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O'Connor D, Demeulemeester J, Conde L, Kirkwood A, Fung K, Papaleonidopoulou F, Bloye G, Farah N, Rahman S, Hancock J, Bateman C, Inglott S, Mee J, Herrero J, Van Loo P, Moorman AV, Vora A, Mansour MR. The Clinicogenomic Landscape of Induction Failure in Childhood and Young Adult T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:3545-3556. [PMID: 37098241 PMCID: PMC10306434 DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.02734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Failure to respond to induction chemotherapy portends a poor outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and is more frequent in T-cell ALL (T-ALL) than B-cell ALL. We aimed to address the limited understanding of clinical and genetic factors that influence outcome in a cohort of patients with T-ALL induction failure (IF). METHODS We studied all cases of T-ALL IF on two consecutive multinational randomized trials, UKALL2003 and UKALL2011, to define risk factors, treatment, and outcomes. We performed multiomic profiling to characterize the genomic landscape. RESULTS IF occurred in 10.3% of cases and was significantly associated with increasing age, occurring in 20% of patients age 16 years and older. Five-year overall survival (OS) rates were 52.1% in IF and 90.2% in responsive patients (P < .001). Despite increased use of nelarabine-based chemotherapy consolidated by hematopoietic stem-cell transplant in UKALL2011, there was no improvement in outcome. Persistent end-of-consolidation molecular residual disease resulted in a significantly worse outcome (5-year OS, 14.3% v 68.5%; HR, 4.10; 95% CI, 1.35 to 12.45; P = .0071). Genomic profiling revealed a heterogeneous picture with 25 different initiating lesions converging on 10 subtype-defining genes. There was a remarkable abundance of TAL1 noncoding lesions, associated with a dismal outcome (5-year OS, 12.5%). Combining TAL1 lesions with mutations in the MYC and RAS pathways produces a genetic stratifier that identifies patients highly likely to fail conventional therapy (5-year OS, 23.1% v 86.4%; HR, 6.84; 95% CI, 2.78 to 16.78; P < .0001) and who should therefore be considered for experimental agents. CONCLUSION The outcome of IF in T-ALL remains poor with current therapy. The lack of a unifying genetic driver suggests alternative approaches, particularly using immunotherapy, are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O'Connor
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Demeulemeester
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory for Integrative Cancer Genomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucia Conde
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Kirkwood
- CR UK & UCL Cancer Trials Centre, UCL Cancer Institute, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kent Fung
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Foteini Papaleonidopoulou
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gianna Bloye
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Farah
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sunniyat Rahman
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeremy Hancock
- South West Genomic Laboratory Hub, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sarah Inglott
- Department of Haematology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Mee
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Herrero
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Van Loo
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Anthony V. Moorman
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ajay Vora
- Department of Haematology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc R. Mansour
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Benyoucef A, Haigh JJ, Brand M. Unveiling the complexity of transcription factor networks in hematopoietic stem cells: implications for cell therapy and hematological malignancies. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1151343. [PMID: 37441426 PMCID: PMC10333584 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1151343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionality and longevity of hematopoietic tissue is ensured by a tightly controlled balance between self-renewal, quiescence, and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into the many different blood lineages. Cell fate determination in HSCs is influenced by signals from extrinsic factors (e.g., cytokines, irradiation, reactive oxygen species, O2 concentration) that are translated and integrated by intrinsic factors such as Transcription Factors (TFs) to establish specific gene regulatory programs. TFs also play a central role in the establishment and/or maintenance of hematological malignancies, highlighting the need to understand their functions in multiple contexts. TFs bind to specific DNA sequences and interact with each other to form transcriptional complexes that directly or indirectly control the expression of multiple genes. Over the past decades, significant research efforts have unraveled molecular programs that control HSC function. This, in turn, led to the identification of more than 50 TF proteins that influence HSC fate. However, much remains to be learned about how these proteins interact to form molecular networks in combination with cofactors (e.g. epigenetics factors) and how they control differentiation, expansion, and maintenance of cellular identity. Understanding these processes is critical for future applications particularly in the field of cell therapy, as this would allow for manipulation of cell fate and induction of expansion, differentiation, or reprogramming of HSCs using specific cocktails of TFs. Here, we review recent findings that have unraveled the complexity of molecular networks controlled by TFs in HSCs and point towards possible applications to obtain functional HSCs ex vivo for therapeutic purposes including hematological malignancies. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and prospects for the derivation and expansion of functional adult HSCs in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aissa Benyoucef
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faulty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jody J. Haigh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faulty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Marjorie Brand
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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3
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Smith C, Touzart A, Simonin M, Tran-Quang C, Hypolite G, Latiri M, Andrieu GP, Balducci E, Dourthe MÉ, Goyal A, Huguet F, Petit A, Ifrah N, Baruchel A, Dombret H, Macintyre E, Plass C, Ghysdael J, Boissel N, Asnafi V. Harnessing the MYB-dependent TAL1 5'super-enhancer for targeted therapy in T-ALL. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:12. [PMID: 36650499 PMCID: PMC9847025 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of genetic abnormalities engendering oncogene dysregulation underpins cancer development. Certain proto-oncogenes possess several dysregulation mechanisms, yet how each mechanism impacts clinical outcome is unclear. Using T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) as an example, we show that patients harboring 5'super-enhancer (5'SE) mutations of the TAL1 oncogene identifies a specific patient subgroup with poor prognosis irrespective of the level of oncogene dysregulation. Remarkably, the MYB dependent oncogenic 5'SE can be targeted using Mebendazole to induce MYB protein degradation and T-ALL cell death. Of note Mebendazole treatment demonstrated efficacy in vivo in T-ALL preclinical models. Our work provides proof of concept that within a specific oncogene driven cancer, the mechanism of oncogene dysregulation rather than the oncogene itself can identify clinically distinct patient subgroups and pave the way for future super-enhancer targeting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Smith
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Université de Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades INEM, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1151 Paris, France ,grid.50550.350000 0001 2175 4109Laboratory of Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades 75743, Paris, France
| | - Aurore Touzart
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Université de Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades INEM, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1151 Paris, France ,grid.50550.350000 0001 2175 4109Laboratory of Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades 75743, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Simonin
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Université de Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades INEM, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1151 Paris, France ,grid.50550.350000 0001 2175 4109Laboratory of Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades 75743, Paris, France
| | - Christine Tran-Quang
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Institut Curie, Orsay, France ,grid.493838.dCNRS UMR3348, Institut Curie, Orsay, France ,grid.5842.b0000 0001 2171 2558INSERM U1278, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France ,grid.440907.e0000 0004 1784 3645PSL Research University, Paris, France ,grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535University Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Guillaume Hypolite
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Université de Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades INEM, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1151 Paris, France ,grid.50550.350000 0001 2175 4109Laboratory of Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades 75743, Paris, France
| | - Mehdi Latiri
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Université de Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades INEM, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1151 Paris, France ,grid.50550.350000 0001 2175 4109Laboratory of Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades 75743, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume P. Andrieu
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Université de Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades INEM, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1151 Paris, France ,grid.50550.350000 0001 2175 4109Laboratory of Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades 75743, Paris, France
| | - Estelle Balducci
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Université de Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades INEM, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1151 Paris, France ,grid.50550.350000 0001 2175 4109Laboratory of Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades 75743, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Émilie Dourthe
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Université de Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades INEM, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1151 Paris, France ,grid.50550.350000 0001 2175 4109Laboratory of Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades 75743, Paris, France ,grid.413235.20000 0004 1937 0589Department of Pediatric Hematology and Immunology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Robert Debré Hospital, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ashish Goyal
- grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Françoise Huguet
- grid.411175.70000 0001 1457 2980Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Petit
- grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Service d’Hématologie Et d’Oncologie Pédiatrique, AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Norbert Ifrah
- grid.7252.20000 0001 2248 3363UFR Santé, Université Angers, PRES LUNAM, Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire (CHU) d’Angers, Service Des Maladies du Sang Et INSERM U892, 49933 Angers, France
| | - André Baruchel
- grid.413235.20000 0004 1937 0589Department of Pediatric Hematology and Immunology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Robert Debré Hospital, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Dombret
- Université de Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d’Hématologie, EA-3518, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Elizabeth Macintyre
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Université de Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades INEM, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1151 Paris, France ,grid.50550.350000 0001 2175 4109Laboratory of Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades 75743, Paris, France
| | - Christoph Plass
- grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ,German Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jacques Ghysdael
- grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Institut Curie, Orsay, France ,grid.493838.dCNRS UMR3348, Institut Curie, Orsay, France ,grid.5842.b0000 0001 2171 2558INSERM U1278, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France ,grid.440907.e0000 0004 1784 3645PSL Research University, Paris, France ,grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535University Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Nicolas Boissel
- Université de Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d’Hématologie, EA-3518, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Vahid Asnafi
- grid.7429.80000000121866389Université de Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades INEM, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1151 Paris, France ,grid.50550.350000 0001 2175 4109Laboratory of Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades 75743, Paris, France
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4
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Current challenges in understanding the role of enhancers in disease. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:1148-1158. [PMID: 36482255 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00896-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enhancers play a central role in the spatiotemporal control of gene expression and tend to work in a cell-type-specific manner. In addition, they are suggested to be major contributors to phenotypic variation, evolution and disease. There is growing evidence that enhancer dysfunction due to genetic, structural or epigenetic mechanisms contributes to a broad range of human diseases referred to as enhanceropathies. Such mechanisms often underlie the susceptibility to common diseases, but can also play a direct causal role in cancer or Mendelian diseases. Despite the recent gain of insights into enhancer biology and function, we still have a limited ability to predict how enhancer dysfunction impacts gene expression. Here we discuss the major challenges that need to be overcome when studying the role of enhancers in disease etiology and highlight opportunities and directions for future studies, aiming to disentangle the molecular basis of enhanceropathies.
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5
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Suresh SA, Ethiraj S, Rajnish KN. A systematic review of recent trends in research on therapeutically significant L-asparaginase and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:11281-11287. [PMID: 35816224 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
L-asparaginases are mostly obtained from bacterial sources for their application in the therapy and food industry. Bacterial L-asparaginases are employed in the treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) and its subtypes, a type of blood and bone marrow cancer that results in the overproduction of immature blood cells. It also plays a role in the food industry in reducing the acrylamide formed during baking, roasting, and frying starchy foods. This importance of the enzyme makes it to be of constant interest to the researchers to isolate novel sources. Presently L-asparaginases from E. coli native and PEGylated form, Dickeya chrysanthemi (Erwinia chrysanthemi) are in the treatment regime. In therapy, the intrinsic glutaminase activity of the enzyme is a major drawback as the patients in treatment experience side effects like fever, skin rashes, anaphylaxis, pancreatitis, steatosis in the liver, and many complications. Its significance in the food industry in mitigating acrylamide is also a major reason. Acrylamide, a potent carcinogen was formed when treating starchy foods at higher temperatures. Acrylamide content in food was analyzed and pre-treatment was considered a valuable option. Immobilization of the enzyme is an advancing and promising technique in the effective delivery of the enzyme than in free form. The concept of machine learning by employing the Artificial Network and Genetic Algorithm has paved the way to optimize the production of L-asparaginase from its sources. Gene-editing tools are gaining momentum in the study of several diseases and this review focuses on the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing tool in ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - K N Rajnish
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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6
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Mikulasova A, Kent D, Trevisan-Herraz M, Karataraki N, Fung KTM, Ashby C, Cieslak A, Yaccoby S, van Rhee F, Zangari M, Thanendrarajan S, Schinke C, Morgan GJ, Asnafi V, Spicuglia S, Brackley CA, Corcoran AE, Hambleton S, Walker BA, Rico D, Russell LJ. Epigenomic translocation of H3K4me3 broad domains over oncogenes following hijacking of super-enhancers. Genome Res 2022; 32:1343-1354. [PMID: 34933939 PMCID: PMC9341503 DOI: 10.1101/gr.276042.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations are important drivers of haematological malignancies whereby proto-oncogenes are activated by juxtaposition with enhancers, often called enhancer hijacking We analyzed the epigenomic consequences of rearrangements between the super-enhancers of the immunoglobulin heavy locus (IGH) and proto-oncogene CCND1 that are common in B cell malignancies. By integrating BLUEPRINT epigenomic data with DNA breakpoint detection, we characterized the normal chromatin landscape of the human IGH locus and its dynamics after pathological genomic rearrangement. We detected an H3K4me3 broad domain (BD) within the IGH locus of healthy B cells that was absent in samples with IGH-CCND1 translocations. The appearance of H3K4me3-BD over CCND1 in the latter was associated with overexpression and extensive chromatin accessibility of its gene body. We observed similar cancer-specific H3K4me3-BDs associated with hijacking of super-enhancers of other common oncogenes in B cell (MAF, MYC, and FGFR3/NSD2) and T cell malignancies (LMO2, TLX3, and TAL1). Our analysis suggests that H3K4me3-BDs can be created by super-enhancers and supports the new concept of epigenomic translocation, in which the relocation of H3K4me3-BDs from cell identity genes to oncogenes accompanies the translocation of super-enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Mikulasova
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Kent
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Trevisan-Herraz
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Nefeli Karataraki
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Kent T M Fung
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Cody Ashby
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Agata Cieslak
- Université de Paris (Descartes), Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Shmuel Yaccoby
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Frits van Rhee
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Maurizio Zangari
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | | | - Carolina Schinke
- Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- NYU Langone Medical Center, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Vahid Asnafi
- Université de Paris (Descartes), Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Salvatore Spicuglia
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, Theories and Approaches of Genomic Complexity (TAGC), UMR1090, 13288 Marseille, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Chris A Brackley
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E Corcoran
- Lymphocyte Signalling and Development Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
- Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
| | - Brian A Walker
- Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology Oncology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Daniel Rico
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa J Russell
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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7
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Touzart A, Mayakonda A, Smith C, Hey J, Toth R, Cieslak A, Andrieu GP, Tran Quang C, Latiri M, Ghysdael J, Spicuglia S, Dombret H, Ifrah N, Macintyre E, Lutsik P, Boissel N, Plass C, Asnafi V. Epigenetic analysis of patients with T-ALL identifies poor outcomes and a hypomethylating agent-responsive subgroup. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/595/eabc4834. [PMID: 34039737 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc4834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adult "T cell" acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematological malignancy that is associated with poor outcomes, requiring additional therapeutic options. The DNA methylation landscapes of adult T-ALL remain undercharacterized. Here, we systematically analyzed the DNA methylation profiles of normal thymic-sorted T cell subpopulations and 143 primary adult T-ALLs as part of the French GRAALL 2003-2005 trial. Our results indicated that T-ALL is epigenetically heterogeneous consisting of five subtypes (C1-C5), which were either associated with co-occurring DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha (DNMT3A)/isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP(+)] 2 (IDH2) mutations (C1), TAL bHLH transcription factor 1, erythroid differentiation factor (TAL1) deregulation (C2), T cell leukemia homeobox 3 (TLX3) (C3), TLX1/in cis-homeobox A9 (HOXA9) (C4), or in trans-HOXA9 overexpression (C5). Integrative analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression identified potential cluster-specific oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. In addition to an aggressive hypomethylated subgroup (C1), our data identified an unexpected subset of hypermethylated T-ALL (C5) associated with poor outcome and primary therapeutic response. Using mouse xenografts, we demonstrated that hypermethylated T-ALL samples exhibited therapeutic responses to the DNA hypomethylating agent 5-azacytidine, which significantly (survival probability; P = 0.001 for C3, 0.01 for C4, and 0.0253 for C5) delayed tumor progression. These findings suggest that epigenetic-based therapies may provide an alternative treatment option in hypermethylated T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Touzart
- Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Université de Paris (Descartes), Institut Necker -Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, 75743 Paris, France
| | - Anand Mayakonda
- Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Smith
- Université de Paris (Descartes), Institut Necker -Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, 75743 Paris, France
| | - Joschka Hey
- Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Germany-Israeli Helmholtz Research School in Cancer Biology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Reka Toth
- Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Agata Cieslak
- Université de Paris (Descartes), Institut Necker -Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, 75743 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume P Andrieu
- Université de Paris (Descartes), Institut Necker -Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, 75743 Paris, France
| | - Christine Tran Quang
- Institut Curie, Orsay, France.,CNRS UMR3348, Institut Curie, Orsay, France.,INSERM 1278, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Mehdi Latiri
- Université de Paris (Descartes), Institut Necker -Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, 75743 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Ghysdael
- Institut Curie, Orsay, France.,CNRS UMR3348, Institut Curie, Orsay, France.,INSERM 1278, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Salvatore Spicuglia
- Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, Theories and Approaches of Genomic Complexity (TAGC), Equipe labellisée Ligue, UMR1090, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Dombret
- Université Paris Diderot, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, EA-3518, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Norbert Ifrah
- PRES LUNAM, CHU Angers service des Maladies du Sang et INSERM U 892, 49933 Angers, France
| | - Elizabeth Macintyre
- Université de Paris (Descartes), Institut Necker -Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, 75743 Paris, France
| | - Pavlo Lutsik
- Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Boissel
- Université Paris Diderot, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, EA-3518, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Christoph Plass
- Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. .,German Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vahid Asnafi
- Université de Paris (Descartes), Institut Necker -Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, 75743 Paris, France.
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8
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Belver L, Albero R, Ferrando AA. Deregulation of enhancer structure, function, and dynamics in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:418-431. [PMID: 33858773 PMCID: PMC8091164 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enhancers control dynamic changes in gene expression and orchestrate the tightly controlled transcriptional circuitries that direct and coordinate cell growth, proliferation, survival, lineage commitment, and differentiation during lymphoid development. Enhancer hijacking and neoenhancer formation at oncogene loci, as well as aberrant activation of oncogene-associated enhancers, can induce constitutive activation of self-perpetuating oncogenic transcriptional circuitries, and contribute to the malignant transformation of immature lymphoid progenitors in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In this review, we present recent discoveries of the role of enhancer dynamics in mouse and human lymphoid development, and discuss how genetic and epigenetic alterations of enhancer function can promote leukemogenesis, and potential strategies for targeting the enhancer machinery in the treatment of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Belver
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Barcelona, 08916, Spain
| | - Robert Albero
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Adolfo A Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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9
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Antoine-Lorquin A, Arensburger P, Arnaoty A, Asgari S, Batailler M, Beauclair L, Belleannée C, Buisine N, Coustham V, Guyetant S, Helou L, Lecomte T, Pitard B, Stévant I, Bigot Y. Two repeated motifs enriched within some enhancers and origins of replication are bound by SETMAR isoforms in human colon cells. Genomics 2021; 113:1589-1604. [PMID: 33812898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Setmar is a gene specific to simian genomes. The function(s) of its isoforms are poorly understood and their existence in healthy tissues remains to be validated. Here we profiled SETMAR expression and its genome-wide binding landscape in colon tissue. We found isoforms V3 and V6 in healthy and tumour colon tissues as well as incell lines. In two colorectal cell lines SETMAR binds to several thousand Hsmar1 and MADE1 terminal ends, transposons mostly located in non-genic regions of active chromatin including in enhancers. It also binds to a 12-bp motifs similar to an inner motif in Hsmar1 and MADE1 terminal ends. This motif is interspersed throughout the genome and is enriched in GC-rich regions as well as in CpG islands that contain constitutive replication origins. It is also found in enhancers other than those associated with Hsmar1 and MADE1. The role of SETMAR in the expression of genes, DNA replication and in DNA repair are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Arensburger
- Biological Sciences Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768, - United States
| | - Ahmed Arnaoty
- EA GICC, 7501, CHRU de Tours, 37044 TOURS, Cedex 09, France
| | - Sassan Asgari
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Martine Batailler
- PRC, UMR INRA 0085, CNRS 7247, Centre INRA Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Linda Beauclair
- PRC, UMR INRA 0085, CNRS 7247, Centre INRA Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Nicolas Buisine
- UMR CNRS 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Serge Guyetant
- Tumorothèque du CHRU de Tours, 37044 Tours, Cedex, France
| | - Laura Helou
- PRC, UMR INRA 0085, CNRS 7247, Centre INRA Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Bruno Pitard
- Université de Nantes, CNRS ERL6001, Inserm 1232, CRCINA, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Isabelle Stévant
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, 1, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Yves Bigot
- PRC, UMR INRA 0085, CNRS 7247, Centre INRA Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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10
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Weichenhan D, Lipka DB, Lutsik P, Goyal A, Plass C. Epigenomic technologies for precision oncology. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 84:60-68. [PMID: 32822861 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic patterns in a cell control the expression of genes and consequently determine the phenotype of a cell. Cancer cells possess altered epigenomes which include aberrant patterns of DNA methylation, histone tail modifications, nucleosome positioning and of the three-dimensional chromatin organization within a nucleus. These altered epigenetic patterns are potential useful biomarkers to detect cancer cells and to classify tumor types. In addition, the cancer epigenome dictates the response of a cancer cell to therapeutic intervention and, therefore its knowledge, will allow to predict response to different therapeutic approaches. Here we review the current state-of-the-art technologies that have been developed to decipher epigenetic patterns on the genomic level and discuss how these methods are potentially useful for precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Weichenhan
- German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Cancer Epigenomics (B370), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Daniel B Lipka
- Section of Translational Cancer Epigenomics, Division of Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg & German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Straße 44, D-39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Pavlo Lutsik
- German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Cancer Epigenomics (B370), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ashish Goyal
- German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Cancer Epigenomics (B370), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Plass
- German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Cancer Epigenomics (B370), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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Gianni F, Belver L, Ferrando A. The Genetics and Mechanisms of T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:a035246. [PMID: 31570389 PMCID: PMC7050584 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematologic malignancy derived from early T-cell progenitors. The recognition of clinical, genetic, transcriptional, and biological heterogeneity in this disease has already translated into new prognostic biomarkers, improved leukemia animal models, and emerging targeted therapies. This work reviews our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gianni
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Laura Belver
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Adolfo Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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12
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Epigenetic Control of a Local Chromatin Landscape. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030943. [PMID: 32023873 PMCID: PMC7038174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper regulation of the chromatin landscape is essential for maintaining eukaryotic cell identity and diverse cellular processes. The importance of the epigenome comes, in part, from the ability to influence gene expression through patterns in DNA methylation, histone tail modification, and chromatin architecture. Decades of research have associated this process of chromatin regulation and gene expression with human diseased states. With the goal of understanding how chromatin dysregulation contributes to disease, as well as preventing or reversing this type of dysregulation, a multidisciplinary effort has been launched to control the epigenome. Chemicals that alter the epigenome have been used in labs and in clinics since the 1970s, but more recently there has been a shift in this effort towards manipulating the chromatin landscape in a locus-specific manner. This review will provide an overview of chromatin biology to set the stage for the type of control being discussed, evaluate the recent technological advances made in controlling specific regions of chromatin, and consider the translational applications of these works.
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13
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Borowicz P, Chan H, Medina D, Gumpelmair S, Kjelstrup H, Spurkland A. A simple and efficient workflow for generation of knock‐in mutations in Jurkat T cells using CRISPR/Cas9. Scand J Immunol 2020; 91:e12862. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Borowicz
- Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Hanna Chan
- Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Daniel Medina
- Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Simon Gumpelmair
- Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Hanna Kjelstrup
- Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Anne Spurkland
- Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
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14
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Abstract
The search for oncogenic mutations in haematological malignancies has largely focused on coding sequence variants. These variants have been critical in understanding these complex cancers in greater detail, ultimately leading to better disease monitoring, subtyping and prognostication. In contrast, the search for oncogenic variants in the noncoding genome has proven to be challenging given the vastness of the search space, the intrinsic difficulty in assessing the impact of variants that do not code for functional proteins, and our still primitive understanding of the function harboured by large parts of the noncoding genome. Recent studies have broken ground on this quest, identifying somatically acquired and recurrent mutations in the noncoding genome that activate the expression of proto-oncogenes. In this Review, we explore some of the best-characterised examples of noncoding mutations in haematological malignancies, and highlight how a significant majority of these variants impinge on gene regulation through the formation of aberrant enhancers and promoters. We delve into the challenges faced by those that embark on a search for noncoding driver mutations, and provide a framework distilled from studies that have successfully identified such variants to overcome some of the most salient hurdles. Finally, we discuss the current therapeutic strategies being explored to target the oncogenic mechanism supported by recurrent noncoding variants. We postulate that the continued discovery and functional characterisation of somatic variants in the noncoding genome will not only advance our understanding of haematological malignancies, but offer novel therapeutic avenues and provide important insights into transcriptional regulation on a broader scale. Summary: This Review highlights the challenging but rewarding search for somatic mutations in the noncoding genome, and how such variants nucleate aberrant enhancers and promoters that drive the expression of proto-oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunniyat Rahman
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Marc R Mansour
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
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15
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Haider Z, Larsson P, Landfors M, Köhn L, Schmiegelow K, Flaegstad T, Kanerva J, Heyman M, Hultdin M, Degerman S. An integrated transcriptome analysis in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia links DNA methylation subgroups to dysregulated TAL1 and ANTP homeobox gene expression. Cancer Med 2018; 8:311-324. [PMID: 30575306 PMCID: PMC6346238 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Classification of pediatric T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL) patients into CIMP (CpG Island Methylator Phenotype) subgroups has the potential to improve current risk stratification. To investigate the biology behind these CIMP subgroups, diagnostic samples from Nordic pediatric T‐ALL patients were characterized by genome‐wide methylation arrays, followed by targeted exome sequencing, telomere length measurement, and RNA sequencing. The CIMP subgroups did not correlate significantly with variations in epigenetic regulators. However, the CIMP+ subgroup, associated with better prognosis, showed indicators of longer replicative history, including shorter telomere length (P = 0.015) and older epigenetic (P < 0.001) and mitotic age (P < 0.001). Moreover, the CIMP+ subgroup had significantly higher expression of ANTP homeobox oncogenes, namely TLX3, HOXA9, HOXA10, and NKX2‐1, and novel genes in T‐ALL biology including PLCB4, PLXND1, and MYO18B. The CIMP− subgroup, with worse prognosis, was associated with higher expression of TAL1 along with frequent STIL‐TAL1 fusions (2/40 in CIMP+ vs 11/24 in CIMP−), as well as stronger expression of BEX1. Altogether, our findings suggest different routes for leukemogenic transformation in the T‐ALL CIMP subgroups, indicated by different replicative histories and distinct methylomic and transcriptomic profiles. These novel findings can lead to new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Haider
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pär Larsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mattias Landfors
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Linda Köhn
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trond Flaegstad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tromsø and University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jukka Kanerva
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mats Heyman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Hultdin
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sofie Degerman
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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16
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Perkons NR, Sheth R, Ackerman D, Chen J, Saleh K, Hunt SJ, Nadolski GJ, Shi J, Gade TP. The Implications of CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing for IR. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2018; 29:1264-1267.e1. [PMID: 30146193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Perkons
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 452 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160; Penn Image-Guided Interventions Laboratory, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rahul Sheth
- Department of Radiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Daniel Ackerman
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 452 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160; Penn Image-Guided Interventions Laboratory, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James Chen
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 452 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160; Penn Image-Guided Interventions Laboratory, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kamiel Saleh
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 452 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160; Penn Image-Guided Interventions Laboratory, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen J Hunt
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 452 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160; Penn Image-Guided Interventions Laboratory, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gregory J Nadolski
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 452 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160; Penn Image-Guided Interventions Laboratory, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Junwei Shi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 452 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160
| | - Terence P Gade
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 452 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160; Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 452 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160; Penn Image-Guided Interventions Laboratory, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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17
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Tan TK, Zhang C, Sanda T. Oncogenic transcriptional program driven by TAL1 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int J Hematol 2018; 109:5-17. [PMID: 30145780 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-018-2518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
TAL1/SCL is a prime example of an oncogenic transcription factor that is abnormally expressed in acute leukemia due to the replacement of regulator elements. This gene has also been recognized as an essential regulator of hematopoiesis. TAL1 expression is strictly regulated in a lineage- and stage-specific manner. Such precise control is crucial for the switching of the transcriptional program. The misexpression of TAL1 in immature thymocytes leads to a widespread series of orchestrated downstream events that affect several different cellular machineries, resulting in a lethal consequence, namely T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). In this article, we will discuss the transcriptional regulatory network and downstream target genes, including protein-coding genes and non-coding RNAs, controlled by TAL1 in normal hematopoiesis and T-cell leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze King Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, #12-01, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Chujing Zhang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, #12-01, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Takaomi Sanda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, #12-01, Singapore, 117599, Singapore. .,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
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18
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Montaño A, Forero-Castro M, Hernández-Rivas JM, García-Tuñón I, Benito R. Targeted genome editing in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a review. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:45. [PMID: 30016959 PMCID: PMC6050675 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genome editing technologies offers new opportunities for tackling diseases such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) that have been beyond the reach of previous therapies. Results We show how the recent availability of genome-editing tools such as CRISPR-Cas9 are an important means of advancing functional studies of ALL through the incorporation, elimination and modification of somatic mutations and fusion genes in cell lines and mouse models. These tools not only broaden the understanding of the involvement of various genetic alterations in the pathogenesis of the disease but also identify new therapeutic targets for future clinical trials. Conclusions New approaches including CRISPR-Cas9 are crucial for functional studies of genetic aberrations driving cancer progression, and that may be responsible for treatment resistance and relapses. By using this approach, diseases can be more faithfully reproduced and new therapeutic targets and approaches found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Montaño
- IBSAL, IBMCC, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Cancer Research Center, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maribel Forero-Castro
- School of Biological Sciences (GICBUPTC Research group), Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Boyacá, Colombia
| | - Jesús-María Hernández-Rivas
- IBSAL, IBMCC, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Cancer Research Center, Salamanca, Spain. .,Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain, Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain. .,IBMCC, CIC University of Salamanca-CSIC, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Ignacio García-Tuñón
- IBSAL, IBMCC, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Cancer Research Center, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rocío Benito
- IBSAL, IBMCC, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Cancer Research Center, Salamanca, Spain
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19
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Fagnocchi L, Poli V, Zippo A. Enhancer reprogramming in tumor progression: a new route towards cancer cell plasticity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2537-2555. [PMID: 29691590 PMCID: PMC11105402 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer heterogeneity arises during tumor progression as a consequence of genetic insults, environmental cues, and reversible changes in the epigenetic state, favoring tumor cell plasticity. The role of enhancer reprogramming is emerging as a relevant field in cancer biology as it supports adaptation of cancer cells to those environmental changes encountered during tumor progression and metastasis seeding. In this review, we describe the cancer-related alterations that drive oncogenic enhancer activity, leading to dysregulated transcriptional programs. We discuss the molecular mechanisms of both cis- and trans-factors in overriding the regulatory circuits that maintain cell-type specificity and imposing an alternative, de-regulated enhancer activity in cancer cells. We further comment on the increasing evidence which implicates stress response and aging-signaling pathways in the enhancer landscape reprogramming during tumorigenesis. Finally, we focus on the potential therapeutic implications of these enhancer-mediated subverted transcriptional programs, putting particular emphasis on the lack of information regarding tumor progression and the metastatic outgrowth, which still remain the major cause of mortality related to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fagnocchi
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123, Trento, Italy.
| | - Vittoria Poli
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Alessio Zippo
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123, Trento, Italy.
- Department of Epigenetics, Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
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20
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Addiction to Runx1 is partially attenuated by loss of p53 in the Eµ-Myc lymphoma model. Oncotarget 2018; 7:22973-87. [PMID: 27056890 PMCID: PMC5029604 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Runx genes function as dominant oncogenes that collaborate potently with Myc or loss of p53 to induce lymphoma when over-expressed. Here we examined the requirement for basal Runx1 activity for tumor maintenance in the Eμ-Myc model of Burkitt's lymphoma. While normal Runx1fl/fl lymphoid cells permit mono-allelic deletion, primary Eμ-Myc lymphomas showed selection for retention of both alleles and attempts to enforce deletion in vivo led to compensatory expansion of p53null blasts retaining Runx1. Surprisingly, Runx1 could be excised completely from established Eμ-Myc lymphoma cell lines in vitro without obvious effects on cell phenotype. Established lines lacked functional p53, and were sensitive to death induced by introduction of a temperature-sensitive p53 (Val135) allele. Transcriptome analysis of Runx1-deleted cells revealed a gene signature associated with lymphoid proliferation, survival and differentiation, and included strong de-repression of recombination-activating (Rag) genes, an observation that was mirrored in a panel of human acute leukemias where RUNX1 and RAG1,2 mRNA expression were negatively correlated. Notably, despite their continued growth and tumorigenic potential, Runx1null lymphoma cells displayed impaired proliferation and markedly increased sensitivity to DNA damage and dexamethasone-induced apoptosis, validating Runx1 function as a potential therapeutic target in Myc-driven lymphomas regardless of their p53 status.
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21
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Antoniani C, Romano O, Miccio A. Concise Review: Epigenetic Regulation of Hematopoiesis: Biological Insights and Therapeutic Applications. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:2106-2114. [PMID: 29080249 PMCID: PMC5702521 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation starting from hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). The understanding of regulatory networks involved in hematopoiesis and their impact on gene expression is crucial to decipher the molecular mechanisms that control hematopoietic development in physiological and pathological conditions, and to develop novel therapeutic strategies. An increasing number of epigenetic studies aim at defining, on a genome‐wide scale, the cis‐regulatory sequences (e.g., promoters and enhancers) used by human HSPCs and their lineage‐restricted progeny at different stages of development. In parallel, human genetic studies allowed the discovery of genetic variants mapping to cis‐regulatory elements and associated with hematological phenotypes and diseases. Here, we summarize recent epigenetic and genetic studies in hematopoietic cells that give insights into human hematopoiesis and provide a knowledge basis for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. As an example, we discuss the therapeutic approaches targeting cis‐regulatory regions to reactivate fetal hemoglobin for the treatment of β‐hemoglobinopathies. Epigenetic studies allowed the definition of cis‐regulatory sequences used by human hematopoietic cells. Promoters and enhancers are targeted by transcription factors and are characterized by specific histone modifications. Genetic variants mapping to cis‐regulatory elements are often associated with hematological phenotypes and diseases. In some cases, these variants can alter the binding of transcription factors, thus changing the expression of the target genes. Targeting cis‐regulatory sequences represents a promising therapeutic approach for many hematological diseases. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:2106–2114
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Antoniani
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Gene Regulation During Development, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Oriana Romano
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Gene Regulation During Development, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Annarita Miccio
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Gene Regulation During Development, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
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22
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Li Z, Abraham BJ, Berezovskaya A, Farah N, Liu Y, Leon T, Fielding A, Tan SH, Sanda T, Weintraub AS, Li B, Shen S, Zhang J, Mansour MR, Young RA, Look AT. APOBEC signature mutation generates an oncogenic enhancer that drives LMO1 expression in T-ALL. Leukemia 2017; 31:2057-2064. [PMID: 28260788 PMCID: PMC5629363 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic driver mutations are those that provide a proliferative or survival advantage to neoplastic cells, resulting in clonal selection. Although most cancer-causing mutations have been detected in the protein-coding regions of the cancer genome; driver mutations have recently also been discovered within noncoding genomic sequences. Thus, a current challenge is to gain precise understanding of how these unique genomic elements function in cancer pathogenesis, while clarifying mechanisms of gene regulation and identifying new targets for therapeutic intervention. Here we report a C-to-T single nucleotide transition that occurs as a somatic mutation in noncoding sequences 4 kb upstream of the transcriptional start site of the LMO1 oncogene in primary samples from patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. This single nucleotide alteration conforms to an APOBEC-like cytidine deaminase mutational signature, and generates a new binding site for the MYB transcription factor, leading to the formation of an aberrant transcriptional enhancer complex that drives high levels of expression of the LMO1 oncogene. Since APOBEC-signature mutations are common in a broad spectrum of human cancers, we suggest that noncoding nucleotide transitions such as the one described here may activate potent oncogenic enhancers not only in T-lymphoid cells but in other cell lineages as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Li
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B J Abraham
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A Berezovskaya
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N Farah
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - T Leon
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - A Fielding
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - S H Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - T Sanda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A S Weintraub
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - B Li
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Ministry of Health, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - S Shen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Ministry of Health, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - M R Mansour
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - R A Young
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A T Look
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Liu Y, Easton J, Shao Y, Maciaszek J, Wang Z, Wilkinson MR, McCastlain K, Edmonson M, Pounds SB, Shi L, Zhou X, Ma X, Sioson E, Li Y, Rusch M, Gupta P, Pei D, Cheng C, Smith MA, Auvil JG, Gerhard DS, Relling MV, Winick NJ, Carroll AJ, Heerema NA, Raetz E, Devidas M, Willman CL, Harvey RC, Carroll WL, Dunsmore KP, Winter SS, Wood BL, Sorrentino BP, Downing JR, Loh ML, Hunger SP, Zhang J, Mullighan CG. The genomic landscape of pediatric and young adult T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1211-1218. [PMID: 28671688 PMCID: PMC5535770 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 634] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genetic alterations that activate NOTCH1 signaling and T cell transcription factors, coupled with inactivation of the INK4/ARF tumor suppressors, are hallmarks of T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), but detailed genome-wide sequencing of large T-ALL cohorts has not been carried out. Using integrated genomic analysis of 264 T-ALL cases, we identified 106 putative driver genes, half of which had not previously been described in childhood T-ALL (for example, CCND3, CTCF, MYB, SMARCA4, ZFP36L2 and MYCN). We describe new mechanisms of coding and noncoding alteration and identify ten recurrently altered pathways, with associations between mutated genes and pathways, and stage or subtype of T-ALL. For example, NRAS/FLT3 mutations were associated with immature T-ALL, JAK3/STAT5B mutations in HOXA1 deregulated ALL, PTPN2 mutations in TLX1 deregulated T-ALL, and PIK3R1/PTEN mutations in TAL1 deregulated ALL, which suggests that different signaling pathways have distinct roles according to maturational stage. This genomic landscape provides a logical framework for the development of faithful genetic models and new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Ying Shao
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jamie Maciaszek
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Mark R. Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Kelly McCastlain
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Michael Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Stanley B. Pounds
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Xiaotu Ma
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Edgar Sioson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Yongjin Li
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Michael Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Deqing Pei
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Malcolm A. Smith
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Jaime Guidry Auvil
- Office of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland United States
| | - Daniela S. Gerhard
- Office of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland United States
| | - Mary V. Relling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Naomi J. Winick
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Andrew J. Carroll
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Nyla A. Heerema
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Elizabeth Raetz
- Department of Pediatrics, Huntsman Cancer Institute and Primary Children’s Hospital, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Meenakshi Devidas
- Department of Biostatistics, Colleges of Medicine, Public Health & Health Profession, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Cheryl L. Willman
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Richard C. Harvey
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - William L. Carroll
- Department of Pediatrics, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Kimberly P. Dunsmore
- Health Sciences Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Stuart S. Winter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Brent L Wood
- Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Brian P. Sorrentino
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - James R. Downing
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Mignon L. Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Charles G. Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
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24
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Liu Y, Easton J, Shao Y, Maciaszek J, Wang Z, Wilkinson MR, McCastlain K, Edmonson M, Pounds SB, Shi L, Zhou X, Ma X, Sioson E, Li Y, Rusch M, Gupta P, Pei D, Cheng C, Smith MA, Auvil JG, Gerhard DS, Relling MV, Winick NJ, Carroll AJ, Heerema NA, Raetz E, Devidas M, Willman CL, Harvey RC, Carroll WL, Dunsmore KP, Winter SS, Wood BL, Sorrentino BP, Downing JR, Loh ML, Hunger SP, Zhang J, Mullighan CG. The genomic landscape of pediatric and young adult T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Genet 2017; 49. [PMID: 28671688 PMCID: PMC5535770 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3909 10.1182/ng.3909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Genetic alterations that activate NOTCH1 signaling and T cell transcription factors, coupled with inactivation of the INK4/ARF tumor suppressors, are hallmarks of T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), but detailed genome-wide sequencing of large T-ALL cohorts has not been carried out. Using integrated genomic analysis of 264 T-ALL cases, we identified 106 putative driver genes, half of which had not previously been described in childhood T-ALL (for example, CCND3, CTCF, MYB, SMARCA4, ZFP36L2 and MYCN). We describe new mechanisms of coding and noncoding alteration and identify ten recurrently altered pathways, with associations between mutated genes and pathways, and stage or subtype of T-ALL. For example, NRAS/FLT3 mutations were associated with immature T-ALL, JAK3/STAT5B mutations in HOXA1 deregulated ALL, PTPN2 mutations in TLX1 deregulated T-ALL, and PIK3R1/PTEN mutations in TAL1 deregulated ALL, which suggests that different signaling pathways have distinct roles according to maturational stage. This genomic landscape provides a logical framework for the development of faithful genetic models and new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Ying Shao
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States,Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jamie Maciaszek
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Mark R. Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Kelly McCastlain
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Michael Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Stanley B. Pounds
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Xiaotu Ma
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Edgar Sioson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Yongjin Li
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Michael Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Deqing Pei
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Malcolm A. Smith
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Jaime Guidry Auvil
- Office of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland United States
| | - Daniela S. Gerhard
- Office of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland United States
| | - Mary V. Relling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Naomi J. Winick
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Andrew J. Carroll
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Nyla A. Heerema
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Elizabeth Raetz
- Department of Pediatrics, Huntsman Cancer Institute and Primary Children’s Hospital, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Meenakshi Devidas
- Department of Biostatistics, Colleges of Medicine, Public Health & Health Profession, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Cheryl L. Willman
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Richard C. Harvey
- Department of Pathology, The Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - William L. Carroll
- Department of Pediatrics, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Kimberly P. Dunsmore
- Health Sciences Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Stuart S. Winter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Brent L Wood
- Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Brian P. Sorrentino
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - James R. Downing
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Mignon L. Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States,Address for correspondence: Stephen P. Hunger, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, CTRB #3060, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, ; Jinghui Zhang, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Department of Computational Biology, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 1135, Memphis, TN 38105, T: 1-901-595- 6829, ; Charles G. Mullighan, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Department of Pathology, Mail Stop 342, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, T: 1-901-595-3387, F: 1-901-595-5947,
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States,Address for correspondence: Stephen P. Hunger, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, CTRB #3060, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, ; Jinghui Zhang, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Department of Computational Biology, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 1135, Memphis, TN 38105, T: 1-901-595- 6829, ; Charles G. Mullighan, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Department of Pathology, Mail Stop 342, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, T: 1-901-595-3387, F: 1-901-595-5947,
| | - Charles G. Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States,Address for correspondence: Stephen P. Hunger, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, CTRB #3060, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, ; Jinghui Zhang, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Department of Computational Biology, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 1135, Memphis, TN 38105, T: 1-901-595- 6829, ; Charles G. Mullighan, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Department of Pathology, Mail Stop 342, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, T: 1-901-595-3387, F: 1-901-595-5947,
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25
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Henssen AG, Koche R, Zhuang J, Jiang E, Reed C, Eisenberg A, Still E, MacArthur IC, Rodríguez-Fos E, Gonzalez S, Puiggròs M, Blackford AN, Mason CE, de Stanchina E, Gönen M, Emde AK, Shah M, Arora K, Reeves C, Socci ND, Perlman E, Antonescu CR, Roberts CWM, Steen H, Mullen E, Jackson SP, Torrents D, Weng Z, Armstrong SA, Kentsis A. PGBD5 promotes site-specific oncogenic mutations in human tumors. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1005-1014. [PMID: 28504702 PMCID: PMC5489359 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Genomic rearrangements are a hallmark of human cancers. Here, we identify the piggyBac transposable element derived 5 (PGBD5) gene as encoding an active DNA transposase expressed in the majority of childhood solid tumors, including lethal rhabdoid tumors. Using assembly-based whole-genome DNA sequencing, we found previously undefined genomic rearrangements in human rhabdoid tumors. These rearrangements involved PGBD5-specific signal (PSS) sequences at their breakpoints and recurrently inactivated tumor-suppressor genes. PGBD5 was physically associated with genomic PSS sequences that were also sufficient to mediate PGBD5-induced DNA rearrangements in rhabdoid tumor cells. Ectopic expression of PGBD5 in primary immortalized human cells was sufficient to promote cell transformation in vivo. This activity required specific catalytic residues in the PGBD5 transposase domain as well as end-joining DNA repair and induced structural rearrangements with PSS breakpoints. These results define PGBD5 as an oncogenic mutator and provide a plausible mechanism for site-specific DNA rearrangements in childhood and adult solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton G. Henssen
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard Koche
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiali Zhuang
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Eileen Jiang
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Casie Reed
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy Eisenberg
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric Still
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ian C. MacArthur
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elias Rodríguez-Fos
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Gonzalez
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Puiggròs
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew N. Blackford
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher E. Mason
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mithat Gönen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas D. Socci
- Bioinformatics Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Elizabeth Perlman
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Hanno Steen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mullen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen P. Jackson
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Torrents
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Scott A. Armstrong
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alex Kentsis
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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26
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Rahman S, Magnussen M, León TE, Farah N, Li Z, Abraham BJ, Alapi KZ, Mitchell RJ, Naughton T, Fielding AK, Pizzey A, Bustraan S, Allen C, Popa T, Pike-Overzet K, Garcia-Perez L, Gale RE, Linch DC, Staal FJT, Young RA, Look AT, Mansour MR. Activation of the LMO2 oncogene through a somatically acquired neomorphic promoter in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2017; 129:3221-3226. [PMID: 28270453 PMCID: PMC5472898 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-09-742148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations within noncoding genomic regions that aberrantly activate oncogenes have remained poorly characterized. Here we describe recurrent activating intronic mutations of LMO2, a prominent oncogene in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Heterozygous mutations were identified in PF-382 and DU.528 T-ALL cell lines in addition to 3.7% of pediatric (6 of 160) and 5.5% of adult (9 of 163) T-ALL patient samples. The majority of indels harbor putative de novo MYB, ETS1, or RUNX1 consensus binding sites. Analysis of 5'-capped RNA transcripts in mutant cell lines identified the usage of an intermediate promoter site, with consequential monoallelic LMO2 overexpression. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption of the mutant allele in PF-382 cells markedly downregulated LMO2 expression, establishing clear causality between the mutation and oncogene dysregulation. Furthermore, the spectrum of CRISPR/Cas9-derived mutations provides important insights into the interconnected contributions of functional transcription factor binding. Finally, these mutations occur in the same intron as retroviral integration sites in gene therapy-induced T-ALL, suggesting that such events occur at preferential sites in the noncoding genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunniyat Rahman
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Magnussen
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Theresa E León
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Farah
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhaodong Li
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Krisztina Z Alapi
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel J Mitchell
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Naughton
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adele K Fielding
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arnold Pizzey
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia Bustraan
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Allen
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Teodora Popa
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karin Pike-Overzet
- Department of Immunohematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Garcia-Perez
- Department of Immunohematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rosemary E Gale
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C Linch
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank J T Staal
- Department of Immunohematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Young
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA; and
| | - A Thomas Look
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Marc R Mansour
- Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
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27
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28
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Hu S, Qian M, Zhang H, Guo Y, Yang J, Zhao X, He H, Lu J, Pan J, Chang M, Du G, Lin TN, Kham SKY, Quah TC, Ariffin H, Tan AM, Cheng Y, Li C, Yeoh AEJ, Pui CH, Skanderup AJ, Yang JJ. Whole-genome noncoding sequence analysis in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia identifies oncogene enhancer mutations. Blood 2017; 129:3264-3268. [PMID: 28408461 PMCID: PMC5472902 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-03-771162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyan Hu
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Maoxiang Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jin Yang
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xujie Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Hailong He
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Pan
- Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Guoqing Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Ting-Nien Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Thuan Chong Quah
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute and
- VIVA University Children's Cancer Centre, Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hany Ariffin
- Paediatric Haematology-Oncology Unit, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ah-Moy Tan
- KKH-CCF Children's Cancer Centre, Paediatric Haematology & Oncology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; and
| | | | | | - Allen Eng-Juh Yeoh
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute and
- VIVA University Children's Cancer Centre, Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Oncology, and
- Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Jun J Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Hematological Malignancies Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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29
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PGBD5 promotes site-specific oncogenic mutations in human tumors. Nat Genet 2017. [PMID: 28504702 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3866+[doi]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genomic rearrangements are a hallmark of human cancers. Here, we identify the piggyBac transposable element derived 5 (PGBD5) gene as encoding an active DNA transposase expressed in the majority of childhood solid tumors, including lethal rhabdoid tumors. Using assembly-based whole-genome DNA sequencing, we found previously undefined genomic rearrangements in human rhabdoid tumors. These rearrangements involved PGBD5-specific signal (PSS) sequences at their breakpoints and recurrently inactivated tumor-suppressor genes. PGBD5 was physically associated with genomic PSS sequences that were also sufficient to mediate PGBD5-induced DNA rearrangements in rhabdoid tumor cells. Ectopic expression of PGBD5 in primary immortalized human cells was sufficient to promote cell transformation in vivo. This activity required specific catalytic residues in the PGBD5 transposase domain as well as end-joining DNA repair and induced structural rearrangements with PSS breakpoints. These results define PGBD5 as an oncogenic mutator and provide a plausible mechanism for site-specific DNA rearrangements in childhood and adult solid tumors.
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30
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Henssen AG, Koche R, Zhuang J, Jiang E, Reed C, Eisenberg A, Still E, MacArthur IC, Rodríguez-Fos E, Gonzalez S, Puiggròs M, Blackford AN, Mason CE, de Stanchina E, Gönen M, Emde AK, Shah M, Arora K, Reeves C, Socci ND, Perlman E, Antonescu CR, Roberts CWM, Steen H, Mullen E, Jackson SP, Torrents D, Weng Z, Armstrong SA, Kentsis A. PGBD5 promotes site-specific oncogenic mutations in human tumors. Nat Genet 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/ng.3866 [doi]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Girardi T, Vicente C, Cools J, De Keersmaecker K. The genetics and molecular biology of T-ALL. Blood 2017; 129:1113-1123. [PMID: 28115373 PMCID: PMC5363819 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-10-706465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive malignancy caused by the accumulation of genomic lesions that affect the development of T cells. For many years, it has been established that deregulated expression of transcription factors, impairment of the CDKN2A/2B cell-cycle regulators, and hyperactive NOTCH1 signaling play prominent roles in the pathogenesis of this leukemia. In the past decade, systematic screening of T-ALL genomes by high-resolution copy-number arrays and next-generation sequencing technologies has revealed that T-cell progenitors accumulate additional mutations affecting JAK/STAT signaling, protein translation, and epigenetic control, providing novel attractive targets for therapy. In this review, we provide an update on our knowledge of T-ALL pathogenesis, the opportunities for the introduction of targeted therapy, and the challenges that are still ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Girardi
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carmen Vicente
- Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Cools
- Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim De Keersmaecker
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
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32
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Rommel PC, Oliveira TY, Nussenzweig MC, Robbiani DF. RAG1/2 induces genomic insertions by mobilizing DNA into RAG1/2-independent breaks. J Exp Med 2017; 214:815-831. [PMID: 28179379 PMCID: PMC5339680 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rommel et al. reveal a novel RAG1/2-mediated insertion pathway, which has the potential to destabilize the lymphocyte genome and shares features with DNA insertions observed in human cancer. The RAG recombinase (RAG1/2) plays an essential role in adaptive immunity by mediating V(D)J recombination in developing lymphocytes. In contrast, aberrant RAG1/2 activity promotes lymphocyte malignancies by causing chromosomal translocations and DNA deletions at cancer genes. RAG1/2 can also induce genomic DNA insertions by transposition and trans-V(D)J recombination, but only few such putative events have been documented in vivo. We used next-generation sequencing techniques to examine chromosomal rearrangements in primary murine B cells and discovered that RAG1/2 causes aberrant insertions by releasing cleaved antibody gene fragments that subsequently reintegrate into DNA breaks induced on a heterologous chromosome. We confirmed that RAG1/2 also mobilizes genomic DNA into independent physiological breaks by identifying similar insertions in human lymphoma and leukemia. Our findings reveal a novel RAG1/2-mediated insertion pathway distinct from DNA transposition and trans-V(D)J recombination that destabilizes the genome and shares features with reported oncogenic DNA insertions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp C Rommel
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Thiago Y Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Davide F Robbiani
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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33
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microRNAs regulate TAL1 expression in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncotarget 2016; 7:8268-81. [PMID: 26882564 PMCID: PMC4884991 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor TAL1 is a proto-oncogene whose aberrant expression in committed T-cell precursors is associated with the development of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). The mechanisms leading to aberrant activation of TAL1 in T-ALL patients who lack chromosomal rearrangements involving the TAL1 locus remain largely unknown. We hypothesized that TAL1 levels decrease during normal T-cell development at least in part due to miRNA-dependent silencing, in which case TAL1 over-expression in some T-ALL cases could be the consequence of deregulated miRNA expression. By performing computational prediction of miRNAs that bind to the human TAL1 mRNA we compiled a list of miRNAs that are candidates to regulate TAL1. Using a luciferase reporter system and mutagenesis assays we confirmed the miRNA-TAL1 mRNA interactions and selected candidate miRNAs: miR-101, miR-520d-5p, miR-140-5p, miR-448 and miR-485-5p. Over-expression of these microRNAs in different T-ALL cell lines consistently resulted in the down-regulation of TAL1 protein. In accordance, inhibition of miR-101 and miR-520d-5p promoted TAL1 protein expression. Importantly, we found that miR-101, miR-140-5p, miR-448 and miR-485-5p were down-regulated in T-ALL patient specimens and T-ALL cell lines. Our results show for the first time the existence of epigenetic regulation of TAL1 by specific miRNAs which may contribute, at least in part, to the ectopic expression of TAL1 in some T-ALL cases.
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34
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Karrman K, Johansson B. Pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 56:89-116. [PMID: 27636224 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common pediatric malignancy is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), of which T-cell ALL (T-ALL) comprises 10-15% of cases. T-ALL arises in the thymus from an immature thymocyte as a consequence of a stepwise accumulation of genetic and epigenetic aberrations. Crucial biological processes, such as differentiation, self-renewal capacity, proliferation, and apoptosis, are targeted and deranged by several types of neoplasia-associated genetic alteration, for example, translocations, deletions, and mutations of genes that code for proteins involved in signaling transduction, epigenetic regulation, and transcription. Epigenetically, T-ALL is characterized by gene expression changes caused by hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes, histone modifications, and miRNA and lncRNA abnormalities. Although some genetic and gene expression patterns have been associated with certain clinical features, such as immunophenotypic subtype and outcome, none has of yet generally been implemented in clinical routine for treatment decisions. The recent advent of massive parallel sequencing technologies has dramatically increased our knowledge of the genetic blueprint of T-ALL, revealing numerous fusion genes as well as novel gene mutations. The challenges now are to integrate all genetic and epigenetic data into a coherent understanding of the pathogenesis of T-ALL and to translate the wealth of information gained in the last few years into clinical use in the form of improved risk stratification and targeted therapies. Here, we provide an overview of pediatric T-ALL with an emphasis on the acquired genetic alterations that result in this disease. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Karrman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Office for Medical Services, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bertil Johansson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Office for Medical Services, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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35
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Cico A, Andrieu-Soler C, Soler E. Enhancers and their dynamics during hematopoietic differentiation and emerging strategies for therapeutic action. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:4084-4104. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Cico
- Inserm UMR967, CEA/DRF/iRCM; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
| | - Charlotte Andrieu-Soler
- Inserm UMR967, CEA/DRF/iRCM; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- CNRS; Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGMM); Montpellier France
| | - Eric Soler
- Inserm UMR967, CEA/DRF/iRCM; Fontenay-aux-Roses France
- CNRS; Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGMM); Montpellier France
- Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex; Paris France
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36
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Abstract
The recent advent of the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) system for precise genome editing has revolutionized methodologies in haematology and oncology studies. CRISPR-Cas9 technology can be used to remove and correct genes or mutations, and to introduce site-specific therapeutic genes in human cells. Inherited haematological disorders represent ideal targets for CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene therapy. Correcting disease-causing mutations could alleviate disease-related symptoms in the near future. The CRISPR-Cas9 system is also a useful tool for delineating molecular mechanisms involving haematological malignancies. Prior to the use of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene correction in humans, appropriate delivery systems with higher efficiency and specificity must be identified, and ethical guidelines for applying the technology with controllable safety must be established. Here, the latest applications of CRISPR-Cas9 technology in haematological disorders, current challenges and future directions are reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases (IMM), University of Texas-Health Science Centre at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nami McCarty
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases (IMM), University of Texas-Health Science Centre at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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37
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Abstract
T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive haematological malignancy derived from early T cell progenitors. In recent years genomic and transcriptomic studies have uncovered major oncogenic and tumour suppressor pathways involved in T-ALL transformation and identified distinct biological groups associated with prognosis. An increased understanding of T-ALL biology has already translated into new prognostic biomarkers and improved animal models of leukaemia and has opened opportunities for the development of targeted therapies for the treatment of this disease. In this Review we examine our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of T-ALL and recent developments in the translation of these results to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Belver
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Adolfo Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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38
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Stem Cell Leukemia: how a TALented actor can go awry on the hematopoietic stage. Leukemia 2016; 30:1968-1978. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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39
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Phorbol ester-mediated re-expression of endogenous LAT adapter in J.CaM2 cells: a model for dissecting drivers and blockers of LAT transcription. Genes Immun 2016; 17:313-20. [PMID: 27278128 PMCID: PMC4972999 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2016.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is a raft-associated, transmembrane adapter protein critical for T-cell development and function. LAT expression is transiently upregulated upon T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement, but molecular mechanisms conveying TCR signaling to enhanced LAT transcription are not fully understood. Here we found that a Jurkat subline J.CaM2, initially characterized as LAT deficient, conditionally re-expressed LAT upon the treatment with a protein kinase C activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). We took advantage of the above observation for studying cis-elements and trans-acting factors contributing to the activation-induced expression of LAT. We identified a LAT gene region spanning nucleotide position −14 to +357 relative to the ATG start codon as containing novel cis-regulatory elements that were able to promote PMA-induced reporter transcription in the absence of the core LAT promoter. Interestingly, a point mutation in LAT intron 1, identified in J.CaM2 cells, downmodulated LAT promoter activity by 50%. Mithramycin A, a selective Sp1 DNA-binding inhibitor, abolished LAT expression upon PMA treatment as did calcium ionophore ionomycin (Iono) and valproic acid (VPA), widely used as an anti-epileptic drug. Our data introduce J.CaM2 cells as a model for dissecting drivers and blockers of activation induced expression of LAT.
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40
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Packer JR, Maitland NJ. The molecular and cellular origin of human prostate cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1238-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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41
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Tan SH, Yam AWY, Lawton LN, Wong RWJ, Young RA, Look AT, Sanda T. TRIB2 reinforces the oncogenic transcriptional program controlled by the TAL1 complex in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2015. [PMID: 26202930 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S H Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - A W Y Yam
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - L N Lawton
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R W J Wong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - R A Young
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A T Look
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T Sanda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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42
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Durinck K, Goossens S, Peirs S, Wallaert A, Van Loocke W, Matthijssens F, Pieters T, Milani G, Lammens T, Rondou P, Van Roy N, De Moerloose B, Benoit Y, Haigh J, Speleman F, Poppe B, Van Vlierberghe P. Novel biological insights in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Exp Hematol 2015; 43:625-39. [PMID: 26123366 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive type of blood cancer that accounts for about 15% of pediatric and 25% of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases. It is considered as a paradigm for the multistep nature of cancer initiation and progression. Genetic and epigenetic reprogramming events, which transform T-cell precursors into malignant T-ALL lymphoblasts, have been extensively characterized over the past decade. Despite our comprehensive understanding of the genomic landscape of human T-ALL, leukemia patients are still treated by high-dose multiagent chemotherapy, potentially followed by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Even with such aggressive treatment regimens, which are often associated with considerable acute and long-term side effects, about 15% of pediatric and 40% of adult T-ALL patients still relapse, owing to acquired therapy resistance, and present with very dismal survival perspectives. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms by which residual T-ALL tumor cells survive chemotherapy and act as a reservoir for leukemic progression and hematologic relapse remain poorly understood. Nevertheless, it is expected that enhanced molecular understanding of T-ALL disease biology will ultimately facilitate a targeted therapy driven approach that can reduce chemotherapy-associated toxicities and improve survival of refractory T-ALL patients through personalized salvage therapy. In this review, we summarize recent biological insights into the molecular pathogenesis of T-ALL and speculate how the genetic landscape of T-ALL could trigger the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of human T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaat Durinck
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department for Pediatrics, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Goossens
- Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Unit for Molecular Oncology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium; Mammalian Functional Genetics Laboratory, Division of Blood Cancers, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sofie Peirs
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department for Pediatrics, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelynn Wallaert
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department for Pediatrics, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Van Loocke
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department for Pediatrics, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Tim Pieters
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department for Pediatrics, Ghent, Belgium; Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Unit for Molecular Oncology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gloria Milani
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department for Pediatrics, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim Lammens
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Rondou
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department for Pediatrics, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nadine Van Roy
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department for Pediatrics, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barbara De Moerloose
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yves Benoit
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jody Haigh
- Mammalian Functional Genetics Laboratory, Division of Blood Cancers, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frank Speleman
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department for Pediatrics, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruce Poppe
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department for Pediatrics, Ghent, Belgium
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