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McWilliam HEG, Salio M. Understanding and modulating the MR1 metabolite antigen presentation pathway. Mol Immunol 2020; 129:121-126. [PMID: 33293099 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The MHC class I-related protein, MR1, presents small metabolite antigens to an unusual subset of innate-like T cells. Herein, we highlight recent progress in our understanding of MR1's unique antigen presenting pathway, with features of both MHC class I and class II antigen presentation, as highlighted during the EMBO Workshop: CD1-MR1, Beyond MHC-restricted lymphocytes, Oxford, 2019. There is increasing evidence for a role of MR1 restricted T cells in several immune contexts, from cancer to autoimmunity and infections, and therapeutic harnessing of this important biological axis through generation of agonist and antagonist MR1 ligands requires a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms of MR1-dependent antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish E G McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Mariolina Salio
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
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2
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Iwabuchi K, Van Kaer L. Editorial: Role of CD1- and MR1-Restricted T Cells in Immunity and Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1837. [PMID: 31447847 PMCID: PMC6691045 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Iwabuchi
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
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Van Kaer L, Wu L, Joyce S. Mechanisms and Consequences of Antigen Presentation by CD1. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:738-754. [PMID: 27623113 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The CD1 proteins are a family of non-polymorphic and MHC class I-related molecules that present lipid antigens to subsets of T lymphocytes with innate- or adaptive-like immune functions. Recent studies have provided new insight into the identity of immunogenic CD1 antigens and the mechanisms that control the generation and loading of these antigens onto CD1 molecules. Furthermore, substantial progress has been made in identifying CD1-restricted T cells and decoding the diverse immunological functions of distinct CD1-restricted T cell subsets. These findings shed new light on the contributions of the CD1 antigen-presentation pathway to normal health and to a diverse array of pathologies, and provide a new impetus for exploiting this fascinating recognition system for the development of vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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Edholm ES, Grayfer L, De Jesús Andino F, Robert J. Nonclassical MHC-Restricted Invariant Vα6 T Cells Are Critical for Efficient Early Innate Antiviral Immunity in the Amphibian Xenopus laevis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:576-86. [PMID: 26062996 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nonclassical MHC class Ib-restricted invariant T (iT) cell subsets are attracting interest because of their potential to regulate immune responses against various pathogens. The biological relevance and evolutionary conservation of iT cells have recently been strengthened by the identification of iT cells (invariant Vα6 [iVα6]) restricted by the nonclassical MHC class Ib molecule XNC10 in the amphibian Xenopus laevis. These iVα6 T cells are functionally similar to mammalian CD1d-restricted invariant NKT cells. Using the amphibian pathogen frog virus 3 (FV3) in combination with XNC10 tetramers and RNA interference loss of function by transgenesis, we show that XNC10-restricted iVα6 T cells are critical for early antiviral immunity in adult X. laevis. Within hours following i.p. FV3 infection, iVα6 T cells were specifically recruited from the spleen into the peritoneum. XNC10 deficiency and concomitant lack of iVα6 T cells resulted in less effective antiviral and macrophage antimicrobial responses, which led to impaired viral clearance, increased viral dissemination, and more pronounced FV3-induced kidney damage. Together, these findings imply that X. laevis XNC10-restricted iVα6 T cells play important roles in the early anti-FV3 response and that, as has been suggested for mammalian invariant NKT cells, they may serve as immune regulators polarizing macrophage effector functions toward more effective antiviral states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Stina Edholm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Leon Grayfer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Francisco De Jesús Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
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Van Kaer L, Parekh VV, Wu L. The Response of CD1d-Restricted Invariant NKT Cells to Microbial Pathogens and Their Products. Front Immunol 2015; 6:226. [PMID: 26029211 PMCID: PMC4429631 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells become activated during a wide variety of infections. This includes organisms lacking cognate CD1d-binding glycolipid antigens recognized by the semi-invariant T cell receptor of iNKT cells. Additional studies have shown that iNKT cells also become activated in vivo in response to microbial products such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide, a potent inducer of cytokine production in antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Other studies have shown that iNKT cells are highly responsive to stimulation by cytokines such as interleukin-12. These findings have led to the concept that microbial pathogens can activate iNKT cells either directly via glycolipids or indirectly by inducing cytokine production in APCs. iNKT cells activated in this manner produce multiple cytokines that can influence the outcome of infection, usually in favor of the host, although potent iNKT cell activation may contribute to an uncontrolled cytokine storm and sepsis. One aspect of the response of iNKT cells to microbial pathogens is that it is short-lived and followed by an extended time period of unresponsiveness to reactivation. This refractory period may represent a means to avoid chronic activation and cytokine production by iNKT cells, thus protecting the host against some of the negative effects of iNKT cell activation, but potentially putting the host at risk for secondary infections. These effects of microbial pathogens and their products on iNKT cells are not only important for understanding the role of these cells in immune responses against infections but also for the development of iNKT cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, TN , USA
| | - Vrajesh V Parekh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, TN , USA
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, TN , USA
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Subrahmanyam PB, Sun W, East JE, Li J, Webb TJ. Natural killer T cell based Immunotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 3:144. [PMID: 24089657 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7560.1000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells play an important immunoregulatory role and are thought to bridge the innate and adaptive immune responses. Following activation through cognate interactions with lipid antigen presented in the context of CD1d molecules, NKT cells rapidly produce a plethora of cytokines and can also mediate cytotoxicity. Due to their potent effector functions, extensive research has been performed to increase our understanding on how to effectively modulate these cells. In fact, NKT cell agonists have been used as vaccine adjuvants to enhance antigen specific T and B cell responses to infections and malignancy. In this review, we will focus on recent advances in NKT cell-based vaccination strategies. Given the role that NKT cells play in autoimmune disease, infectious diseases, cancer, transplant immunology and dermatology, it is important to understand how to effectively guide their effector functions in order to develop novel immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka B Subrahmanyam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, the Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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Wu L, Van Kaer L. Natural killer T cells in health and disease. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2011; 3:236-51. [PMID: 21196373 DOI: 10.2741/s148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of T lymphocytes that share surface markers and functional characteristics with both conventional T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Most NKT cells express a semi-invariant T cell receptor that reacts with glycolipid antigens presented by the major histocompatibility complex class I-related protein CD1d on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. NKT cells become activated during a variety of infections and inflammatory conditions, rapidly producing large amounts of immunomodulatory cytokines. NKT cells can influence the activation state and functional properties of multiple other cell types in the immune system and, thus, modulate immune responses against infectious agents, autoantigens, tumors, tissue grafts and allergens. One attractive aspect of NKT cells is that their immunomodulatory activities can be readily harnessed with cognate glycolipid antigens, such as the marine sponge-derived glycosphingolipid alpha-galactosylceramide. These properties of NKT cells are being exploited for therapeutic intervention to prevent or treat cancer, infections, and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Room A-5301, Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2363, USA
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Kulkarni RR, Haeryfar SM, Sharif S. The invariant NKT cell subset in anti-viral defenses: a dark horse in anti-influenza immunity? J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:635-43. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0410191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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The influence of age and Rhodococcus equi infection on CD1 expression by equine antigen presenting cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 130:197-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wu L, Gabriel CL, Parekh VV, Van Kaer L. Invariant natural killer T cells: innate-like T cells with potent immunomodulatory activities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 73:535-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2009.01256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tyznik AJ, Tupin E, Nagarajan NA, Her MJ, Benedict CA, Kronenberg M. Cutting edge: the mechanism of invariant NKT cell responses to viral danger signals. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4452-6. [PMID: 18802047 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.4452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NK T (iNKT) cells influence the response to viral infections, although the mechanisms are poorly defined. In this study we show that these innate-like lymphocytes secrete IFN-gamma upon culture with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide-stimulated dendritic cells (DCs) from mouse bone marrow. This requires TLR9 signaling and IL-12 secretion by the activated DCs, but it does not require CD1d expression. iNKT cells also produce IFN-gamma in response to mouse CMV infection. Their mechanism of mouse CMV detection is quite similar to that of CpG, requiring both TLR9 signaling and IL-12 secretion, while the need for CD1d expression is relatively minor. Consequently, iNKT cells have the ability to respond to a variety of microbes, including viruses, in an Ag-independent manner, suggesting they may play a broad role in antipathogen defenses despite their limited TCR repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Tyznik
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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CD1d-restricted glycolipid antigens: presentation principles, recognition logic and functional consequences. Expert Rev Mol Med 2008; 10:e20. [PMID: 18601810 DOI: 10.1017/s1462399408000732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate lymphocytes whose functions are regulated by self and foreign glycolipid antigens presented by the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d. Activation of iNKT cells in vivo results in rapid release of copious amounts of effector cytokines and chemokines with which they regulate innate and adaptive immune responses to pathogens, certain types of cancers and self-antigens. The nature of CD1d-restricted antigens, the manner in which they are recognised and the unique effector functions of iNKT cells suggest an innate immunoregulatory role for this subset of T cells. Their ability to respond fast and our ability to steer iNKT cell cytokine response to altered lipid antigens make them an important target for vaccine design and immunotherapies against autoimmune diseases. This review summarises our current understanding of CD1d-restricted antigen presentation, the recognition of such antigens by an invariant T-cell receptor on iNKT cells, and the functional consequences of these interactions.
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