1
|
Hollerith S, Zeiher J. Rydberg Macrodimers: Diatomic Molecules on the Micrometer Scale. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:3925-3939. [PMID: 36977279 PMCID: PMC10184126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Controlling molecular binding at the level of single atoms is one of the holy grails of quantum chemistry. Rydberg macrodimers─bound states between highly excited Rydberg atoms─provide a novel perspective in this direction. Resulting from binding potentials formed by the strong, long-range interactions of Rydberg states, Rydberg macrodimers feature bond lengths in the micrometer regime, exceeding those of conventional molecules by orders of magnitude. Using single-atom control in quantum gas microscopes, the unique properties of these exotic states can be studied with unprecedented control, including the response to magnetic fields or the polarization of light in their photoassociation. The high accuracy achieved in spectroscopic studies of macrodimers makes them an ideal testbed to benchmark Rydberg interactions, with direct relevance to quantum computing and information protocols where these are employed. This review provides a historic overview and summarizes the recent findings in the field of Rydberg macrodimers. Furthermore, it presents new data on interactions between macrodimers, leading to a phenomenon analogous to Rydberg blockade at the level of molecules, opening the path toward studying many-body systems of ultralong-range Rydberg molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hollerith
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Zeiher
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Matsuda K, De Marco L, Li JR, Tobias WG, Valtolina G, Quéméner G, Ye J. Resonant collisional shielding of reactive molecules using electric fields. Science 2021; 370:1324-1327. [PMID: 33303614 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe7370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Full control of molecular interactions, including reactive losses, would open new frontiers in quantum science. We demonstrate extreme tunability of ultracold chemical reaction rates by inducing resonant dipolar interactions by means of an external electric field. We prepared fermionic potassium-rubidium molecules in their first excited rotational state and observed a modulation of the chemical reaction rate by three orders of magnitude as we tuned the electric field strength by a few percent across resonance. In a quasi-two-dimensional geometry, we accurately determined the contributions from the three dominant angular momentum projections of the collisions. Using the resonant features, we shielded the molecules from loss and suppressed the reaction rate by an order of magnitude below the background value, thereby realizing a long-lived sample of polar molecules in large electric fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Matsuda
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Luigi De Marco
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jun-Ru Li
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - William G Tobias
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Giacomo Valtolina
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Goulven Quéméner
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Jun Ye
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shen C, Chen C, Wu XL, Dong S, Cui Y, You L, Tey MK. High-resolution imaging of Rydberg atoms in optical lattices using an aspheric-lens objective in vacuum. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:063202. [PMID: 32611022 DOI: 10.1063/5.0006026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a high-resolution, simple, and versatile system for imaging ultracold Rydberg atoms in optical lattices. The imaging objective is a single aspheric lens [with a working distance of 20.6 mm and a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.51] placed inside the vacuum chamber. Adopting a large-working-distance lens leaves room for electrodes and electrostatic shields to control electric fields around Rydberg atoms. With this setup, we achieve a Rayleigh resolution of 1.10 μm or 1.41λ (λ = 780 nm), limited by the NA of the aspheric lens. For systems of highly excited Rydberg states with blockade radii greater than a few μm, the resolution achieved is sufficient for studying many physical processes of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuyang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yue Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Meng Khoon Tey
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu ZC, Inman NP, Carroll TJ, Noel MW. Time Dependence of Few-Body Förster Interactions among Ultracold Rydberg Atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:133402. [PMID: 32302168 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.133402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rubidium Rydberg atoms in either |m_{j}| sublevel of the 36p_{3/2} state can exchange energy via Stark-tuned Förster resonances, including two-, three-, and four-body dipole-dipole interactions. Three-body interactions of this type were first reported and categorized by Faoro et al. [Nat. Commun. 6, 8173 (2015)NCAOBW2041-172310.1038/ncomms9173] and their Borromean nature was confirmed by Tretyakov et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 173402 (2017)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.119.173402]. We report the time dependence of the N-body Förster resonance N×36p_{3/2,|m_{j}|=1/2}→36s_{1/2}+37s_{1/2}+(N-2)×36p_{3/2,|m_{j}|=3/2}, for N=2, 3, and 4, by measuring the fraction of initially excited atoms that end up in the 37s_{1/2} state as a function of time. The essential features of these interactions are captured in an analytical model that includes only the many-body matrix elements and neighboring atom distribution. A more sophisticated simulation reveals the importance of beyond-nearest-neighbor interactions and of always-resonant interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Cheryl Liu
- Department of Physics, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Nina P Inman
- Department of Physics, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, USA
| | - Thomas J Carroll
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ursinus College, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA
| | - Michael W Noel
- Department of Physics, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fey C, Yang J, Rittenhouse ST, Munkes F, Baluktsian M, Schmelcher P, Sadeghpour HR, Shaffer JP. Effective Three-Body Interactions in Cs(6s)-Cs(nd) Rydberg Trimers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:103001. [PMID: 30932632 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultralong-range Rydberg trimer molecules are spectroscopically observed in an ultracold gas of Cs(nd_{3/2}) atoms. The anisotropy of the atomic Rydberg state allows for the formation of angular trimers, whose energies may not be obtained from integer multiples of dimer energies. These nonadditive trimers coexist with Rydberg dimers. The existence of such effective three-body interactions is confirmed with the observation of asymmetric line profiles and interpreted by a theoretical approach that includes relativistic spin interactions. Simulations of the observed spectra with and without angular trimer lines lend convincing support to the existence of effective three-body interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Fey
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Jin Yang
- Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73072, USA
| | - Seth T Rittenhouse
- Department of Physics, The United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, USA
| | - Fabian Munkes
- Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73072, USA
| | - Margarita Baluktsian
- Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73072, USA
| | - Peter Schmelcher
- Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H R Sadeghpour
- ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - James P Shaffer
- Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73072, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tretyakov DB, Beterov II, Yakshina EA, Entin VM, Ryabtsev II, Cheinet P, Pillet P. Observation of the Borromean Three-Body Förster Resonances for Three Interacting Rb Rydberg Atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:173402. [PMID: 29219438 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.173402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Three-body Förster resonances at long-range interactions of Rydberg atoms were first predicted and observed in Cs Rydberg atoms by Faoro et al. [Nat. Commun. 6, 8173 (2015)NCAOBW2041-172310.1038/ncomms9173]. In these resonances, one of the atoms carries away an energy excess preventing the two-body resonance, leading thus to a Borromean type of Förster energy transfer. But they were in fact observed as the average signal for the large number of atoms N≫1. In this Letter, we report on the first experimental observation of the three-body Förster resonances 3×nP_{3/2}(|M|)→nS_{1/2}+(n+1)S_{1/2}+nP_{3/2}(|M^{*}|) in a few Rb Rydberg atoms with n=36, 37. We have found here clear evidence that there is no signature of the three-body Förster resonance for exactly two interacting Rydberg atoms, while it is present for N=3-5 atoms. This demonstrates the assumption that three-body resonances can generalize to any Rydberg atom. As such resonance represents an effective three-body operator, it can be used to directly control the three-body interactions in quantum simulations and quantum information processing with Rydberg atoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Tretyakov
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - I I Beterov
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E A Yakshina
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V M Entin
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - I I Ryabtsev
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - P Cheinet
- Laboratoire Aime Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - P Pillet
- Laboratoire Aime Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
There is a significant ongoing effort in realizing quantum annealing with different physical platforms. The challenge is to achieve a fully programmable quantum device featuring coherent adiabatic quantum dynamics. Here we show that combining the well-developed quantum simulation toolbox for Rydberg atoms with the recently proposed Lechner–Hauke–Zoller (LHZ) architecture allows one to build a prototype for a coherent adiabatic quantum computer with all-to-all Ising interactions and, therefore, a platform for quantum annealing. In LHZ an infinite-range spin-glass is mapped onto the low energy subspace of a spin-1/2 lattice gauge model with quasi-local four-body parity constraints. This spin model can be emulated in a natural way with Rubidium and Caesium atoms in a bipartite optical lattice involving laser-dressed Rydberg–Rydberg interactions, which are several orders of magnitude larger than the relevant decoherence rates. This makes the exploration of coherent quantum enhanced optimization protocols accessible with state-of-the-art atomic physics experiments. It is an open challenge to implement a coherent quantum annealer with fully programmable all-to-all connectivity. Here the authors present a scheme based on enhanced Rydberg-dressed interactions between neutral atoms in an optical lattice which is programmable by individual addressing of local fields.
Collapse
|