song H, Zhou H, Su X, Hu N, Kippenberg TJ, Abouraddy AF, Tur M, Willner AE. Synthesis of near-diffraction-free orbital-angular-momentum space-time wave packets having a controllable group velocity using a frequency comb. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:16712-16724. [PMID: 36221508 DOI: 10.1364/oe.456781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Novel forms of light beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) have recently gained interest, especially due to some of their intriguing propagation features. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the generation of near-diffraction-free two-dimensional (2D) space-time (ST) OAM wave packets (ℓ = +1, +2, or +3) with variable group velocities in free space by coherently combining multiple frequency comb lines, each carrying a unique Bessel mode. Introducing a controllable specific correlation between temporal frequencies and spatial frequencies of these Bessel modes, we experimentally generate and detect near-diffraction-free OAM wave packets with high mode purities (>86%). Moreover, the group velocity can be controlled from 0.9933c to 1.0069c (c is the speed of light in vacuum). These ST OAM wave packets might find applications in imaging, nonlinear optics, and optical communications. In addition, our approach might also provide some insights for generating other interesting ST beams.
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5
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Coherent optical communications using coherence-cloned Kerr soliton microcombs. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1070. [PMID: 35228546 PMCID: PMC8885653 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28712-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDissipative Kerr soliton microcombs have been recognized as a promising multi-wavelength laser source for fiber optical communications, as their comb lines possess frequency and phase stability far beyond the independent lasers. Especially, for coherent optical communications, a highly beneficial but rarely explored target is to re-generate a Kerr soliton microcomb as the receiver local oscillators that conserve the frequency and phase property of the incoming data carriers, so that to enable coherent detection with minimized optical and electrical compensations. Here, via pump laser conveying and two-point locking, we implement re-generation of a Kerr soliton microcomb that faithfully clones the frequency and phase of another microcomb sent from 50 km away. Moreover, by using the coherence-cloned soliton microcombs as carriers and local oscillators, we demonstrate terabit coherent data interconnect, wherein traditional digital processes for frequency offset estimation are totally dispensed with, and carrier phase estimation is substantially simplified via slowed-down estimation rate per channel and joint estimation among multiple channels. Our work reveals that, in addition to providing a multitude of laser tones, regulating the frequency and phase of Kerr soliton microcombs among transmitters and receivers can significantly improve optical coherent communication in terms of performance, power consumption, and simplicity.
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6
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Weng H, Afridi AA, Liu J, Li J, Dai J, Ma X, Zhang Y, Lu Q, Guo W, Donegan JF. Near-octave-spanning breathing soliton crystal in an AlN microresonator. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:3436-3439. [PMID: 34264232 DOI: 10.1364/ol.422842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The soliton crystal (SC) was recently discovered as an extraordinary Kerr soliton state with regularly distributed soliton pulses and enhanced comb line power spaced by multiples of the cavity free spectral ranges (FSRs), which will significantly extend the application potential of microcombs in optical clock, signal processing, and terahertz wave systems. However, the reported SC spectra are generally narrow. In this Letter, we demonstrate the generation of a breathing SC in an aluminum nitride (AlN) microresonator (FSR ∼374GHz), featuring a near-octave-spanning (1150-2200 nm) spectral range and a terahertz repetition rate of ∼1.87THz. The measured 60 fs short pulses and low intensity-noise characteristics confirm the high coherence of the breathing SC. Broadband microcombs with various repetition rates of ∼0.75, ∼1.12, and ∼1.5THz were also realized in different microresonators of the same size. The proposed scheme shows a reliable design strategy for broadband soliton generation with versatile dynamic control over the comb line spacing.
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7
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Abstract
Multiheterodyne techniques using frequency combs-radiation sources whose lines are perfectly evenly-spaced-have revolutionized science. By beating sources with the many lines of a comb, their spectra are recovered. Even so, these approaches are fundamentally limited to probing coherent sources, such as lasers. They are unable to measure most spectra that occur in nature. Here we present frequency comb ptychoscopy, a technique that allows for the spectrum of any complex broadband source to be retrieved using a comb. In this approach, the spectrum is reconstructed by unfolding the simultaneous beating of a source with each comb line. We demonstrate this both theoretically and experimentally, at microwave frequencies. This approach can reconstruct the spectrum of nearly any complex source to high resolution, and the speed, resolution, and generality of this technique will allow chip-scale frequency combs to have an impact in a wide swath of new applications, such as remote sensing and passive spectral imaging.
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8
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Hillbrand J, Auth D, Piccardo M, Opačak N, Gornik E, Strasser G, Capasso F, Breuer S, Schwarz B. In-Phase and Anti-Phase Synchronization in a Laser Frequency Comb. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:023901. [PMID: 32004013 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.023901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coupled clocks are a classic example of a synchronization system leading to periodic collective oscillations. Already in 1665, Christiaan Huygens described this phenomenon as a kind of "sympathy" among oscillators. In this work, we describe the formation of two types of laser frequency combs as a system of oscillators coupled through the beating of the lasing modes. We experimentally show two completely different types of synchronization in a quantum dot laser-in-phase and splay-phase states. Both states can be generated in the same device, just by varying the damping losses of the system. This modifies the coupling among the oscillators. The temporal laser output is characterized using both linear and quadratic autocorrelation techniques. Our results show that both pulses and frequency-modulated states can be generated on demand within the same device. These findings allow us to connect laser frequency combs produced by amplitude-modulated and frequency-modulated lasers and link these to pattern formation in coupled systems such as Josephson-junction arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hillbrand
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Dominik Auth
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstrasse 7, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marco Piccardo
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Nikola Opačak
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erich Gornik
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gottfried Strasser
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Federico Capasso
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Stefan Breuer
- Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstrasse 7, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Benedikt Schwarz
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 25-25a, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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9
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Jang JK, Ji X, Joshi C, Okawachi Y, Lipson M, Gaeta AL. Observation of Arnold Tongues in Coupled Soliton Kerr Frequency Combs. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:153901. [PMID: 31702288 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.153901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate various regimes of synchronization in systems of two coupled cavity soliton-based Kerr frequency combs. We show subharmonic, harmonic, and harmonic-ratio synchronization of coupled microresonators, and reveal their dynamics in the form of Arnold tongues, structures that are ubiquitous in nonlinear dynamical systems. Our experimental results are well corroborated by numerical simulations based on coupled Lugiato-Lefever equations. This Letter illustrates the newfound degree of flexibility in synchronizing Kerr combs across a wide range of comb spacings and could find applications in time and frequency metrology, spectroscopy, microwave photonics, optical communications, and astronomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae K Jang
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Xingchen Ji
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Chaitanya Joshi
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Yoshitomo Okawachi
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Michal Lipson
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Alexander L Gaeta
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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10
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Wang W, Lu Z, Zhang W, Chu ST, Little BE, Wang L, Xie X, Liu M, Yang Q, Wang L, Zhao J, Wang G, Sun Q, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhao W. Robust soliton crystals in a thermally controlled microresonator. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:2002-2005. [PMID: 29714731 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.002002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate robust soliton crystals generation with a fixed frequency pump laser through a thermoelectric-cooler-based thermal-tuning approach in a butterfly-packaged complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor-compatible microresonator. Varieties of soliton crystal states, exhibiting "palm-like" optical spectra that result from the strong interactions between the dense soliton ensembles and reflect their temporal distribution directly, are experimentally observed by sweeping one cavity resonance across the pump frequency from the blue-detuned side by reducing the operating temperature of the resonator. Benefitting from the tiny intra-cavity energy change, repeatable interconversion between the chaotic modulation instability and stable soliton crystal states can be successfully achieved via simple tuning of the temperature or pump power, showing the easy accessibility and excellent stability of such soliton crystals. This work could facilitate microresonator-based optical frequency combs towards a portable, adjustable, and low-cost system while avoiding the requirements of delicate frequency-sweeping pump techniques.
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11
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Fülöp A, Mazur M, Lorences-Riesgo A, Helgason ÓB, Wang PH, Xuan Y, Leaird DE, Qi M, Andrekson PA, Weiner AM, Torres-Company V. High-order coherent communications using mode-locked dark-pulse Kerr combs from microresonators. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1598. [PMID: 29686226 PMCID: PMC5913129 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microresonator frequency combs harness the nonlinear Kerr effect in an integrated optical cavity to generate a multitude of phase-locked frequency lines. The line spacing can reach values in the order of 100 GHz, making it an attractive multi-wavelength light source for applications in fiber-optic communications. Depending on the dispersion of the microresonator, different physical dynamics have been observed. A recently discovered comb state corresponds to the formation of mode-locked dark pulses in a normal-dispersion microcavity. Such dark-pulse combs are particularly compelling for advanced coherent communications since they display unusually high power-conversion efficiency. Here, we report the first coherent-transmission experiments using 64-quadrature amplitude modulation encoded onto the frequency lines of a dark-pulse comb. The high conversion efficiency of the comb enables transmitted optical signal-to-noise ratios above 33 dB, while maintaining a laser pump power level compatible with state-of-the-art hybrid silicon lasers. Dark-pulse combs may be useful for coherent communications since they display high power conversion efficiency. Here, the authors report the first demonstration of coherent wavelength division multiplexing using dark pulse microresonator combs high signal-to-noise while maintaining a low on-chip pump power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Fülöp
- Photonics Laboratory, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Mazur
- Photonics Laboratory, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Abel Lorences-Riesgo
- Photonics Laboratory, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296, Göteborg, Sweden.,IT-Instituto de Telecomunicações, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Óskar B Helgason
- Photonics Laboratory, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Pei-Hsun Wang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2035, USA
| | - Yi Xuan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2035, USA.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2035, USA
| | - Dan E Leaird
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2035, USA
| | - Minghao Qi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2035, USA.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2035, USA
| | - Peter A Andrekson
- Photonics Laboratory, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Andrew M Weiner
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2035, USA.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2035, USA
| | - Victor Torres-Company
- Photonics Laboratory, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296, Göteborg, Sweden.
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12
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Kim S, Han K, Wang C, Jaramillo-Villegas JA, Xue X, Bao C, Xuan Y, Leaird DE, Weiner AM, Qi M. Dispersion engineering and frequency comb generation in thin silicon nitride concentric microresonators. Nat Commun 2017; 8:372. [PMID: 28851874 PMCID: PMC5575100 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00491-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Kerr nonlinearity-based frequency combs and solitons have been generated from on-chip microresonators. The initiation of the combs requires global or local anomalous dispersion which leads to many limitations, such as material choice, film thickness, and spectral ranges where combs can be generated, as well as fabrication challenges. Using a concentric racetrack-shaped resonator, we show that such constraints can be lifted and resonator dispersion can be engineered to be anomalous over moderately broad bandwidth. We demonstrate anomalous dispersion in a 300 nm thick silicon nitride film, suitable for semiconductor manufacturing but previously thought to result in waveguides with high normal dispersion. Together with a mode-selective, tapered coupling scheme, we generate coherent mode-locked frequency combs. Our method can realize anomalous dispersion for resonators at almost any wavelength and simultaneously achieve material and process compatibility with semiconductor manufacturing.Kerr frequency comb generation from microresonators requires anomalous dispersion, imposing restrictions on materials and resonator design. Here, Kim et al. propose a concentric racetrack-resonator design where the dispersion can be engineered to be anomalous via resonant mode coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangsik Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Quantum Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Kyunghun Han
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Cong Wang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jose A Jaramillo-Villegas
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Quantum Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Facultad de Ingenierías, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, RIS, 660003, Colombia
| | - Xiaoxiao Xue
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chengying Bao
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yi Xuan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Daniel E Leaird
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Andrew M Weiner
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Quantum Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Minghao Qi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Purdue Quantum Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.
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13
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Maksymov IS, Greentree AD. Synthesis of discrete phase-coherent optical spectra from nonlinear ultrasound. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:7496-7506. [PMID: 28380871 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.007496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear acoustic interactions in liquids are effectively stronger than nonlinear optical interactions in solids. Thus, harnessing these interactions will offer new possibilities in the design of ultra-compact nonlinear photonic devices. We theoretically demonstrate a new scheme for synthesis of optical spectra from nonlinear ultrasound harmonics using a hybrid liquid-state and nanoplasmonic device compatible with fibre-optic technology. The synthesised spectra consist of a set of equally spaced optical Brillouin light scattering modes having a well-defined phase relationship between each other. We suggest that these spectra may be employed as optical frequency combs whose spectral composition may be tuned by controlling the nonlinear acoustic interactions.
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14
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Xue X, Leo F, Xuan Y, Jaramillo-Villegas JA, Wang PH, Leaird DE, Erkintalo M, Qi M, Weiner AM. Second-harmonic-assisted four-wave mixing in chip-based microresonator frequency comb generation. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2017; 6:e16253. [PMID: 30167244 PMCID: PMC6062166 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous Kerr comb formation and second-harmonic generation with on-chip microresonators can greatly facilitate comb self-referencing for optical clocks and frequency metrology. Moreover, the presence of both second- and third-order nonlinearities results in complex cavity dynamics that is of high scientific interest but is still far from being well-understood. Here, we demonstrate that the interaction between the fundamental and the second-harmonic waves can provide an entirely new way of phase matching for four-wave mixing in optical microresonators, enabling the generation of optical frequency combs in the normal dispersion regime under conditions where comb creation is ordinarily prohibited. We derive new coupled time-domain mean-field equations and obtain simulation results showing good qualitative agreement with our experimental observations. Our findings provide a novel way of overcoming the dispersion limit for simultaneous Kerr comb formation and second-harmonic generation, which might prove to be especially important in the near-visible to visible range where several atomic transitions commonly used for the stabilization of optical clocks are located and where the large normal material dispersion is likely to dominate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Xue
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, 465 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2035, USA
| | - François Leo
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- OPERA-photonics, Université libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), 50 Avenue F. D. Roosevelt, CP 194/5, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Yi Xuan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, 465 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2035, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jose A Jaramillo-Villegas
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, 465 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2035, USA
- Facultad de Ingenierías, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira RIS 660003, Colombia
| | - Pei-Hsun Wang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, 465 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2035, USA
| | - Daniel E Leaird
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, 465 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2035, USA
| | - Miro Erkintalo
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Minghao Qi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, 465 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2035, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Andrew M Weiner
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, 465 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2035, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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15
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Li Q, Briles TC, Westly DA, Drake TE, Stone JR, Ilic BR, Diddams SA, Papp SB, Srinivasan K. Stably accessing octave-spanning microresonator frequency combs in the soliton regime. OPTICA 2017; 4:193-203. [PMID: 28603754 PMCID: PMC5460676 DOI: 10.1364/optica.4.000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microresonator frequency combs can be an enabling technology for optical frequency synthesis and timekeeping in low size, weight, and power architectures. Such systems require comb operation in low-noise, phase-coherent states such as solitons, with broad spectral bandwidths (e.g., octave-spanning) for self-referencing to detect the carrier-envelope offset frequency. However, accessing such states is complicated by thermo-optic dispersion. For example, in the Si3N4 platform, precisely dispersion-engineered structures can support broadband operation, but microsecond thermal time constants often require fast pump power or frequency control to stabilize the solitons. In contrast, here we consider how broadband soliton states can be accessed with simple pump laser frequency tuning, at a rate much slower than the thermal dynamics. We demonstrate octave-spanning soliton frequency combs in Si3N4 microresonators, including the generation of a multi-soliton state with a pump power near 40 mW and a single-soliton state with a pump power near 120 mW. We also develop a simplified two-step analysis to explain how these states are accessed without fast control of the pump laser, and outline the required thermal properties for such operation. Our model agrees with experimental results as well as numerical simulations based on a Lugiato-Lefever equation that incorporates thermo-optic dispersion. Moreover, it also explains an experimental observation that a member of an adjacent mode family on the red-detuned side of the pump mode can mitigate the thermal requirements for accessing soliton states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Travis C. Briles
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Daron A. Westly
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Tara E. Drake
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Jordan R. Stone
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - B. Robert Ilic
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Scott A. Diddams
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Scott B. Papp
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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16
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Conforti M, Copie F, Mussot A, Kudlinski A, Trillo S. Parametric instabilities in modulated fiber ring cavities. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:5027-5030. [PMID: 27805677 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.005027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigate modulational instability in inhomogeneous passive cavities modeled by the Ikeda map. The cavity boundary conditions and the modulation of the fiber dispersion force the system to develop parametric instabilities, which lead to the generation of simple, as well as period-doubled, temporal patterns. The analytical results obtained by means of the Floquet theory are validated through numerical solution of the Ikeda map, and the limitations of the mean-field Lugiato-Lefever model are highlighted.
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Saleh K, Chembo YK. On the phase noise performance of microwave and millimeter-wave signals generated with versatile Kerr optical frequency combs. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:25043-25056. [PMID: 27828444 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.025043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the phase noise performance of micro- and millimeter-wave signals generated using a ultra-high Q whispering gallery mode disk-resonator with Kerr nonlinearity. Our study focuses on the stability of the optical spectra and on the performances of the corresponding microwave and millimeter-wave beat notes in terms of power and phase noise. The blue slope of an optical mode of the resonator, allowing for the generation of optical frequency combs, is accurately explored in order to identify various comb patterns. Each of these patterns is characterized in the optical and radio-frequency domains. Phase noise levels below -100 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz offset have been achieved for beat notes in the radio-frequency spectrum at 12 GHz, 18 GHz, 24 GHz, 30 GHz, and 36 GHz with the same resonator.
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18
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Bao C, Jaramillo-Villegas JA, Xuan Y, Leaird DE, Qi M, Weiner AM. Observation of Fermi-Pasta-Ulam Recurrence Induced by Breather Solitons in an Optical Microresonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:163901. [PMID: 27792392 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.163901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present, experimentally and numerically, the observation of Fermi-Pasta-Ulam recurrence induced by breather solitons in a high-Q SiN microresonator. Breather solitons can be excited by increasing the pump power at a relatively small pump phase detuning in microresonators. Out of phase power evolution is observed for groups of comb lines around the center of the spectrum compared to groups of lines in the spectral wings. The evolution of the power spectrum is not symmetric with respect to the spectrum center. Numerical simulations based on the generalized Lugiato-Lefever equation are in good agreement with the experimental results and unveil the role of stimulated Raman scattering in the symmetry breaking of the power spectrum evolution. Our results show that optical microresonators can be exploited as a powerful platform for the exploration of soliton dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengying Bao
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, 465 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2035, USA
| | - Jose A Jaramillo-Villegas
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, 465 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2035, USA
- Facultad de Ingenierías, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda 66003, Colombia
| | - Yi Xuan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, 465 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2035, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Daniel E Leaird
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, 465 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2035, USA
| | - Minghao Qi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, 465 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2035, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Andrew M Weiner
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, 465 Northwestern Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2035, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Purdue Quantum Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Bao C, Liao P, Kordts A, Karpov M, Pfeiffer MHP, Zhang L, Yan Y, Xie G, Cao Y, Almaiman A, Ziyadi M, Li L, Zhao Z, Mohajerin-Ariaei A, Wilkinson SR, Tur M, Fejer MM, Kippenberg TJ, Willner AE. Demonstration of optical multicasting using Kerr frequency comb lines. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:3876-3879. [PMID: 27519112 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.003876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate optical multicasting using Kerr frequency combs generated from a Si3N4 microresonator. We obtain Kerr combs in two states with different noise properties by varying the pump wavelength in the resonator and investigate the effect of Kerr combs on multicasting. Seven-fold multicasting of 20 Gbaud quadrature phase-shift-keyed signals and four-fold multicasting of 16-quadrature amplitude modulation signals have been achieved when low-phase-noise combs are input into a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide. In addition, we find that the wavelength conversion efficiency in the PPLN waveguide for chaotic combs with high noise is similar to that for low-noise combs, while the signal quality of the multicast copy is significantly degraded.
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Liu J, Brasch V, Pfeiffer MHP, Kordts A, Kamel AN, Guo H, Geiselmann M, Kippenberg TJ. Frequency-comb-assisted broadband precision spectroscopy with cascaded diode lasers. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:3134-3137. [PMID: 27367120 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.003134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Frequency-comb-assisted diode laser spectroscopy, employing both the accuracy of an optical frequency comb and the broad wavelength tuning range of a tunable diode laser, has been widely used in many applications. In this Letter, we present a novel method using cascaded frequency agile diode lasers, which allows us to extend the measurement bandwidth to 37.4 THz (1355-1630 nm) at megahertz resolution with scanning speeds above 1 THz/s. It is demonstrated as a useful tool to characterize a broadband spectrum for molecular spectroscopy, and in particular it enables us to characterize the dispersion of integrated microresonators up to the 4th-order.
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21
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Renninger WH, Rakich PT. Closed-form solutions and scaling laws for Kerr frequency combs. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24742. [PMID: 27108810 PMCID: PMC4842990 DOI: 10.1038/srep24742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A single closed-form analytical solution of the driven nonlinear Schrödinger equation is developed, reproducing a large class of the behaviors in Kerr-comb systems, including bright-solitons, dark-solitons, and a large class of periodic wavetrains. From this analytical framework, a Kerr-comb area theorem and a pump-detuning relation are developed, providing new insights into soliton- and wavetrain-based combs along with concrete design guidelines for both. This new area theorem reveals significant deviation from the conventional soliton area theorem, which is crucial to understanding cavity solitons in certain limits. Moreover, these closed-form solutions represent the first step towards an analytical framework for wavetrain formation, and reveal new parameter regimes for enhanced Kerr-comb performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Renninger
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Peter T Rakich
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Xue X, Xuan Y, Wang C, Wang PH, Liu Y, Niu B, Leaird DE, Qi M, Weiner AM. Thermal tuning of Kerr frequency combs in silicon nitride microring resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:687-698. [PMID: 26832298 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.000687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microresonator based Kerr frequency comb generation has many attractive features, including ultrabroad spectra, chip-level integration, and low power consumption. Achieving precise tuning control over the comb frequencies will be important for a number of practical applications, but has been little explored for microresonator combs. In this paper, we characterize the thermal tuning of a coherent Kerr frequency comb generated from an on-chip silicon nitride microring. When the microring temperature is changed by ~70 °C with an integrated microheater, the line spacing and center frequency of the comb are tuned respectively by -253 MHz (-3.57 MHz/°C) and by -175 GHz (-2.63 GHz/°C); the latter constitutes 75% of the comb line spacing. From these results we obtain a shift of 25 GHz (362.07 MHz/°C) in the comb carrier-envelope offset frequency. Numerical simulations are performed by taking into account the thermo-optic effects in the waveguide core and cladding. The temperature variation of the comb line spacing predicted from simulations is close to that observed in experiments. The time-dependent thermal response of the microheater based tuning scheme is characterized; time constants of 30.9 μs and 0.71 ms are observed.
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Del’Haye P, Coillet A, Loh W, Beha K, Papp SB, Diddams SA. Erratum: Corrigendum: Phase steps and resonator detuning measurements in microresonator frequency combs. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10011. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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