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Székiová E, Michalová Z, Blaško J, Mucha R, Slovinská L, Kello M, Vanický I. Characterisation of mesenchymal stem cells conditioned media obtained at different conditioning times: their effect on glial cells in in vitro scratch model. Growth Factors 2023; 41:57-70. [PMID: 36825505 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2023.2182145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells conditioned media (BMMSC-CM) obtained by conditioning for 24(CM24), 48(CM48) and 72(CM72) hours was characterised. In vitro, the impact of BMMSC-CM on the astrocyte migratory response and oligodendrocyte density was evaluated using the scratch model. The proteomic profiles of individual secretomes were analysed by mass spectrometry and the concentrations of four selected neurotrophins (BDNF, NGF, GDNF and VEGF) were determined by ELISA. Our results revealed an increased number of proteins at CM72, many of which are involved in neuroregenerative processes. ELISA documented a gradual increase in the concentration of two neurotrophins (NGF, VEGF), peaking at CM72. In vitro, the different effect of individual BMMSC-CM on astrocyte migration response and oligodendrocyte density was observed, most pronounced with CM72. The outcomes demonstrate that the prolonged conditioning results in increased release of detectable proteins, neurotrophic factors concentration and stronger effect on reparative processes in neural cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Székiová
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy, Institute of Neurobiology Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Michalová
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy, Institute of Neurobiology Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Blaško
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy, Institute of Neurobiology Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Rastislav Mucha
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy, Institute of Neurobiology Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Slovinská
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy, Institute of Neurobiology Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
- Associated Tissue Bank, P. J. Šafárik University and L. Pasteur University Hospital, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Martin Kello
- Department of Pharmacology, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ivo Vanický
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy, Institute of Neurobiology Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
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2
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Dai DL, Li M, Lee EB. Human Alzheimer's disease reactive astrocytes exhibit a loss of homeostastic gene expression. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:127. [PMID: 37533101 PMCID: PMC10398957 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are one of the brain's major cell types and are responsible for maintaining neuronal homeostasis via regulating the extracellular environment, providing metabolic support, and modulating synaptic activity. In neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, astrocytes can take on a hypertrophic appearance. These reactive astrocytes are canonically associated with increases in cytoskeletal proteins, such as glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin. However, the molecular alterations that characterize astrocytes in human disease tissues have not been extensively studied with single cell resolution. Using single nucleus RNA sequencing data from normal, pathologic aging, and Alzheimer's disease brains, we identified the transcriptomic changes associated with reactive astrocytes. Deep learning-based clustering algorithms denoised expression data for 17,012 genes and clustered 15,529 astrocyte nuclei, identifying protoplasmic, gray matter and fibrous, white matter astrocyte clusters. RNA trajectory analyses revealed a spectrum of reactivity within protoplasmic astrocytes characterized by a modest increase of reactive genes and a marked decrease in homeostatic genes. Amyloid but not tau pathology correlated with astrocyte reactivity. To identify reactivity-associated genes, linear regressions of gene expression versus reactivity were used to identify the top 52 upregulated and 144 downregulated genes. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that upregulated genes were associated with cellular growth, responses to metal ions, inflammation, and proteostasis. Downregulated genes were involved in cellular interactions, neuronal development, ERBB signaling, and synapse regulation. Transcription factors were significantly enriched among the downregulated genes. Using co-immunofluorescence staining of Alzheimer's disease brain tissues, we confirmed pathologic downregulation of ERBB4 and transcription factor NFIA in reactive astrocytes. Our findings reveal that protoplasmic, gray matter astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease exist within a spectrum of reactivity that is marked by a strong loss of normal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Dai
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Mingyao Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Edward B Lee
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA.
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3
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Gulaia V, Shmelev M, Romanishin A, Shved N, Farniev V, Goncharov N, Biktimirov A, Vargas IL, Khodosevich K, Kagansky A, Kumeiko V. Single-nucleus transcriptomics of IDH1- and TP53-mutant glioma stem cells displays diversified commitment on invasive cancer progenitors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18975. [PMID: 36348001 PMCID: PMC9643511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23646-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is a devastating brain tumor with a high mortality rate attributed to the glioma stem cells (GSCs) possessing high plasticity. Marker mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase type 1 (IDH1) and tumor protein 53 (TP53) are frequent in gliomas and impact the cell fate decisions. Understanding the GSC heterogeneity within IDH1- and TP53- mutant tumors may elucidate possible treatment targets. Here, we performed single-nucleus transcriptomics of mutant and wild-type glioma samples sorted for Sox2 stem cell marker. For the first time the rare subpopulations of Sox2 + IDH1- and TP53-mutant GSCs were characterized. In general, GSCs contained the heterogeneity root subpopulation resembling active neural stem cells capable of asymmetric division to quiescent and transit amplifying cell branches. Specifically, double-mutant GSCs revealed the commitment on highly invasive oligodendrocyte- and astroglia-like progenitors. Additionally, double-mutant GSCs displayed upregulated markers of collagen synthesis, altered lipogenesis and high migration, while wild-type GSCs expressed genes related to ATP production. Wild-type GSC root population was highly heterogeneous and lacked the signature marker expression, thus glioblastoma treatment should emphasize on establishing differentiation protocol directed against residual GSCs. For the more differentiated IDH1- and TP53-mutant gliomas we suggest therapeutic targeting of migration molecules, such as CD44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriia Gulaia
- grid.440624.00000 0004 0637 7917Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Medical Center, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922 Russia
| | - Mikhail Shmelev
- grid.440624.00000 0004 0637 7917Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Medical Center, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922 Russia
| | - Aleksander Romanishin
- grid.440624.00000 0004 0637 7917Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Medical Center, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922 Russia ,grid.410686.d0000 0001 1018 9204School of Life Sciences, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, 236041 Russia
| | - Nikita Shved
- grid.440624.00000 0004 0637 7917Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Medical Center, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922 Russia ,grid.417808.20000 0001 1393 1398A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, FEB RAS, Vladivostok, 690041 Russia
| | - Vladislav Farniev
- grid.440624.00000 0004 0637 7917Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Medical Center, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922 Russia
| | - Nikolay Goncharov
- grid.440624.00000 0004 0637 7917Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Medical Center, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922 Russia
| | - Arthur Biktimirov
- grid.440624.00000 0004 0637 7917Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Medical Center, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922 Russia
| | - Irene Lisa Vargas
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XBiotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Konstantin Khodosevich
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XBiotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Kagansky
- grid.440624.00000 0004 0637 7917Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Medical Center, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922 Russia
| | - Vadim Kumeiko
- grid.440624.00000 0004 0637 7917Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Medical Center, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922 Russia ,grid.417808.20000 0001 1393 1398A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, FEB RAS, Vladivostok, 690041 Russia
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4
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Liang Z, Xu J, Gu C. Novel role of the SRY-related high-mobility-group box D gene in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 67:83-90. [PMID: 31356865 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The SRY-related high-mobility-group box (Sox) gene family encodes a set of transcription factors and is defined by the presence of highly conserved domains. The Sox gene can be divided into 10 groups (A-J). The SoxD subpopulation consists of Sox5, Sox6, Sox13 and Sox23, which are involved in the transcriptional regulation of developmental processes, including embryonic development, nerve growth and cartilage formation. Recently, the SoxD gene family was recognized as important transcriptional regulators associated with many types of cancer. In addition, Sox5 and Sox6 are representatives of the D subfamily, and there are many related studies; however, there are few reports on Sox13 and Sox23. In this review, we first introduce the structures of the SoxD genes. Next, we summarize the latest research progress on SoxD in various types of cancer. Finally, we discuss the potential direction of future SoxD research. In general, the information reviewed here may contribute to future experimental design and increase the potential of SoxD as a cancer treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Liang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Chunhu Gu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
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5
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Ohta S, Misawa A, Lefebvre V, Okano H, Kawakami Y, Toda M. Sox6 up-regulation by macrophage migration inhibitory factor promotes survival and maintenance of mouse neural stem/progenitor cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74315. [PMID: 24066135 PMCID: PMC3774630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has important roles in supporting the proliferation and/or survival of murine neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs), but downstream effectors remain unknown. We show here that MIF robustly increases the expression of Sox6 in NSPCs in vitro. During neural development, Sox6 is expressed in the ventricular zone of the ganglionic eminence (GE) of mouse brains at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5), cultured NSPCs from E14.5 GE, and NSPCs in the subventricular zone (SVZ) around the lateral ventricle (LV) of the adult mouse forebrain. Retroviral overexpression of Sox6 in NSPCs increases the number of primary and secondary neurospheres and inhibits cell differentiation. This effect is accompanied with increased expression of Hes1 and Bcl-2 and Akt phosphorylation, thus suggesting a role for Sox6 in promoting cell survival and/or self-renewal ability. Constitutive activation of the transcription factor Stat3 results in up-regulation of Sox6 expression and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that MIF increases Stat3 binding to the Sox6 promoter in NSPCs, indicating that Stat3 stimulates Sox6 expression downstream of MIF. Finally, the ability of MIF to increase the number of primary and secondary neurospheres is inhibited by Sox6 gene silencing. Collectively, our data identify Sox6 as an important downstream effector of MIF signaling in stemness maintenance of NSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Ohta
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Misawa
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Véronique Lefebvre
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (NC10) Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (YK); (MT)
| | - Masahiro Toda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (YK); (MT)
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6
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Reetz J, Herchenröder O, Schmidt A, Pützer BM. Vector Technology and Cell Targeting: Peptide-Tagged Adenoviral Vectors as a Powerful Tool for Cell Specific Targeting. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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7
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Hagiwara N. Sox6, jack of all trades: a versatile regulatory protein in vertebrate development. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:1311-21. [PMID: 21495113 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 20,000 genes are encoded in our genome, one tenth of which are thought to be transcription factors. Considering the complexity and variety of cell types generated during development, many transcription factors likely play multiple roles. Uncovering the versatile roles of Sox6 in vertebrate development sheds some light on how an organism efficiently utilizes the limited resources of transcription factors. The structure of the Sox6 gene itself may dictate its functional versatility. First, Sox6 contains no known regulatory domains; instead, it utilizes various cofactors. Second, Sox6 has a long 3'-UTR that contains multiple microRNA targets, thus its protein level is duly adjusted by cell type-specific microRNAs. Just combining these two characteristics alone makes Sox6 extremely versatile. To date, Sox6 has been reported to regulate differentiation of tissues of mesoderm, ectoderm, and endoderm origins, making Sox6 a truly multifaceted transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Hagiwara
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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8
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Pützer BM, Schmidt A. Vector Technology and Cell Targeting: Peptide-Tagged Adenoviral Vectors as a Powerful Tool for Cell Specific Targeting. Regen Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9075-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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9
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Esophageal cancer-related gene 4 is a secreted inducer of cell senescence expressed by aged CNS precursor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:8259-64. [PMID: 20404145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911446107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian aging is thought to be partially caused by the diminished capacity of stem/precursor cells to undergo self-renewing divisions. Although many cell-cycle regulators are involved in this process, it is unknown to what extent cell senescence, first identified as irreversible growth arrest in vitro, contributes to the aging process. Here, using a serum-induced mouse oligodendrocyte precursor cell (mOPC) senescence model, we identified esophageal cancer-related gene 4 (Ecrg4) as a senescence inducer with implications for the senescence-like state of postmitotic cells in the aging brain. Although mOPCs could proliferate indefinitely when cultured using the appropriate medium (OPC medium), they became senescent in the presence of serum and maintained their senescent phenotype even when the serum was subsequently replaced by OPC medium. We show that Ecrg4 was up-regulated in the senescent OPCs, its overexpression in OPCs induced senescence by accelerating the proteasome-dependent degradation of cyclins D1 and D3, and that its knockdown by a specific short hairpin RNA prevented these phenotypes. We also show that senescent OPCs secreted Ecrg4 and that recombinant Ecrg4 induced OPC senescence in culture. Moreover, increased Ecrg4 expression was observed in the OPCs and neural precursor cells in the aged mouse brain; this was accompanied by the expression of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity, indicating the cells' entrance into senescence. These results suggest that Ecrg4 is a factor linking neural-cell senescence and aging.
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Abstract
Gene trapping is a technology originally developed for the simultaneous identification and mutation of genes by random integration in embryonic stem (ES) cells. While gene trapping was developed before efficient and high-throughput gene targeting, a significant proportion of the publically available mutant ES cell lines and mice were generated through a number of large-scale gene trapping initiatives. Moreover, elements of gene trap vectors continue to be incorporated into gene targeting vectors as a means to increase the efficiency of homologous recombination. Here, we review the current state of gene trapping technology and the applications of specific types of gene trap vector. As a component of this analysis, we consider the behavior of specific vector types both from the perspective of their application and how they can inform our annotation of the mammalian transcriptome. We consider the utility of gene trap vectors as tools for cell-based expression analysis, targeted screening in embryonic differentiation, and for use in cell lines derived from different lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Brickman
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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11
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McCrea HJ, Ment LR. The diagnosis, management, and postnatal prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in the preterm neonate. Clin Perinatol 2008; 35:777-92, vii. [PMID: 19026340 PMCID: PMC2901530 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) occurs in 20% to 25% of very low birthweight preterm neonates and may be associated with significant sequelae. Infants who have IVH are at risk for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus and periventricular leukomalacia; as many as 75% of those who have parenchymal involvement of hemorrhage suffer significant neurodevelopmental disability. Because of the prevalence of IVH and the medical and societal impact of this disease, many postnatal pharmacologic prevention strategies have been explored. Randomized clinical prevention trials should provide long-term neurodevelopmental follow-up to assess the impact of preterm birth, injury, and pharmacologic intervention on the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura R. Ment
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, and Associate Dean for Admissions, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Moritz S, Lehmann S, Faissner A, von Holst A. An induction gene trap screen in neural stem cells reveals an instructive function of the niche and identifies the splicing regulator sam68 as a tenascin-C-regulated target gene. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2321-31. [PMID: 18617690 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in a niche that abounds in extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. The ECM glycoprotein tenascin-C (Tnc) that occurs in more than 25 isoforms represents a major constituent of the privileged NSC milieu. To understand its role for NSCs, the induction gene trap technology was successfully applied to mouse embryonic NSCs, and a library of more than 500 NSC lines with independent gene trap vector integrations was established. Our pilot screen identified Sam68 as a target of Tnc signaling in NSCs. The Tnc-mediated downregulation of Sam68, which we found expressed at low levels in the niche along with Tnc, was independently confirmed on the protein level. Sam68 is a multifunctional RNA-binding protein, and its potential significance for cultured NSCs was studied by overexpression. Increased Sam68 levels caused a marked reduction in NSC cell proliferation. In addition, Sam68 is a signal-dependent regulator of alternative splicing, and its overexpression selectively increased the larger Tnc isoforms, whereas a mutated phosphorylation-deficient Sam68 variant did not. This emphasizes the importance of Sam68 for NSC biology and implicates an instructive rather than a purely permissive role for Tnc in the neural stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Moritz
- Department for Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, NDEF 05/339, Universitaetsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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13
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Ueda R, Kinoshita E, Ito R, Kawase T, Kawakami Y, Toda M. Induction of protective and therapeutic antitumor immunity by a DNA vaccine with a glioma antigen, SOX6. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2274-9. [PMID: 18224680 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported identifying SOX6 as a glioma antigen by serological screening using a testis cDNA library. Its preferential expression and frequent IgG responses in glioma patients indicate that SOX6 may be a useful target for immunotherapy. To examine whether cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses specific for SOX6 to destroy glioma can be generated in vivo, we treated glioma-bearing mice by vaccination with a plasmid DNA encoding murine full-length SOX6 protein. Following SOX6-DNA vaccination, CTLs specific for SOX6-expressing glioma cells were induced, while normal autologous-cells that had restrictedly expressed SOX6 during embryogenesis were not destroyed. Furthermore, DNA vaccination with SOX6 exerted protective and therapeutic antitumor responses in the glioma-bearing mice. This antitumor activity was abrogated by the depletion of CD4 positive T cells and/or CD8 positive T cells. These results suggest that the SOX6 protein has multiple CTL and helper epitopes to induce antitumor activity and the effectiveness of SOX6-DNA vaccine for the prevention and treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ueda
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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von Holst A. Tenascin C in stem cell niches: redundant, permissive or instructive? Cells Tissues Organs 2007; 188:170-7. [PMID: 18160825 DOI: 10.1159/000112848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The stem cell niche provides the specialized environment that is able to sustain the lifelong maintenance of stem cells in their discrete locations within organs. The niche is usually composed of several different cell types and a specialized extracellular matrix consisting of many different constituents. Additionally, a variety of growth factors are secreted into the extracellular space and contribute to the functional organization of the niche. Here, I will concentrate on the multimodular extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin C (Tnc) and discuss it as an exemplary molecule that is present in several stem cell niches. In spite of its intuitively suggestive presence, it has been difficult to provide functional evidence for the importance of Tnc in the context of stem cells. In the nervous system, the careful analysis of Tnc-deficient mice has revealed that the developmental program neural stem cell pass-through is delayed due to changes in growth factor responsiveness. To gain further insight, we have employed the gene trap technology in neural stem cells to identify potential Tnc target genes. This approach has surfaced 2 interesting candidates that may contribute to a better understanding of the signal(s) elicited by Tnc in neural stem/progenitor cells in the niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander von Holst
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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Schmidt A, Haas SJP, Hildebrandt S, Scheibe J, Eckhoff B, Racek T, Kempermann G, Wree A, Pützer BM. Selective Targeting of Adenoviral Vectors to Neural Precursor Cells in the Hippocampus of Adult Mice: New Prospects for In Situ Gene Therapy. Stem Cells 2007; 25:2910-8. [PMID: 17641242 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The adult brain contains neural precursor cells (NPC) that are attracted to brain lesions, such as areas of neurodegeneration, ischemia, and cancer. This suggests that NPC engineered to promote lineage-specific differentiation or to express therapeutic genes might become a valuable tool for restorative cell therapy and for targeting therapeutic genes to diseased brain regions. Here we report the identification of NPC-specific ligands from phage display peptide libraries and show their potential to selectively direct adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to NPC in adult mice. Identified peptides mediated specific virus binding and internalization to cultured neurospheres. Importantly, peptide-mediated adenoviral vector infection was restricted to precursor cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of pNestin-green fluorescent protein transgenic or C57BL/6 mice. Our approach represents a novel method for specific manipulation of NPC in the adult brain and may have major implications for the use of precursor cells as therapeutic delivery vehicles in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Schmidt
- Department of Vector Technology and Experimental Gene Therapy, Biomedical Research Center, Schillingallee 69, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
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16
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Pruszak J, Sonntag KC, Aung MH, Sanchez-Pernaute R, Isacson O. Markers and methods for cell sorting of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural cell populations. Stem Cells 2007; 25:2257-68. [PMID: 17588935 PMCID: PMC2238728 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neural cells differentiated in vitro from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) exhibit broad cellular heterogeneity with respect to developmental stage and lineage specification. Here, we describe standard conditions for the use and discovery of markers for analysis and cell selection of hESC undergoing neuronal differentiation. To generate better-defined cell populations, we established a working protocol for sorting heterogeneous hESC-derived neural cell populations by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Using genetically labeled synapsin-green fluorescent protein-positive hESC-derived neurons as a proof of principle, we enriched viable differentiated neurons by FACS. Cell sorting methodology using surface markers was developed, and a comprehensive profiling of surface antigens was obtained for immature embryonic stem cell types (such as stage-specific embryonic antigen [SSEA]-3, -4, TRA-1-81, TRA-1-60), neural stem and precursor cells (such as CD133, SSEA-1 [CD15], A2B5, forebrain surface embryonic antigen-1, CD29, CD146, p75 [CD271]), and differentiated neurons (such as CD24 or neural cell adhesion molecule [NCAM; CD56]). At later stages of neural differentiation, NCAM (CD56) was used to isolate hESC-derived neurons by FACS. Such FACS-sorted hESC-derived neurons survived in vivo after transplantation into rodent brain. These results and concepts provide (a) a feasible approach for experimental cell sorting of differentiated neurons, (b) an initial survey of surface antigens present during neural differentiation of hESC, and (c) a framework for developing cell selection strategies for neural cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Pruszak
- Center for Neuroregeneration Research, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA
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Cohen-Barak O, Erickson DT, Badowski MS, Fuchs DA, Klassen CL, Harris DT, Brilliant MH. Stem cell transplantation demonstrates that Sox6 represses εy globin expression in definitive erythropoiesis of adult mice. Exp Hematol 2007; 35:358-67. [PMID: 17309816 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sox6, a member of the Sox transcription factor family, is essential for the silencing of epsilon y globin gene expression in definitive erythropoiesis of mice. Homozygous Sox6-null mice are neonatally lethal, precluding analysis at later stages. We created adult mice that are deficient in Sox6 specifically in hematopoietic tissues by transplanting embryonic liver stem cells from Sox6-deficient mice into lethally irradiated congenic wild-type adult mice. The mice receiving mutant stem cells (mutant engrafted) showed high expression levels of epsilon y in bone marrow, spleen, and circulating blood compared with mice receiving wild-type and heterozygous stem cells (control engrafted). The level of expression of epsilon y in circulating blood was directly correlated with the percentage of successful mutant donor cell engraftment. Additionally, the mutant engrafted adult mice showed an increase in erythroid precursor cells in bone marrow, spleen, and blood. Thus, Sox6 continues to function as a major regulator of epsilon y in adult definitive erythropoiesis and is required for normal erythrocyte maturation. Therefore, Sox6 may provide a novel therapeutic target by reactivating epsilon y in patients with hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell anemia and beta-thalassemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Cohen-Barak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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Sigal A, Milo R, Cohen A, Geva-Zatorsky N, Klein Y, Alaluf I, Swerdlin N, Perzov N, Danon T, Liron Y, Raveh T, Carpenter AE, Lahav G, Alon U. Dynamic proteomics in individual human cells uncovers widespread cell-cycle dependence of nuclear proteins. Nat Methods 2006; 3:525-31. [PMID: 16791210 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined cell cycle-dependent changes in the proteome of human cells by systematically measuring protein dynamics in individual living cells. We used time-lapse microscopy to measure the dynamics of a random subset of 20 nuclear proteins, each tagged with yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) at its endogenous chromosomal location. We synchronized the cells in silico by aligning protein dynamics in each cell between consecutive divisions. We observed widespread (40%) cell-cycle dependence of nuclear protein levels and detected previously unknown cell cycle-dependent localization changes. This approach to dynamic proteomics can aid in discovery and accurate quantification of the extensive regulation of protein concentration and localization in individual living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Sigal
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Yip S, Sabetrasekh R, Sidman RL, Snyder EY. Neural stem cells as novel cancer therapeutic vehicles. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:1298-308. [PMID: 16697638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The startling resemblance of many of the behaviours of brain tumours to the intrinsic properties of the neural stem/progenitor cell has triggered a recent dual interest in arming stem cells to track and help eradicate tumours and in viewing stem cell biology as somehow integral to the emergence and/or propagation of the neoplasm itself. These aspects are reviewed and discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Yip
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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20
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Yi Z, Cohen-Barak O, Hagiwara N, Kingsley PD, Fuchs DA, Erickson DT, Epner EM, Palis J, Brilliant MH. Sox6 directly silences epsilon globin expression in definitive erythropoiesis. PLoS Genet 2006; 2:e14. [PMID: 16462943 PMCID: PMC1359074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sox6 is a member of the Sox transcription factor family that is defined by the conserved high mobility group (HMG) DNA binding domain, first described in the testis determining gene, Sry. Previous studies have suggested that Sox6 plays a role in the development of the central nervous system, cartilage, and muscle. In the Sox6-deficient mouse, p100H, epsilony globin is persistently expressed, and increased numbers of nucleated red cells are present in the fetal circulation. Transfection assays in GM979 (erythroleukemic) cells define a 36-base pair region of the epsilony proximal promoter that is critical for Sox6 mediated repression. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays demonstrate that Sox6 acts as a repressor by directly binding to the epsilony promoter. The normal expression of Sox6 in wild-type fetal liver and the ectopic expression of epsilony in p100H homozygous fetal liver demonstrate that Sox6 functions in definitive erythropoiesis. The present study shows that Sox6 is required for silencing of epsilony globin in definitive erythropoiesis and suggests a role for Sox6 in erythroid cell maturation. Thus, Sox6 regulation of epsilony globin might provide a novel therapeutical target in the treatment of hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanhua Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Orit Cohen-Barak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Nobuko Hagiwara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Paul D Kingsley
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Biomedical Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Deborah A Fuchs
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Drew T Erickson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Elliot M Epner
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - James Palis
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Biomedical Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Murray H Brilliant
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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