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Bobzin L, Nickle A, Ko S, Ince M, Bhojwani A, Merrill AE. FGF Signaling Regulates Development of the Anterior Fontanelle. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.14.603452. [PMID: 39071418 PMCID: PMC11275813 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.14.603452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The calvarial bones of the infant skull are connected by transient fibrous joints known as sutures and fontanelles, which are essential for reshaping during birth and postnatal growth. Genetic disorders such as Apert, Pfeiffer, Crouzon, and Bent bone dysplasia linked to FGFR2 variants often exhibit multi-suture craniosynostosis and a persistently open anterior fontanelle (AF). This study leverages mouse genetics and single-cell transcriptomics to determine how Fgfr2 regulates closure of the AF closure and its transformation into the frontal suture during postnatal development. We find that cells of the AF, marked by the tendon/ligament factor SCX, are spatially restricted to ecto- or endocranial domains and undergo regionally selective differentiation into ligament, bone, and cartilage. Differentiation of SCX+ AF cells is dependent on FGFR2 signaling in cells of the osteogenic fronts which, when fueled by FGF18 from the ectocranial mesenchyme, express the secreted WNT inhibitor WIF1 to regulate WNT signaling in neighboring AF cells. Upon loss of Fgfr2 , Wif1 expression is lost, and cells of the AF retain a connective tissue-like fate failing to form the posterior frontal suture. This study provides new insights into regional differences in suture development by identifying an FGF-WNT signaling circuit within the AF that links frontal bone advancement with suture joint formation.
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Pereur R, Dambroise E. Insights into Craniofacial Development and Anomalies: Exploring Fgf Signaling in Zebrafish Models. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2024; 22:340-352. [PMID: 38739352 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-024-00873-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To illustrate the value of using zebrafish to understand the role of the Fgf signaling pathway during craniofacial skeletal development under normal and pathological conditions. RECENT FINDINGS Recent data obtained from studies on zebrafish have demonstrated the genetic redundancy of Fgf signaling pathway and have identified new molecular partners of this signaling during the early stages of craniofacial skeletal development. Studies on zebrafish models demonstrate the involvement of the Fgf signaling pathway at every stage of craniofacial development. They particularly emphasize the central role of Fgf signaling pathway during the early stages of the development, which significantly impacts the formation of the various structures making up the craniofacial skeleton. This partly explains the craniofacial abnormalities observed in disorders associated with FGF signaling. Future research efforts should focus on investigating zebrafish Fgf signaling during more advanced stages, notably by establishing zebrafish models expressing mutations responsible for diseases such as craniosynostoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Pereur
- Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institut, 24 boulevard Montparnasse, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Dambroise
- Laboratory of Molecular and Physiopathological Bases of Osteochondrodysplasia, Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institut, 24 boulevard Montparnasse, 75015, Paris, France.
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Morriss-Kay G. A journey in the world of craniofacial development: From 1968 to the future. J Anat 2024. [PMID: 38760969 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This article is based on my talk at the meeting "3rd Advances in Craniosynostosis: Basic Science to Clinical Practice", held at University College, London, on 25 August 2023. It describes my contribution, together with that of my research team and external collaborators, to the field of craniofacial development. This began with my PhD research on the effects of excess vitamin A in rat embryos, which led to a study of normal as well as abnormal formation of the cranial neural tube. Many techniques for analysing morphogenetic change became available to me over the years: whole embryo culture, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, cell division analysis, immunohistochemistry and biochemical analysis of the extracellular matrix. The molecular revolution of the 1980s, and key collaborations with international research teams, enabled functional interpretation of some of the earlier morphological observations and required a change of experimental species to the mouse. Interactions between the molecular and experimental analysis of craniofacial morphogenesis in my laboratory with specialists in molecular genetics and clinicians brought my research journey near to my original aim: to contribute to a better understanding of the causes of human congenital anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Morriss-Kay
- Emeritus Professor of Developmental Anatomy, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Yue Y, Chen Z, Dong X, Song G, Jin X. Construction of a Lentiviral Vector for Fgfr2 Overexpression and its Impact on the Biological Behavior of Cranial Suture Mesenchymal Stem Cells. J Craniofac Surg 2024:00001665-990000000-01477. [PMID: 38688023 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Suture mesenchymal stem cells (SuSCs), possessing self-renewal and multilineage differentiation abilities, play a crucial role in cranial bone growth. However, the impact of the disease-causing fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) mutation on SuSCs in Crouzon syndrome has not been explored. This study aims to employ a lentivirus to overexpress Fgfr2 and investigate its role in the pathogenesis of Crouzon syndrome. METHODS Starting with the prevalent FGFR2 mutation site in patients with Crouzon syndrome, a lentiviral vector carrying the Fgfr2.C361Y mutation was developed and transfected into SuSCs, with a determined multiplicity of infection values. The experimental group, SuSCs+Fgfr2.C361Y, was compared with the empty vector and normal SuSC groups. Cell proliferation, cycle, apoptosis, and osteogenic functionality were assessed using CCK-8 assays, flow cytometry, ALP activity assays, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The lentiviral vector effectively infected SuSCs, leading to heightened Fgfr2 expression, with optimal multiplicity of infection values of 80. The experimental group demonstrated decreased proliferation activity and a higher apoptosis rate compared with controls (P < 0.05). After osteogenic induction, the experimental group showed significantly higher ALP activity than controls (P < 0.05). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction indicated lower mRNA expression levels of Gli1, Axin2, Pcna, Cdk2, and Bcl-2 in the experimental group than controls, whereas Bax, Runx2, and Bmp-2 showed higher expression (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study constructed a lentivirus vector to upregulate Fgfr2 expression in SuSCs, suppressing stem cell stemness by inhibiting proliferation, promoting apoptosis, and accelerating premature osteogenic differentiation, resulting in premature suture closure. These findings establish the groundwork for further understanding the pathogenesis of Crouzon syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Yue
- Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Hale AT, Boudreau H, Devulapalli R, Duy PQ, Atchley TJ, Dewan MC, Goolam M, Fieggen G, Spader HL, Smith AA, Blount JP, Johnston JM, Rocque BG, Rozzelle CJ, Chong Z, Strahle JM, Schiff SJ, Kahle KT. The genetic basis of hydrocephalus: genes, pathways, mechanisms, and global impact. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:24. [PMID: 38439105 PMCID: PMC10913327 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrocephalus (HC) is a heterogenous disease characterized by alterations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics that may cause increased intracranial pressure. HC is a component of a wide array of genetic syndromes as well as a secondary consequence of brain injury (intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), infection, etc.) that can present across the age spectrum, highlighting the phenotypic heterogeneity of the disease. Surgical treatments include ventricular shunting and endoscopic third ventriculostomy with or without choroid plexus cauterization, both of which are prone to failure, and no effective pharmacologic treatments for HC have been developed. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the genetic architecture and molecular pathogenesis of HC. Without this knowledge, the development of preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic measures is impeded. However, the genetics of HC is extraordinarily complex, based on studies of varying size, scope, and rigor. This review serves to provide a comprehensive overview of genes, pathways, mechanisms, and global impact of genetics contributing to all etiologies of HC in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Hale
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, FOT Suite 1060, 1720 2ndAve, Birmingham, AL, 35294, UK.
| | - Hunter Boudreau
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, FOT Suite 1060, 1720 2ndAve, Birmingham, AL, 35294, UK
| | - Rishi Devulapalli
- Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Phan Q Duy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Travis J Atchley
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, FOT Suite 1060, 1720 2ndAve, Birmingham, AL, 35294, UK
| | - Michael C Dewan
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mubeen Goolam
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Graham Fieggen
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather L Spader
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anastasia A Smith
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Jeffrey P Blount
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - James M Johnston
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Brandon G Rocque
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Curtis J Rozzelle
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Zechen Chong
- Heflin Center for Genomics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Jennifer M Strahle
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven J Schiff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Hennocq Q, Paternoster G, Collet C, Amiel J, Bongibault T, Bouygues T, Cormier-Daire V, Douillet M, Dunaway DJ, Jeelani NO, van de Lande LS, Lyonnet S, Ong J, Picard A, Rickart AJ, Rio M, Schievano S, Arnaud E, Garcelon N, Khonsari RH. AI-based diagnosis and phenotype - Genotype correlations in syndromic craniosynostoses. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2024:S1010-5182(24)00055-6. [PMID: 39187417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Apert (AS), Crouzon (CS), Muenke (MS), Pfeiffer (PS), and Saethre Chotzen (SCS) are among the most frequently diagnosed syndromic craniosynostoses. The aims of this study were (1) to train an innovative model using artificial intelligence (AI)-based methods on two-dimensional facial frontal, lateral, and external ear photographs to assist diagnosis for syndromic craniosynostoses vs controls, and (2) to screen for genotype/phenotype correlations in AS, CS, and PS. We included retrospectively and prospectively, from 1979 to 2023, all frontal and lateral pictures of patients genetically diagnosed with AS, CS, MS, PS and SCS syndromes. After a deep learning-based preprocessing, we extracted geometric and textural features and used XGboost (eXtreme Gradient Boosting) to classify patients. The model was tested on an independent international validation set of genetically confirmed patients and non-syndromic controls. Between 1979 and 2023, we included 2228 frontal and lateral facial photographs corresponding to 541 patients. In all, 70.2% [0.593-0.797] (p < 0.001) of patients in the validation set were correctly diagnosed. Genotypes linked to a splice donor site of FGFR2 in Crouzon-Pfeiffer syndrome (CPS) caused a milder phenotype in CPS. Here we report a new method for the automatic detection of syndromic craniosynostoses using AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Hennocq
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, 75015, Paris, France; Département de chirurgie maxillo-faciale et chirurgie plastique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence des Malformations Rares de la Face et de la Cavité Buccale MAFACE, Filière Maladies Rares TeteCou, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France; Laboratoire 'Forme et Croissance du Crâne', Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Giovanna Paternoster
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, 75015, Paris, France; Département de neurochirurgie, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence des Malformations Rares de la Face et de la Cavité Buccale MAFACE, Filière Maladies Rares TeteCou, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Collet
- Département de génétique moléculaire, Hôpital Robert Debré, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, 75015, Paris, France; Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Bongibault
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, 75015, Paris, France; Laboratoire 'Forme et Croissance du Crâne', Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Bouygues
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, 75015, Paris, France; Laboratoire 'Forme et Croissance du Crâne', Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, 75015, Paris, France; Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | | | - David J Dunaway
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Nu Owase Jeelani
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Lara S van de Lande
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stanislas Lyonnet
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, 75015, Paris, France; Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Juling Ong
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Arnaud Picard
- Département de chirurgie maxillo-faciale et chirurgie plastique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence des Malformations Rares de la Face et de la Cavité Buccale MAFACE, Filière Maladies Rares TeteCou, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Alexander J Rickart
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Marlène Rio
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, 75015, Paris, France; Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Silvia Schievano
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Eric Arnaud
- Département de neurochirurgie, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence des Malformations Rares de la Face et de la Cavité Buccale MAFACE, Filière Maladies Rares TeteCou, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France; Clinique Marcel Sembat (Ramsay), Boulogne, France
| | | | - Roman H Khonsari
- Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, 75015, Paris, France; Département de chirurgie maxillo-faciale et chirurgie plastique, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence des Malformations Rares de la Face et de la Cavité Buccale MAFACE, Filière Maladies Rares TeteCou, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France; Laboratoire 'Forme et Croissance du Crâne', Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Département de neurochirurgie, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence des Malformations Rares de la Face et de la Cavité Buccale MAFACE, Filière Maladies Rares TeteCou, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
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Topa A, Rohlin A, Fehr A, Lovmar L, Stenman G, Tarnow P, Maltese G, Bhatti-Søfteland M, Kölby L. The value of genome-wide analysis in craniosynostosis. Front Genet 2024; 14:1322462. [PMID: 38318288 PMCID: PMC10839781 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1322462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: This study assessed the diagnostic yield of high-throughput sequencing methods in a cohort of craniosynostosis (CS) patients not presenting causal variants identified through previous targeted analysis. Methods: Whole-genome or whole-exome sequencing (WGS/WES) was performed in a cohort of 59 patients (from 57 families) assessed by retrospective phenotyping as having syndromic or nonsyndromic CS. Results: A syndromic form was identified in 51% of the unrelated cases. A genetic cause was identified in 38% of syndromic cases, with novel variants detected in FGFR2 (a rare Alu insertion), TWIST1, TCF12, KIAA0586, HDAC9, FOXP1, and NSD2. Additionally, we report two patients with rare recurrent variants in KAT6A and YY1 as well as two patients with structural genomic aberrations: one with a 22q13 duplication and one with a complex rearrangement involving chromosome 2 (2p25 duplication including SOX11 and deletion of 2q22). Moreover, we identified potentially relevant variants in 87% of the remaining families with no previously detected causal variants, including novel variants in ADAMTSL4, ASH1L, ATRX, C2CD3, CHD5, ERF, H4C5, IFT122, IFT140, KDM6B, KMT2D, LTBP1, MAP3K7, NOTCH2, NSD1, SOS1, SPRY1, POLR2A, PRRX1, RECQL4, TAB2, TAOK1, TET3, TGFBR1, TCF20, and ZBTB20. Conclusion: These results confirm WGS/WES as a powerful diagnostic tool capable of either targeted in silico or broad genomic analysis depending on phenotypic presentation (e.g., classical or unusual forms of syndromic CS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Topa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Rohlin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - André Fehr
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lovisa Lovmar
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Stenman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Tarnow
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Maltese
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Madiha Bhatti-Søfteland
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Kölby
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Smith C, Kitzman JO. Benchmarking splice variant prediction algorithms using massively parallel splicing assays. Genome Biol 2023; 24:294. [PMID: 38129864 PMCID: PMC10734170 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-03144-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variants that disrupt mRNA splicing account for a sizable fraction of the pathogenic burden in many genetic disorders, but identifying splice-disruptive variants (SDVs) beyond the essential splice site dinucleotides remains difficult. Computational predictors are often discordant, compounding the challenge of variant interpretation. Because they are primarily validated using clinical variant sets heavily biased to known canonical splice site mutations, it remains unclear how well their performance generalizes. RESULTS We benchmark eight widely used splicing effect prediction algorithms, leveraging massively parallel splicing assays (MPSAs) as a source of experimentally determined ground-truth. MPSAs simultaneously assay many variants to nominate candidate SDVs. We compare experimentally measured splicing outcomes with bioinformatic predictions for 3,616 variants in five genes. Algorithms' concordance with MPSA measurements, and with each other, is lower for exonic than intronic variants, underscoring the difficulty of identifying missense or synonymous SDVs. Deep learning-based predictors trained on gene model annotations achieve the best overall performance at distinguishing disruptive and neutral variants, and controlling for overall call rate genome-wide, SpliceAI and Pangolin have superior sensitivity. Finally, our results highlight two practical considerations when scoring variants genome-wide: finding an optimal score cutoff, and the substantial variability introduced by differences in gene model annotation, and we suggest strategies for optimal splice effect prediction in the face of these issues. CONCLUSION SpliceAI and Pangolin show the best overall performance among predictors tested, however, improvements in splice effect prediction are still needed especially within exons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Smith
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jacob O Kitzman
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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9
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Harmon KA, Ferraro J, Rezania N, Carmona T, Figueroa AA, Tragos C. Crouzon Syndrome Spanning Three Generations: Advances in the Treatment of Syndromic Midface Deficiency. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2023; 11:e5296. [PMID: 38033876 PMCID: PMC10684202 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000005296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Crouzon syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by craniosynostosis, midface retrusion, and exophthalmos. Over the past century, the treatment of craniofacial disorders like Crouzon syndrome has evolved significantly. Methods An institutional review board-approved retrospective study was conducted to ascertain the treatment of three individuals with Crouzon syndrome from one family, complemented with a series of literature searches to examine the evolution of craniofacial surgical history. Results Dr. David Williams Cheever developed the Le Fort I level to correct malocclusion, maxillomandibular malformations, and midface hypoplasia. Later, Dr. Paul Tessier introduced the Le Fort II and III osteotomies to treat syndromic midface hypoplasia. In 1978, Dr. Fernando Ortiz-Monasterio and Dr. Antonio Fuente del Campo published the first series of monobloc osteotomies, allowing for simultaneous correction of supraorbital and midface malformations, although complicated by blood loss and high infection rates. In 1992, McCarthy et al introduced the concept of gradual distraction to the craniofacial skeleton. In 1995, Polley et al performed the first monobloc advancement using external distraction. Subsequently, in 1997, Polley and Figueroa introduced a rigid external distraction device with multiple vector control to manage severe cleft maxillary hypoplasia. The technique was further refined and applied to treat syndromic midface hypoplasia, reducing complication rates. Currently, either external or internal distraction approaches are used to safely treat this challenging group of patients. Conclusion The treatment of syndromic midface deficiency has significantly evolved over the past 50 years, as evidenced by this report of three generations of Crouzon syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Harmon
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill
| | - Jennifer Ferraro
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill
| | - Nikki Rezania
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill
| | | | - Alvaro A. Figueroa
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill
| | - Christina Tragos
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill
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10
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Palominos MF, Muhl V, Richards EJ, Miller CT, Martin CH. Jaw size variation is associated with a novel craniofacial function for galanin receptor 2 in an adaptive radiation of pupfishes. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231686. [PMID: 37876194 PMCID: PMC10598438 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genetic basis of novel adaptations in new species is a fundamental question in biology. Here we demonstrate a new role for galr2 in vertebrate craniofacial development using an adaptive radiation of trophic specialist pupfishes endemic to San Salvador Island, Bahamas. We confirmed the loss of a putative Sry transcription factor binding site upstream of galr2 in scale-eating pupfish and found significant spatial differences in galr2 expression among pupfish species in Meckel's cartilage using in situ hybridization chain reaction (HCR). We then experimentally demonstrated a novel role for Galr2 in craniofacial development by exposing embryos to Garl2-inhibiting drugs. Galr2-inhibition reduced Meckel's cartilage length and increased chondrocyte density in both trophic specialists but not in the generalist genetic background. We propose a mechanism for jaw elongation in scale-eaters based on the reduced expression of galr2 due to the loss of a putative Sry binding site. Fewer Galr2 receptors in the scale-eater Meckel's cartilage may result in their enlarged jaw lengths as adults by limiting opportunities for a circulating Galr2 agonist to bind to these receptors during development. Our findings illustrate the growing utility of linking candidate adaptive SNPs in non-model systems with highly divergent phenotypes to novel vertebrate gene functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Fernanda Palominos
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Vanessa Muhl
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Emilie J. Richards
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Craig T. Miller
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Christopher H. Martin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Palominos MF, Muhl V, Richards EJ, Miller CT, Martin CH. Jaw size variation is associated with a novel craniofacial function for galanin receptor 2 in an adaptive radiation of pupfishes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.02.543513. [PMID: 37333213 PMCID: PMC10274624 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.02.543513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the genetic basis of novel adaptations in new species is a fundamental question in biology that also provides an opportunity to uncover new genes and regulatory networks with potential clinical relevance. Here we demonstrate a new role for galr2 in vertebrate craniofacial development using an adaptive radiation of trophic specialist pupfishes endemic to San Salvador Island in the Bahamas. We confirmed the loss of a putative Sry transcription factor binding site in the upstream region of galr2 in scale-eating pupfish and found significant spatial differences in galr2 expression among pupfish species in Meckel's cartilage and premaxilla using in situ hybridization chain reaction (HCR). We then experimentally demonstrated a novel function for Galr2 in craniofacial development and jaw elongation by exposing embryos to drugs that inhibit Galr2 activity. Galr2-inhibition reduced Meckel's cartilage length and increased chondrocyte density in both trophic specialists but not in the generalist genetic background. We propose a mechanism for jaw elongation in scale-eaters based on the reduced expression of galr2 due to the loss of a putative Sry binding site. Fewer Galr2 receptors in the scale-eater Meckel's cartilage may result in their enlarged jaw lengths as adults by limiting opportunities for a postulated Galr2 agonist to bind to these receptors during development. Our findings illustrate the growing utility of linking candidate adaptive SNPs in non-model systems with highly divergent phenotypes to novel vertebrate gene functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernanda Palominos
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Vanessa Muhl
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Emilie J Richards
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota
| | - Craig T Miller
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Christopher H Martin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley
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Na B, Wang AC, Watterson CT, Martinez-Agosto J, Saitta S, Dutra-Clarke M, Bhansali F, Pineles SL, Chang VY, Shah VS, de Blank P. An unusual presentation of bilateral optic pathway glioma in Crouzon Syndrome. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2023; 40:800-806. [PMID: 37334681 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2023.2201264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Crouzon Syndrome is a genetic craniosynostosis disorder associated with a high risk of ophthalmologic sequelae secondary to structural causes. However, ophthalmologic disorders due to intrinsic nerve aberrations in Crouzon Syndrome have not been described. Optic pathway gliomas (OPGs) are low grade gliomas that are intrinsic to the visual pathway, frequently associated with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). OPGs involving both optic nerves without affecting the optic chiasm are rarely seen outside of NF-1. We report an unusual case of bilateral optic nerve glioma without chiasmatic involvement in a 17-month-old male patient with Crouzon Syndrome without any clinical or genetic findings of NF-1. This case suggests that close ophthalmologic follow up and orbital MRIs may benefit patients with Crouzon Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Na
- UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program, Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anthony C Wang
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Julian Martinez-Agosto
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sulagna Saitta
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Marina Dutra-Clarke
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Franceska Bhansali
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stacy L Pineles
- Department of Ophthalmology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vivian Y Chang
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Veeral S Shah
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter de Blank
- Division of Oncology, The Cure Starts Now Brain Tumor Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Smith C, Kitzman JO. Benchmarking splice variant prediction algorithms using massively parallel splicing assays. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.04.539398. [PMID: 37205456 PMCID: PMC10187268 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.04.539398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Variants that disrupt mRNA splicing account for a sizable fraction of the pathogenic burden in many genetic disorders, but identifying splice-disruptive variants (SDVs) beyond the essential splice site dinucleotides remains difficult. Computational predictors are often discordant, compounding the challenge of variant interpretation. Because they are primarily validated using clinical variant sets heavily biased to known canonical splice site mutations, it remains unclear how well their performance generalizes. Results We benchmarked eight widely used splicing effect prediction algorithms, leveraging massively parallel splicing assays (MPSAs) as a source of experimentally determined ground-truth. MPSAs simultaneously assay many variants to nominate candidate SDVs. We compared experimentally measured splicing outcomes with bioinformatic predictions for 3,616 variants in five genes. Algorithms' concordance with MPSA measurements, and with each other, was lower for exonic than intronic variants, underscoring the difficulty of identifying missense or synonymous SDVs. Deep learning-based predictors trained on gene model annotations achieved the best overall performance at distinguishing disruptive and neutral variants. Controlling for overall call rate genome-wide, SpliceAI and Pangolin also showed superior overall sensitivity for identifying SDVs. Finally, our results highlight two practical considerations when scoring variants genome-wide: finding an optimal score cutoff, and the substantial variability introduced by differences in gene model annotation, and we suggest strategies for optimal splice effect prediction in the face of these issues. Conclusion SpliceAI and Pangolin showed the best overall performance among predictors tested, however, improvements in splice effect prediction are still needed especially within exons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Smith
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jacob O. Kitzman
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Dental Arches in Individuals with Syndromic Craniosynostosis. Int J Dent 2023; 2023:1043369. [PMID: 36647423 PMCID: PMC9840551 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1043369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Individuals with syndromic craniosynostosis present alterations in the dental arches due to anomalies caused by the early fusion of the craniomaxillary sutures. This study aimed to compare intradental and interdental dimensions between individuals with Apert and Crouzon syndromes and nonsyndromic controls. Materials and Methods Digital models were obtained from the archive of a public tertiary care hospital. The sample consisted of 34 patients (Apert n = 18, Crouzon n = 16) and 34 nonsyndromic controls matched for gender and age. Measurements of perimeter, length, intercanine and intermolar distances (upper and lower), overjet, and molar ratio were performed. Statistical comparisons were performed using ANOVA and Tukey tests (p < 0.05). Results Patients with Apert and Crouzon syndromes have severely reduced maxillary transverse dimensions, perimeter, and length of the upper arch compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The lower arch is less impacted. Patients with Apert syndrome had an anterior crossbite (p < 0.001), while patients with Crouzon syndrome had an edge-to-edge bite (p < 0.011). Patients with Apert and Crouzon syndromes do not have serious transverse proportion problems when comparing the upper and lower arches. Conclusions In this sample, both the Apert and Crouzon groups have severely compromised upper arches compared to the control group. Mild dentoalveolar expansion in the maxilla should be sufficient for the transverse adaptation of the dental arches before frontofacial advancement.
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Clinical and Genetic Studies of the First Monozygotic Twins with Pfeiffer Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101850. [PMID: 36292735 PMCID: PMC9601734 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To report the clinical and radiographic findings and molecular etiology of the first monozygotic twins affected with Pfeiffer syndrome. Methods: Clinical and radiographic examination and whole exome sequencing were performed on two monozygotic twins with Pfeiffer syndrome. Results: An acceptor splice site mutation in FGFR2 (c.940-2A>G) was detected in both twins. The father and both twins shared the same haplotype, indicating that the mutant allele was from their father’s chromosome who suffered severe upper airway obstruction and subsequent obstructive sleep apnea. Hypertrophy of nasal turbinates appears to be a newly recognized finding of Pfeiffer syndrome. Increased intracranial pressure in both twins were corrected early by fronto-orbital advancement with skull expansion and open osteotomy, in order to prevent the more severe consequences of increased intracranial pressure, including hydrocephalus, the bulging of the anterior fontanelle, and the diastasis of suture. Conclusions: Both twins carried a FGFR2 mutation and were discordant for lambdoid synostosis. Midface hypoplasia, narrow nasal cavities, and hypertrophic nasal turbinates resulted in severe upper airway obstruction and subsequent obstructive sleep apnea in both twins. Hypertrophy of the nasal turbinates appears to be a newly recognized finding of Pfeiffer syndrome. Fronto-orbital advancement with skull expansion and open osteotomy was performed to treat increased intracranial pressure in both twins. This is the first report of monozygotic twins with Pfeiffer syndrome.
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Sarda P, Vagha K, Kenjale S, Singh K, Wazurkar A, Ganvir SP, Huse S, Ghulaxe Y. A Case Report on Copper Beaten Skull Appearance: A Forgotten Entity. Cureus 2022; 14:e30760. [PMID: 36457643 PMCID: PMC9705059 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
An uncommon autosomal dominant condition known as Crouzon's syndrome causes abnormalities of the skull and face. It accounts for 4.8% of all cases of craniosynostosis and is by far the most prevalent condition among them. The fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR-2) gene mutation that leads to early suture line closure is the basis for the development of Crouzon's syndrome. It appears as a copper-beaten skull on radiographs, which may indicate a disruption of the brain's normal growth due to elevated intracranial pressure. This report describes a case of a four-year-old kid who exhibits the typical symptoms of Crouzon's syndrome like craniosynostosis, hypertelorism, and flattened nasal bridge. We also make an effort to investigate the connection between Crouzon syndrome and the emergence of a copper-beaten skull and related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prayas Sarda
- Medicine and Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, IND
| | - Keta Vagha
- Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, IND
| | - Sneha Kenjale
- Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, IND
| | - Kushagra Singh
- Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, IND
| | - Ajinkya Wazurkar
- Pediatrics, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, IND
| | - Shubhangi Patil Ganvir
- Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, IND
| | - Shreyash Huse
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, IND
| | - Yash Ghulaxe
- Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, IND
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Ogura K, Kobayashi Y, Hikita R, Tsuji M, Moriyama K. Three-dimensional analysis of the palatal morphology in growing patients with Apert syndrome and Crouzon syndrome. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2022; 62:153-160. [PMID: 35468239 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Apert syndrome or Crouzon syndrome present with severe defects in oral-maxillofacial growth and development. In this study, we conducted a quantitative three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the palatal morphology of patients with Apert syndrome and Crouzon syndrome. Four patients with Apert syndrome (average age, 11.0 ± 0.8 years) and five with Crouzon syndrome (average age, 10.1 ± 1.6 years) were investigated. The participants' maxillary dental casts were scanned and analyzed using 3D imaging. Palatal width, depth, cross-sectional area, and palatal angle (PW, PD, PCA, and PA, respectively) were measured, and standard scores were calculated based on sex- and age-matched Japanese standard values; the actual palatal surface areas (PSA) and palatal volumes (PV) were also measured. Our results show that patients with Apert syndrome and Crouzon syndrome had a very narrow PW (standard score: -3.79 and - 0.47, respectively). 3D analysis revealed that patients with Apert syndrome had a significantly shallower PD (standard score: -1.35) than those with Crouzon syndrome (standard score: 2.47), resulting in a smaller PCA (standard score: -5.13), PSA (5.49 cm2 ), and PV (1.11 cm3 ) and larger PA (standard score: -0.12) than those in patients with Crouzon syndrome. This might be due to the former having a narrower and shallower palate caused by the predominant swelling of the palatal mucosa. These findings improve our understanding of the differences in palatal morphology between Apert syndrome and Crouzon syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ogura
- Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiho Kobayashi
- Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rina Hikita
- Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Tsuji
- Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Moriyama
- Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Sarkar A, Panati K, Narala VR. Code inside the codon: The role of synonymous mutations in regulating splicing machinery and its impact on disease. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2022; 790:108444. [PMID: 36307006 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2022.108444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, precise pre-mRNA processing, including alternative splicing, is essential to carry out the intricate protein translation process. Both point mutations (that alter the translated protein sequence) and synonymous mutations (that do not alter the translated protein sequence) are capable of affecting the splicing process. Synonymous mutations are known to affect gene expression via altering mRNA stability, mRNA secondary structure, splicing processes, and translational kinetics. In higher eukaryotes, precise splicing is regulated by three weakly conserved cis-elements, 5' and 3' splice sites and the branch site. Many other cis-acting elements (exonic/intronic splicing enhancers and silencers) and trans-acting splicing factors (serine and arginine-rich proteins and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins) have also been found to enhance or suppress the splicing process. The appearance of synonymous mutations in cis-acting elements can alter the splicing process by changing the binding pattern of splicing factors to exonic splicing enhancers or silencer motifs. This results in exon skipping, intron retention, and various other forms of alternative splicing, eventually leading to the emergence of a wide range of diseases. The focus of this review is to elucidate the role of synonymous mutations and their impact on abnormal splicing mechanisms. Further, this study highlights the function of synonymous mutation in mediating abnormal splicing in cancer and development of X-linked, and autosomal inherited diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avik Sarkar
- Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal 721102, India
| | - Kalpana Panati
- Department of Biotechnology, Government College for Men, Kadapa 516004, India
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Lo Vecchio F, Tabolacci E, Nobile V, Pomponi MG, Pietrobono R, Neri G, Amenta S, Candida E, Grippaudo C, Lo Cascio E, Vita A, Tiberio F, Arcovito A, Lattanzi W, Genuardi M, Chiurazzi P. Mother and Daughter Carrying of the Same Pathogenic Variant in FGFR2 with Discordant Phenotype. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071161. [PMID: 35885943 PMCID: PMC9319849 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis are a heterogeneous group of genetic conditions characterized by the premature fusion of the skull bones. The most common forms of craniosynostosis are Crouzon, Apert and Pfeiffer syndromes. They differ from each other in various additional clinical manifestations, e.g., syndactyly is typical of Apert and rare in Pfeiffer syndrome. Their inheritance is autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance and one of the main genes responsible for these syndromes is FGFR2, mapped on chromosome 10, encoding fibroblast growth factor receptor 2. We report an FGFR2 gene variant in a mother and daughter who present with different clinical features of Crouzon syndrome. The daughter is more severely affected than her mother, as also verified by a careful study of the face and oral cavity. The c.1032G>A transition in exon 8, already reported as a synonymous p.Ala344 = variant in Crouzon patients, also activates a new donor splice site leading to the loss of 51 nucleotides and the in-frame removal of 17 amino acids. We observed lower FGFR2 transcriptional and translational levels in the daughter compared to the mother and healthy controls. A preliminary functional assay and a molecular modeling added further details to explain the discordant phenotype of the two patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Lo Vecchio
- UOC Genetica Medica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (F.L.V.); (M.G.P.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Elisabetta Tabolacci
- Dipartimento Universitario Scienze Della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy; (E.T.); (V.N.); (R.P.); (G.N.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy;
| | - Veronica Nobile
- Dipartimento Universitario Scienze Della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy; (E.T.); (V.N.); (R.P.); (G.N.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Pomponi
- UOC Genetica Medica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (F.L.V.); (M.G.P.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Roberta Pietrobono
- Dipartimento Universitario Scienze Della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy; (E.T.); (V.N.); (R.P.); (G.N.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Neri
- Dipartimento Universitario Scienze Della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy; (E.T.); (V.N.); (R.P.); (G.N.)
| | - Simona Amenta
- UOC Genetica Medica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (F.L.V.); (M.G.P.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
| | | | - Cristina Grippaudo
- Dipartimento Testa Collo, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy;
| | - Ettore Lo Cascio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy; (A.A.); (E.L.C.)
| | - Alessia Vita
- Dipartimento Universitario Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Biologia Applicata, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy; (A.V.); (F.T.)
| | - Federica Tiberio
- Dipartimento Universitario Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Biologia Applicata, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy; (A.V.); (F.T.)
| | - Alessandro Arcovito
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy; (A.A.); (E.L.C.)
| | - Wanda Lattanzi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy;
- Dipartimento Universitario Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Biologia Applicata, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy; (A.V.); (F.T.)
| | - Maurizio Genuardi
- UOC Genetica Medica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (F.L.V.); (M.G.P.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
- Dipartimento Universitario Scienze Della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy; (E.T.); (V.N.); (R.P.); (G.N.)
| | - Pietro Chiurazzi
- UOC Genetica Medica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (F.L.V.); (M.G.P.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
- Dipartimento Universitario Scienze Della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy; (E.T.); (V.N.); (R.P.); (G.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-3015-4606
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Motch Perrine SM, Pitirri MK, Durham EL, Kawasaki M, Zheng H, Chen DZ, Kawasaki K, Richtsmeier JT. A dysmorphic mouse model reveals developmental interactions of chondrocranium and dermatocranium. eLife 2022; 11:76653. [PMID: 35704354 PMCID: PMC9259032 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cranial endo- and dermal skeletons, which comprise the vertebrate skull, evolved independently over 470 million years ago and form separately during embryogenesis. In mammals, much of the cartilaginous chondrocranium is transient, undergoing endochondral ossification or disappearing, so its role in skull morphogenesis is not well studied and it remains an enigmatic structure. We provide complete three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of the laboratory mouse chondrocranium from embryonic day 13.5 through 17.5 using a novel methodology of uncertainty-guided segmentation of phosphotungstic enhanced 3D microcomputed tomography images with sparse annotation. We evaluate the embryonic mouse chondrocranium and dermatocranium in 3D and delineate the effects of a Fgfr2 variant on embryonic chondrocranial cartilages and on their association with forming dermal bones using the Fgfr2cC342Y/+ Crouzon syndrome mouse. We show that the dermatocranium develops outside of and in shapes that conform to the chondrocranium. Results reveal direct effects of the Fgfr2 variant on embryonic cartilage, on chondrocranium morphology, and on the association between chondrocranium and dermatocranium development. Histologically we observe a trend of relatively more chondrocytes, larger chondrocytes, and/or more matrix in the Fgfr2cC342Y/+ embryos at all timepoints before the chondrocranium begins to disintegrate at E16.5. The chondrocrania and forming dermatocrania of Fgfr2cC342Y/+ embryos are relatively large, but a contrasting trend begins at E16.5 and continues into early postnatal (P0 and P2) timepoints, with the skulls of older Fgfr2cC342Y/+ mice reduced in most dimensions compared to Fgfr2c+/+ littermates. Our findings have implications for the study and treatment of human craniofacial disease, for understanding the impact of chondrocranial morphology on skull growth, and potentially on the evolution of skull morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Motch Perrine
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - M Kathleen Pitirri
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Emily L Durham
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Mizuho Kawasaki
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, United States
| | - Danny Z Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, United States
| | - Kazuhiko Kawasaki
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
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21
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Influence of Nonsyndromic Bicoronal Synostosis and Syndromic Influences on Orbit and Periorbital Malformation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2022; 149:930e-942e. [PMID: 35286288 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000009051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oculoorbital disproportion in patients with craniosynostosis has similarities and dissimilarities between syndromic and nonsyndromic cases. The authors hypothesized that these two conditions have specific individual influences as they relate to development of the orbital and periorbital skeletons. METHODS A total of 133 preoperative computed tomography scans (nonsyndromic bicoronal synostosis, n = 38; Apert syndrome bicoronal synostosis subtype, n = 33; Crouzon syndrome bicoronal synostosis subtype, n = 10; controls, n = 52) were included. Craniometric and volumetric analyses related to the orbit and periorbital anatomy were performed. RESULTS Orbital cavity volume was mildly restricted in nonsyndromic bicoronal synostosis (7 percent, p = 0.147), but more so in Apert and Crouzon syndromes [17 percent (p = 0.002) and 21 percent (p = 0.005), respectively]. The sphenoid side angle in Apert syndrome was wider than when compared to Crouzon syndrome (p = 0.043). The ethmoid side angle in Apert patients, however, was narrower (p = 0.066) than that in Crouzon patients. Maxilla anteroposterior length was more restricted in Apert syndrome than Crouzon syndrome (21 percent, p = 0.003) and nonsyndromic cases (26 percent, p < 0.001). The posterior nasal spine position was retruded in Crouzon syndrome (39 percent, p < 0.001), yet the anterior nasal spine position was similar in Apert and Crouzon syndromes. CONCLUSIONS Orbit and periorbital malformation in syndromic craniosynostosis is likely the combined influence of syndromic influences and premature suture fusion. Apert syndrome expanded the anteriorly contoured lateral orbital wall associated with bicoronal synostosis, whereas Crouzon syndrome had more infraorbital rim retrusion, resulting in more severe exorbitism. Apert syndrome developed maxillary hypoplasia, in addition to the maxillary retrusion, observed in Crouzon syndrome and nonsyndromic bicoronal synostosis patients. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Risk, II.
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22
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Naqvi S, Hoskens H, Wilke F, Weinberg SM, Shaffer JR, Walsh S, Shriver MD, Wysocka J, Claes P. Decoding the Human Face: Challenges and Progress in Understanding the Genetics of Craniofacial Morphology. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2022; 23:383-412. [PMID: 35483406 PMCID: PMC9482780 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-120121-102607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Variations in the form of the human face, which plays a role in our individual identities and societal interactions, have fascinated scientists and artists alike. Here, we review our current understanding of the genetics underlying variation in craniofacial morphology and disease-associated dysmorphology, synthesizing decades of progress on Mendelian syndromes in addition to more recent results from genome-wide association studies of human facial shape and disease risk. We also discuss the various approaches used to phenotype and quantify facial shape, which are of particular importance due to the complex, multipartite nature of the craniofacial form. We close by discussing how experimental studies have contributed and will further contribute to our understanding of human genetic variation and then proposing future directions and applications for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahin Naqvi
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; , .,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hanne Hoskens
- Center for Processing Speech and Images, Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; , .,Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Franziska Wilke
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; ,
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; , .,Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John R Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; , .,Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Susan Walsh
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; ,
| | - Mark D Shriver
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Joanna Wysocka
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; , .,Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Peter Claes
- Center for Processing Speech and Images, Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; , .,Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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23
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Stanton E, Urata M, Chen JF, Chai Y. The clinical manifestations, molecular mechanisms and treatment of craniosynostosis. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049390. [PMID: 35451466 PMCID: PMC9044212 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is a major congenital craniofacial disorder characterized by the premature fusion of cranial suture(s). Patients with severe craniosynostosis often have impairments in hearing, vision, intracranial pressure and/or neurocognitive functions. Craniosynostosis can result from mutations, chromosomal abnormalities or adverse environmental effects, and can occur in isolation or in association with numerous syndromes. To date, surgical correction remains the primary treatment for craniosynostosis, but it is associated with complications and with the potential for re-synostosis. There is, therefore, a strong unmet need for new therapies. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of our current understanding of craniosynostosis, including typical craniosynostosis types, their clinical manifestations, cranial suture development, and genetic and environmental causes. Based on studies from animal models, we present a framework for understanding the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis, with an emphasis on the loss of postnatal suture mesenchymal stem cells as an emerging disease-driving mechanism. We evaluate emerging treatment options and highlight the potential of mesenchymal stem cell-based suture regeneration as a therapeutic approach for craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Stanton
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mark Urata
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jian-Fu Chen
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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24
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Abstract
In 46,XY men, testis is determined by a genetic network(s) that both promotes testis formation and represses ovarian development. Disruption of this process results in a lack of testis-determination and affected individuals present with 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis (GD), a part of the spectrum of Disorders/Differences of Sex Development/Determination (DSD). A minority of all cases of GD are associated with pathogenic variants in key players of testis-determination, SRY, SOX9, MAP3K1 and NR5A1. However, most of the cases remain unexplained. Recently, unbiased exome sequencing approaches have revealed new genes and loci that may cause 46,XY GD. We critically evaluate the evidence to support causality of these factors and describe how functional studies are continuing to improve our understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships in genes that are established causes of GD. As genomic data continues to be generated from DSD cohorts, we propose several recommendations to help interpret the data and establish causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëva Elzaiat
- Human Developmental Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ken McElreavey
- Human Developmental Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Anu Bashamboo
- Human Developmental Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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25
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McElreavey K, Bashamboo A. Monogenic forms of DSD: An update. Horm Res Paediatr 2021; 96:144-168. [PMID: 34963118 DOI: 10.1159/000521381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DSD encompasses a wide range of pathologies that impact gonad formation, development and function in both 46,XX and 46,XY individuals. The majority of these conditions are considered to be monogenic, although the expression of the phenotype may be influenced by genetic modifiers. Although considered monogenic, establishing the genetic etiology in DSD has been difficult compared to other congenital disorders for a number of reasons including the absence of family cases for classical genetic association studies and the lack of evolutionary conservation of key genetic factors involved in gonad formation. In recent years, the widespread use of genomic sequencing technologies has resulted in multiple genes being identified and proposed as novel monogenic causes of 46,XX and/or 46,XY DSD. In this review, we will focus on the main genomic findings of recent years, which consists of new candidate genes or loci for DSD as well as new reproductive phenotypes associated with genes that are well established to cause DSD. For each gene or loci, we summarise the data that is currently available in favor of or against a role for these genes in DSD or the contribution of genomic variants within well-established genes to a new reproductive phenotype. Based on this analysis we propose a series of recommendations that should aid the interpretation of genomic data and ultimately help to improve the accuracy and yield genetic diagnosis of DSD.
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26
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Reducing the Burden of Care: Multidisciplinary Management of Late-Manifested Crouzon Syndrome—A Case Report. CHILDREN 2021; 8:children8121122. [PMID: 34943318 PMCID: PMC8700770 DOI: 10.3390/children8121122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The therapy of patients with Crouzon syndrome involves a multidisciplinary team. In most cases, this therapy is extensive, time-consuming, and exhausting for the patient. This case report illustrates a temporally coordinated therapy plan that succeeds in reducing the burden of care. Showing typical extraoral characteristics of Crouzon syndrome, the patient had a frontal and left-sided crossbite, and impaction of the maxillary canines. Multidisciplinary therapy included the extraction of multiple teeth, midface distraction at Le Fort III level, and alignment of the impacted teeth. Before starting, during, and after completion of the treatment, the patient’s oral health-related quality of life was assessed using COHIP-19. The combination of different treatment steps significantly reduced the duration of therapy. The therapy improved not only the patient’s oro- and craniofacial function, but also the patient’s facial appearance in a short treatment period. The patient’s quality of life improved considerably during this time. In the treatment of severe craniofacial anomalies, the highest priority should be given to keeping the burden of care low. All measures should encourage young patients’ appropriate psychosocial development despite extensive therapies, ensuring at the same time medically satisfactory treatment results.
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27
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Casteleyn T, Horn D, Henrich W, Verlohren S. Differential diagnosis of syndromic craniosynostosis: a case series. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2021; 306:49-57. [PMID: 34633507 PMCID: PMC9300495 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-021-06263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Syndromic craniosynostosis is a rare genetic disease caused by premature fusion of one or multiple cranial sutures combined with malformations of other organs. The aim of this publication is to investigate sonographic signs of different syndromic craniosynostoses and associated malformations to facilitate a precise and early diagnosis. Methods We identified in the period of 2000–2019 thirteen cases with a prenatal suspected diagnosis of syndromic craniosynostosis at our department. We analyzed the ultrasound findings, MRI scans, genetic results as well as the mode of delivery, and postnatal procedures. Results Eight children were diagnosed with Apert Syndrome, two with Saethre Chotzen syndrome, one with Crouzon syndrome, and one with Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome. One child had a mutation p.(Pro253Leu) in the FGFR2 gene. We identified characteristic changes of the head shape as well as typical associated malformations. Conclusion Second trimester diagnosis of syndromic craniosynostosis is feasible based on the identified sonographic signs. In case of a suspected diagnosis a genetic, neonatal as well as surgical counseling is recommended. We also recommend to offer a fetal MRI. The delivery should be planned in a perinatal center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Casteleyn
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sana Klinikum Lichtenberg, Berlin, Germany
| | - Denise Horn
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Henrich
- Department of Obstetrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Verlohren
- Department of Obstetrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
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28
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Yang Z, Zou L, Sun T, Xu W, Zeng L, Jia Y, Jiang J, Deng J, Yang X. Genome-Wide Association Study Using Whole-Genome Sequencing Identifies a Genomic Region on Chromosome 6 Associated With Comb Traits in Nandan-Yao Chicken. Front Genet 2021; 12:682501. [PMID: 34408769 PMCID: PMC8365347 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.682501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Comb traits have potential economic value in the breeding of indigenous chickens in China. Identifying and understanding relevant molecular markers for comb traits can be beneficial for genetic improvement. The purpose of this study was to utilize genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to detect promising loci and candidate genes related to comb traits, namely, comb thickness (CT), comb weight (CW), comb height, comb length (CL), and comb area. Genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and small insertions/deletions (INDELs) in 300 Nandan-Yao chickens were detected using whole-genome sequencing. In total, we identified 134 SNPs and 25 INDELs that were strongly associated with the five comb traits. A remarkable region spanning from 29.6 to 31.4 Mb on chromosome 6 was found to be significantly associated with comb traits in both SNP- and INDEL-based GWAS. In this region, two lead SNPs (6:30,354,876 for CW and CT and 6:30,264,318 for CL) and one lead INDEL (a deletion from 30,376,404 to 30,376,405 bp for CL and CT) were identified. Additionally, two genes were identified as potential candidates for comb development. The nearby gene fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2)-associated with epithelial cell migration and proliferation-and the gene cytochrome b5 reductase 2 (CYB5R2)-identified on chromosome 5 from INDEL-based GWAS-are significantly correlated with collagen maturation. The findings of this study could provide promising genes and biomarkers to accelerate genetic improvement of comb development based on molecular marker-assisted breeding in Nandan-Yao chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuliang Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Leqin Zou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Tiantian Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Wenwen Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Linghu Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yinhai Jia
- Guangxi Institute of Animal Science, Nanning, China
| | - Jianping Jiang
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Jixian Deng
- Guangxi Institute of Animal Science, Nanning, China
| | - Xiurong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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29
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Kobayashi Y, Ogura K, Hikita R, Tsuji M, Moriyama K. Craniofacial, oral, and cervical morphological characteristics in Japanese patients with Apert syndrome or Crouzon syndrome. Eur J Orthod 2021; 43:36-44. [PMID: 32144423 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjaa015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene are responsible for both Apert syndrome (AS) and Crouzon syndrome (CS). These diseases share phenotypic characteristics, including midfacial hypoplasia and premature fusion of the calvarial suture(s). Given the extensive range of craniofacial growth and developmental abnormalities, management of these patients requires a multidisciplinary approach. This study aimed to compare craniofacial, oral, and cervical morphological characteristics in Japanese orthodontic patients with AS or CS. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Lateral cephalograms, orthopantomograms, dental casts, medical interview records, facial photographs, and intraoral photographs of 7 AS patients and 12 CS patients on initial visits were used in this study. Cephalometric analyses were performed, and standard scores were calculated based on age- and sex-matched Japanese standard values. RESULTS Cephalometric analysis revealed that AS patients had significantly more severe maxillary hypoplasia in two dimensions and increased clockwise mandibular rotation. Additionally, cleft of the soft palate, anterior open bite, severe crowding in the maxillary dental arch, and congenitally missing teeth occurred more frequently among AS patients. Multiple fusions between cervical vertebrae C2, C3, C5, and C6 were observed in the AS patients. LIMITATIONS Small sample size. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS Our study shows that AS patients have more severe craniofacial and maxillofacial deformities than CS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiho Kobayashi
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Ogura
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rina Hikita
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Tsuji
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Moriyama
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Aparisi Gómez MP, Watkin S, Perry D, Simoni P, Trisolino G, Bazzocchi A. Anatomical Considerations of Embryology and Development of the Musculoskeletal System: Basic Notions for Musculoskeletal Radiologists. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2021; 25:3-21. [PMID: 34020465 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1723005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The musculoskeletal (MSK) system begins to form in the third week of intrauterine development. Multiple genes are involved in the complex different processes to form the skeleton, muscles and joints. The embryonic period, from the third to the eighth week of development, is critical for normal development and therefore the time when most structural defects are induced. Many of these defects have a genetic origin, but environmental factors may also play a very important role. This review summarizes the embryology of the different components of the MSK system and their configuration as an organ-system, analyzes the clinical implications resulting from failures in the process of organogenesis, and describes the first approach to diagnosis of skeletal abnormalities using prenatal ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pilar Aparisi Gómez
- Department of Radiology, National Women's Ultrasound, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Radiology, Hospital Vithas Nueve de Octubre, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sheryl Watkin
- Department of Radiology, National Women's Ultrasound, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Perry
- Department of Radiology, National Women's Ultrasound, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pediatric Radiology, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paolo Simoni
- Diagnostic Imaging Department, Université Libre de Bruxelles, "Reine Fabiola" Children's University Hospital, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giovanni Trisolino
- Pediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Bazzocchi
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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31
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Apra C, Collet C, Arnaud E, Rocco FD. Changes in FGFR2 amino-acid residue Asn549 lead to Crouzon and Pfeiffer syndrome with hydrocephalus. AIMS GENETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3934/genet.2016.4.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMutations in Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor II (FGFR2) have been identified in patients with Crouzon and Pfeiffer syndrome, among which rare mutations of the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. Correlating subtle phenotypes with each rare mutation is still in progress. In Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, we identified three patients harboring three different pathogenic variants of the same amino acid residue Asn-549 located in this domain: in addition to a very typical crouzonoid appearance, they all developed clinically relevant hydrocephalus, which is an inconstant feature of Crouzon and Pfeiffer syndrome. Overall, FGFR2 tyrosine kinase domain mutations account for 5/67 (7.4%) cases in our hospital. We describe a novel mutation, p.Asn549Ser, and new cases of p.Asn549His and p.Asn549Thr mutations, each reported once before. Our three cases of Asn-549 mutations, alongside with rare previously reported cases, show that these patients are at higher risk of hydrocephalus. Clinical and imaging follow-up, with possible early surgery, may help prevent secondary intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Apra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France–Centre de référence des dysostoses craniofaciales
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Collet
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetic Biology, Inserm 1132, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Eric Arnaud
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France–Centre de référence des dysostoses craniofaciales
| | - Federico Di Rocco
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Lyon, France
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32
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Fonteles CSR, Finnell RH, George TM, Harshbarger RJ. Craniosynostosis: current conceptions and misconceptions. AIMS GENETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3934/genet.2016.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCranial bones articulate in areas called sutures that must remain patent until skull growth is complete. Craniosynostosis is the condition that results from premature closure of one or more of the cranial vault sutures, generating facial deformities and more importantly, skull growth restrictions with the ability to severely affect brain growth. Typically, craniosynostosis can be expressed as an isolated event, or as part of syndromic phenotypes. Multiple signaling mechanisms interact during developmental stages to ensure proper and timely suture fusion. Clinical outcome is often a product of craniosynostosis subtypes, number of affected sutures and timing of premature suture fusion. The present work aimed to review the different aspects involved in the establishment of craniosynostosis, providing a close view of the cellular, molecular and genetic background of these malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Sá Roriz Fonteles
- Finnell Birth Defects Research Laboratory, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, USA
| | - Richard H. Finnell
- Finnell Birth Defects Research Laboratory, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, USA
| | - Timothy M. George
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Dell Children's Medical Center, Professor, Department of Surgery, Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Raymond J. Harshbarger
- Plastic Surgery, Craniofacial Team at the Dell Children's Medical Center of Central Texas, Austin, USA
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33
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Ehrlich GD. A Trove of Original Treasures. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2021; 25:307-308. [PMID: 34003693 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2021.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Garth D Ehrlich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Genomic Sciences, Center for Advanced Microbial Processing, and Center for Surgical Infections and Biofilms, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Genomics Core Facility, Center for Molecular Diagnostics Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Meta-Omics Core Facility, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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34
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Iping R, Cohen AM, Abdel Alim T, van Veelen MLC, van de Peppel J, van Leeuwen JPTM, Joosten KFM, Mathijssen IMJ. A bibliometric overview of craniosynostosis research development. Eur J Med Genet 2021; 64:104224. [PMID: 33866005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the development of research in the field of craniosynostosis from a bibliometric standpoint. Craniosynostosis is a malformation occurring during the early development of the skull, when one or more of the sutures close too early, causing problems with normal brain and skull growth. Research in this field has developed from early clinical case descriptions, to genetic discoveries responsible for the occurring malformations and onwards to developing sophisticated surgical treatment. In this article we describe these developments, zoom in on publication trends and characteristics and visualize developing networks and topic shifts in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Iping
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Research Intelligence & Strategy Unit, the Netherlands.
| | - Adrian M Cohen
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Research Intelligence & Strategy Unit, the Netherlands
| | - Tareq Abdel Alim
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Neurosurgery, the Netherlands; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-Lise C van Veelen
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Neurosurgery, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van de Peppel
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, the Netherlands
| | | | - Koen F M Joosten
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Pediatrics, the Netherlands
| | - Irene M J Mathijssen
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive Surgery, and Hand Surgery, the Netherlands
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Cook SA, Schafer S. Hiding in Plain Sight: Interleukin-11 Emerges as a Master Regulator of Fibrosis, Tissue Integrity, and Stromal Inflammation. Annu Rev Med 2020; 71:263-276. [PMID: 31986085 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-041818-011649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-11 is upregulated in a wide variety of fibro-inflammatory diseases such as systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, pulmonary fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease, kidney disease, drug-induced liver injury, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. IL-11 is a member of the IL-6 cytokine family and has several distinct properties that define its unique and nonredundant roles in disease. The IL-11 receptor is highly expressed on stromal, epithelial and polarized cells, where noncanonical IL-11 signaling drives the three pathologies common to all fibro-inflammatory diseases-myofibroblast activation, parenchymal cell dysfunction, and inflammation-while also inhibiting tissue regeneration. This cytokine has been little studied, and publications on IL-11 peaked in the early 1990s, when it was largely misunderstood. Here we describe recent advances in our understanding of IL-11 biology, outline how misconceptions as to its function came about, and highlight the large potential of therapies targeting IL-11 signaling for treating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Cook
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 169857 Singapore, Singapore; , .,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 169609 Singapore, Singapore.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom.,MRC-London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Schafer
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 169857 Singapore, Singapore; , .,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 169609 Singapore, Singapore
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36
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Reynolds K, Zhang S, Sun B, Garland M, Ji Y, Zhou CJ. Genetics and signaling mechanisms of orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1588-1634. [PMID: 32666711 PMCID: PMC7883771 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial development involves several complex tissue movements including several fusion processes to form the frontonasal and maxillary structures, including the upper lip and palate. Each of these movements are controlled by many different factors that are tightly regulated by several integral morphogenetic signaling pathways. Subject to both genetic and environmental influences, interruption at nearly any stage can disrupt lip, nasal, or palate fusion and result in a cleft. Here, we discuss many of the genetic risk factors that may contribute to the presentation of orofacial clefts in patients, and several of the key signaling pathways and underlying cellular mechanisms that control lip and palate formation, as identified primarily through investigating equivalent processes in animal models, are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Michael Garland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Chengji J. Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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37
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Genetic background dependent modifiers of craniosynostosis severity. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107629. [PMID: 32976998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis severity varies in patients with identical genetic mutations. To understand causes of this phenotypic variation, we backcrossed the FGFR2+/C342Y mouse model of Crouzon syndrome onto congenic C57BL/6 and BALB/c backgrounds. Coronal suture fusion was observed in C57BL/6 (88% incidence, p < .001 between genotypes) but not in BALB/c FGFR2+/C342Y mutant mice at 3 weeks after birth, establishing that that the two models differ in phenotype severity. To begin identifying pre-existing modifiers of craniosynostosis severity, we compared transcriptome signatures of cranial tissues from C57BL/6 vs. BALB/c FGFR2+/+ mice. We separately analyzed frontal bone with coronal suture tissue from parietal bone with sagittal suture tissues because the coronal suture but not the sagittal suture fuses in FGFR2+/C342Y mice. The craniosynostosis associated Twist and En1 transcription factors were down-regulated, while Runx2 was up-regulated, in C57BL/6 compared to BALB/c tissues, which could predispose to craniosynostosis. Transcriptome analyses under the GO term MAPK cascade revealed that genes associated with calcium ion channels, angiogenesis, protein quality control and cell stress response were central to transcriptome differences associated with genetic background. FGFR2 and HSPA2 protein levels plus ERK1/2 activity were higher in cells isolated from C57BL/6 than BALB/c cranial tissues. Notably, the HSPA2 protein chaperone is central to craniofacial genetic epistasis, and we find that FGFR2 protein is abnormally processed in primary cells from FGFR2+/C342Y but not FGFR2+/+ mice. Therefore, we propose that differences in protein quality control responses may contribute to genetic background influences on craniosynostosis phenotype severity.
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Severe Cloverleaf Skull Deformity in c.1061C>G (p.Ser354Cys) Mutated Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 Gene in Crouzon Syndrome. J Craniofac Surg 2020; 32:261-264. [PMID: 32956303 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000006999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cloverleaf skull deformity (CSD), or Kleeblattschädel, is a condition with severe and unpatterned multisuture craniosynostosis, resulting in a trilobar-shaped skull. This deformity mainly comprises a cranio-orbito-facial malformation that leads to a spectrum of multidisciplinary issues. Several syndromes are associated with CSD, such as Crouzon syndrome (CS). Here, we report the case of an infant with CS and the pathogenic c.1061C>G (p.Ser354Cys) variant of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene. The child presented with the severe form of CSD despite having a normal, mid-trimester, sonographic scan.
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Siismets EM, Hatch NE. Cranial Neural Crest Cells and Their Role in the Pathogenesis of Craniofacial Anomalies and Coronal Craniosynostosis. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8030018. [PMID: 32916911 PMCID: PMC7558351 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial anomalies are among the most common of birth defects. The pathogenesis of craniofacial anomalies frequently involves defects in the migration, proliferation, and fate of neural crest cells destined for the craniofacial skeleton. Genetic mutations causing deficient cranial neural crest migration and proliferation can result in Treacher Collins syndrome, Pierre Robin sequence, and cleft palate. Defects in post-migratory neural crest cells can result in pre- or post-ossification defects in the developing craniofacial skeleton and craniosynostosis (premature fusion of cranial bones/cranial sutures). The coronal suture is the most frequently fused suture in craniosynostosis syndromes. It exists as a biological boundary between the neural crest-derived frontal bone and paraxial mesoderm-derived parietal bone. The objective of this review is to frame our current understanding of neural crest cells in craniofacial development, craniofacial anomalies, and the pathogenesis of coronal craniosynostosis. We will also discuss novel approaches for advancing our knowledge and developing prevention and/or treatment strategies for craniofacial tissue regeneration and craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M. Siismets
- Oral Health Sciences PhD Program, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA;
| | - Nan E. Hatch
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-734-647-6567
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Classification of Subtypes of Crouzon Syndrome Based on the Type of Vault Suture Synostosis. J Craniofac Surg 2020; 31:678-684. [PMID: 32068731 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000006173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Crouzon syndrome develop various types of anatomic deformities due to different forms of craniosynostosis, yet they have similar craniofacial characteristics. However, exact homology is not evident. Different pathology then may be best treated by different forms of surgical technique. Therefore, precise classification of Crouzon syndrome, based on individual patterns of cranial suture involvement is needed. METHODS Ninety-five computed tomography (CT) scans (Crouzon, n = 33; control, n = 62) were included in this study. All the CT scans are divided into 4 types based on premature closure of sutures: class I = coronal and lambdoidal synostosis; class II = sagittal synostosis; class III = pansynostosis; and class IV = "Others." The CT scan anatomy was measured by Materialise software. RESULTS The class III, pansynostosis, is the most prevalent (63.6%). The classes I, III, and IV of Crouzon have significantly shortened entire anteroposterior cranial base length, with the shortest base length in class III. The external cranial measurements in class I show primarily a decreased posterior facial skeleton, while the class III presented with holistic facial skeleton reduction. Class II has the least severe craniofacial malformations, while class III had the most severe. CONCLUSION The morphology of patients with Crouzon syndrome is not identical in both cranial base and facial characteristics, especially when they associated with different subtypes of cranial suture synostosis. The classification of Crouzon syndrome proposed in this study, summarizes the differences among each subgroup of craniosynostosis suture involvement, which, theoretically, may ultimately influence both the timing and type of surgical intervention.
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What Is the Difference in Cranial Base Morphology in Isolated and Syndromic Bicoronal Synostosis? Plast Reconstr Surg 2020; 146:599-610. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000007068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kariya H, Nakano H, Ishii N, Kaimi Y, Imai K, Nakanishi Y, Kunihiro N, Fukai K. Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans and prominent diffuse hyperpigmentation associated with gain-of-function A391E mutation in FGFR3 gene. J Dermatol 2020; 47:e451-e452. [PMID: 32860240 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Kariya
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan.,Education Training Center, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hajime Nakano
- Department of Dermatology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Naomi Ishii
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuto Kaimi
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Imai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoko Nakanishi
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noritsugu Kunihiro
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Fukai
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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43
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Dash S, Trainor PA. The development, patterning and evolution of neural crest cell differentiation into cartilage and bone. Bone 2020; 137:115409. [PMID: 32417535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are a vertebrate-specific migratory, multipotent cell population that give rise to a diverse array of cells and tissues during development. Cranial neural crest cells, in particular, generate cartilage, bone, tendons and connective tissue in the head and face as well as neurons, glia and melanocytes. In this review, we focus on the chondrogenic and osteogenic potential of cranial neural crest cells and discuss the roles of Sox9, Runx2 and Msx1/2 transcription factors and WNT, FGF and TGFβ signaling pathways in regulating neural crest cell differentiation into cartilage and bone. We also describe cranioskeletal defects and disorders arising from gain or loss-of-function of genes that are required for patterning and differentiation of cranial neural crest cells. Finally, we discuss the evolution of skeletogenic potential in neural crest cells and their function as a conduit for intraspecies and interspecies variation, and the evolution of craniofacial novelties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Dash
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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44
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Castel P, Rauen KA, McCormick F. The duality of human oncoproteins: drivers of cancer and congenital disorders. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:383-397. [PMID: 32341551 PMCID: PMC7787056 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-0256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human oncoproteins promote transformation of cells into tumours by dysregulating the signalling pathways that are involved in cell growth, proliferation and death. Although oncoproteins were discovered many years ago and have been widely studied in the context of cancer, the recent use of high-throughput sequencing techniques has led to the identification of cancer-associated mutations in other conditions, including many congenital disorders. These syndromes offer an opportunity to study oncoprotein signalling and its biology in the absence of additional driver or passenger mutations, as a result of their monogenic nature. Moreover, their expression in multiple tissue lineages provides insight into the biology of the proto-oncoprotein at the physiological level, in both transformed and unaffected tissues. Given the recent paradigm shift in regard to how oncoproteins promote transformation, we review the fundamentals of genetics, signalling and pathogenesis underlying oncoprotein duality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Castel
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Katherine A Rauen
- MIND Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Nolte SH, Hansen W, Eling P, Finger S. An early description of Crouzon syndrome in a manuscript written in 1828 by Franz Joseph Gall. JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE NEUROSCIENCES 2020; 29:339-350. [PMID: 32073358 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2020.1723377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Just a few weeks before his death in 1828, Franz Joseph Gall, the father of what others would later call phrenology, wrote a letter to an unknown person, presumably a fellow physician. The manuscript describes the case of girl, 19 months of age. The girl's skull showed marked deformations consistent with what would be called craniosynostosis or Crouzon('s) syndrome by physicians today. Gall related some clinical features of her case and suggested some treatment options. This case report is particularly interesting because it is almost 200 years old, predates Crouzon's description of the syndrome by 84 years, and shows that Gall was still involved with treating patients, even in his final year.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Werner Hansen
- 2nd Medical Department, Technical University of Munich , Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Eling
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Stanley Finger
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in History of Medicine, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Nam HK, Vesela I, Schutte SD, Hatch NE. Viral delivery of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase diminishes craniosynostosis in one of two FGFR2C342Y/+ mouse models of Crouzon syndrome. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234073. [PMID: 32470062 PMCID: PMC7259715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is the premature fusion of cranial bones. The goal of this study was to determine if delivery of recombinant tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) could prevent or diminish the severity of craniosynostosis in a C57BL/6 FGFR2C342Y/+ model of neonatal onset craniosynostosis or a BALB/c FGFR2C342Y/+ model of postnatal onset craniosynostosis. Mice were injected with a lentivirus encoding a mineral targeted form of TNAP immediately after birth. Cranial bone fusion as well as cranial bone volume, mineral content and density were assessed by micro CT. Craniofacial shape was measured with calipers. Alkaline phosphatase, alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) activity levels were measured in serum. Neonatal delivery of TNAP diminished craniosynostosis severity from 94% suture obliteration in vehicle treated mice to 67% suture obliteration in treated mice, p<0.02) and the incidence of malocclusion from 82.4% to 34.7% (p<0.03), with no effect on cranial bone in C57BL/6 FGFR2C342Y/+ mice. In contrast, treatment with TNAP increased cranial bone volume (p< 0.01), density (p< 0.01) and mineral content (p< 0.01) as compared to vehicle treated controls, but had no effect on craniosynostosis or malocclusion in BALB/c FGFR2C342Y/+ mice. These results indicate that postnatal recombinant TNAP enzyme therapy diminishes craniosynostosis severity in the C57BL/6 FGFR2C342Y/+ neonatal onset mouse model of Crouzon syndrome, and that effects of exogenous TNAP are genetic background dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Kyung Nam
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Iva Vesela
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sara Dean Schutte
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nan E. Hatch
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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Choi YY. Age-related osteogenesis on lateral force application to rat incisor – Part I: Premaxilla suture remodeling. APOS TRENDS IN ORTHODONTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.25259/apos_27_2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives:
The suture is a fibrous tissue intervening two adjacent bone segments, existing only in the craniofacial region. In spite of wide use of palatal expansion in various ages, the age-dependent cellular mechanism for osteogenesis is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the proliferation and differentiation pattern of the suture cells on lateral expansion in rats depending on the ages.
Materials and Methods:
Calibrated lateral tensile stress of 50 g was given to the male Sprague-Dawley rat incisors using a double helix in 30 young (10 weeks) and another 30 aged (52 weeks) group, respectively. Each group was subdivided into control, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days, with five animals in each group. Premaxilla area was retrieved from each animal for further histologic analyses including H and E, Masson’s trichrome, and immunohistochemical staining using antibodies against phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR2). Positive cell counts in the region of interest were conducted.
Results:
Gross suture separation and subsequent bone formation on the sutural side bone surface were observed in both groups, characterized as active collagen turnover, remarkable woven bone projection toward the sutural mesenchyme and subsequent maturation in 3 weeks. Increase in PCNA- and FGFR2-postive cell proportions were comparable in both groups, indicating similar time- and area-specific proliferation and osteogenic differentiation patterns in the stretched suture regardless of the age groups.
Conclusion:
According to the results, it can be implicated that the tensile stress applied to the suture in the adult group may induce active bone formation similar to that in young group, in associated with FGFR2 and Erk signaling cascade. Mesenchymal cells in the premaxillary suture appear to retain remarkable potential for further proliferation and differentiation even in aged subjects.
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Adapting SureSelect enrichment protocol to the Ion Torrent S5 platform in molecular diagnostics of craniosynostosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4159. [PMID: 32139749 PMCID: PMC7058001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obtaining reliable and high fidelity next-generation sequencing (NGS) data requires to choose a suitable sequencing platform and a library preparation approach, which both have their inherent assay-specific limitations. Here, we present the results of successful adaptation of SureSelect hybridisation-based target enrichment protocol for the sequencing on the Ion Torrent S5 platform, which is designed to work preferably with amplicon-based panels. In our study, we applied a custom NGS panel to screen a cohort of 16 unrelated patients affected by premature fusion of the cranial sutures, i.e. craniosynostosis (CS). CS occurs either as an isolated malformation or in a syndromic form, representing a genetically heterogeneous and clinically variable group of disorders. The approach presented here allowed us to achieve high quality NGS data and confirmed molecular diagnosis in 19% of cases, reaching the diagnostic yield similar to some of the published research reports. In conclusion, we demonstrated that an alternative enrichment strategy for library preparations can be successfully applied prior to sequencing on the Ion Torrent S5 platform. Also, we proved that the custom NGS panel designed by us represents a useful and effective tool in the molecular diagnostics of patients with CS.
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50
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Skuplik I, Cobb J. Animal Models for Understanding Human Skeletal Defects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1236:157-188. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2389-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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