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Hong MH, Weng IC, Li FY, Lin WH, Liu FT. Intracellular galectins sense cytosolically exposed glycans as danger and mediate cellular responses. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:16. [PMID: 33663512 PMCID: PMC7931364 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are animal lectins that recognize carbohydrates and play important roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Recent studies have indicated that under a variety of challenges, intracellular galectins bind to host glycans displayed on damaged endocytic vesicles and accumulate around these damaged organelles. Accumulated galectins then engage cellular proteins and subsequently control cellular responses, such as autophagy. In this review, we have summarized the stimuli that lead to the accumulation of galectins, the molecular mechanisms of galectin accumulation, and galectin-mediated cellular responses, and elaborate on the differential regulatory effects among galectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsiang Hong
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Chun Weng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yen Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Han Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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2
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The Examination of Viral Characteristics of HIV-1 CRF07_BC and Its Potential Interaction with Extracellular Galectin-3. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060425. [PMID: 32485969 PMCID: PMC7350312 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 CRF07_BC is a B’ and C subtype recombinant emerging virus and many of its viral characteristics remain unclear. Galectin-3 (Gal3) is a β-galactose binding lectin that has been reported as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and is known to mediate adhesion between cells and microbes. This study aims to examine the viral characteristics of HIV-1 CRF07_BC virus and the role of extracellular galectin-3 in HIV-1 CRF07_BC infection. A total of 28 HIV-1+ injecting drug users (IDUs) were recruited and 24 (85.7%) were identified as HIV-1 CRF07_BC. Results indicate that significant higher serum galectin-3 was measured in CRF07_BC infected patients and CRF07_BC infection triggered significant galectin-3 expression (p < 0.01). Viral characteristics demonstrate that CRF07_BC virions display a higher level of envelope gp120 spikes. The virus infectivity assay demonstrated that co-treatment with galectin-3 significantly promoted CRF07_BC attachment and internalization (p < 0.01). A co-immunoprecipitation assay showed that pulldown galectin-3 co-precipitated both CD4 and gp120 proteins. Results from an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) indicate that the galectin-3 promoting effect occurs through enhancement of the interaction between gp120 and CD4. This study suggests that CRF07_BC was predominant in HIV-1+ IDUs and CRF07_BC utilized extracellular galectin-3 to enhance its infectivity via stabilization of the gp120-CD4 interaction.
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Amino Acid Deletions in p6 Gag Domain of HIV-1 CRF07_BC Ameliorate Galectin-3 Mediated Enhancement in Viral Budding. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082910. [PMID: 32326345 PMCID: PMC7216183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 CRF07_BC is a recombinant virus with amino acid (a.a.) deletions in p6Gag, which are overlapped with the Alix-binding domain. Galectin-3 (Gal3), a β-galactose binding lectin, has been reported to interact with Alix and regulate HIV-1 subtype B budding. This study aims to evaluate the role of Gal3 in HIV-1 CRF07_BC infection and the potential effect of a.a. deletions on Gal3-mediated regulation. A total of 38 HIV-1+ injecting drug users (IDUs) were enrolled in the study. Viral characterization and correlation of Gal3 were validated. CRF07_BC containing 7 a.a. deletions and wild-type in the p6Gag (CRF07_BC-7d and -wt) were isolated and infectious clones were generated. Viral growth kinetic and budding assays using Jurkat-CCR5/Jurkat-CCR5-Gal3 cells infected with CRF07_BC were performed. Results indicate that 69.4% (25/38) of the recruited patients were identified as CRF07_BC, and CRF07_BC-7d was predominant. Slow disease progression and significantly higher plasma Gal3 were noted in CRF07_BC patients (p < 0.01). Results revealed that CRF07_BC infection resulted in Gal3 expression, which was induced by Tat. Growth dynamic and budding assays indicated that Gal3 expression in Jurkat-CCR5 cells significantly enhanced CRF07_BC-wt replication and budding (p < 0.05), while the promoting effect was ameliorated in CRF07_BC-7d. Co-immunoprecipitation found that deletions in the p6Gag reduced Gal-3-mediated enhancement of the Alix–Gag interaction.
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Pasmatzi E, Papadionysiou C, Monastirli A, Kakkos S, Badavanis G, Adonakis G, Stamatiou G, Tsambaos D. The expression pattern of galectins during human epidermal morphogenesis. ACTA DERMATOVENEROLOGICA ALPINA PANNONICA ET ADRIATICA 2020. [DOI: 10.15570/actaapa.2020.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pasmatzi E, Papadionysiou C, Badavanis G, Kapranos N, Monastirli A, Tsambaos D. In contrast to melanocytes, keratinocytes of normal human adult interfollicular epidermis do not express galectin-1. ACTA DERMATOVENEROLOGICA ALPINA PANNONICA ET ADRIATICA 2020. [DOI: 10.15570/actaapa.2020.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fabijanczuk K, Gaspar K, Desai N, Lee J, Thomas DA, Beauchamp JL, Gao J. Resin and Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Free Radical Probes for Glycan Capture, Isolation, and Structural Characterization. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15387-15396. [PMID: 31718152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
By combining the merits of solid supports and free radical activated glycan sequencing (FRAGS) reagents, we develop a multifunctional solid-supported free radical probe (SS-FRAGS) that enables glycan enrichment and characterization. SS-FRAGS comprises a solid support, free radical precursor, disulfide bond, pyridyl, and hydrazine moieties. Thio-activated resin and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are chosen as the solid support to selectively capture free glycans via the hydrazine moiety, allowing for their enrichment and isolation. The disulfide bond acts as a temporary covalent linkage between the solid support and the captured glycan, allowing the release of glycans via the cleavage of the disulfide bond by dithiothreitol. The basic pyridyl functional group provides a site for the formation of a fixed charge, enabling detection by mass spectrometry and avoiding glycan rearrangement during collisional activation. The free radical precursor generates a nascent free radical upon collisional activation and thus simultaneously induces systematic and predictable fragmentation for glycan structure elucidation. A radical-driven glycan deconstruction diagram (R-DECON) is developed to visually summarize the MS2 results and thus allow for the assembly of the glycan skeleton, making the differentiation of isobaric glycan isomers unambiguous. For application to a real-world sample, we demonstrate the efficacy of the SS-FRAGS by analyzing glycan structures enzymatically cleaved from RNase-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Fabijanczuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Quantitative Obesity Research , Montclair State University , Montclair , New Jersey 07043 , United States
| | - Kaylee Gaspar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Quantitative Obesity Research , Montclair State University , Montclair , New Jersey 07043 , United States
| | - Nikunj Desai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Quantitative Obesity Research , Montclair State University , Montclair , New Jersey 07043 , United States
| | - Jungeun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Quantitative Obesity Research , Montclair State University , Montclair , New Jersey 07043 , United States
| | - Daniel A Thomas
- Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - J L Beauchamp
- Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Jinshan Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Quantitative Obesity Research , Montclair State University , Montclair , New Jersey 07043 , United States
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Signaling pathways involved in the expression of SZNF and the target genes binding with SZNF related to cyadox. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1879-1893. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Jiang L, Messing ME, Ye L. Temperature and pH Dual-Responsive Core-Brush Nanocomposite for Enrichment of Glycoproteins. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:8985-8995. [PMID: 28240025 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we present a novel modular approach to the immobilization of a high density of boronic acid ligands on thermoresponsive block copolymer brushes for effective enrichment of glycoproteins via their synergistic multiple covalent binding with the immobilized boronic acids. Specifically, a two-step, consecutive surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) was employed to graft a flexible block copolymer brush, pNIPAm-b-pGMA, from an initiator-functionalized nanosilica surface, followed by postpolymerization modification of the pGMA moiety with sodium azide. Subsequently, an alkyne-tagged boronic acid (PCAPBA) was conjugated to the polymer brush via a Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction, leading to a silica-supported polymeric hybrid material, Si@pNIPAm-b-pBA, with a potent glycol binding affinity. The obtained core-brush nanocomposite was systematically characterized with regard to particle size, morphology, organic content, brush density, and number of immobilized boronic acids. We also studied the characteristics of glycoprotein binding of the nanocomposite under different conditions. The nanocomposite showed high binding capacities for ovalbumin (OVA) (98.0 mg g-1) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (26.8 mg g-1) in a basic buffer (pH 9.0) at 20 °C. More importantly, by adjusting the pH and temperature, the binding capacities of the nanocomposite can be tuned, which is meaningful for the separation of biological molecules. In general, the synthetic approach developed for the fabrication of block copolymer brushes in the nanocomposite opened new opportunities for the design of more functional hybrid materials that will be useful in bioseparation and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingdong Jiang
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University , Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria E Messing
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Department of Physics, Lund University , Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lei Ye
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University , Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Abstract
Galectin-4, a tandem repeat member of the β-galactoside-binding proteins, possesses two carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRD) in a single peptide chain. This lectin is mostly expressed in epithelial cells of the intestinal tract and secreted to the extracellular. The two domains have 40% similarity in amino acid sequence, but distinctly binding to various ligands. Just because the two domains bind to different ligands simultaneously, galectin-4 can be a crosslinker and crucial regulator in a large number of biological processes. Recent evidence shows that galectin-4 plays an important role in lipid raft stabilization, protein apical trafficking, cell adhesion, wound healing, intestinal inflammation, tumor progression, etc. This article reviews the physiological and pathological features of galectin-4 and its important role in such processes.
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Bai H, Fan C, Zhang W, Pan Y, Ma L, Ying W, Wang J, Deng Y, Qian X, Qin W. A pH-responsive soluble polymer-based homogeneous system for fast and highly efficient N-glycoprotein/glycopeptide enrichment and identification by mass spectrometry. Chem Sci 2015; 6:4234-4241. [PMID: 29218189 PMCID: PMC5707513 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00396b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A homogeneous reaction system was developed for facile and highly efficient enrichment of biomolecules by exploiting the reversible self-assembly of a stimuli-responsive polymer.
Liquid phase homogeneous reactions using soluble polymer supports have found numerous applications in homogeneous catalysis and organic synthesis because of their advantages of no interface mass transfer limitation and a high conversion rate. However, their application in analytical separation is limited by the inefficient/inconvenient recovery of the target molecules from the extremely complex biological samples. Here, we report a stimuli-responsive polymer system for facile and efficient enrichment of trace amounts of biomolecules from complex biological samples. The soluble polymer supports provide a homogeneous reaction system with fast mass transfer and facilitate interactions between the supports and the target molecules. More importantly, the stimuli-responsive polymers exhibit reversible self-assembly and phase separation under pH variations, which leads to facial sample recovery with a high yield of the target biomolecules. The stimuli-responsive polymer is successfully applied to the enrichment of low abundant N-glycoproteins/glycopeptides, which play crucial roles in various key biological processes in mammals and are closely correlated with the occurrence, progression and metastasis of cancer. N-Glycoprotein is coupled to the stimuli-responsive polymer using the reported hydrazide chemistry with pre-oxidation of the oligosaccharide structure. Highly efficient enrichment of N-glycoproteins/N-glycopeptides with >95% conversion rate is achieved within 1 h, which is eight times faster than using solid/insoluble hydrazide enrichment materials. Mass spectrometry analysis achieves low femtomolar identification sensitivity and obtained 1317 N-glycopeptides corresponding to 458 N-glycoproteins in mouse brain, which is more than twice the amount obtained after enrichment using commercial solid/insoluble materials. These results demonstrate the capability of this “smart” polymer system to combine stimuli-responsive and target-enrichment moieties to achieve improved identification of key biological and disease related biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Bai
- National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing , State Key Laboratory of Proteomics , Beijing Proteome Research Center , Tianjin Baodi Hospital , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , China . ; .,School of Life Science and Technology , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing , China
| | - Chao Fan
- National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing , State Key Laboratory of Proteomics , Beijing Proteome Research Center , Tianjin Baodi Hospital , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , China . ;
| | - Wanjun Zhang
- National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing , State Key Laboratory of Proteomics , Beijing Proteome Research Center , Tianjin Baodi Hospital , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , China . ;
| | - Yiting Pan
- National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing , State Key Laboratory of Proteomics , Beijing Proteome Research Center , Tianjin Baodi Hospital , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , China . ; .,School of Life Science and Technology , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing , China
| | - Lin Ma
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences , College of Sciences , Northeastern University , Shenyang , China
| | - Wantao Ying
- National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing , State Key Laboratory of Proteomics , Beijing Proteome Research Center , Tianjin Baodi Hospital , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , China . ;
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences , College of Sciences , Northeastern University , Shenyang , China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science and Technology , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing , China
| | - Xiaohong Qian
- National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing , State Key Laboratory of Proteomics , Beijing Proteome Research Center , Tianjin Baodi Hospital , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , China . ;
| | - Weijie Qin
- National Center for Protein Sciences Beijing , State Key Laboratory of Proteomics , Beijing Proteome Research Center , Tianjin Baodi Hospital , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , China . ;
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Zhang W, Peng B, Tian F, Qin W, Qian X. Facile Preparation of Well-Defined Hydrophilic Core–Shell Upconversion Nanoparticles for Selective Cell Membrane Glycan Labeling and Cancer Cell Imaging. Anal Chem 2013; 86:482-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402389w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanjun Zhang
- National Center for Protein
Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome
Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Peng
- National Center for Protein
Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome
Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Tian
- National Center for Protein
Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome
Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weijie Qin
- National Center for Protein
Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome
Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Qian
- National Center for Protein
Sciences Beijing, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome
Research Center, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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12
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Bai H, Pan Y, Tong W, Zhang W, Ren X, Tian F, Peng B, Wang X, Zhang Y, Deng Y, Qin W, Qian X. Graphene based soft nanoreactors for facile “one-step” glycan enrichment and derivatization for MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. Talanta 2013; 117:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Zhang W, Han H, Bai H, Tong W, Zhang Y, Ying W, Qin W, Qian X. A Highly Efficient and Visualized Method for Glycan Enrichment by Self-Assembling Pyrene Derivative Functionalized Free Graphene Oxide. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2703-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303101t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanjun Zhang
- National
Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State
Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206,
P.R. China
| | - Huanhuan Han
- National
Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State
Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206,
P.R. China
| | - Haihong Bai
- National
Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State
Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206,
P.R. China
| | - Wei Tong
- National
Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State
Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206,
P.R. China
| | - Yangjun Zhang
- National
Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State
Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206,
P.R. China
| | - Wantao Ying
- National
Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State
Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206,
P.R. China
| | - Weijie Qin
- National
Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State
Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206,
P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Qian
- National
Center for Protein Sciences Beijing, State
Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206,
P.R. China
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Houzelstein D, Reyes-Gomez E, Maurer M, Netter P, Higuet D. Expression patterns suggest that despite considerable functional redundancy, galectin-4 and -6 play distinct roles in normal and damaged mouse digestive tract. J Histochem Cytochem 2013; 61:348-61. [PMID: 23360694 DOI: 10.1369/0022155413478612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The galectin-4 protein is mostly expressed in the digestive tract and is associated with lipid raft stabilization, protein apical trafficking, wound healing, and inflammation. While most mammalian species, including humans, have a single Lgals4 gene, some mice have two paralogues: Lgals4 and Lgals6. So far, their significant similarities have hindered the analysis of their respective expression and function. We took advantage of two antibodies that discriminate between the galectin-4 and galectin-6 proteins to document their patterns of expression in the normal and the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-damaged digestive tract in the mouse. In the normal digestive tract, their pattern of expression from tongue to colon is quite similar, which suggests functional redundancy. However, the presence of galectin-4, but not galectin-6, in the lamina propria of the DSS-damaged colon, its association with luminal colonic bacteria, and differences in subcellular localization of these proteins suggest that they also have distinct roles in the normal and the damaged mouse digestive tract. Our results provide a rare example of ancestral and derived functions evolving after tandem gene duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Houzelstein
- Equipe Génétique et Evolution, UMR7138, CNRS and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Bibiloni R, Schiffrin EJ. Intestinal Host-Microbe Interactions under Physiological and Pathological Conditions. Int J Inflam 2010; 2010:386956. [PMID: 21152123 PMCID: PMC2989754 DOI: 10.4061/2010/386956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is unique in that it can be tolerant to the resident, symbiotic microbiota but remaining, at the same time, responsive to and able to fight pathogens. The close interaction between host-symbiotic microbiota at the mucosal level poses important challenges since microbial breaches through the gut barrier can result in the breakdown of gut homeostasis. In this paper, hosts-integrated components that help to preserve intestinal homeostasis including barrier and immune function are discussed. In addition global alterations of the microbiota that can play a role in the initiation of an exaggerated inflammatory response through an abnormal signaling of the innate and adaptive immune response are briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Bibiloni
- Ruakura Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., East Street, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
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