1
|
Lu Q, Liu Z, Yang Q, Cao H, Balakrishnan P, Wang Q, Cheng L, Lu Y, Zuo JM, Zhou H, Quarterman P, Muramoto S, Grutter AJ, Chen H, Zhai X. Engineering Magnetic Anisotropy and Emergent Multidirectional Soft Ferromagnetism in Ultrathin Freestanding LaMnO 3 Films. ACS NANO 2022; 16:7580-7588. [PMID: 35446560 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The combination of small coercive fields and weak magnetic anisotropy makes soft ferromagnetic films extremely useful for nanoscale devices that need to easily switch spin directions. However, soft ferromagnets are relatively rare, particularly in ultrathin films with thicknesses of a few nanometers or less. We have synthesized large-area, high-quality, ultrathin freestanding LaMnO3 films on Si and found unexpected soft ferromagnetism along both the in-plane and out-of-plane directions when the film thickness was reduced to 4 nm. We argue that the vanishing magnetic anisotropy between the two directions is a consequence of two coexisting magnetic easy axes in different atomic layers of the LaMnO3 film. Spectroscopy measurements reveal a change in Mn valence from 3+ in the film interior to approximately 2+ at the surfaces where considerable hydrogen infiltration occurs due to the water dissolving process. First-principles calculations show that protonation of LaMnO3 decreases the Mn valence and switches the magnetic easy axis from in-plane to out-of-plane as the Mn valence approaches 2+ from its 3+ bulk value. Our work demonstrates that ultrathin freestanding films can exhibit functional properties that are absent in homogeneous materials, concomitant with their convenient compatibility with Si-based devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinwen Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Department of Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Physics, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai 200122, China
| | - Qun Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Purnima Balakrishnan
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Long Cheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yalin Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jian-Min Zuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hua Zhou
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Patrick Quarterman
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Shin Muramoto
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Alexander J Grutter
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Hanghui Chen
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Physics, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai 200122, China
- Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York 10012, United States
| | - Xiaofang Zhai
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vít J, Viirok J, Peedu L, Rõõm T, Nagel U, Kocsis V, Tokunaga Y, Taguchi Y, Tokura Y, Kézsmárki I, Balla P, Penc K, Romhányi J, Bordács S. In Situ Electric-Field Control of THz Nonreciprocal Directional Dichroism in the Multiferroic Ba_{2}CoGe_{2}O_{7}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:157201. [PMID: 34678006 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.157201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nonreciprocal directional dichroism, also called the optical-diode effect, is an appealing functional property inherent to the large class of noncentrosymmetric magnets. However, the in situ electric control of this phenomenon is challenging as it requires a set of conditions to be fulfilled: Special symmetries of the magnetic ground state, spin excitations with comparable magnetic- and electric-dipole activity, and switchable electric polarization. We demonstrate the isothermal electric switch between domains of Ba_{2}CoGe_{2}O_{7} possessing opposite magnetoelectric susceptibilities. Combining THz spectroscopy and multiboson spin-wave analysis, we show that unbalancing the population of antiferromagnetic domains generates the nonreciprocal light absorption of spin excitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Vít
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Nuclear Science and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - J Viirok
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - L Peedu
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - T Rõõm
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - U Nagel
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - V Kocsis
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Y Tokunaga
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan
| | - Y Taguchi
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Y Tokura
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics and Tokyo College, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - I Kézsmárki
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
- Experimental Physics V, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - P Balla
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box. 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - K Penc
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box. 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - J Romhányi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, 4129 Frederick Reines Hall, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - S Bordács
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Premium Postdoctor Program, 1051 Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moshkina E, Molokeev M, Belskaya N, Nemtsev I, Molchanova A, Boldyrev K. Metastable growth and infrared spectra of CuB 2O 4:Ni single crystals. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00729g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of CuB2O4:Ni crystals in fluxes based on Li2WO4–Bi2O3–WO3 has been studied. A distinctive feature of the used flux growing mode is the metastable nature of nucleation. IR reflection and transmission spectra are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maxim Molokeev
- Kirensky Institute of Physics SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Department of Physics, Far Eastern State Transport University, Khabarovsk 680021, Russia
| | - Nadejda Belskaya
- Kirensky Institute of Physics SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, 660037 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Ivan Nemtsev
- Kirensky Institute of Physics SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | | | - Kirill Boldyrev
- Institute of Spectroscopy RAS, 108840 Troitsk, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Toyoda S, Abe N, Arima T. Nonreciprocal Refraction of Light in a Magnetoelectric Material. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:077401. [PMID: 31491127 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.077401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In magnetoelectric materials, where the time-reversal and space-inversion symmetries are simultaneously broken, optical properties can differ between the opposite propagation directions of light. We report on an experimental observation of nonreciprocal trajectory of a light ray in magnetoelectric material CuB_{2}O_{4}. The light is refracted in different ways between the opposite propagation directions of light. We find a nonreciprocal refraction at the interface between a matter with macroscopic toroidal moment and vacuum. The resultant nonreciprocal deflection of the light is 0.005 deg, which is quantitatively explained using Fermat's principle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Toyoda
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan
| | - N Abe
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan
| | - T Arima
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kuzmenko AM, Szaller D, Kain T, Dziom V, Weymann L, Shuvaev A, Pimenov A, Mukhin AA, Ivanov VY, Gudim IA, Bezmaternykh LN, Pimenov A. Switching of Magnons by Electric and Magnetic Fields in Multiferroic Borates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:027203. [PMID: 29376713 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.027203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electric manipulation of magnetic properties is a key problem of materials research. To fulfill the requirements of modern electronics, these processes must be shifted to high frequencies. In multiferroic materials, this may be achieved by electric and magnetic control of their fundamental excitations. Here we identify magnetic vibrations in multiferroic iron borates that are simultaneously sensitive to external electric and magnetic fields. Nearly 100% modulation of the terahertz radiation in an external field is demonstrated for SmFe_{3}(BO_{3})_{4}. High sensitivity can be explained by a modification of the spin orientation that controls the excitation conditions in multiferroic borates. These experiments demonstrate the possibility to alter terahertz magnetic properties of materials independently by external electric and magnetic fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Kuzmenko
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - D Szaller
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Th Kain
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - V Dziom
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - L Weymann
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Shuvaev
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Pimenov
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - A A Mukhin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - V Yu Ivanov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - I A Gudim
- L. V. Kirensky Institute of Physics Siberian Branch of RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - L N Bezmaternykh
- L. V. Kirensky Institute of Physics Siberian Branch of RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - A Pimenov
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Toyoda S, Abe N, Kimura S, Matsuda YH, Nomura T, Ikeda A, Takeyama S, Arima T. One-Way Transparency of Light in Multiferroic CuB(2)O(4). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:267207. [PMID: 26765023 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.267207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate one-way transparency of light in multiferroic CuB(2)O(4). The material is rendered transparent for light propagating in one direction, while opaque for light propagating in the opposite direction. The novel transparency results from a destructive interference of the electric dipole and magnetic dipole transitions. The realization of the effect has been accomplished by the application of a high magnetic field and the proper selection of the propagation direction of light in agreement with our quantum mechanical formulation of nonreciprocal directional dichroism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Toyoda
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan
| | - N Abe
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan
| | - S Kimura
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Y H Matsuda
- Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Japan
| | - T Nomura
- Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Japan
| | - A Ikeda
- Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Japan
| | - S Takeyama
- Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Japan
| | - T Arima
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kézsmárki I, Nagel U, Bordács S, Fishman RS, Lee JH, Yi HT, Cheong SW, Rõõm T. Optical Diode Effect at Spin-Wave Excitations of the Room-Temperature Multiferroic BiFeO_{3}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:127203. [PMID: 26431014 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.127203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiferroics permit the magnetic control of the electric polarization and the electric control of the magnetization. These static magnetoelectric (ME) effects are of enormous interest: The ability to read and write a magnetic state current-free by an electric voltage would provide a huge technological advantage. Dynamic or optical ME effects are equally interesting, because they give rise to unidirectional light propagation as recently observed in low-temperature multiferroics. This phenomenon, if realized at room temperature, would allow the development of optical diodes which transmit unpolarized light in one, but not in the opposite, direction. Here, we report strong unidirectional transmission in the room-temperature multiferroic BiFeO_{3} over the gigahertz-terahertz frequency range. The supporting theory attributes the observed unidirectional transmission to the spin-current-driven dynamic ME effect. These findings are an important step toward the realization of optical diodes, supplemented by the ability to switch the transmission direction with a magnetic or electric field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Kézsmárki
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics and MTA-BME Lendület Magneto-optical Spectroscopy Research Group, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - U Nagel
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - S Bordács
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics and MTA-BME Lendület Magneto-optical Spectroscopy Research Group, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - R S Fishman
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - J H Lee
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Hee Taek Yi
- Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - S-W Cheong
- Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - T Rõõm
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Matsukura F, Tokura Y, Ohno H. Control of magnetism by electric fields. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 10:209-220. [PMID: 25740132 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The electrical manipulation of magnetism and magnetic properties has been achieved across a number of different material systems. For example, applying an electric field to a ferromagnetic material through an insulator alters its charge-carrier population. In the case of thin films of ferromagnetic semiconductors, this change in carrier density in turn affects the magnetic exchange interaction and magnetic anisotropy; in ferromagnetic metals, it instead changes the Fermi level position at the interface that governs the magnetic anisotropy of the metal. In multiferroics, an applied electric field couples with the magnetization through electrical polarization. This Review summarizes the experimental progress made in the electrical manipulation of magnetization in such materials, discusses our current understanding of the mechanisms, and finally presents the future prospects of the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Matsukura
- 1] WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan [2] Center for Spintronics Integrated Systems, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan [3] Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Tokura
- 1] RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan [2] Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hideo Ohno
- 1] WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan [2] Center for Spintronics Integrated Systems, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan [3] Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nakajima T, Tokunaga Y, Kocsis V, Taguchi Y, Tokura Y, Arima TH. Uniaxial-stress control of spin-driven ferroelectricity in multiferroic Ba(2)CoGe(2)O(7). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:067201. [PMID: 25723241 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.067201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that spin-driven ferroelectricity in a tetragonal multiferroic Ba(2)CoGe(2)O(7) is controlled by applying uniaxial stress. We found that the application of compressive stress along the [110] direction leads to a 45° or 135° rotation of the sublattice magnetization of the staggered antiferromagnetic order in this system. This allows the spontaneous electric polarization to appear along the c axis. The present study suggests that an application of anisotropic stress, which is the simplest way to control symmetry of matter, can induce a variety of cross-correlated phenomena in spin-driven multiferroics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taro Nakajima
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tokunaga
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Vilmos Kocsis
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Japan and Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics and Condensed Matter Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1111, Hungary
| | - Yasujiro Taguchi
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Tokura
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Japan and Department of Applied Physics and Quantum-Phase Electronics Center (QPEC), University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Taka-Hisa Arima
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Japan and Department of Advanced Materials Science, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Spezzani C, Ferrari E, Allaria E, Vidal F, Ciavardini A, Delaunay R, Capotondi F, Pedersoli E, Coreno M, Svetina C, Raimondi L, Zangrando M, Ivanov R, Nikolov I, Demidovich A, Danailov MB, Popescu H, Eddrief M, De Ninno G, Kiskinova M, Sacchi M. Magnetization and microstructure dynamics in Fe/MnAs/GaAs(001): Fe magnetization reversal by a femtosecond laser pulse. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:247202. [PMID: 25541801 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.247202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Thin film magnetization reversal without applying external fields is an attractive perspective for applications in sensors and devices. One way to accomplish it is by fine-tuning the microstructure of a magnetic substrate via temperature control, as in the case of a thin Fe layer deposited on a MnAs/GaAs(001) template. This work reports a time-resolved resonant scattering study exploring the magnetic and structural properties of the Fe/MnAs system, using a 100 fs optical laser pulse to trigger local temperature variations and a 100 fs x-ray free-electron laser pulse to probe the induced magnetic and structural dynamics. The experiment provides direct evidence that a single optical laser pulse can reverse the Fe magnetization locally. It reveals that the time scale of the magnetization reversal is slower than that of the MnAs structural transformations triggered by the optical pulse, which take place after a few picoseconds already.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Spezzani
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - E Ferrari
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - E Allaria
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - F Vidal
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7588, INSP, F-75005 Paris, France and CNRS, UMR 7588, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - A Ciavardini
- CNR-ISM, via Salaria km 29, 300-00016 Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - R Delaunay
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7614, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris, France and CNRS, UMR 7614, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - F Capotondi
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - E Pedersoli
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - M Coreno
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy and CNR-ISM, via Salaria km 29, 300-00016 Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - C Svetina
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy and Graduate School of Nanotechnology, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - L Raimondi
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - M Zangrando
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - R Ivanov
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - I Nikolov
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - A Demidovich
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - M B Danailov
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - H Popescu
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, France
| | - M Eddrief
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7588, INSP, F-75005 Paris, France and CNRS, UMR 7588, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - G De Ninno
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy and Laboratory of Quantum Optics, University of Nova Gorica, 5001 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - M Kiskinova
- ELETTRA-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - M Sacchi
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7588, INSP, F-75005 Paris, France and CNRS, UMR 7588, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France and Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tokura Y, Seki S, Nagaosa N. Multiferroics of spin origin. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2014; 77:076501. [PMID: 24994716 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/77/7/076501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiferroics, compounds with both magnetic and ferroelectric orders, are believed to be a key material system to achieve cross-control between magnetism and electricity in a solid with minute energy dissipation. Such a colossal magnetoelectric (ME) effect has been an issue of keen interest for a long time in condensed matter physics as well as a most desired function in the emerging spin-related electronics. Here we begin with the basic mechanisms to realize multiferroicity or spin-driven ferroelectricity in magnetic materials, which have recently been clarified and proved both theoretically and experimentally. According to the proposed mechanisms, many families of multiferroics have been explored, found (re-discovered), and newly developed, realizing a variety of colossal ME controls. We overview versatile multiferroics from the viewpoints of their multiferroicity mechanisms and their fundamental ME characteristics on the basis of the recent advances in exploratory materials. One of the new directions in multiferroic science is the dynamical ME effect, namely the dynamical and/or fast cross-control between electric and magnetic dipoles in a solid. We argue here that the dynamics of multiferroic domain walls significantly contributes to the amplification of ME response, which has been revealed through the dielectric spectroscopy. Another related issue is the electric-dipole-active magnetic resonance, called electromagnons. The electromagnons can provide a new stage of ME optics via resonant coupling with the external electromagnetic wave (light). Finally, we give concluding remarks on multiferroics physics in the light of a broader perspective from the emergent electromagnetism in a solid as well as from the possible application toward future dissipationless electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Tokura
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Japan. Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Brovko OO, Ruiz-Díaz P, Dasa TR, Stepanyuk VS. Controlling magnetism on metal surfaces with non-magnetic means: electric fields and surface charging. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:093001. [PMID: 24523356 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/9/093001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We review the state of the art of surface magnetic property control with non-magnetic means, concentrating on metallic surfaces and techniques such as charge-doping or external electric field (EEF) application. Magneto-electric coupling via EEF-based charge manipulation is discussed as a way to tailor single adatom spins, exchange interaction between adsorbates or anisotropies of layered systems. The mechanisms of paramagnetic and spin-dependent electric field screening and the effect thereof on surface magnetism are discussed in the framework of theoretical and experimental studies. The possibility to enhance the effect of EEF by immersing the target system into an electrolyte or ionic liquid is discussed by the example of substitutional impurities and metallic alloy multilayers. A similar physics is pointed out for the case of charge traps, metallic systems decoupled from a bulk electron bath. In that case the charging provides the charge carrier density changes necessary to affect the magnetic moments and anisotropies in the system. Finally, the option of using quasi-free electrons rather than localized atomic spins for surface magnetism control is discussed with the example of Shockley-type metallic surface states confined to magnetic nanoislands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg O Brovko
- Max-Planck Institut für Mikrostrukturphysik, Halle, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
One-way transparency of four-coloured spin-wave excitations in multiferroic materials. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3203. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
|
14
|
Oh YS, Artyukhin S, Yang JJ, Zapf V, Kim JW, Vanderbilt D, Cheong SW. Non-hysteretic colossal magnetoelectricity in a collinear antiferromagnet. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3201. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
15
|
Kuratieva NV, Bànki M, Tsirlin AA, Eckert J, Ehrenberg H, Mikhailova D. New Lithium Copper Borates with BO3 Triangles: Li6CuB4O10, Li3CuB3O7, Li8Cu7B14O32, and Li2Cu9B12O28. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:13974-83. [DOI: 10.1021/ic4015724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. V. Kuratieva
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB, Russian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Lavrentiev Avenue 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Institute
for Complex Materials, IFW Dresden, P.O. Box 27 01 16, D-01171 Dresden, Germany
| | - M. Bànki
- Institute
for Complex Materials, IFW Dresden, P.O. Box 27 01 16, D-01171 Dresden, Germany
| | - A. A. Tsirlin
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - J. Eckert
- Institute
for Complex Materials, IFW Dresden, P.O. Box 27 01 16, D-01171 Dresden, Germany
- Institute
of Materials Science, TU Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - H. Ehrenberg
- Institute
for Complex Materials, IFW Dresden, P.O. Box 27 01 16, D-01171 Dresden, Germany
- Institute
for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - D. Mikhailova
- Institute
for Complex Materials, IFW Dresden, P.O. Box 27 01 16, D-01171 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chun SH, Chai YS, Jeon BG, Kim HJ, Oh YS, Kim I, Kim H, Jeon BJ, Haam SY, Park JY, Lee SH, Chung JH, Park JH, Kim KH. Electric field control of nonvolatile four-state magnetization at room temperature. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:177201. [PMID: 22680900 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.177201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We find the realization of large converse magnetoelectric (ME) effects at room temperature in a magnetoelectric hexaferrite Ba0.52Sr2.48Co2Fe24O41 single crystal, in which rapid change of electric polarization in low magnetic fields (about 5 mT) is coined to a large ME susceptibility of 3200 ps/m. The modulation of magnetization then reaches up to 0.62μ(B)/f.u. in an electric field of 1.14 MV/m. We find further that four ME states induced by different ME poling exhibit unique, nonvolatile magnetization versus electric field curves, which can be approximately described by an effective free energy with a distinct set of ME coefficients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sae Hwan Chun
- CeNSCMR, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chiba D, Fukami S, Shimamura K, Ishiwata N, Kobayashi K, Ono T. Electrical control of the ferromagnetic phase transition in cobalt at room temperature. NATURE MATERIALS 2011; 10:853-856. [PMID: 22020007 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Electrical control of magnetic properties is crucial for device applications in the field of spintronics. Although the magnetic coercivity or anisotropy has been successfully controlled electrically in metals as well as in semiconductors, the electrical control of Curie temperature has been realized only in semiconductors at low temperature. Here, we demonstrate the room-temperature electrical control of the ferromagnetic phase transition in cobalt, one of the most representative transition-metal ferromagnets. Solid-state field effect devices consisting of a ultrathin cobalt film covered by a dielectric layer and a gate electrode were fabricated. We prove that the Curie temperature of cobalt can be changed by up to 12 K by applying a gate electric field of about ±2 MV cm(-1). The two-dimensionality of the cobalt film may be relevant to our observations. The demonstrated electric field effect in the ferromagnetic metal at room temperature is a significant step towards realizing future low-power magnetic applications.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ma J, Hu J, Li Z, Nan CW. Recent progress in multiferroic magnetoelectric composites: from bulk to thin films. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:1062-87. [PMID: 21294169 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201003636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Multiferroic magnetoelectric composite systems such as ferromagnetic-ferroelectric heterostructures have recently attracted an ever-increasing interest and provoked a great number of research activities, driven by profound physics from coupling between ferroelectric and magnetic orders, as well as potential applications in novel multifunctional devices, such as sensors, transducers, memories, and spintronics. In this Review, we try to summarize what remarkable progress in multiferroic magnetoelectric composite systems has been achieved in most recent few years, with emphasis on thin films; and to describe unsolved issues and new device applications which can be controlled both electrically and magnetically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chiba D, Matsukura F, Ohno H. Electrically defined ferromagnetic nanodots. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:4505-4508. [PMID: 20923162 DOI: 10.1021/nl102379h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
While ferromagnetic nanodots are being widely studied from fundamental as well as application points of views, so far all the dots have been physically defined; once made, one cannot change their dimension or size. We show that ferromagnetic nanodots can be electrically defined. To realize this, we utilize an electric field to modulate the in-plane distribution of carriers in a ferromagnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As film with a meshed gate structure having a large number of nanoscaled windows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Chiba
- Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Murakawa H, Onose Y, Miyahara S, Furukawa N, Tokura Y. Ferroelectricity induced by spin-dependent metal-ligand hybridization in Ba₂CoGe₂O₇. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:137202. [PMID: 21230803 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.137202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the variation of induced ferroelectric polarization under a magnetic field with various directions and magnitudes in a staggered antiferromagnet Ba₂CoGe₂O₇. While the ferroelectric polarization cannot be explained by the well-accepted spin current model nor the exchange striction mechanism, we have shown that it is induced by the spin-dependent p-d hybridization between the transition metal (Co) and ligand (O) via the spin-orbit interaction. On the basis of the correspondence between the direction of electric polarization and the magnetic state, we have also demonstrated the electrical control of the magnetization direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Murakawa
- Multiferroics Project, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), c/o Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Uchida Y, Suzuki K, Tamura R, Ikuma N, Shimono S, Noda Y, Yamauchi J. Anisotropic and Inhomogeneous Magnetic Interactions Observed in All-Organic Nitroxide Radical Liquid Crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:9746-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ja101930d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Uchida
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Rui Tamura
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Naohiko Ikuma
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shimono
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yohei Noda
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jun Yamauchi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Finger T, Senff D, Schmalzl K, Schmidt W, Regnault LP, Becker P, Bohatý L, Braden M. Polarized-neutron-scattering studies on the chiral magnetism in multiferroic MnWO4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/211/1/012001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|