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Tamura T, Yoshioka Y, Sakamoto S, Ichikawa T, Ochiya T. Extracellular vesicles in bone homeostasis: key roles of physiological and pathological conditions. J Bone Miner Metab 2022; 41:345-357. [PMID: 35943593 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-022-01362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small particles with lipid bilayer membranes that are secreted by all cell types and are widely known as crucial intercellular communication mediators, shuttling biologically active molecules. The bone is a typically preferred site of cancer metastasis due to its unique cellular compositions and dynamics. Bone cell-derived EVs serve as regulators that orchestrate harmonious bone homeostasis. Cancer cells secrete specific EVs in a series of the bone metastatic process to dominate the bone microenvironment. Additionally, cancer cell-related EVs contribute to pre-metastatic niche formation, bone homeostasis disruption, and tumor bone progression and survival. Here, we investigated recent studies on EV-mediated crosstalk in the bone tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, this review aimed to elucidate the EV-based therapeutic perspectives for bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Tamura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshioka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sakamoto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ichikawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan.
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Su C, Khanlou N, Mustafa N. Chinese Immigrant Mothers of Children with Developmental Disabilities: Stressors and Social Support. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-018-9882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Tamura T, Yoshioka Y, Sakamoto S, Ichikawa T, Ochiya T. Extracellular Vesicles in Bone Metastasis: Key Players in the Tumor Microenvironment and Promising Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6680. [PMID: 32932657 PMCID: PMC7555648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid membranous vesicles that are released from every type of cell. It has become clear that EVs are involved in a variety of biological phenomena, including cancer progression, and play critical roles in intracellular communication through the horizontal transfer of cellular cargoes such as proteins, DNA fragments, RNAs including mRNA and non-coding RNAs (microRNA, piRNA, and long non-coding RNA) and lipids. The most common cause of death associated with cancer is metastasis. Recent investigations have revealed that EVs are deeply associated with metastasis. Bone is a preferred site of metastasis, and bone metastasis is generally incurable and dramatically affects patient quality of life. Bone metastasis can cause devastating complications, including hypercalcemia, pathological fractures, spinal compression, and bone pain, which result in a poor prognosis. Although the mechanisms underlying bone metastasis have yet to be fully elucidated, increasing evidence suggests that EVs in the bone microenvironment significantly contribute to cancer progression and cancer bone tropism. Emerging evidence on EV functions in bone metastasis will facilitate the discovery of novel treatments. In this review, we will discuss the remarkable effects of EVs, especially on the tumor microenvironment in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Tamura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.Y.)
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (S.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Yusuke Yoshioka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Shinichi Sakamoto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (S.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Tomohiko Ichikawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (S.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; (T.T.); (Y.Y.)
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He X, Zhu L, An L, Zhang J. MiR-143 Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis by Targeting RANK and NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2020; 13:224-232. [PMID: 31951177 DOI: 10.2174/1874467213666200116113945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of miRNA-143 on osteoclast formation and provide new ideas for the treatment of osteoporosis. METHODS Mice macrophage lines RAW264.7 cells after transfection were divided into four groups: control group, RANKL group, RANKL combined with miR-143 mimics group and RANKL combined with miR-NC group. TARCP staining was used to observe the effect of miR-143 on osteoclast formation. The expression of RANK, TRAF6 and NFATc-1 in the upstream of RANKL pathway was detected by real-time quantitative PCR (RT qPCR) and Western blotting (WB). The binding of miR-143 to TNFRSF11A was detected by double Luciferase Reporter Analysis. The effect of miR-143 on the expression of NF-κB (p65, I-κB-α) signal pathway in osteoclasts was detected. The effects of I-BET151 on the expression of osteoclast-specific genes TRACP, MMP 9, CtsK and c-Src were detected. RESULTS The positive level of osteoclasts in RANKL group and RANKL combined with miR-NC group was significantly higher than that of RANKL combined with miR-143 mimics group and control group (P < 0.05). The expression levels of RANK, TRAF6, NFATc-1, TRACP, MMP-9, CtsK and c-Src in RANKL group and RANKL combined with miR-NC group were significantly higher than those of RANKL combined with miR-143 mimics group and control group (P < 0.05). The expression levels of I-κB-α were significantly lower than that of RANKL combined with miR-143 mimics group and control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION MiR-143 can inhibit the expression of RANK, TRAF6 and downstream NFATc-1 in the RANKL pathway, thereby inhibiting the RANK/RANKL pathway. MiR-143 can inhibit the signal pathway of NF-κB (p65, I-κB-α). MiR-143 inhibits the expression of osteoclast-specific genes TRACP, MMP 9, CtsK and c-Src. That is to say, miR-143 inhibits osteoclast formation by targeting RANK, NF- κB and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng He
- Department of Orthopedics, Ningbo NO.6 Hospital, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Limei Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Ningbo NO.6 Hospital, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Lin An
- Department of Orthopedics, Ningbo NO.6 Hospital, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Ningbo NO.6 Hospital, Ningbo, 315040, China
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He LH, Zhang ZY, Zhang X, Xiao E, Liu M, Zhang Y. Osteoclasts may contribute bone substitute materials remodeling and bone formation in bone augmentation. Med Hypotheses 2019; 135:109438. [PMID: 31739077 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bone augmentation is increasingly important in implantology. Bone substitute materials exert essential roles during bone augmentation process. However, accelerating bone substitute materials remodeling and acquiring high bone architecture quality was still the challenges of bone augmentation. Accumulated studies had suggested osteoclasts is the key cell type to resorb bone or bone substitute materials. Our previous study and other studies suggested osteoclasts contributed to bone formation by promoting osteoblast function and facilitate angiogenesis. We hypothesized that bone substitute materials loaded osteoclastogenic cytokines or osteoclast progenitors will help to bone substitute materials rapid remodeling and subsequent bone formation. Our hypothesis could help to lessen long-term post-bone augmentation period and acquire better bone quality for osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hai He
- First Clinical Division, Peking University School Hospital of Stomatology, China; Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhang
- First Clinical Division, Peking University School Hospital of Stomatology, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- First Clinical Division, Peking University School Hospital of Stomatology, China
| | - E Xiao
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Laser and Cosmetic Surgery Division, Peking University Hospital of Stomatology, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, China.
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Rossi M, Battafarano G, D'Agostini M, Del Fattore A. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Bone Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041136. [PMID: 29642618 PMCID: PMC5979436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple types of cancer have the specific ability to home to the bone microenvironment and cause metastatic lesions. Despite being the focus of intense investigation, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate the metastasis of disseminated tumor cells still remain largely unknown. Bone metastases severely impact quality of life since they are associated with pain, fractures, and bone marrow aplasia. In this review, we will summarize the recent discoveries on the role of extracellular vesicles (EV) in the regulation of bone remodeling activity and bone metastasis occurrence. Indeed, it was shown that extracellular vesicles, including exosomes and microvesicles, released from tumor cells can modify the bone microenvironment, allowing the formation of osteolytic, osteosclerotic, and mixed mestastases. In turn, bone-derived EV can stimulate the proliferation of tumor cells. The inhibition of EV-mediated crosstalk between cancer and bone cells could represent a new therapeutic target for bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Rossi
- Bone Physiopathology Group, Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulia Battafarano
- Bone Physiopathology Group, Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Matteo D'Agostini
- Clinical Laboratory, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Del Fattore
- Bone Physiopathology Group, Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy.
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Baliram R, Latif R, Zaidi M, Davies TF. Expanding the Role of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone in Skeletal Physiology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:252. [PMID: 29042858 PMCID: PMC5632520 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The dogma that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) solely regulates the production of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland has hampered research on its wider physiological roles. The action of pituitary TSH on the skeleton has now been well described; in particular, its action on osteoblasts and osteoclasts. It has also been recently discovered that the bone marrow microenvironment acts as an endocrine circuit with bone marrow-resident macrophages capable of producing a novel TSH-β subunit variant (TSH-βv), which may modulate skeletal physiology. Interestingly, the production of this TSH-βv is positively regulated by T3 accentuating such modulation in the presence of thyroid overactivity. Furthermore, a number of small molecule ligands acting as TSH agonists, which allosterically modulate the TSH receptor have been identified and may have similar modulatory influences on bone cells suggesting therapeutic potential. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of TSH, TSH-β, TSH-βv, and small molecule agonists in bone physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumarie Baliram
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Ramkumarie Baliram,
| | - Rauf Latif
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mone Zaidi
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Terry F. Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Calcitonin controls bone formation by inhibiting the release of sphingosine 1-phosphate from osteoclasts. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5215. [PMID: 25333900 PMCID: PMC4205484 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormone calcitonin (CT) is primarily known for its pharmacologic
action as an inhibitor of bone resorption, yet CT-deficient mice display increased bone formation. These findings
raised the question about the underlying cellular and molecular mechanism of
CT action. Here we show that either
ubiquitous or osteoclast-specific inactivation of the murine CT receptor (CTR) causes increased bone formation. CT negatively regulates the osteoclast expression
of Spns2 gene, which encodes a
transporter for the signalling lipid sphingosine
1-phosphate (S1P).
CTR-deficient mice show increased
S1P levels, and their skeletal
phenotype is normalized by deletion of the S1P receptor S1P3. Finally, pharmacologic treatment
with the nonselective S1P receptor agonist FTY720 causes increased bone formation in wild-type, but not in
S1P3-deficient mice.
This study redefines the role of CT in
skeletal biology, confirms that S1P
acts as an osteoanabolic molecule in vivo and provides evidence for a
pharmacologically exploitable crosstalk between osteoclasts and osteoblasts. The regulatory role of calcitonin in bone homeostasis is well studied,
yet its molecular activity is poorly understood. The authors show that calcitonin regulates
bone cells function by inhibiting the osteoclast secretion of sphingosine 1-phosphate, a
lipid mediator of osteoclast–osteoblast crosstalk.
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Chen X, Wang G, Li X, Gan C, Zhu G, Jin T, Wang Z. Environmental level of cadmium exposure stimulates osteoclasts formation in male rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:530-5. [PMID: 23954550 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Low level of cadmium (Cd) exposure may enhance osteoclasts formation in vitro. The aim of the study was to observe the effects of Cd on osteoclasts formation in vivo. Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 4 groups which were given Cd via drinking water at concentrations of 0, 2, 10 and 50 mg/L for 12 weeks. At the 12th week, urine samples were collected from all of the rats. All rats were then sacrificed and the blood was collected for biomarkers assay. Bone tissues were dissected for mineral density determinations, histological investigation, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase staining and immunohistochemical staining. The bone mineral density and bone microstructure index of rats treated with 50mg Cd/L were obviously lower than in control rats. Histochemical investigation showed that Cd could induce osteoclasts formation in a dose-dependent manner. Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase 5b levels in rats treated with Cd were higher than the control. Immunohistochemical investigation showed that Cd could enhance receptor-activated nuclear factor kappa B ligand expression (RANKL) and inhibit osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression. Our study evidences in vivo that excessive bone resorption mediated via osteoclasts is an important way for Cd toxic effects on bone and OPG/RANKL may play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.
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DI SHENGMENG, MENG RUI, QIAN AIRONG, TIAN ZONGCHENG, LI JINGBAO, ZHANG RONG, SHANG PENG. IMPACT OF OSTEOCLAST PRECURSORS SUBJECTED TO RANDOM POSITIONING MACHINE ON OSTEOBLASTS. J MECH MED BIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519412005083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblast-osteoclast interaction plays an important role in the bone remodeling. During long duration space flight, astronauts undergo serious bone loss mainly due to the disruption of equivalence between bone formation and bone resorption. Osteoclast precursors often operate under the control of osteoblasts. However, here we show that the osteoclast precursors could in turn influence osteoblasts. RAW264.7 cells, the murine osteoclast precursors, were treated in the simulated weightlessness produced by a Random Positioning Machine (RPM). After 72 h, conditioned mediums (CM) by the RAW264.7 cells from RPM (RCM) or static control (CCM) were collected and were used to culture osteoblastic-like MC3T3-E1 cells. The results showed that the RCM culture inhibited cell viability and slightly altered cell cycle, but the morphology of the MC3T3-E1 cells was not changed by RCM compared to that of CCM. Furthermore, the intracellular ALP level, NO release and expression of osteoblastic marker genes were all down-regulated by RCM culture. These results suggest that osteoclast precursors subjected to RPM exert negative regulation on osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- SHENGMENG DI
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - RUI MENG
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - AIRONG QIAN
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - ZONGCHENG TIAN
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - JINGBAO LI
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - RONG ZHANG
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - PENG SHANG
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
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Jansen IDC, Vermeer JAF, Bloemen V, Stap J, Everts V. Osteoclast fusion and fission. Calcif Tissue Int 2012; 90:515-22. [PMID: 22527205 PMCID: PMC3349023 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-012-9600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are specialized multinucleated cells with the unique capacity to resorb bone. Despite insight into the various steps of the interaction of osteoclast precursors leading to osteoclast formation, surprisingly little is known about what happens with the multinucleated cell itself after it has been formed. Is fusion limited to the short period of its formation, or do osteoclasts have the capacity to change their size and number of nuclei at a later stage? To visualize these processes we analyzed osteoclasts generated in vitro with M-CSF and RANKL from mouse bone marrow and native osteoclasts isolated from rabbit bones by live cell microscopy. We show that osteoclasts fuse not only with mononuclear cells but also with other multinucleated cells. The most intriguing finding was fission of the osteoclasts. Osteoclasts were shown to have the capacity to generate functional multinucleated compartments as well as compartments that contained apoptotic nuclei. These compartments were separated from each other, each giving rise to a novel functional osteoclast or to a compartment that contained apoptotic nuclei. Our findings suggest that osteoclasts have the capacity to regulate their own population in number and function, probably to adapt quickly to changing situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ineke D. C. Jansen
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Research Institute MOVE, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Research Institute MOVE, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny A. F. Vermeer
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Research Institute MOVE, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle Bloemen
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Research Institute MOVE, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Stap
- Van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy (LCAM)-AMC, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1005 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Everts
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Research Institute MOVE, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Terheyden H, Lang NP, Bierbaum S, Stadlinger B. Osseointegration--communication of cells. Clin Oral Implants Res 2011; 23:1127-35. [PMID: 22092345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The article provides the scientific documentation for the 3D animated film - "Osseointegration - Communication of cells". AIM The aim of this article and of the film is to visualise the molecular and cellular events during the healing of an osseous wound after installation of a dental implant with special emphasis on the process of osseointegration. MATERIAL AND RESULTS In this review article for didactic reasons the concept of the four phases of a healing soft tissue wound was transferred to a bone wound after insertion of a dental implant: haemostasis, inflammatory phase, proliferative phase and remodelling phase. Wound healing throughout these phases is the result of a coordinated action of different cell types which communicate with each other by their interaction using signalling molecules like cytokines, extracellular matrix proteins and small molecules. A regular sequence of cell types controlled by adequate concentrations of signalling molecules results in undisturbed healing. Disturbed healing is associated with a continuation of the early inflammatory phase and the development of a toxic wound environment. The latter is characterized by high counts of polymorphnuclear cells, high concentrations of toxic radicals and proteolytic enzymes and low concentrations of growth factors and extracellular matrix molecules. Clinically the development of a toxic wound environment should be avoided, e.g. by antibacterial measures. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Experiencing implant osseointegration as a biological process may provide the clinician new targets to improve the therapy with dental implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Terheyden
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Kassel, Germany.
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13
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Chen X, Zhu G, Jin T, Gu S, Xiao H, Qiu J. Cadmium induces differentiation of RAW264.7 cells into osteoclasts in the presence of RANKL. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2392-7. [PMID: 21723911 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of cadmium effects on bone is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of cadmium on osteoclasts differentiation and the probable mechanism. RAW264.7 cells were exposed to cadmium (0-60 nmol/L) in the presence or absence of receptor-activated nuclear factor κ B ligand (RANKL) for 5 days. Then, the viability, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity and the formation of TRAP positive multinucleated osteoclasts were observed. Receptor activator of nuclear factor κ B (RANK), tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6), c-src, c-fos, fos-related antigen 1 (Fra1) expression were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Cadmium increased TRAP activity (20-40%) and TRAP positive cell formation in the presence of RANKL, but had no obvious influence on them without RANKL. RANK, TRAF6, Fra1, c-src and c-fos (at 15-30 nmol/L) expression were enhanced (30-70%) by cadmium in the presence of RANKL, but cadmium had little influence on them in the absence of RANKL. This study demonstrated that cadmium could induce differentiation of osteoclasts precursor into osteoclasts in the presence of RANKL. Even though the changes of gene expression were small, RANKL/RANK and downstream genes may play an important role in cadmium effects on osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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14
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Soltanoff CS, Yang S, Chen W, Li YP. Signaling networks that control the lineage commitment and differentiation of bone cells. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2009; 19:1-46. [PMID: 19191755 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukargeneexpr.v19.i1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are the two major bone cells involved in the bone remodeling process. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation while osteoclasts are the bone-resorbing cells. The major event that triggers osteogenesis and bone remodeling is the transition of mesenchymal stem cells into differentiating osteoblast cells and monocyte/macrophage precursors into differentiating osteoclasts. Imbalance in differentiation and function of these two cell types will result in skeletal diseases such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteopetrosis, periodontal disease, and bone cancer metastases. Osteoblast and osteoclast commitment and differentiation are controlled by complex activities involving signal transduction and transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Recent advances in molecular and genetic studies using gene targeting in mice enable a better understanding of the multiple factors and signaling networks that control the differentiation process at a molecular level. This review summarizes recent advances in studies of signaling transduction pathways and transcriptional regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast cell lineage commitment and differentiation. Understanding the signaling networks that control the commitment and differentiation of bone cells will not only expand our basic understanding of the molecular mechanisms of skeletal development but will also aid our ability to develop therapeutic means of intervention in skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie S Soltanoff
- Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
Osteoclasts are the cells that degrade bone to initiate normal bone remodeling and mediate bone loss in pathologic conditions by increasing their resorptive activity. They are derived from precursors in the myeloid/ monocyte lineage that circulate in the blood after their formation in the bone marrow. These osteoclast precursors (OCPs) are attracted to sites on bone surfaces destined for resorption and fuse with one another to form the multinucleated cells that resorb calcified matrixes under the influence of osteoblastic cells in bone marrow. Recent studies have identified functions for OCPs and osteoclasts in and around bone other than bone resorption. For example, they regulate the differentiation of osteoblast precursors and the movement of hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow to the bloodstream; they participate in immune responses, and secrete cytokines that can affect their own functions and those of other cells in inflammatory and neoplastic processes affecting bone. Here, we review these findings, which define new roles for osteoclasts and OCPs in the growing field of osteoimmunology and in common pathologic conditions in which bone resorption is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan F Boyce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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16
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Dimorphic effects of Notch signaling in bone homeostasis. Nat Med 2008; 14:299-305. [PMID: 18297084 DOI: 10.1038/nm1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Notch signaling is a key mechanism in the control of embryogenesis. However, its in vivo function during mesenchymal cell differentiation, and, specifically, in bone homeostasis, remains largely unknown. Here, we show that osteoblast-specific gain of Notch function causes severe osteosclerosis owing to increased proliferation of immature osteoblasts. Under these pathological conditions, Notch stimulates early osteoblastic proliferation by upregulating the genes encoding cyclin D, cyclin E and Sp7 (osterix). The intracellular domain of Notch1 also regulates terminal osteoblastic differentiation by directly binding Runx2 and repressing its transactivation function. In contrast, loss of all Notch signaling in osteoblasts, generated by deletion of the genes encoding presenilin-1 and presenilin-2 in bone, is associated with late-onset, age-related osteoporosis, which in turn results from increased osteoblast-dependent osteoclastic activity due to decreased osteoprotegerin mRNA expression in these cells. Together, these findings highlight the potential dimorphic effects of Notch signaling in bone homeostasis and may provide direction for novel therapeutic applications.
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Lin JM, Callon KE, Lin CQ, Bava U, Zheng MH, Reid IR, Cornish J. Alteration of bone cell function by RANKL and OPG in different in vitro models. Eur J Clin Invest 2007; 37:407-15. [PMID: 17461987 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2007.01800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) are well-documented potent regulators of osteoclast development. However, their effects in mature bone cells and in organ cultures have not been well studied. It is uncertain whether their activities in different experimental models are comparable. MATERIALS AND METHODS RANKL and OPG were evaluated for their activities in mouse calvarial organ cultures, mouse bone marrow cultures, isolated rat mature osteoclast assays and rat primary osteoblast cultures. Results In murine calvarial organ culture, both muRANKL (> or = 10 ng mL(-1)) and rRANKL (> or = 100 ng mL(-1)) significantly stimulated (45)Ca release, while OPG (> or = 50 ng mL(-1)) was an inhibitor of bone resorption. Meanwhile, [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation in this assay was also modulated (indicating proliferation increases in the osteoblast lineage of cells) although these peptides had no direct effect on [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation in isolated osteoblast assays. In mouse bone marrow cultures, muRANKL (> or = 1 ng mL(-1)) and rRANKL (> or = 5 ng mL(-1)) significantly stimulated osteoclastogenesis. The number of nuclei per osteoclast was also significantly increased. OPG strongly inhibited this index, with over 90% suppression at 1 ng mL(-1). Both muRANKL (10 ng mL(-1)) and rRANKL (100 ng mL(-1)) stimulated, while OPG (10 ng mL(-1)) inhibited osteoclast activity in isolated mature osteoclast assays. CONCLUSION The current study demonstrated that bone resorption modulated by RANKL and OPG, in murine calvarial organ culture, leads to changes in osteoblast proliferation, suggesting a feedback mechanism from osteoclasts to osteoblasts. In addition, it was found that RANKL and OPG have more potent effects on osteoclastogenesis than on the activity of mature osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Lin
- University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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