1
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Local enhancement of concentration gradient through the hydrogel-functionalized anodic aluminum oxide membranes for osmotic power generation. Macromol Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-023-00134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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2
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Xiao T, Wang J, Guo J, Zhao X, Yan Y. Magnetic-field-controlled counterion migration within polyionic liquid micropores enables nano-energy harvest. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:1523-1532. [PMID: 36274634 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00323f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Efficient separation of positive and negative charges is essential for developing high-performance nanogenerators. In this article, we describe a method that was not previously demonstrated to separate charges which enables us to fabricate a magnetic energy harvesting device. The magnetic field induces the migration of the mobile magnetic counterions (Dy(NO3)4-) which establishes anion gradients within a layer of polyionic liquid micropores (PLM). The PLM is covalently cross-linked on which the positive charges are fixed on the matrix, that is, immobile. In a device with a structure of Au/dielectric//mag-PLM//dielectric/Au, the charge gradient is subsequently transformed into the output voltage through electrostatic induction. Removing the magnetic field leads to the backflow of magnetic anions which produces a voltage with a similar magnitude but reversed polarity. The parameters in fabricating the magnetic PLM such as photoinitiator concentration, UV irradiation time, water treatment time, and temperature are found to dramatically influence the size of micropores and the effective concentration of magnetic anions. Under optimized conditions, an output voltage with an amplitude of approximately 4 V is finally achieved. We expect this new method could find practical applications in further improving the output performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiahui Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Yong Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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3
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Tabrizizadeh T, She Z, Stamplecoskie K, Liu G. Empowerment of Water-Evaporation-Induced Electric Generators via the Use of Metal Electrodes. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:28275-28283. [PMID: 35990429 PMCID: PMC9386828 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As water rises in the pores of a partially immersed porous film due to capillary action, it carries along ions that are dissociated from the pore walls, generating a streaming current and potential. The water and current flows are sustained due to water evaporation from the unsubmerged surfaces. Traditionally, inert graphite (C) electrodes are used to construct water-evaporation-induced generators (WEIGs) that harness this electricity. WEIGs are environmentally friendly but have weak power outputs. Herein, we report on C/metal WEIGs that feature C top electrodes and metal bottom electrodes, as well as metal/metal WEIGs. Operating in a NaCl solution that facilitates the Galvanic corrosion of the metal (Cu, steel, and Al) electrodes, these Galvanic WEIGs outperform a C/C WEIG by thousands of times in power output. Equally interestingly, the asymmetric environments and potential differences between the two electrodes of a WEIG facilitate metal corrosion and fabrication of compact Galvanic WEIGs. This study clearly shows that one should choose electrodes with caution for the construction of true WEIGs.
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Wang L, Wen Q, Jia P, Jia M, Lu D, Sun X, Jiang L, Guo W. Light-Driven Active Proton Transport through Photoacid- and Photobase-Doped Janus Graphene Oxide Membranes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1903029. [PMID: 31339197 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biological electrogenic systems use protein-based ionic pumps to move salt ions uphill across a cell membrane to accumulate an ion concentration gradient from the equilibrium physiological environment. Toward high-performance and robust artificial electric organs, attaining an antigradient ion transport mode by fully abiotic materials remains a great challenge. Herein, a light-driven proton pump transport phenomenon through a Janus graphene oxide membrane (JGOM) is reported. The JGOM is fabricated by sequential deposition of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets modified with photobase (BOH) and photoacid (HA) molecules. Upon ultraviolet light illumination, the generation of a net protonic photocurrent through the JGOM, from the HA-GO to the BOH-GO side, is observed. The directional proton flow can thus establish a transmembrane proton concentration gradient of up to 0.8 pH units mm-2 membrane area at a proton transport rate of 3.0 mol h-1 m-2 . Against a concentration gradient, antigradient proton transport can be achieved. The working principle is explained in terms of asymmetric surface charge polarization on HA-GO and BOH-GO multilayers triggered by photoisomerization reactions, and the consequent intramembrane proton concentration gradient. The implementation of membrane-scale light-harvesting 2D nanofluidic system that mimics the charge process of the bioelectric organs makes a straightforward step toward artificial electrogenic and photosynthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Pan Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Meijuan Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Diannan Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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Wang X, Ou G, Zhou K, Wang X, Wang L, Zhang X, Feng Y, Bai Y, Wu H, Xu Z, Ge J. Targeted Heating of Enzyme Systems Based on Photothermal Materials. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2467-2473. [PMID: 31063617 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates that the enzymatic reaction rate can be increased significantly by targeted heating of the microenvironment around the enzyme, while maintaining the reaction system at environmental temperature. Enzyme molecules are covalently attached to the surface of Fe3 O4 @reduced graphite oxide (rGO). Under visible-light irradiation, the reaction rate catalyzed by the enzyme-Fe3 O4 @rGO system is clearly enhanced relative to that of the free enzyme and a mixture of free enzyme and Fe3 O4 @rGO. This local heating mechanism contributes to promotion of the enzymatic reactions of the targeted heating of the enzyme (THE) system, which has been validated by using different enzymes, including lipase, glucose oxidase, and organophosphorus hydrolase. These results indicate that targeted heating of the catalytic centers has the same effect on speeding up reactions as that of traditional heating methods, which treat the whole reaction system. As an example, it is shown that the THE system promotes the sensitivity of an enzyme screen-printed electrode by 14 times at room temperature, which implies that the THE system can be advantageous in improving enzyme efficiency, especially if heating the entire system is impossible or could lead to degradation of substrates or damage of components, such as in vitro bioanalysis of frangible molecules or in vivo diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Gang Ou
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ke Zhou
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics and, Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiangqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Licheng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yi Feng
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yunpeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhiping Xu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics and, Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ge
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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Recent Advances in Nanoparticle Concentration and Their Application in Viral Detection Using Integrated Sensors. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17102316. [PMID: 29019959 PMCID: PMC5677234 DOI: 10.3390/s17102316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early disease diagnostics require rapid, sensitive, and selective detection methods for target analytes. Specifically, early viral detection in a point-of-care setting is critical in preventing epidemics and the spread of disease. However, conventional methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays or cell cultures are cumbersome and difficult for field use due to the requirements of extensive lab equipment and highly trained personnel, as well as limited sensitivity. Recent advances in nanoparticle concentration have given rise to many novel detection methodologies, which address the shortcomings in modern clinical assays. Here, we review the primary, well-characterized methods for nanoparticle concentration in the context of viral detection via diffusion, centrifugation and microfiltration, electric and magnetic fields, and nano-microfluidics. Details of the concentration mechanisms and examples of related applications provide valuable information to design portable, integrated sensors. This study reviews a wide range of concentration techniques and compares their advantages and disadvantages with respect to viral particle detection. We conclude by highlighting selected concentration methods and devices for next-generation biosensing systems.
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Xue G, Xu Y, Ding T, Li J, Yin J, Fei W, Cao Y, Yu J, Yuan L, Gong L, Chen J, Deng S, Zhou J, Guo W. Water-evaporation-induced electricity with nanostructured carbon materials. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:317-321. [PMID: 28135262 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Water evaporation is a ubiquitous natural process that harvests thermal energy from the ambient environment. It has previously been utilized in a number of applications including the synthesis of nanostructures and the creation of energy-harvesting devices. Here, we show that water evaporation from the surface of a variety of nanostructured carbon materials can be used to generate electricity. We find that evaporation from centimetre-sized carbon black sheets can reliably generate sustained voltages of up to 1 V under ambient conditions. The interaction between the water molecules and the carbon layers and moreover evaporation-induced water flow within the porous carbon sheets are thought to be key to the voltage generation. This approach to electricity generation is related to the traditional streaming potential, which relies on driving ionic solutions through narrow gaps, and the recently reported method of moving ionic solutions across graphene surfaces, but as it exploits the natural process of evaporation and uses cheap carbon black it could offer advantages in the development of practical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Xue
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Tianpeng Ding
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jia Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Wenwen Fei
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Yuanzhi Cao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jin Yu
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Longyan Yuan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Li Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shaozhi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wanlin Guo
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
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Dai Q, Patel K, Donatelli G, Ren S. Magnetic Cobalt Ferrite Nanocrystals For an Energy Storage Concentration Cell. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:10439-43. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Dai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Temple Materials Institute Temple University Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
| | - Ketan Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Temple Materials Institute Temple University Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
| | - Greg Donatelli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Temple Materials Institute Temple University Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
| | - Shenqiang Ren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Temple Materials Institute Temple University Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
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Dai Q, Patel K, Donatelli G, Ren S. Magnetic Cobalt Ferrite Nanocrystals For an Energy Storage Concentration Cell. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Dai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Temple Materials Institute Temple University Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
| | - Ketan Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Temple Materials Institute Temple University Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
| | - Greg Donatelli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Temple Materials Institute Temple University Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
| | - Shenqiang Ren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Temple Materials Institute Temple University Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
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10
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Wang X, Ou G, Wang N, Wu H. Graphene-based Recyclable Photo-Absorbers for High-Efficiency Seawater Desalination. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:9194-9. [PMID: 27019007 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Today's scientific advances in water desalination dramatically increase our ability to transform seawater into fresh water. As an important source of renewable energy, solar power holds great potential to drive the desalination of seawater. Previously, solar assisted evaporation systems usually relied on highly concentrated sunlight or were not suitable to treat seawater or wastewater, severely limiting the large scale application of solar evaporation technology. Thus, a new strategy is urgently required in order to overcome these problems. In this study, we developed a solar thermal evaporation system based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) decorated with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Because this material can absorb over 95% of sunlight, we achieved high evaporation efficiency up to 70% under only 1 kW m(-2) irradiation. Moreover, it could be separated from seawater under the action of magnetic force by decorated with MNPs. Thus, this system provides an advantage of recyclability, which can significantly reduce the material consumptions. Additionally, by using photoabsorbing bulk or layer materials, the deposition of solutes offen occurs in pores of materials during seawater desalination, leading to the decrease of efficiency. However, this problem can be easily solved by using MNPs, which suggests this system can be used in not only pure water system but also high-salinity wastewater system. This study shows good prospects of graphene-based materials for seawater desalination and high-salinity wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University , Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Gang Ou
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University , Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University , Beijing, 100084, China
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Ohkoshi SI, Namai A, Imoto K, Yoshikiyo M, Tarora W, Nakagawa K, Komine M, Miyamoto Y, Nasu T, Oka S, Tokoro H. Nanometer-size hard magnetic ferrite exhibiting high optical-transparency and nonlinear optical-magnetoelectric effect. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14414. [PMID: 26439914 PMCID: PMC4594123 DOI: 10.1038/srep14414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of nanometer-sized magnetic particles exhibiting a large coercive field (Hc) is in high demand for densification of magnetic recording. Herein, we report a single-nanosize (i.e., less than ten nanometers across) hard magnetic ferrite. This magnetic ferrite is composed of ε-Fe2O3, with a sufficiently high Hc value for magnetic recording systems and a remarkably high magnetic anisotropy constant of 7.7 × 106 erg cm−3. For example, 8.2-nm nanoparticles have an Hc value of 5.2 kOe at room temperature. A colloidal solution of these nanoparticles possesses a light orange color due to a wide band gap of 2.9 eV (430 nm), indicating a possibility of transparent magnetic pigments. Additionally, we have observed magnetization-induced second harmonic generation (MSHG). The nonlinear optical-magnetoelectric effect of the present polar magnetic nanocrystal was quite strong. These findings have been demonstrated in a simple iron oxide, which is highly significant from the viewpoints of economic cost and mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Ohkoshi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,CREST, JST, K's Gobancho, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Asuka Namai
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kenta Imoto
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Marie Yoshikiyo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Waka Tarora
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kosuke Nakagawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masaya Komine
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuto Miyamoto
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomomichi Nasu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Syunsuke Oka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tokoro
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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