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Zhang X, Ren Z, Jiang Z. EndMT-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a new therapeutic target to atherosclerosis treatment. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 478:755-765. [PMID: 36083511 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04544-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease and stroke, are the main threats to human health worldwide. Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disorder, plays a role as an initiator of all of the above-mentioned diseases. Cell therapy for diseases has attracted widespread attention. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of stem cell that still exist in adults and have the characteristics of self-renewal ability, pluripotent differentiation potential, immunomodulation, tissue regeneration, anti-inflammation and low immunogenicity. In light of the properties of MSCs, some researchers have begun to target MSCs to create a possible way to alleviate atherosclerosis. Most of these studies are focused on MSC transplantation, injecting MSCs to modulate macrophages, the key inflammatory cell in atherosclerosis plaque. According to recent studies, researchers found that endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) has something to do with atherosclerosis development. A new cell type MSC might also appear during the EndMT process. In this article, we summarize the characteristics of MSCs, the latest progress of MSC research and its application prospects, and in view of the process of EndMT occurring in atherosclerosis, we propose some new ideas for the treatment of atherosclerosis by targeting MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, International Joint Laboratory for Arteriosclerotic Disease Research of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Zhong Ren
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, International Joint Laboratory for Arteriosclerotic Disease Research of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Zhisheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, International Joint Laboratory for Arteriosclerotic Disease Research of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
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Yu G, Corn PG, Shen P, Song JH, Lee YC, Lin SC, Pan J, Agarwal SK, Panaretakis T, Pacifici M, Logothetis CJ, Yu-Lee LY, Lin SH. Retinoic Acid Receptor Activation Reduces Metastatic Prostate Cancer Bone Lesions by Blocking the Endothelial-to-Osteoblast Transition. Cancer Res 2022; 82:3158-3171. [PMID: 35802768 PMCID: PMC9444986 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic prostate cancer in the bone induces bone-forming lesions that contribute to progression and therapy resistance. Prostate cancer-induced bone formation originates from endothelial cells (EC) that have undergone endothelial-to-osteoblast (EC-to-OSB) transition in response to tumor-secreted BMP4. Current strategies targeting prostate cancer-induced bone formation are lacking. Here, we show that activation of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) inhibits EC-to-OSB transition and reduces prostate cancer-induced bone formation. Treatment with palovarotene, an RARγ agonist being tested for heterotopic ossification in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, inhibited EC-to-OSB transition and osteoblast mineralization in vitro and decreased tumor-induced bone formation and tumor growth in several osteogenic prostate cancer models, and similar effects were observed with the pan-RAR agonist all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). Knockdown of RARα, β, or γ isoforms in ECs blocked BMP4-induced EC-to-OSB transition and osteoblast mineralization, indicating a role for all three isoforms in prostate cancer-induced bone formation. Furthermore, treatment with palovarotene or ATRA reduced plasma Tenascin C, a factor secreted from EC-OSB cells, which may be used to monitor treatment response. Mechanistically, BMP4-activated pSmad1 formed a complex with RAR in the nucleus of ECs to activate EC-to-OSB transition. RAR activation by palovarotene or ATRA caused pSmad1 degradation by recruiting the E3-ubiquitin ligase Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor1 (Smurf1) to the nuclear pSmad1/RARγ complex, thus blocking EC-to-OSB transition. Collectively, these findings suggest that palovarotene can be repurposed to target prostate cancer-induced bone formation to improve clinical outcomes for patients with bone metastasis. SIGNIFICANCE This study provides mechanistic insights into how RAR agonists suppress prostate cancer-induced bone formation and offers a rationale for developing RAR agonists for prostate cancer bone metastasis therapy. See related commentary by Bhowmick and Bhowmick, p. 2975.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Yu
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Paul G. Corn
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Pengfei Shen
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jian H. Song
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yu-Chen Lee
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Song-Chang Lin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jing Pan
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sandeep K. Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, Section of Immunology Allergy & Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Theocharis Panaretakis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia
| | - Christopher J. Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Li-Yuan Yu-Lee
- Department of Medicine, Section of Immunology Allergy & Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, Texas 77030,Co-Corresponding authors: Dr. Sue-Hwa Lin, Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030. Phone: 713-794-1559; Fax: 713-834-6084; ; Dr. Li-yuan Yu-Lee, Department of Medicine, Section of Immunology Allergy & Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030. Phone: 713-798-4770;
| | - Sue-Hwa Lin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, Texas 77030,Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, Texas 77030,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston; Houston, Texas.,Co-Corresponding authors: Dr. Sue-Hwa Lin, Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030. Phone: 713-794-1559; Fax: 713-834-6084; ; Dr. Li-yuan Yu-Lee, Department of Medicine, Section of Immunology Allergy & Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030. Phone: 713-798-4770;
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Sánchez-Abarca LI, Hernández-Galilea E, Lorenzo R, Herrero C, Velasco A, Carrancio S, Caballero-Velázquez T, Rodríguez-Barbosa JI, Parrilla M, Del Cañizo C, Miguel JS, Aijón J, Pérez-Simón JA. Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Differentiate into Corneal Tissue and Prevent Ocular Graft-Versus-Host Disease in Mice. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:2423-33. [DOI: 10.3727/096368915x687480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials have assessed the use of human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) for the treatment of immune-related disorders such as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In the current study, we show that GFP+-transduced hBMSCs generated from bone marrow migrate and differentiate into corneal tissue after subconjunctival injection in mice. Interestingly, these hBMSCs display morphological features of epithelial, stromal, and endothelial cells and appear at different layers and with different morphologies depending on their position within the epithelium. Furthermore, these cells display ultrastructural properties, such as bundles of intermediate filaments, interdigitations, and desmosomes with GFP- cells, which confirms their differentiation into corneal tissues. GFP+-transduced hBMSCs were injected at different time points into the right eye of lethally irradiated mice undergoing bone marrow transplantation, which developed ocular GVHD (oGVHD). Remarkably, hBMSCs massively migrate to corneal tissues after subconjunctival injection. Both macroscopic and histopathological examination showed minimal or no evidence of GVHD in the right eye, while the left eye, where no hBMSCs were injected, displayed features of GVHD. Thus, in the current study, we confirm that hBMSCs may induce their therapeutic effect at least in part by differentiation and regeneration of damaged tissues in the host. Our results provide experimental evidence that hBMSCs represent a potential cellular therapy to attenuate oGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ignacio Sánchez-Abarca
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/IBIS/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine Investigation of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Emiliano Hernández-Galilea
- Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine Investigation of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rebeca Lorenzo
- Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine Investigation of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmen Herrero
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine Investigation of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Almudena Velasco
- Department Cell Biology and Pathology, INCyL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine Investigation of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Soraya Carrancio
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Teresa Caballero-Velázquez
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/IBIS/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Marta Parrilla
- Department Cell Biology and Pathology, INCyL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Consuelo Del Cañizo
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine Investigation of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesús San Miguel
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Aijón
- Department Cell Biology and Pathology, INCyL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine Investigation of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Antonio Pérez-Simón
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/IBIS/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Tang R, Gao M, Wu M, Liu H, Zhang X, Liu B. High glucose mediates endothelial-to-chondrocyte transition in human aortic endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012; 11:113. [PMID: 22998723 PMCID: PMC3502155 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular calcification is one of the common complications in diabetes mellitus. Many studies have shown that high glucose (HG) caused cardiovascular calcification, but its underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Recently, medial calcification has been most commonly described in the vessels of patients with diabetes. Chondrocytes were involved in the medial calcification. Recent studies have shown that the conversion into mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) via the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) could be triggered in chondrocytes. Our previous research has indicated that HG induced EndMT in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Therefore, we addressed the question of whether HG-induced EndMT could be transitioned into MSCs and differentiated into chondrocytes. Methods HAECs were divided into three groups: a normal glucose (NG) group, HG group (30 mmol/L), and mannitol (5.5 mmol/L NG + 24.5 mmol/L) group. Pathological changes were investigated using fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to detect the co-expression of endothelial markers, such as CD31, and fibroblast markers, such as fibroblast-specific protein 1 (FSP-1). The expression of FSP-1 was detected by real time-PCR and western blots. Endothelial-derived MSCs were grown in MSC medium for one week. The expression of the MSCs markers STRO-1, CD44, CD10 and the chondrocyte marker SOX9 was detected by immunofluorescence staining and western blots. Chondrocyte expression was detected by alcian blue staining. Calcium deposits were analyzed by alizarin red staining. Results The incubation of HAECs exposed to HG resulted in a fibroblast-like phenotype. Double staining of the HAECs indicated a co-localization of CD31 and FSP-1. The expression of FSP-1 was significantly increased in the HG group, and the cells undergoing EndMT also expressed STRO-1, CD44 and SOX9 compared with the controls (P < 0.05). Additionally, alcian blue staining in the HG group was positive compared to the NG group. Consistent with the evaluation of SOX9 expression, calcium deposits analyzed by alizarin red staining were also enhanced by the HG treatment. Specifically, we showed that HG-induced EndMT is accompanied by the activation of the canonical Snail pathway. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that HG could induce endothelial cells transdifferentiation into chondrocyte-like cells via the EndMT, which is mediated in part by the activation of the Snail signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rining Tang
- Institute of Nephrology, ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 210009 Nanjing, China
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Ruschke K, Hiepen C, Becker J, Knaus P. BMPs are mediators in tissue crosstalk of the regenerating musculoskeletal system. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 347:521-44. [PMID: 22327483 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system is a tight network of many tissues. Coordinated interplay at a biochemical level between tissues is essential for development and repair. Traumatic injury usually affects several tissues and represents a large challenge in clinical settings. The current demand for potent growth factors in such applications thus accompanies the keen interest in molecular mechanisms and orchestration of tissue formation. Of special interest are multitasking growth factors that act as signals in a variety of cell types, both in a paracrine and in an autocrine manner, thereby inducing cell differentiation and coordinating not only tissue assembly at specific sites but also maturation and homeostasis. We concentrate here on bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are important crosstalk mediators known for their irreplaceable roles in vertebrate development. The molecular crosstalk during embryonic musculoskeletal tissue formation is recapitulated in adult repair. BMPs act at different levels from the initiation to maturation of newly formed tissue. Interestingly, this is influenced by the spatiotemporal expression of different BMPs, their receptors and co-factors at the site of repair. Thus, the regenerative potential of BMPs needs to be evaluated in the context of highly connected tissues such as muscle and bone and might indeed be different in more poorly connected tissues such as cartilage. This highlights the need for an understanding of BMP signaling across tissues in order to eventually improve BMP regenerative potential in clinical applications. In this review, the distinct members of the BMP family and their individual contribution to musculoskeletal tissue repair are summarized by focusing on their paracrine and autocrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Ruschke
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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van Meeteren LA, ten Dijke P. Regulation of endothelial cell plasticity by TGF-β. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 347:177-86. [PMID: 21866313 PMCID: PMC3250609 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has demonstrated that endothelial cells can have a remarkable plasticity. By a process called Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EndMT) endothelial cells convert to a more mesenchymal cell type that can give rise to cells such as fibroblasts, but also bone cells. EndMT is essential during embryonic development and tissue regeneration. Interestingly, it also plays a role in pathological conditions like fibrosis of organs such as the heart and kidney. In addition, EndMT contributes to the generation of cancer associated fibroblasts that are known to influence the tumor-microenvironment favorable for the tumor cells. EndMT is a form of the more widely known and studied Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). Like EMT, EndMT can be induced by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Indeed many studies have pointed to the important role of TGF-β receptor/Smad signaling and downstream targets, such as Snail transcriptional repressor in EndMT. By selective targeting of TGF-β receptor signaling pathological EndMT may be inhibited for the therapeutic benefit of patients with cancer and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens A van Meeteren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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