1
|
Chen J, Xu J, Yu Y, Sun L. Case Report: A Novel Deletion in the 11p15 Region Causing a Familial Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome. Front Genet 2021; 12:621096. [PMID: 33679886 PMCID: PMC7933649 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.621096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (BWS; OMIM 130650) is a human overgrowth and cancer susceptibility disorder with a wide clinical spectrum, which cannot be predicted based on genomic variants alone. Most reports on BWS cases focus on childhood patients. Studies on adult BWS patients are scarce. Our study reports a BWS family in which the disorder appears to be caused by deletion of H19 and its upstream regulatory elements. Genetic analysis showed a heterozygous microdeletion (~chr11:2009895-2070570 (GRCh37)) in the patients. Maternal deletion in H19 can result in loss of function of the IGF2-H19 imprinting control element, which leads to BWS. The male proband in this family was affected by the testicular anomaly and cryptorchidism. Early orchidopexy did not rescue his azoospermia, which might be not the consequence of cryptorchidism, but due to genetic defects associated with H19 deletion. In summary, our study gives some insights on the presentation of BWS in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Department of Assisted Reproductive Technology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Assisted Reproductive Technology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Assisted Reproductive Technology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Sun
- Department of Assisted Reproductive Technology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pal A, Oakes J, Elnagheeb M, Ideraabdullah FY. Maternal Microdeletion at the H19/Igf2 ICR in Mice Increases Offspring Susceptibility to In Utero Environmental Perturbation. Epigenet Insights 2020; 13:2516865720970575. [PMID: 33313480 PMCID: PMC7716063 DOI: 10.1177/2516865720970575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of methyl donor nutrients folate, choline, and methionine (methyl deficiency) during gestation can impair fetal development and perturb DNA methylation. Here, we assessed genetic susceptibility to methyl deficiency by comparing effects in wildtype C57BL/6J (B6) mice to mutant mice carrying a 1.3 kb deletion at the H19/Igf2 Imprinting Control Region (ICR) (H19 ICRΔ2,3). The H19 ICRΔ2,3 mutation mimics microdeletions observed in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) patients, who exhibit epimutations in cis that cause loss of imprinting and fetal overgrowth. Dams were treated during pregnancy with 1 of 4 methyl sufficient (MS) or methyl deficient (MD) diets, with or without the antibiotic commonly used to deplete folate producing gut microbes. As expected, after ~9 weeks of treatment, dams in MD and MD + antibiotic groups exhibited substantially reduced plasma folate concentrations. H19 ICRΔ2,3 mutant lines were more susceptible to adverse pregnancy outcomes caused by methyl deficiency (reduced birth rate and increased pup lethality) and antibiotic (decreased litter size and litter survival). Surprisingly, pup growth/development was only minimally affected by methyl deficiency, while antibiotic treatment caused inverse effects on B6 and H19 ICRΔ2,3 lines. B6 pups treated with antibiotic exhibited increased neonatal and weanling bodyweight, while both wildtype and mutant pups of heterozygous H19 ICRΔ2,3/+ dams exhibited decreased neonatal bodyweight that persisted into adulthood. Interestingly, only antibiotic-treated pups carrying the H19 ICRΔ2,3 mutation exhibited altered DNA methylation at the H19/Igf2 ICR, suggesting ICR epimutation was not sufficient to explain the altered phenotypes. These findings demonstrate that genetic mutation of the H19/Igf2 ICR increases offspring susceptibility to developmental perturbation in the methyl deficiency model, maternal and pup genotype play an essential role, and antibiotic treatment in the model also plays a key independent role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anandita Pal
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Judy Oakes
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Marwa Elnagheeb
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Folami Y Ideraabdullah
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Is ZFP57 binding to H19/IGF2:IG-DMR affected in Silver-Russell syndrome? Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:23. [PMID: 29484033 PMCID: PMC5822596 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Loss of paternal methylation (LOM) of the H19/IGF2 intergenic differentially methylated region (H19/IGF2:IG-DMR) causes alteration of H19/IGF2 imprinting and Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS). Recently, internal deletions of the H19/IGF2:IG-DMR have been associated with LOM and SRS when present on the paternal chromosome. In contrast, previously described deletions, most of which cause gain of methylation (GOM) and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) on maternal transmission, were consistently associated with normal methylation and phenotype if paternally inherited. Presentation of the hypothesis The presence of several target sites (ZTSs) and three demonstrated binding regions (BRs) for the imprinting factor ZFP57 in the H19/IGF2:IG-DMR suggest the involvement of this factor in the maintenance of methylation of this locus. By comparing the extension of the H19/IGF2:IG-DMR deletions with the binding profile of ZFP57, we propose that the effect of the deletions on DNA methylation and clinical phenotype is dependent on their interference with ZFP57 binding. Indeed, deletions strongly affecting a ZFP57 BR result in LOM and SRS, while deletions preserving a significant number of ZFPs in each BR do not alter methylation and are associated with normal phenotype. Testing the hypothesis The generation of transgenic mouse lines in which the endogenous H19/IGF2:IG-DMR is replaced by the human orthologous locus including the three ZFP57 BRs or their mutant versions will allow to test the role of ZFP57 binding in imprinted methylation and growth phenotype. Implications of the hypothesis Similarly to what is proposed for maternally inherited BWS mutations and CTCF and OCT4/SOX2 binding, we suggest that deletions of the H19/IGF2:IG-DMR result in SRS with LOM if ZFP57 binding on the paternal chromosome is affected. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-018-0454-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
4
|
Eggermann K, Bliek J, Brioude F, Algar E, Buiting K, Russo S, Tümer Z, Monk D, Moore G, Antoniadi T, Macdonald F, Netchine I, Lombardi P, Soellner L, Begemann M, Prawitt D, Maher ER, Mannens M, Riccio A, Weksberg R, Lapunzina P, Grønskov K, Mackay DJG, Eggermann T. EMQN best practice guidelines for the molecular genetic testing and reporting of chromosome 11p15 imprinting disorders: Silver-Russell and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 24:1377-87. [PMID: 27165005 PMCID: PMC5027690 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular genetic testing for the 11p15-associated imprinting disorders Silver-Russell and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (SRS, BWS) is challenging because of the molecular heterogeneity and complexity of the affected imprinted regions. With the growing knowledge on the molecular basis of these disorders and the demand for molecular testing, it turned out that there is an urgent need for a standardized molecular diagnostic testing and reporting strategy. Based on the results from the first external pilot quality assessment schemes organized by the European Molecular Quality Network (EMQN) in 2014 and in context with activities of the European Network of Imprinting Disorders (EUCID.net) towards a consensus in diagnostics and management of SRS and BWS, best practice guidelines have now been developed. Members of institutions working in the field of SRS and BWS diagnostics were invited to comment, and in the light of their feedback amendments were made. The final document was ratified in the course of an EMQN best practice guideline meeting and is in accordance with the general SRS and BWS consensus guidelines, which are in preparation. These guidelines are based on the knowledge acquired from peer-reviewed and published data, as well as observations of the authors in their practice. However, these guidelines can only provide a snapshot of current knowledge at the time of manuscript submission and readers are advised to keep up with the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Eggermann
- Institut für Humangenetik, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jet Bliek
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frédéric Brioude
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ Paris 06; UMR_S 938, Paris, France
- Armand Trousseau Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Paris, France
| | - Elizabeth Algar
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Monash Health and Hudson Institute, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Karin Buiting
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Silvia Russo
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Zeynep Tümer
- Clinical Genetic Unit, Kennedy Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - David Monk
- Imprinting and Cancer Group, Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program (PEBC), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gudrun Moore
- Fetal Growth and Developmental Group, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL-ICH, London, UK
| | - Thalia Antoniadi
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fiona Macdonald
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Irène Netchine
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ Paris 06; UMR_S 938, Paris, France
- Armand Trousseau Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Lombardi
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas Soellner
- Institut für Humangenetik, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Prawitt
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eamonn R Maher
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcel Mannens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Riccio
- DiSTABiF, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Caserta, Italy
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics – ABT, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosanna Weksberg
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto ON, Canada
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Paediatrics and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- INGEMM, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario la Paz, CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karen Grønskov
- Clinical Genetic Unit, Kennedy Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Deborah JG Mackay
- Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Thomas Eggermann
- Institut für Humangenetik, RWTH University Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ideraabdullah FY, Thorvaldsen JL, Myers JA, Bartolomei MS. Tissue-specific insulator function at H19/Igf2 revealed by deletions at the imprinting control region. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6246-59. [PMID: 24990148 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parent-of-origin-specific expression at imprinted genes is regulated by allele-specific DNA methylation at imprinting control regions (ICRs). This mechanism of gene regulation, where one element controls allelic expression of multiple genes, is not fully understood. Furthermore, the mechanism of gene dysregulation through ICR epimutations, such as loss or gain of DNA methylation, remains a mystery. We have used genetic mouse models to dissect ICR-mediated genetic and epigenetic regulation of imprinted gene expression. The H19/insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) ICR has a multifunctional role including insulation, activation and repression. Microdeletions at the human H19/IGF2 ICR (IC1) are proposed to be responsible for IC1 epimutations associated with imprinting disorders such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS). Here, we have generated and characterized a mouse model that mimics BWS microdeletions to define the role of the deleted sequence in establishing and maintaining epigenetic marks and imprinted expression at the H19/IGF2 locus. These mice carry a 1.3 kb deletion at the H19/Igf2 ICR [Δ2,3] removing two of four CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) sites and the intervening sequence, ∼75% of the ICR. Surprisingly, the Δ2,3 deletion does not perturb DNA methylation at the ICR; however, it does disrupt imprinted expression. While repressive functions of the ICR are compromised by the deletion regardless of tissue type, insulator function is only disrupted in tissues of mesodermal origin where a significant amount of CTCF is poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated. These findings suggest that insulator activity of the H19/Igf2 ICR varies by cell type and may depend on cell-specific enhancers as well as posttranslational modifications of the insulator protein CTCF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Folami Y Ideraabdullah
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 9-123 SCTR, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joanne L Thorvaldsen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 9-123 SCTR, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA and
| | - Jennifer A Myers
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 9-123 SCTR, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA and
| | - Marisa S Bartolomei
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 9-123 SCTR, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA and
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Maturu P, Overwijk WW, Hicks J, Ekmekcioglu S, Grimm EA, Huff V. Characterization of the inflammatory microenvironment and identification of potential therapeutic targets in wilms tumors. Transl Oncol 2014; 7:484-92. [PMID: 24969538 PMCID: PMC4202801 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of inflammation in cancer has been reported in various adult malignant neoplasms. By contrast, its role in pediatric tumors has not been as well studied. In this study, we have identified and characterized the infiltration of various inflammatory immune cells as well as inflammatory markers in Wilms tumor (WT), the most common renal malignancy in children. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks from tumors and autologous normal kidneys were immunostained for inflammatory immune cells (T cells, B cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and mast cells) and inflammatory markers such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, phosphorylated STAT3, phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinases 1 and 2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Overall, we found that there was predominant infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor stroma where COX-2 was robustly expressed. The other tumor-associated inflammatory markers were also mostly localized to tumor stroma. Hence, we speculate that COX-2-mediated inflammatory microenvironment may be important in WT growth and potential therapies targeting this pathway may be beneficial and should be tested in clinical settings for the treatment of WTs in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paramahamsa Maturu
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Willem W Overwijk
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John Hicks
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Suhendan Ekmekcioglu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Grimm
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vicki Huff
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Genes and Development and Graduate Program in Human Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Baskin B, Choufani S, Chen YA, Shuman C, Parkinson N, Lemyre E, Micheil Innes A, Stavropoulos DJ, Ray PN, Weksberg R. High frequency of copy number variations (CNVs) in the chromosome 11p15 region in patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Hum Genet 2013; 133:321-30. [PMID: 24154661 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), an overgrowth and tumor predisposition syndrome is clinically heterogeneous. Its variable presentation makes molecular diagnosis particularly important for appropriate counseling of patients with respect to embyronal tumor risk and recurrence risk. BWS is characterized by macrosomia, omphalocele, and macroglossia. Additional clinical features can include hemihyperplasia, embryonal tumors, umbilical hernia, and ear anomalies. BWS is etiologically heterogeneous arising from dysregulation of one or both of the chromosome 11p15.5 imprinting centers (IC) and/or imprinted growth regulatory genes on chromosome 11p15.5. Most BWS cases are sporadic and result from loss of maternal methylation at imprinting center 2 (IC2), gain of maternal methylation at imprinting center 1 (IC1) or paternal uniparental disomy (UPD). Heritable forms of BWS (15 %) have been attributed mainly to mutations in the growth suppressor gene CDKN1C, but have also infrequently been identified in patients with copy number variations (CNVs) in the chromosome 11p15.5 region. Four hundred and thirty-four unrelated BWS patients referred to the molecular diagnostic laboratory were tested by methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Molecular alterations were detected in 167 patients, where 103 (62 %) showed loss of methylation at IC2, 23 (14 %) had gain of methylation at IC1, and 41 (25 %) showed changes at both ICs usually associated with paternal UPD. In each of the three groups, we identified patients in whom the abnormalities in the chromosome 11p15.5 region were due to CNVs. Surprisingly, 14 patients (9 %) demonstrated either deletions or duplications of the BWS critical region that were confirmed using comparative genomic hybridization array analysis. The majority of these CNVs were associated with a methylation change at IC1. Our results suggest that CNVs in the 11p15.5 region contribute significantly to the etiology of BWS. We highlight the importance of performing deletion/duplication testing in addition to methylation analysis in the molecular investigation of BWS to improve our understanding of the molecular basis of this disorder, and to provide accurate genetic counseling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berivan Baskin
- The Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kucia M, Masternak M, Liu R, Shin DM, Ratajczak J, Mierzejewska K, Spong A, Kopchick JJ, Bartke A, Ratajczak MZ. The negative effect of prolonged somatotrophic/insulin signaling on an adult bone marrow-residing population of pluripotent very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs). AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:315-330. [PMID: 22218782 PMCID: PMC3592960 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that attenuated insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) has a positive effect on longevity in several animal species, including mice. Here, we demonstrate that a population of murine pluripotent very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) that reside in bone marrow (BM) is protected from premature depletion during aging by intrinsic parental gene imprinting mechanisms and the level of circulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Accordingly, an increase in the circulating level of IGF-I, as seen in short-lived bovine growth hormone (bGH)-expressing transgenic mice, which age prematurely, as well as in wild-type animals injected for 2 months with bGH, leads to accelerated depletion of VSELs from bone marrow (BM). In contrast, long-living GHR-null or Ames dwarf mice, which have very low levels of circulating IGF-I, exhibit a significantly higher number of VSELs in BM than their littermates at the same age. However, the number of VSELs in these animals decreases after GH or IGF-I treatment. These changes in the level of plasma-circulating IGF-I corroborate with changes in the genomic imprinting status of crucial genes involved in IIS, such as Igf-2-H19, RasGRF1, and Ig2R. Thus, we propose that a chronic increase in IIS contributes to aging by premature depletion of pluripotent VSELs in adult tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magda Kucia
- />Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
- />Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Michal Masternak
- />Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
- />Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL USA
- />Institute for Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Riu Liu
- />Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
| | - Dong-Myung Shin
- />Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
| | - Janina Ratajczak
- />Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
- />Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mierzejewska
- />Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
| | - Adam Spong
- />Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL USA
- />Institute for Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - John J. Kopchick
- />Edison Biotechnology Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH USA
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- />Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL USA
- />Institute for Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mariusz Z. Ratajczak
- />Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
- />Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yajima M, Fairbrother WG, Wessel GM. ISWI contributes to ArsI insulator function in development of the sea urchin. Development 2012; 139:3613-22. [PMID: 22949616 DOI: 10.1242/dev.081828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Insulators are genomic elements that regulate transcriptional activity by forming chromatin boundaries. Various DNA insulators have been identified or are postulated in many organisms, and the paradigmatic CTCF-dependent insulators are perhaps the best understood and most widespread in function. The diversity of DNA insulators is, however, understudied, especially in the context of embryonic development, when many new gene territories undergo transitions in functionality. Here we report the functional analysis of the arylsulfatase insulator (ArsI) derived from the sea urchin, which has conserved insulator activity throughout the many metazoans tested, but for which the molecular mechanism of function is unknown. Using a rapid in vivo assay system and a high-throughput mega-shift assay, we identified a minimal region in ArsI that is responsible for its insulator function. We discovered a small set of proteins specifically bound to the minimal ArsI region, including ISWI, a known chromatin-remodeling protein. During embryogenesis, ISWI was found to interact with select ArsI sites throughout the genome, and when inactivated led to misregulation of select gene expression, loss of insulator activity and aberrant morphogenesis. These studies reveal a mechanistic basis for ArsI function in the gene regulatory network of early development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mamiko Yajima
- MCB Department, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, BOX-GL173, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Beygo J, Citro V, Sparago A, De Crescenzo A, Cerrato F, Heitmann M, Rademacher K, Guala A, Enklaar T, Anichini C, Cirillo Silengo M, Graf N, Prawitt D, Cubellis MV, Horsthemke B, Buiting K, Riccio A. The molecular function and clinical phenotype of partial deletions of the IGF2/H19 imprinting control region depends on the spatial arrangement of the remaining CTCF-binding sites. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 22:544-57. [PMID: 23118352 PMCID: PMC3542864 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
At chromosome 11p15.5, the imprinting centre 1 (IC1) controls the parent of origin-specific expression of the IGF2 and H19 genes. The 5 kb IC1 region contains multiple target sites (CTS) for the zinc-finger protein CTCF, whose binding on the maternal chromosome prevents the activation of IGF2 and allows that of H19 by common enhancers. CTCF binding helps maintaining the maternal IC1 methylation-free, whereas on the paternal chromosome gamete-inherited DNA methylation inhibits CTCF interaction and enhancer-blocking activity resulting in IGF2 activation and H19 silencing. Maternally inherited 1.4–2.2 kb deletions are associated with methylation of the residual CTSs and Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, although with different penetrance and expressivity. We explored the relationship between IC1 microdeletions and phenotype by analysing a number of previously described and novel mutant alleles. We used a highly quantitative assay based on next generation sequencing to measure DNA methylation in affected families and analysed enhancer-blocking activity and CTCF binding in cultured cells. We demonstrate that the microdeletions mostly affect IC1 function and CTCF binding by changing CTS spacing. Thus, the extent of IC1 inactivation and the clinical phenotype are influenced by the arrangement of the residual CTSs. A CTS spacing similar to the wild-type allele results in moderate IC1 inactivation and is associated with stochastic DNA methylation of the maternal IC1 and incomplete penetrance. Microdeletions with different CTS spacing display severe IC1 inactivation and are associated with IC1 hypermethylation and complete penetrance. Careful characterization of the IC1 microdeletions is therefore needed to predict recurrence risks and phenotypical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Beygo
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Begemann M, Spengler S, Gogiel M, Grasshoff U, Bonin M, Betz RC, Dufke A, Spier I, Eggermann T. Clinical significance of copy number variations in the 11p15.5 imprinting control regions: new cases and review of the literature. J Med Genet 2012; 49:547-53. [PMID: 22844132 PMCID: PMC3439641 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-100967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Among the clusters of imprinted genes in humans, one of the most relevant regions involved in human growth is localised in 11p15. Opposite epigenetic and genomic disturbances in this chromosomal region contribute to two distinct imprinting disorders associated with disturbed growth, Silver-Russell and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndromes. Due to the complexity of the 11p15 imprinting regions and their interactions, the interpretation of the copy number variations in that region is complicated. The clinical outcome in case of microduplications or microdeletions is therefore influenced by the size, the breakpoint positions and the parental inheritance of the imbalance as well as by the imprinting status of the affected genes. Based on their own new cases and those from the literature, the authors give an overview on the genotype-phenotype correlation in chromosomal rearrangements in 11p15 as the basis for a directed genetic counselling. The detailed characterisation of patients and families helps to further delineate risk figures for syndromes associated with 11p15 disturbances. Furthermore, these cases provide us with profound insights in the complex regulation of the (imprinted) factors localised in 11p15.
Collapse
|
12
|
Algar E, Dagar V, Sebaj M, Pachter N. An 11p15 imprinting centre region 2 deletion in a family with Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome provides insights into imprinting control at CDKN1C. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29034. [PMID: 22205991 PMCID: PMC3242768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a three generation family with Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) in whom we have identified a 330 kb deletion within the KCNQ1 locus, encompassing the 11p15.5 Imprinting Centre II (IC2). The deletion arose on the paternal chromosome in the first generation and was only associated with BWS when transmitted maternally to subsequent generations. The deletion on the maternal chromosome was associated with a lower median level of CDKN1C expression in the peripheral blood of affected individuals when compared to a cohort of unaffected controls (p<0.05), however was not significantly different to the expression levels in BWS cases with loss of methylation (LOM) within IC2 (p<0.78). Moreover the individual with a deletion on the paternal chromosome did not show evidence of elevated CDKN1C expression or features of Russell Silver syndrome. These observations support a model invoking the deletion of enhancer elements required for CDKN1C expression lying within or close to the imprinting centre and importantly extend and validate a single observation from an earlier study. Analysis of 94 cases with IC2 loss of methylation revealed that KCNQ1 deletion is a rare cause of loss of maternal methylation, occurring in only 3% of cases, or in 1.5% of BWS overall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Algar
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nativio R, Sparago A, Ito Y, Weksberg R, Riccio A, Murrell A. Disruption of genomic neighbourhood at the imprinted IGF2-H19 locus in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and Silver-Russell syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:1363-74. [PMID: 21282187 PMCID: PMC3049359 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyper- and hypomethylation at the IGF2-H19 imprinting control region (ICR) result in reciprocal changes in IGF2-H19 expression and the two contrasting growth disorders, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) and Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS). DNA methylation of the ICR controls the reciprocal imprinting of IGF2 and H19 by preventing the binding of the insulator protein, CTCF. We here show that local changes in histone modifications and CTCF--cohesin binding at the ICR in BWS and SRS together with DNA methylation correlate with the higher order chromatin structure at the locus. In lymphoblastoid cells from control individuals, we found the repressive histone H3K9me3 and H4K20me3 marks associated with the methylated paternal ICR allele and the bivalent H3K4me2/H3K27me3 mark together with H3K9ac and CTCF--cohesin associated with the non-methylated maternal allele. In patient-derived cell lines, the mat/pat asymmetric distribution of these epigenetic marks was lost with H3K9me3 and H4K20me3 becoming biallelic in the BWS and H3K4me2, H3K27me3 and H3K9ac together with CTCF-cohesin becoming biallelic in the SRS. We further show that in BWS and SRS cells, there is opposing chromatin looping conformation mediated by CTCF--cohesin binding sites surrounding the locus. In normal cells, lack of CTCF--cohesin binding at the paternal ICR is associated with monoallelic interaction between two CTCF sites flanking the locus. CTCF--cohesin binding at the maternal ICR blocks this interaction by associating with the CTCF site downstream of the enhancers. The two alternative chromatin conformations are differently favoured in BWS and SRS likely predisposing the locus to the activation of IGF2 or H19, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Nativio
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, University of Cambridge, LiKaShing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Angela Sparago
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Yoko Ito
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, University of Cambridge, LiKaShing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rosanna Weksberg
- Program in Genetic and Genomic Biology and
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada and
| | - Andrea Riccio
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Naples 2, Caserta, Italy
| | - Adele Murrell
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, University of Cambridge, LiKaShing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hu Q, Gao F, Tian W, Ruteshouser EC, Wang Y, Lazar A, Stewart J, Strong LC, Behringer RR, Huff V. Wt1 ablation and Igf2 upregulation in mice result in Wilms tumors with elevated ERK1/2 phosphorylation. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:174-83. [PMID: 21123950 PMCID: PMC3007149 DOI: 10.1172/jci43772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Wilms tumor (WT) is a genetically heterogeneous childhood kidney tumor. Several genetic alterations have been identified in WT patients, including inactivating mutations in WT1 and loss of heterozygosity or loss of imprinting at 11p15, which results in biallelic expression of IGF2. However, the mechanisms by which one or a combination of genetic alterations results in tumorigenesis has remained challenging to determine, given the lack of a mouse model of WT. Here, we engineered mice to sustain mosaic, somatic ablation of Wt1 and constitutional Igf2 upregulation, mimicking a subset of human tumors. Mice with this combination of genetic alterations developed tumors at an early age. Mechanistically, Wt1 ablation blocked mesenchyme differentiation, and increased Igf2 expression upregulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Importantly, a subset of human tumors similarly displayed upregulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, which suggests ERK signaling might contribute to WT development. Thus, we have generated a biologically relevant mouse model of WT and defined one combination of driver alterations for WT. This mouse model will provide a powerful tool to study the biology of WT initiation and progression and to investigate therapeutic strategies for cancers with IGF pathway dysregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianghua Hu
- Department of Genetics,
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, and
Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Graduate Program in Genes and Development and
Graduate Program in Human Molecular Genetics, UT-Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Genetics,
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, and
Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Graduate Program in Genes and Development and
Graduate Program in Human Molecular Genetics, UT-Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Weihua Tian
- Department of Genetics,
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, and
Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Graduate Program in Genes and Development and
Graduate Program in Human Molecular Genetics, UT-Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - E. Cristy Ruteshouser
- Department of Genetics,
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, and
Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Graduate Program in Genes and Development and
Graduate Program in Human Molecular Genetics, UT-Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yaqing Wang
- Department of Genetics,
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, and
Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Graduate Program in Genes and Development and
Graduate Program in Human Molecular Genetics, UT-Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander Lazar
- Department of Genetics,
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, and
Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Graduate Program in Genes and Development and
Graduate Program in Human Molecular Genetics, UT-Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John Stewart
- Department of Genetics,
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, and
Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Graduate Program in Genes and Development and
Graduate Program in Human Molecular Genetics, UT-Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Louise C. Strong
- Department of Genetics,
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, and
Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Graduate Program in Genes and Development and
Graduate Program in Human Molecular Genetics, UT-Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard R. Behringer
- Department of Genetics,
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, and
Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Graduate Program in Genes and Development and
Graduate Program in Human Molecular Genetics, UT-Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Vicki Huff
- Department of Genetics,
Department of Experimental Therapeutics, and
Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
Graduate Program in Genes and Development and
Graduate Program in Human Molecular Genetics, UT-Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Carella M, Spreafico F, Palumbo O, Storlazzi CT, Tabano S, Miozzo M, Miglionico L, Calvano S, Sindici G, Gamba B, Impera L, Collini P, Zelante L, Radice P, Perotti D. Constitutional ring chromosome 11 mosaicism in a Wilms tumor patient: Cytogenetic, molecular and clinico-pathological studies. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:1756-63. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
16
|
H19 imprinting control region methylation requires an imprinted environment only in the male germ line. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 30:1108-15. [PMID: 20038532 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00575-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2.4-kb H19 imprinting control region (H19ICR) is required to establish parent-of-origin-specific epigenetic marks and expression patterns at the Igf2/H19 locus. H19ICR activity is regulated by DNA methylation. The ICR is methylated in sperm but not in oocytes, and this paternal chromosome-specific methylation is maintained throughout development. We recently showed that the H19ICR can work as an ICR even when inserted into the normally nonimprinted alpha fetoprotein locus. Paternal but not maternal copies of the ICR become methylated in somatic tissue. However, the ectopic ICR remains unmethylated in sperm. To extend these findings and investigate the mechanisms that lead to methylation of the H19ICR in the male germ line, we characterized novel mouse knock-in lines. Our data confirm that the 2.4-kb element is an autonomously acting ICR whose function is not dependent on germ line methylation. Ectopic ICRs become methylated in the male germ line, but the timing of methylation is influenced by the insertion site and by additional genetic information. Our results support the idea that DNA methylation is not the primary genomic imprint and that the H19ICR insertion is sufficient to transmit parent-of-origin-dependent DNA methylation patterns independent of its methylation status in sperm.
Collapse
|
17
|
Human parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells: one potential resource for cell therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 52:599-602. [PMID: 19641863 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-009-0096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells derived from somatic cells through such processes as nuclear transfer or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells present an important model for biomedical research and provide potential resources for cell replacement therapies. However, the overall efficiency of the conversional nuclear transfer is very low and the safety issue remains a major concern for iPS cells. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) generated from parthenogenetic embryos are one attractive alternative as a source of histocompatible cells and tissues for cell therapy. Recent studies on human parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells (hPG ESCs) have revealed that these ESCs are very similar to the hESCs derived from IVF or in vivo produced blastocysts in gene expression and other characteristics, but full differentiation and development potential of these hPG ESCs have to be further investigated before clinical research and therapeutic interventions. To generate various pluripotent stem cells, diverse reprogramming techniques and approaches will be developed and integrated. This may help elucidate the fundamental mechanisms underlying reprogramming and stem cell biology, and ultimately benefit cell therapy and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
|
18
|
Smith IM, Glazer CA, Mithani SK, Ochs MF, Sun W, Bhan S, Vostrov A, Abdullaev Z, Lobanenkov V, Gray A, Liu C, Chang SS, Ostrow KL, Westra WH, Begum S, Dhara M, Califano J. Coordinated activation of candidate proto-oncogenes and cancer testes antigens via promoter demethylation in head and neck cancer and lung cancer. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4961. [PMID: 19305507 PMCID: PMC2654921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epigenetic alterations have been implicated in the pathogenesis of solid tumors, however, proto-oncogenes activated by promoter demethylation have been sporadically reported. We used an integrative method to analyze expression in primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and pharmacologically demethylated cell lines to identify aberrantly demethylated and expressed candidate proto-oncogenes and cancer testes antigens in HNSCC. Methodology/Principal Findings We noted coordinated promoter demethylation and simultaneous transcriptional upregulation of proto-oncogene candidates with promoter homology, and phylogenetic footprinting of these promoters demonstrated potential recognition sites for the transcription factor BORIS. Aberrant BORIS expression correlated with upregulation of candidate proto-oncogenes in multiple human malignancies including primary non-small cell lung cancers and HNSCC, induced coordinated proto-oncogene specific promoter demethylation and expression in non-tumorigenic cells, and transformed NIH3T3 cells. Conclusions/Significance Coordinated, epigenetic unmasking of multiple genes with growth promoting activity occurs in aerodigestive cancers, and BORIS is implicated in the coordinated promoter demethylation and reactivation of epigenetically silenced genes in human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chad A. Glazer
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Suhail K. Mithani
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Ochs
- Division of Oncology Biostatistics, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wenyue Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sheetal Bhan
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexander Vostrov
- Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ziedulla Abdullaev
- Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Victor Lobanenkov
- Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew Gray
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven S. Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kimberly L. Ostrow
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William H. Westra
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shahnaz Begum
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mousumi Dhara
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joseph Califano
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Milton J. Dance Head and Neck Center, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
López-Terrada D, Gunaratne PH, Adesina AM, Pulliam J, Hoang DM, Nguyen Y, Mistretta TA, Margolin J, Finegold MJ. Histologic subtypes of hepatoblastoma are characterized by differential canonical Wnt and Notch pathway activation in DLK+ precursors. Hum Pathol 2009; 40:783-94. [PMID: 19200579 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma is characterized by a diversity of differentiation patterns, some resembling stages of liver development, and occasionally associated with clinical behavior. Our hypothesis is that histologic microheterogeneity in hepatoblastoma correlates with molecular heterogeneity and reflects different stages of developmental arrest. We studied the activation status of the Wnt and Notch pathways and the differential expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha, EGFR, and IGF2 genes, relevant to liver development and malignant transformation in histologic variants of hepatoblastoma. Eighty-seven percent of 32 hepatoblastoma cases studied carried CTNNB1 mutations within the ubiquitination domain. Large deletions were seen only in pure fetal cases, also characterized by CCND1 and GLUL (GS) overexpression. Hepatoblastomas with small-cell type appeared clearly distinct and were the only ones with negative GLUL expression. HES1 expression and HES1/AXIN2 used to measure Notch versus Wnt activation ratio were particularly elevated in pure fetal cases and were lowest in hepatoblastomas with small-cell component. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha was relatively elevated only in embryonal hepatoblastomas. DLK1, DKK, AXIN2, IGF2, and EGFR were increased in all subtypes. Our results support the hypothesis that hepatoblastoma microheterogeneity correlates with molecular heterogeneity. DLK1, a marker of bipotential oval cells, is consistently up-regulated in hepatoblastoma. Therefore, we speculate that hepatoblastomas may arise from a proliferating bipotential precursor. Wnt activation is prevalent in hepatoblastomas, most significantly in predominantly embryonal and mixed types, whereas Notch activation, needed for cholangiocytic differentiation at a more differentiated state, is highest in pure fetal hepatoblastomas. The relative Wnt versus Notch activation appears useful in stratifying different subtypes.
Collapse
|
20
|
Scott RH, Douglas J, Baskcomb L, Huxter N, Barker K, Hanks S, Craft A, Gerrard M, Kohler JA, Levitt GA, Picton S, Pizer B, Ronghe MD, Williams D, Cook JA, Pujol P, Maher ER, Birch JM, Stiller CA, Pritchard-Jones K, Rahman N. Constitutional 11p15 abnormalities, including heritable imprinting center mutations, cause nonsyndromic Wilms tumor. Nat Genet 2008; 40:1329-34. [DOI: 10.1038/ng.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
21
|
Ideraabdullah FY, Vigneau S, Bartolomei MS. Genomic imprinting mechanisms in mammals. Mutat Res 2008; 647:77-85. [PMID: 18778719 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is a form of epigenetic gene regulation that results in expression from a single allele in a parent-of-origin-dependent manner. This form of monoallelic expression affects a small but growing number of genes and is essential to normal mammalian development. Despite extensive studies and some major breakthroughs regarding this intriguing phenomenon, we have not yet fully characterized the underlying molecular mechanisms of genomic imprinting. This is in part due to the complexity of the system in that the epigenetic markings required for proper imprinting must be established in the germline, maintained throughout development, and then erased before being re-established in the next generation's germline. Furthermore, imprinted gene expression is often tissue or stage-specific. It has also become clear that while imprinted loci across the genome seem to rely consistently on epigenetic markings of DNA methylation and/or histone modifications to discern parental alleles, the regulatory activities underlying these markings vary among loci. Here, we discuss different modes of imprinting regulation in mammals and how perturbations of these systems result in human disease. We focus on the mechanism of genomic imprinting mediated by insulators as is present at the H19/Igf2 locus, and by non-coding RNA present at the Igf2r and Kcnq1 loci. In addition to imprinting mechanisms at autosomal loci, what is known about imprinted X-chromosome inactivation and how it compares to autosomal imprinting is also discussed. Overall, this review summarizes many years of imprinting research, while pointing out exciting new discoveries that further elucidate the mechanism of genomic imprinting, and speculating on areas that require further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Folami Y Ideraabdullah
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mai Q, Yu Y, Li T, Wang L, Chen MJ, Huang SZ, Zhou C, Zhou Q. Derivation of human embryonic stem cell lines from parthenogenetic blastocysts. Cell Res 2008; 17:1008-19. [PMID: 18071366 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2007.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parthenogenesis is one of the main, and most useful, methods to derive embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which may be an important source of histocompatible cells and tissues for cell therapy. Here we describe the derivation and characterization of two ESC lines (hPES-1 and hPES-2) from in vitro developed blastocysts following parthenogenetic activation of human oocytes. Typical ESC morphology was seen, and the expression of ESC markers was as expected for alkaline phosphatase, octamer-binding transcription factor 4, stage-specific embryonic antigen 3, stage-specific embryonic antigen 4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81, and there was absence of expression of negative markers such as stage-specific embryonic antigen 1. Expression of genes specific for different embryonic germ layers was detected from the embryoid bodies (EBs) of both hESC lines, suggesting their differentiation potential in vitro. However, in vivo, only hPES-1 formed teratoma consisting of all three embryonic germ layers (hPES-2 did not). Interestingly, after continuous proliferation for more than 100 passages, hPES-1 cells still maintained a normal 46 XX karyotype; hPES-2 displayed abnormalities such as chromosome translocation after long term passages. Short Tandem Repeat (STR) results demonstrated that the hPES lines were genetic matches with the egg donors, and gene imprinting data confirmed the parthenogenetic origin of these ES cells. Genome-wide SNP analysis showed a pattern typical of parthenogenesis. All of these results demonstrated the feasibility to isolate and establish human parthenogenetic ESC lines, which provides an important tool for studying epigenetic effects in ESCs as well as for future therapeutic interventions in a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Mai
- 1Reproductive Medical Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of SUMS University, Guangzhou 210029, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bridgewater DJ, Dionne JM, Butt MJ, Pin CL, Matsell DG. The role of the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) in glomerular integrity. Growth Horm IGF Res 2008; 18:26-37. [PMID: 17689124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) have been implicated in normal mammalian kidney development. To confirm a role for the IGF system in podocyte and glomerular integrity, we generated a transgenic mouse that expresses a dominant-negative type 1 IGF receptor (IGF-IR) and determined the structural and functional consequences. Using a 4.25kb fragment of the murine nephrin promoter, the dominant-negative construct was expressed exclusively in the kidney, confirmed by Southern blot and RT-PCR analysis. IGF-Ir486(FLAGstop) protein localized specifically to the glomerular podocyte based on FLAG immunohistochemistry and on co-localization with nephrin and podocin. Wild type and transgenic glomeruli expressed both the alpha- and beta-subunits of the endogenous IGF-IR, with normal expression of both nephrin and podocin. Although the animals were viable and phenotypically normal, histological analysis of the kidneys revealed abnormal and small glomeruli with dilated glomerular capillaries and condensed podocyte nuclei, while ultra-structural examination revealed diffuse but segmental podocyte foot process broadening, fusion, and effacement. Explanted glomeruli from transgenic animals demonstrated a significant inhibition of podocyte cell outgrowth when compared to controls. These studies suggest that IGF signaling is essential for maintaining the integrity of the podocyte and that alterations of IGF signaling may play a role in progressive glomerular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Bridgewater
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Clemmons DR. Modifying IGF1 activity: an approach to treat endocrine disorders, atherosclerosis and cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007; 6:821-33. [PMID: 17906644 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is a polypeptide hormone that has a high degree of structural similarity to human proinsulin. Owing to its ubiquitous nature and its role in promoting cell growth, strategies to inhibit IGF1 actions are being pursued as potential adjunctive measures for treating diseases such as short stature, atherosclerosis and diabetes. In addition, most tumour cell types possess IGF1 receptors and conditions in the tumour microenvironment, such as hypoxia, can lead to enhanced responsiveness to IGF1. Therefore, inhibiting IGF1 action has been proposed as a specific mechanism for potentiating the effects of existing anticancer therapies or for directly inhibiting tumour cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Clemmons
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7170, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sparago A, Russo S, Cerrato F, Ferraiuolo S, Castorina P, Selicorni A, Schwienbacher C, Negrini M, Ferrero GB, Silengo MC, Anichini C, Larizza L, Riccio A. Mechanisms causing imprinting defects in familial Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome with Wilms' tumour. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 16:254-64. [PMID: 17158821 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The imprinted expression of the IGF2 and H19 genes is controlled by the Imprinting Centre 1 (IC1) at chromosome 11p15.5. This is a methylation-sensitive chromatin insulator that works by binding the zinc-finger protein CTCF in a parent-specific manner. Microdeletions abolishing some of the CTCF target sites (CTSs) of IC1 have been associated with the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS). However, the link between these mutations and the molecular and clinical phenotypes was debated. We have identified two novel families with IC1 deletions, in which individuals with the clinical features of the BWS are present in multiple generations. By analysing the methylation pattern at the IGF2-H19 locus together with the clinical phenotypes in the individuals with maternal and those with paternal transmission of five different deletions, we demonstrate that maternal transmission of 1.4-1.8 kb deletions in the IC1 region co-segregates with the hypermethylation of the residual CTSs and BWS phenotype with complete penetrance, whereas normal phenotype is observed upon paternal transmission. Although gene expression could not be assayed in all cases, the methylation detected at the IGF2 DMR2 and H19 promoter suggests that IC1 hypermethylation is consistently associated with biallelic activation of IGF2 and biallelic silencing of H19. Comparison of these deletions with a 2.2 kb one previously reported by another group indicates that the spacing of the CTSs on the deleted allele is critical for the gain of the abnormal methylation and penetrance of the clinical phenotype. Furthermore, we observe that the hypermethylation resulting from the deletions is always mosaic, suggesting that the epigenetic defect at the IGF2-H19 locus is established post-zygotically and may cause body asymmetry and heterogeneity of the clinical phenotype. Finally, the IC1 microdeletions are associated with a high incidence of Wilms' tumour, making their molecular diagnosis particularly important for genetic counselling and tumour surveillance at follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Sparago
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Seconda Università di Napoli, via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Luo JH, Ren B, Keryanov S, Tseng GC, Rao UNM, Monga SP, Strom S, Demetris AJ, Nalesnik M, Yu YP, Ranganathan S, Michalopoulos GK. Transcriptomic and genomic analysis of human hepatocellular carcinomas and hepatoblastomas. Hepatology 2006; 44:1012-24. [PMID: 17006932 PMCID: PMC1769554 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed gene expression patterns and global genomic alterations in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), hepatoblastomas (HPBL), tissue adjacent to HCC and normal liver tissue derived from normal livers and hepatic resections. We found that HCC and adjacent non-neoplastic cirrhotic tissue have considerable overlap in gene expression patterns compared to normal liver. Several genes including Glypican 3, spondin-2, PEG10, EDIL3 and Osteopontin are over-expressed in HCC vs. adjacent tissue whereas Ficolin 3 is the most consistently under-expressed gene. HCC can be subdivided into three clusters based on gene expression patterns. HCC and HPBL have clearly different patterns of gene expression, with genes IGF2, Fibronectin, DLK1, TGFb1, MALAT1 and MIG6 being over-expressed in HPBL versus HCC. In addition, specific areas of the genome appear unstable in HCC, with the same regions undergoing either deletion or increased gene dosage in all HCC. In conclusion, a set of specific genes and areas of genomic instability are found across the board in liver neoplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Luo
- From the Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, and
| | - Baoguo Ren
- From the Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, and
| | | | - George C. Tseng
- Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Uma N. M. Rao
- From the Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, and
| | | | - Steven Strom
- From the Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, and
| | | | | | - Yan P. Yu
- From the Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, and
| | | | - George K. Michalopoulos
- From the Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, and
- Address reprint requests to: George K. Michalopoulos, S410 BST,
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Dept. of Pathology, Pittsburgh, PA,
15241. E-mail: ; fax:
412-648-9846
| |
Collapse
|