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Cavichioli AM, Santos-Silva T, Grace AA, Guimarães FS, Gomes FV. Levetiracetam Attenuates Adolescent Stress-induced Behavioral and Electrophysiological Changes Associated With Schizophrenia in Adult Rats. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:68-77. [PMID: 35988039 PMCID: PMC9810001 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Stress during adolescence is a major risk factor for schizophrenia. We have found previously in rats that adolescent stress caused, in adulthood, behavioral changes and enhanced ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine system activity, which were associated with dysregulation of the excitatory-inhibitory (E/I) balance in the ventral hippocampus (vHip). Levetiracetam, an anticonvulsant drug, regulates the release of neurotransmitters, including glutamate, via SV2A inhibition. It also modulates parvalbumin interneuron activity via Kv3.1 channels. Therefore, levetiracetam could ameliorate deficits in the E/I balance. We tested whether levetiracetam attenuate the adolescent stress-induced behavioral changes, vHip hyperactivity, and enhanced VTA dopamine system activity in adult rats. STUDY DESIGN Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a combination of daily footshock (postnatal day [PD] 31-40), and three 1 h-restraint stress sessions (at PD31, 32, and 40). In adulthood (PD62), animals were tested for anxiety responses (elevated plus-maze and light-dark box), social interaction, and cognitive function (novel object recognition test). The activity of vHip pyramidal neurons and VTA dopamine neurons was also recorded. STUDY RESULTS Adolescent stress produced anxiety-like responses and impaired sociability and cognitive function. Levetiracetam (10 mg/kg) reversed these changes. Levetiracetam also reversed the increased VTA dopamine neuron population activity and the enhanced firing rate of vHip pyramidal neurons induced by adolescent stress. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that levetiracetam attenuates the adverse outcomes associated with schizophrenia caused by stress during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreza M Cavichioli
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thamyris Santos-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anthony A Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Francisco S Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe V Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zwierzyńska E, Pietrzak B. The differential effect of levetiracetam on memory and anxiety in rats. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 136:108917. [PMID: 36150302 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE One of the newest antiseizure medication is levetiracetam (LEV). It might be effective in various indications, not only related to convulsions. Central nervous system disorders are common during anticonvulsant therapy. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of LEV on various types of memory and anxiety in rats. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats (n = 58) were given LV p.o. as a single (100 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg) or repeated doses (300 mg/kg). The effect of the drug on memory was assessed in the Morris water maze (MWM) (spatial memory), the passive avoidance (PA) (emotional memory) and the novel object recognition (NOR) (recognition memory). The anxiety was evaluated in the elevated plus maze (EPM). RESULTS LEV administered as repeated doses disturbed the long-term recognition memory in NOR and locomotor activity in EPM. A single dose affected emotional memory in PA. LEV did not alter spatial memory in MWM. CONCLUSIONS LEV may cause memory and locomotor disturbances, but some of these adverse effects seem to be temporary and limited to the effect of acute dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Zwierzyńska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Bogusława Pietrzak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland
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3
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Czoty PW, Gould RW, O'Donovan CA, Nader MA. Chronic levetiracetam (Keppra®) treatment increases the reinforcing strength of cocaine in rhesus monkeys. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 207:173217. [PMID: 34116078 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drugs that increase inhibitory neuronal activity in the brain have been proposed as potential medications for stimulant use disorders. OBJECTIVE The present study assessed the ability of chronically administered levetiracetam (Keppra®), a clinically available anticonvulsant drug that increases GABA by binding to synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A, to modulate the reinforcing strength of cocaine in monkeys. METHODS Three adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) self-administered cocaine intravenously each day under a progressive-ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement. Two monkeys also responded to receive food pellets under a 50-response fixed-ratio schedule (FR 50) each morning. After determining a cocaine dose-response curve (0.001-0.3 mg/kg per injection, i.v.) in the evening, levetiracetam (5-75 mg/kg, p.o., b.i.d.) was administered for 12-16 days per dose. To model a treatment setting, cocaine self-administration sessions were conducted using the PR schedule every 4 days during levetiracetam treatment. After tapering the dose of levetiracetam over two weeks in the absence of cocaine sessions, cocaine dose-effect curves were re-determined. RESULTS Lower doses of levetiracetam produced non-systematic fluctuations in numbers of cocaine injections received in each subject, whereas the highest tested dose significantly increased the reinforcing strength of cocaine; no effects on food-maintained responding were observed. After termination of levetiracetam treatment, dose-effect curves for cocaine self-administration were shifted to the left in two monkeys. CONCLUSION These data suggest that levetiracetam is not likely to be an efficacious pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence. Rather, sensitivity to cocaine may be increased during and after levetiracetam treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Czoty
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, United States of America.
| | - Robert W Gould
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, United States of America
| | - Cormac A O'Donovan
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, United States of America
| | - Michael A Nader
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, United States of America
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Alcohol Interaction with Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Opioids, Nicotine, Cannabis, and γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7010016. [PMID: 30866524 PMCID: PMC6466217 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of people around the world drink alcoholic beverages to cope with the stress of modern lifestyle. Although moderate alcohol drinking may have some relaxing and euphoric effects, uncontrolled drinking exacerbates the problems associated with alcohol abuse that are exploding in quantity and intensity in the United States and around the world. Recently, mixing of alcohol with other drugs of abuse (such as opioids, cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine, cannabis, and γ-hydroxybutyric acid) and medications has become an emerging trend, exacerbating the public health concerns. Mixing of alcohol with other drugs may additively or synergistically augment the seriousness of the adverse effects such as the withdrawal symptoms, cardiovascular disorders, liver damage, reproductive abnormalities, and behavioral abnormalities. Despite the seriousness of the situation, possible mechanisms underlying the interactions is not yet understood. This has been one of the key hindrances in developing effective treatments. Therefore, the aim of this article is to review the consequences of alcohol's interaction with other drugs and decipher the underlying mechanisms.
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Yang Y, Feng J, Xu F, Wang J. Piracetam inhibits ethanol (EtOH)-induced memory deficit by mediating multiple pathways. Brain Res 2017; 1676:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Goody SMG, Cannon KE, Liu M, Kallman MJ, Martinolle JP, Mazelin-Winum L, Giarola A, Ardayfio P, Moyer JA, Teuns G, Hudzik TJ. Considerations on nonclinical approaches to modeling risk factors of suicidal ideation and behavior. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 89:288-301. [PMID: 28757322 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Given the serious nature of suicidal ideation and behavior (SIB) and the possibility of treatment-emergent SIB, pharmaceutical companies are now applying more proactive approaches in clinical trials and are considering the value of nonclinical models to predict SIB. The current review summarizes nonclinical approaches to modeling three common risk factors associated with SIB: aggression, impulsivity, and anhedonia. For each risk factor, a general description, advantages and disadvantages, species considerations, nonclinical to clinical translation, and pharmacological validation with respect to treatments associated with SIB are summarized. From this review, several gaps were identified that need to be addressed before use of these nonclinical models can be considered a viable option to predict the relative risk for SIB. Other future directions that may compliment these nonclinical approaches, including the use of selectively-bred or genetically-modified rodent models, transgenic models, gene expression profiling, and biomarker analysis, are discussed. This article was developed with the support of the DruSafe Leadership Group of the International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development (IQ, www.iqconsortium.org).
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Affiliation(s)
- S M G Goody
- Pfizer Drug Safety Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA.
| | | | - M Liu
- Drinker, Biddle and IQ Consortium, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M J Kallman
- Kallman Preclinical Consulting, Greenfield, IN, USA
| | | | | | - A Giarola
- GlaxoSmithKline Safety Pharmacology Department, Ware, UK
| | - P Ardayfio
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - J A Moyer
- Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - G Teuns
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - T J Hudzik
- ALA BioPharm Consulting, Gurnee, IL, USA
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Yardley MM, Ray LA. Medications development for the treatment of alcohol use disorder: insights into the predictive value of animal and human laboratory models. Addict Biol 2017; 22:581-615. [PMID: 26833803 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Development of effective treatments for alcohol use disorder (AUD) represents an important public health goal. This review provides a summary of completed preclinical and clinical studies testing pharmacotherapies for the treatment of AUD. We discuss opportunities for improving the translation from preclinical findings to clinical trial outcomes, focusing on the validity and predictive value of animal and human laboratory models of AUD. Specifically, while preclinical studies of medications development have offered important insights into the neurobiology of the disorder and alcohol's molecular targets, limitations include the lack of standardized methods and streamlined processes whereby animal studies can readily inform human studies. Behavioral pharmacology studies provide a less expensive and valuable opportunity to assess the feasibility of a pharmacotherapy prior to initiating larger scale clinical trials by providing insights into the mechanism of the drug, which can then inform recruitment, analyses, and assessments. Summary tables are provided to illustrate the wide range of preclinical, human laboratory, and clinical studies of medications development for alcoholism. Taken together, this review highlights the challenges associated with animal paradigms, human laboratory studies, and clinical trials with the overarching goal of advancing treatment development and highlighting opportunities to bridge the gap between preclinical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M. Yardley
- Department of Psychology; University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Lara A. Ray
- Department of Psychology; University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles CA USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences; University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles CA USA
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Robinson JE, Vardy E, DiBerto JF, Chefer VI, White KL, Fish EW, Chen M, Gigante E, Krouse MC, Sun H, Thorsell A, Roth BL, Heilig M, Malanga CJ. Receptor Reserve Moderates Mesolimbic Responses to Opioids in a Humanized Mouse Model of the OPRM1 A118G Polymorphism. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2614-22. [PMID: 25881115 PMCID: PMC4569952 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The OPRM1 A118G polymorphism is the most widely studied μ-opioid receptor (MOR) variant. Although its involvement in acute alcohol effects is well characterized, less is known about the extent to which it alters responses to opioids. Prior work has shown that both electrophysiological and analgesic responses to morphine but not to fentanyl are moderated by OPRM1 A118G variation, but the mechanism behind this dissociation is not known. Here we found that humanized mice carrying the 118GG allele (h/mOPRM1-118GG) were less sensitive than h/mOPRM1-118AA littermates to the rewarding effects of morphine and hydrocodone but not those of other opioids measured with intracranial self-stimulation. Reduced morphine reward in 118GG mice was associated with decreased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and reduced effects on GABA release in the ventral tegmental area that were not due to changes in drug potency or efficacy in vitro or receptor-binding affinity. Fewer MOR-binding sites were observed in h/mOPRM1-118GG mice, and pharmacological reduction of MOR availability unmasked genotypic differences in fentanyl sensitivity. These findings suggest that the OPRM1 A118G polymorphism decreases sensitivity to low-potency agonists by decreasing receptor reserve without significantly altering receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Elliott Robinson
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eyal Vardy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey F DiBerto
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Vladimir I Chefer
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kate L White
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric W Fish
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eduardo Gigante
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael C Krouse
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hui Sun
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Annika Thorsell
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,NIMH Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Markus Heilig
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Bethesda, MD, USA,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - C J Malanga
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Physicians' Office Building, 170 Manning Drive, CB 7025, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7025, USA, Tel: +1 919 966 1683, Fax: +1 919 843 4576, E-mail:
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Effects of the neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone on intracranial self-stimulation in C57BL/6J mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3415-3423. [PMID: 24810108 PMCID: PMC4692244 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The neuroactive steroid (3α,5α)-3-hydroxy-pregnan-20-one (3α,5α-THP, allopregnanolone) has effects on reward-related behaviors in mice and rats that suggest that it may activate brain reward circuits. Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) is an operant behavioral technique that detects changes in the sensitivity of brain reward circuitry following drug administration. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of the neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone on ICSS and to compare these effects to those of cocaine. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice implanted with stimulating electrodes implanted into the medial forebrain bundle responded for reinforcement by electrical stimulation (brain stimulation reward (BSR)). Mice received cocaine (n = 11, 3.0-30.0 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)) or the neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone (n = 11, 3.0-17.0 mg/kg, i.p.). BSR thresholds (θ 0) and maximum (MAX) operant response rates after drug treatments were compared to those after vehicle injections. RESULTS Cocaine and allopregnanolone dose dependently lowered BSR thresholds relative to vehicle injections. Cocaine was maximally effective (80 % reduction) in the second 15 min following the 30 mg/kg dose, while allopregnanolone was maximally effective (30 % reduction) 15-45 min after the 17 mg/kg dose. Neither drug had significant effects on MAX response rates. CONCLUSIONS The effects of allopregnanolone on BSR thresholds are consistent with the previously reported effects of benzodiazepines and alcohol, suggesting that positive modulation of GABAA receptors can facilitate reward-related behaviors in C57BL/6J mice.
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Levetiracetam results in increased and decreased alcohol drinking with different access procedures in C57BL/6J mice. Behav Pharmacol 2014; 25:61-70. [PMID: 24322822 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The antiepileptic levetiracetam (LEV) has been investigated for the treatment of alcohol abuse. However, little is known about how LEV alters the behavioral effects of alcohol in laboratory animals. The acute effects of LEV on alcohol drinking by male C57BL/6J mice were investigated using two different drinking procedures, limited access [drinking-in-the-dark (DID)] and intermittent access (IA) drinking. In the first experiment (DID), mice had access to a single bottle containing alcohol or sucrose for 4 h every other day. In the second experiment (IA), mice had IA to two bottles, one containing alcohol or sucrose and one containing water, for 24 h on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. In both experiments, mice were administered LEV (0.3-100 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or vehicle 30 min before access to the drinking solutions. In the DID mice, LEV increased alcohol intake from 4.3 to 5.4 g/kg, whereas in the IA mice LEV decreased alcohol intake from 4.8 to 3.0 g/kg in the first 4 h of access and decreased 24 h alcohol intake from 20 to ∼15 g/kg. These effects appear specific to alcohol, as LEV did not affect sucrose intake in either experiment. LEV appears to differentially affect drinking in animal models of moderate and heavier alcohol consumption.
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Padula AE, McGuier NS, Griffin WC, Lopez MF, Becker HC, Mulholland PJ. Novel anticonvulsants for reducing alcohol consumption: A review of evidence from preclinical rodent drinking models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 1:2. [PMID: 24432188 DOI: 10.13172/2053-0285-1-1-446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are a major public health issue and have an enormous social and economic burden in developed, developing, and third-world countries. Current pharmacotherapies for treating AUDs suffer from deleterious side effects and are only effective in preventing relapse in a subset of individuals. This signifies an essential need for improved medications to reduce heavy episodic drinking and alcohol-related problems. Growing literature has provided support for the use of anticonvulsants in suppressing symptoms induced by alcohol withdrawal. Emerging clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that a number of well-tolerated anticonvulsants may also decrease alcohol drinking. This review will focus on recent evidence supporting the efficacy of novel anticonvulsants in reducing voluntary alcohol consumption in rodent models. The data demonstrate that anticonvulsants reduce drinking in standard home cage two-bottle choice paradigms, self-administration of alcohol in operant chambers, and cue- and stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking behaviors in rats and mice. This review also highlights evidence that some anticonvulsants were only moderately effective in reducing drinking in select strains of rodents or models. This suggests that genetics, possible neuroadaptations, or the pharmacological target affect the ability of anticonvulsants to attenuate alcohol consumption. Nonetheless, anticonvulsants are relatively safe, have little abuse potential, and can work in combination with other drugs. The results from these preclinical and clinical studies provide compelling evidence that anticonvulsants are a promising class of medication for the treatment of AUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Padula
- Department of Neurosciences, Charleston Alcohol Research Center Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - N S McGuier
- Department of Neurosciences, Charleston Alcohol Research Center Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - W C Griffin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,, Charleston Alcohol Research Center Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - M F Lopez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,, Charleston Alcohol Research Center Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - H C Becker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,, Charleston Alcohol Research Center Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC 29425, USA.,Department of Ralph H. Johnson Veteran Affairs Medical Center Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - P J Mulholland
- Department of Neurosciences, Charleston Alcohol Research Center Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC 29425, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,, Charleston Alcohol Research Center Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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