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Kita K, Morkos C, Nolan K. Maintenance of stem cell self-renewal by sex chromosomal zinc-finger transcription factors. World J Methodol 2024; 14:97664. [DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v14.i4.97664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In this Editorial review, we would like to focus on a very recent discovery showing the global autosomal gene regulation by Y- and inactivated X-chromosomal transcription factors, zinc finger gene on the Y chromosome (ZFY) and zinc finger protein X-linked (ZFX). ZFX and ZFY are both zinc-finger proteins that encode general transcription factors abundant in hematopoietic and embryonic stem cells. Although both proteins are homologs, interestingly, the regulation of self-renewal by these transcriptional factors is almost exclusive to ZFX. This fact implies that there are some differential roles between ZFX and ZFY in regulating the maintenance of self-renewal activity in stem cells. Besides the maintenance of stemness, ZFX overexpression or mutations may be linked to certain cancers. Although cancers and stem cells are double-edged swords, there is no study showing the link between ZFX activity and the telomere. Thus, stemness or cancers with ZFX may be linked to other molecules, such as Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and others. Based on very recent studies and a few lines of evidence in the past decade, it appears that the ZFX is linked to the canonical Wnt signaling, which is one possible mechanism to explain the role of ZFX in the self-renewal of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Kita
- Department of Biology, St. Francis College, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Celine Morkos
- Department of Biology, St. Francis College, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Kathleen Nolan
- Department of Biology, St. Francis College, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
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Rivera-Ordaz A, Peli V, Manzini P, Barilani M, Lazzari L. Critical Analysis of cGMP Large-Scale Expansion Process in Bioreactors of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in the Framework of Quality by Design. BioDrugs 2021; 35:693-714. [PMID: 34727354 PMCID: PMC8561684 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-021-00503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are manufactured as advanced therapy medicinal products for tissue replacement applications. With this aim, the feasibility of hiPSC large-scale expansion in existing bioreactor systems under current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) has been tested. Yet, these attempts have lacked a paradigm shift in culture settings and technologies tailored to hiPSCs, which jeopardizes their clinical translation. The best approach for industrial scale-up of high-quality hiPSCs is to design their manufacturing process by following quality-by-design (QbD) principles: a scientific, risk-based framework for process design based on relating product and process attributes to product quality. In this review, we analyzed the hiPSC expansion manufacturing process implementing the QbD approach in the use of bioreactors, stressing the decisive role played by the cell quantity, quality and costs, drawing key QbD concepts directly from the guidelines of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Rivera-Ordaz
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Peli
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Manzini
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Barilani
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
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3
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Immortalizing Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Aged Donors While Keeping Their Essential Features. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:5726947. [PMID: 32612662 PMCID: PMC7315279 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5726947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) obtained from aged patients are prone to senesce and diminish their differentiation potential, therefore limiting their usefulness for osteochondral regenerative medicine approaches or to study age-related diseases, such as osteoarthiritis (OA). MSCs can be transduced with immortalizing genes to overcome this limitation, but transduction of primary slow-dividing cells has proven to be challenging. Methods for enhancing transduction efficiency (such as spinoculation, chemical adjuvants, or transgene expression inductors) can be used, but several parameters must be adapted for each transduction system. In order to develop a transduction method suitable for the immortalization of MSCs from aged donors, we used a spinoculation method. Incubation parameters of packaging cells, speed and time of centrifugation, and valproic acid concentration to induce transgene expression have been adjusted. In this way, four immortalized MSC lines (iMSC#6, iMSC#8, iMSC#9, and iMSC#10) were generated. These immortalized MSCs (iMSCs) were capable of bypassing senescence and proliferating at a higher rate than primary MSCs. Characterization of iMSCs showed that these cells kept the expression of mesenchymal surface markers and were able to differentiate towards osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. Nevertheless, alterations in the CD105 expression and a switch of cell fate-commitment towards the osteogenic lineage have been noticed. In conclusion, the developed transduction method is suitable for the immortalization of MSCs derived from aged donors. The generated iMSC lines maintain essential mesenchymal features and are expected to be useful tools for the bone and cartilage regenerative medicine research.
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In Vitro Generation of Glucose-Responsive Insulin-Secreting Cells from PDX1-Overexpressing Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived from Diabetic Patient. ASAIO J 2019; 64:819-826. [PMID: 29210770 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000000728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1), a member of the homeodomain-containing transcription factor family, is a key transcription factor for pancreas development and mature β-cell function. In this study, induced overexpression of PDX1 resulted in producing susceptible cells for pancreatic differentiation and was well beneficial to enhance β-cell production, maturation, function, and survival. Induced PDX1 overexpression in harmony with a set of signaling molecules involves in guiding the signaling pathways toward pancreas development, leaded to high-efficient in vitro generation of ectopic insulin-producing cells (IPCs) with the effectively reduced number of polyhormonal cells and increased number of insulin (INS) single-positive cells. This strategy yielded 85.61% glucose-responsive insulin-positive cells in vitro, which was seven times higher than the basal level, and electron microscopy images revealed the presence of mature β-cell secretory granules. The generation of glucose-responsive insulin-secreting β-like cells from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in vitro would provide a promising approach to produce an unprecedented cell source for cell transplantation therapy in diabetes without the ethical obstacle of embryonic stem cells and would bypass immune rejection. These cells are an invaluable source for disease modeling, drug discovery, and pharmacogenomics studies as well.
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Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare inherited disease that is associated with bone marrow failure and a predisposition to cancer. Previous clinical trials emphasized the difficulties that accompany the use of gene therapy to treat bone marrow failure in patients with FA. Nevertheless, the discovery of new drugs that can efficiently mobilize hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and the development of optimized procedures for transducing HSCs, using safe, integrative vectors, markedly improved the efficiency by which the phenotype of hematopoietic repopulating cells from patients with FA can be corrected. In addition, these achievements allowed the demonstration of the in vivo proliferation advantage of gene-corrected FA repopulating cells in immunodeficient mice. Significantly, new gene therapy trials are currently ongoing to investigate the progressive restoration of hematopoiesis in patients with FA by gene-corrected autologous HSCs. Further experimental studies are focused on the ex vivo transduction of unpurified FA HSCs, using new pseudotyped vectors that have HSC tropism. Because of the resistance of some of these vectors to serum complement, new strategies for in vivo gene therapy for FA HSCs are in development. Finally, because of the rapid advancements in gene-editing techniques, correction of CD34+ cells isolated from patients with FA is now feasible, using gene-targeting strategies. Taken together, these advances indicate that gene therapy can soon be used as an efficient and safe alternative for the hematopoietic treatment of patients with FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Río
- 1 Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Madrid, Spain .,2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain; and Madrid, Spain .,3 Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Navarro
- 1 Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Madrid, Spain .,2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain; and Madrid, Spain .,3 Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Bueren
- 1 Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Madrid, Spain .,2 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain; and Madrid, Spain .,3 Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD) , Madrid, Spain
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Martorell L, Luce E, Vazquez JL, Richaud-Patin Y, Jimenez-Delgado S, Corrales I, Borras N, Casacuberta-Serra S, Weber A, Parra R, Altisent C, Follenzi A, Dubart-Kupperschmitt A, Raya A, Vidal F, Barquinero J. Advanced cell-based modeling of the royal disease: characterization of the mutated F9 mRNA. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:2188-2197. [PMID: 28834196 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Essentials The Royal disease (RD) is a form of hemophilia B predicted to be caused by a splicing mutation. We generated an iPSC-based model of the disease allowing mechanistic studies at the RNA level. F9 mRNA analysis in iPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells showed the predicted abnormal splicing. Mutated F9 mRNA level was very low but we also found traces of wild type transcripts. SUMMARY Background The royal disease is a form of hemophilia B (HB) that affected many descendants of Queen Victoria in the 19th and 20th centuries. It was found to be caused by the mutation F9 c.278-3A>G. Objective To generate a physiological cell model of the disease and to study F9 expression at the RNA level. Methods Using fibroblasts from skin biopsies of a previously identified hemophilic patient bearing the F9 c.278-3A>G mutation and his mother, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Both the patient's and mother's iPSCs were differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) and their F9 mRNA was analyzed using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Results and Conclusion We demonstrated the previously predicted aberrant splicing of the F9 transcript as a result of an intronic nucleotide substitution leading to a frameshift and the generation of a premature termination codon (PTC). The F9 mRNA level in the patient's HLCs was significantly reduced compared with that of his mother, suggesting that mutated transcripts undergo nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), a cellular mechanism that degrades PTC-containing mRNAs. We also detected small proportions of correctly spliced transcripts in the patient's HLCs, which, combined with genetic variability in splicing and NMD machineries, could partially explain some clinical variability among affected members of the European royal families who had lifespans above the average. This work allowed the demonstration of the pathologic consequences of an intronic mutation in the F9 gene and represents the first bona fide cellular model of HB allowing the study of rare mutations at the RNA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Martorell
- Gene and Cell Therapy Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Congenital Coagulopathies Laboratory, Blood and Tissue Bank (BST), Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy Unit, VHIR-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Luce
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR_S) 1193, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Hepatinov, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
| | - J L Vazquez
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona (CMRB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Y Richaud-Patin
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona (CMRB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Jimenez-Delgado
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona (CMRB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Corrales
- Congenital Coagulopathies Laboratory, Blood and Tissue Bank (BST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Borras
- Congenital Coagulopathies Laboratory, Blood and Tissue Bank (BST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Casacuberta-Serra
- Gene and Cell Therapy Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Weber
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR_S) 1193, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Hepatinov, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
| | - R Parra
- Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy Unit, VHIR-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
- Hemophilia Unit, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Altisent
- Hemophilia Unit, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Follenzi
- University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - A Dubart-Kupperschmitt
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR_S) 1193, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Hepatinov, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
| | - A Raya
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona (CMRB), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - F Vidal
- Congenital Coagulopathies Laboratory, Blood and Tissue Bank (BST), Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy Unit, VHIR-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Cardiovascular Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Barquinero
- Gene and Cell Therapy Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Mohammadi Amirabad L, Massumi M, Shamsara M, Shabani I, Amari A, Mossahebi Mohammadi M, Hosseinzadeh S, Vakilian S, Steinbach SK, Khorramizadeh MR, Soleimani M, Barzin J. Enhanced Cardiac Differentiation of Human Cardiovascular Disease Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Applying Unidirectional Electrical Pulses Using Aligned Electroactive Nanofibrous Scaffolds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:6849-6864. [PMID: 28116894 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In the embryonic heart, electrical impulses propagate in a unidirectional manner from the sinus venosus and appear to be involved in cardiogenesis. In this work, aligned and random polyaniline/polyetersulfone (PANI/PES) nanofibrous scaffolds doped by Camphor-10-sulfonic acid (β) (CPSA) were fabricated via electrospinning and used to conduct electrical impulses in a unidirectional and multidirectional fashion, respectively. A bioreactor was subsequently engineered to apply electrical impulses to cells cultured on PANI/PES scaffolds. We established cardiovascular disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (CVD-iPSCs) from the fibroblasts of patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgeries. The CVD-iPSCs were seeded onto the scaffolds, cultured in cardiomyocyte-inducing factors, and exposed to electrical impulses for 1 h/day, over a 15-day time period in the bioreactor. The application of the unidirectional electrical stimulation to the cells significantly increased the number of cardiac Troponin T (cTnT+) cells in comparison to multidirectional electrical stimulation using random fibrous scaffolds. This was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction for cardiac-related transcription factors (NKX2.5, GATA4, and NPPA) and a cardiac-specific structural gene (TNNT2). Here we report for the first time that applying electrical pulses in a unidirectional manner mimicking the unidirectional wave of electrical stimulation in the heart, could increase the derivation of cardiomyocytes from CVD-iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Mohammadi Amirabad
- Stem Cells Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Tehran, Iran
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Massumi
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mehdi Shamsara
- Stem Cells Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Shabani
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology , Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Amari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran
| | | | - Simzar Hosseinzadeh
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Vakilian
- Stem Cells Biology Department, Stem Cell Technology Research Center , Tehran, Iran
| | - Sarah K Steinbach
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mohammad R Khorramizadeh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Stem Cells Biology Department, Stem Cell Technology Research Center , Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalal Barzin
- Biomaterials Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute , Tehran, Iran
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Rajaei B, Shamsara M, Amirabad LM, Massumi M, Sanati MH. Pancreatic Endoderm-Derived From Diabetic Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Generates Glucose-Responsive Insulin-Secreting Cells. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:2616-2625. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Rajaei
- Department of Medical Genetics; Institute of Medical Biotechnology; National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Tehran Iran
| | - Mehdi Shamsara
- National Center for Transgenic Mouse Research; Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology; National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Tehran Iran
| | - Leila Mohammadi Amirabad
- National Center for Transgenic Mouse Research; Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology; National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Tehran Iran
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Massumi
- Department of Physiology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute; Mount Sinai Hospital; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Mohammad Hossein Sanati
- Department of Medical Genetics; Institute of Medical Biotechnology; National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Tehran Iran
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9
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Galera-Monge T, Zurita-Díaz F, González-Páramos C, Moreno-Izquierdo A, Fraga MF, Fernández AF, Garesse R, Gallardo ME. Generation of a human iPSC line from a patient with Leigh syndrome caused by a mutation in the MT-ATP6 gene. Stem Cell Res 2016; 16:766-9. [PMID: 27346203 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Galera-Monge
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", (UAM-CSIC) Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i + 12"), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Zurita-Díaz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", (UAM-CSIC) Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i + 12"), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina González-Páramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", (UAM-CSIC) Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i + 12"), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Moreno-Izquierdo
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i + 12"), Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Genética, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario F Fraga
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC), Spain
| | - Agustin F Fernández
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rafael Garesse
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", (UAM-CSIC) Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i + 12"), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Esther Gallardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", (UAM-CSIC) Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i + 12"), Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Stem Cell Therapies for Treatment of Liver Disease. Biomedicines 2016; 4:biomedicines4010002. [PMID: 28536370 PMCID: PMC5344247 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines4010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy is an emerging form of treatment for several liver diseases, but is limited by the availability of donor livers. Stem cells hold promise as an alternative to the use of primary hepatocytes. We performed an exhaustive review of the literature, with a focus on the latest studies involving the use of stem cells for the treatment of liver disease. Stem cells can be harvested from a number of sources, or can be generated from somatic cells to create induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Different cell lines have been used experimentally to support liver function and treat inherited metabolic disorders, acute liver failure, cirrhosis, liver cancer, and small-for-size liver transplantations. Cell-based therapeutics may involve gene therapy, cell transplantation, bioartificial liver devices, or bioengineered organs. Research in this field is still very active. Stem cell therapy may, in the future, be used as a bridge to either liver transplantation or endogenous liver regeneration, but efficient differentiation and production protocols must be developed and safety must be demonstrated before it can be applied to clinical practice.
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11
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KRISHNAN SP. Induced pluripotent stem cells: methods, disease modeling, and microenvironment for drug discovery and screening. Turk J Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.3906/biy-1507-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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12
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Mallett A, Patel C, Maier B, McGaughran J, Gabbett M, Takasato M, Cameron A, Trnka P, Alexander SI, Rangan G, Tchan MC, Caruana G, John G, Quinlan C, McCarthy HJ, Hyland V, Hoy WE, Wolvetang E, Taft R, Simons C, Healy H, Little M. A protocol for the identification and validation of novel genetic causes of kidney disease. BMC Nephrol 2015; 16:152. [PMID: 26374634 PMCID: PMC4570515 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-015-0148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic renal diseases (GRD) are a heterogeneous and incompletely understood group of disorders accounting for approximately 10 % of those diagnosed with kidney disease. The advent of Next Generation sequencing and new approaches to disease modelling may allow the identification and validation of novel genetic variants in patients with previously incompletely explained or understood GRD. METHODS/DESIGN This study will recruit participants in families/trios from a multidisciplinary sub-specialty Renal Genetics Clinic where known genetic causes of GRD have been excluded or where genetic testing is not available. After informed patient consent, whole exome and/or genome sequencing will be performed with bioinformatics analysis undertaken using a customised variant assessment tool. A rigorous process for participant data management will be undertaken. Novel genetic findings will be validated using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells via differentiation to renal and relevant extra-renal tissue phenotypes in vitro. A process for managing the risk of incidental findings and the return of study results to participants has been developed. DISCUSSION This investigator-initiated approach brings together experts in nephrology, clinical and molecular genetics, pathology and developmental biology to discover and validate novel genetic causes for patients in Australia affected by GRD without a known genetic aetiology or pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Mallett
- Kidney Health Service and Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia. .,Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Centre for Chronic Disease and CKD.QLD, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia. .,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia. .,Kidney Health Service, Level 9, Ned Hanlon Building, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Butterfield Street, Herston, Brisbane, Qld, 4029, Australia.
| | - Chirag Patel
- Genetic Health Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Barbara Maier
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julie McGaughran
- Genetic Health Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael Gabbett
- Genetic Health Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Minoru Takasato
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anne Cameron
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Centre for Chronic Disease and CKD.QLD, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Peter Trnka
- Queensland Child and Adolescent Renal Service, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephen I Alexander
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gopala Rangan
- Department of Nephrology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michel C Tchan
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Georgina Caruana
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - George John
- Kidney Health Service and Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cathy Quinlan
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hugh J McCarthy
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Valentine Hyland
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Pathology Queensland and Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wendy E Hoy
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Centre for Chronic Disease and CKD.QLD, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Ernst Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Ryan Taft
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Cas Simons
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Helen Healy
- Kidney Health Service and Conjoint Kidney Research Laboratory, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.,Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Centre for Chronic Disease and CKD.QLD, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Melissa Little
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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13
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Martorell L, Corrales I, Ramirez L, Parra R, Raya A, Barquinero J, Vidal F. Molecular characterization of ten
F8
splicing mutations in RNA isolated from patient's leucocytes: assessment of
in silico
prediction tools accuracy. Haemophilia 2015; 21:249-257. [DOI: 10.1111/hae.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Martorell
- Gene and Cell Therapy Vall d'Hebron Research Institute Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (VHIR‐UAB)Barcelona Spain
- Control of Stem Cell Potency Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)Barcelona Spain
- Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy Vall d'Hebron Research Institute Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (VHIR‐UAB)Barcelona Spain
| | - I. Corrales
- Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy Vall d'Hebron Research Institute Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (VHIR‐UAB)Barcelona Spain
- Congenital Coagulopathies Laboratory Blood and Tissue Bank (BST)Barcelona Spain
| | - L. Ramirez
- Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy Vall d'Hebron Research Institute Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (VHIR‐UAB)Barcelona Spain
- Congenital Coagulopathies Laboratory Blood and Tissue Bank (BST)Barcelona Spain
| | - R. Parra
- Congenital Coagulopathies Laboratory Blood and Tissue Bank (BST)Barcelona Spain
- Haemophilia Unit Vall d'Hebron University HospitalBarcelona Spain
| | - A. Raya
- Control of Stem Cell Potency Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA)Barcelona Spain
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona (CMRB)Barcelona Spain
- Networking Center of Biomedical Research in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER‐BBN) Barcelona Spain
| | - J. Barquinero
- Gene and Cell Therapy Vall d'Hebron Research Institute Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (VHIR‐UAB)Barcelona Spain
| | - F. Vidal
- Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy Vall d'Hebron Research Institute Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (VHIR‐UAB)Barcelona Spain
- Congenital Coagulopathies Laboratory Blood and Tissue Bank (BST)Barcelona Spain
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14
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Navarro S, Moleiro V, Molina-Estevez FJ, Lozano ML, Chinchon R, Almarza E, Quintana-Bustamante O, Mostoslavsky G, Maetzig T, Galla M, Heinz N, Schiedlmeier B, Torres Y, Modlich U, Samper E, Río P, Segovia JC, Raya A, Güenechea G, Izpisua-Belmonte JC, Bueren JA. Generation of iPSCs from genetically corrected Brca2 hypomorphic cells: implications in cell reprogramming and stem cell therapy. Stem Cells 2014; 32:436-46. [PMID: 24420904 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a complex genetic disease associated with a defective DNA repair pathway known as the FA pathway. In contrast to many other FA proteins, BRCA2 participates downstream in this pathway and has a critical role in homology-directed recombination (HDR). In our current studies, we have observed an extremely low reprogramming efficiency in cells with a hypomorphic mutation in Brca2 (Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ27)), that was associated with increased apoptosis and defective generation of nuclear RAD51 foci during the reprogramming process. Gene complementation facilitated the generation of Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ27) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with a disease-free FA phenotype. Karyotype analyses and comparative genome hybridization arrays of complemented Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ27) iPSCs showed, however, the presence of different genetic alterations in these cells, most of which were not evident in their parental Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ27) mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Gene-corrected Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ27) iPSCs could be differentiated in vitro toward the hematopoietic lineage, although with a more limited efficacy than WT iPSCs or mouse embryonic stem cells, and did not engraft in irradiated Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ27) recipients. Our results are consistent with previous studies proposing that HDR is critical for cell reprogramming and demonstrate that reprogramming defects characteristic of Brca2 mutant cells can be efficiently overcome by gene complementation. Finally, based on analysis of the phenotype, genetic stability, and hematopoietic differentiation potential of gene-corrected Brca2(Δ) (27/) (Δ) (27) iPSCs, achievements and limitations in the application of current reprogramming approaches in hematopoietic stem cell therapy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Navarro
- Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), Madrid, Spain
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15
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Yu Y, Wang X, Nyberg SL. Potential and Challenges of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Liver Diseases Treatment. J Clin Med 2014; 3:997-1017. [PMID: 26237490 PMCID: PMC4449640 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3030997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tens of millions of patients are affected by liver disease worldwide. Many of these patients can benefit from cell therapy involving living metabolically active cells, either by treatment of their liver disease, or by prevention of their disease phenotype. Cell therapies, including hepatocyte transplantation and bioartificial liver (BAL) devices, have been proposed as therapeutic alternatives to the shortage of transplantable livers. Both BAL and hepatocyte transplantation are cellular therapies that avoid use of a whole liver. Hepatocytes are also widely used in drug screening and liver disease modelling. However, the demand for human hepatocytes, heavily outweighs their availability by conventional means. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) technology brings together the potential benefits of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) (i.e., self-renewal, pluripotency) and addresses the major ethical and scientific concerns of ESCs: embryo destruction and immune-incompatibility. It has been shown that hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) can be generated from iPSCs. Furthermore, human iPSCs (hiPSCs) can provide an unlimited source of human hepatocytes and hold great promise for applications in regenerative medicine, drug screening and liver diseases modelling. Despite steady progress, there are still several major obstacles that need to be overcome before iPSCs will reach the bedside. This review will focus on the current state of efforts to derive hiPSCs for potential use in modelling and treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China.
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China.
| | - Xuehao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China.
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China.
| | - Scott L Nyberg
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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16
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Induced pluripotent stem cells in hematology: current and future applications. Blood Cancer J 2014; 4:e211. [PMID: 24813079 PMCID: PMC4042300 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2014.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells is nowadays approaching effectiveness and clinical grade. Potential uses of this technology include predictive toxicology, drug screening, pathogenetic studies and transplantation. Here, we review the basis of current iPS cell technology and potential applications in hematology, ranging from disease modeling of congenital and acquired hemopathies to hematopoietic stem and other blood cell transplantation.
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17
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Sakuma T, Woltjen K. Nuclease-mediated genome editing: At the front-line of functional genomics technology. Dev Growth Differ 2014; 56:2-13. [PMID: 24387662 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing with engineered endonucleases is rapidly becoming a staple method in developmental biology studies. Engineered nucleases permit random or designed genomic modification at precise loci through the stimulation of endogenous double-strand break repair. Homology-directed repair following targeted DNA damage is mediated by co-introduction of a custom repair template, allowing the derivation of knock-out and knock-in alleles in animal models previously refractory to classic gene targeting procedures. Currently there are three main types of customizable site-specific nucleases delineated by the source mechanism of DNA binding that guides nuclease activity to a genomic target: zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR). Among these genome engineering tools, characteristics such as the ease of design and construction, mechanism of inducing DNA damage, and DNA sequence specificity all differ, making their application complementary. By understanding the advantages and disadvantages of each method, one may make the best choice for their particular purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsushi Sakuma
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
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18
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Mukherjee S, Thrasher AJ. Gene correction of induced pluripotent stem cells derived from a murine model of X-linked chronic granulomatous disorder. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1114:427-440. [PMID: 24557920 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-761-7_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy presents an attractive alternative to allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for treating patients suffering from primary immunodeficiency disorder (PID). The conceptual advantage of gene correcting a patient's autologous HSCs lies in minimizing or completely avoiding immunological complications arising from allogeneic transplantation while conferring the same benefits of immune reconstitution upon long-term engraftment. Clinical trials targeting X-linked chronic granulomatous disorder (X-CGD) have shown promising results in this context. However, long-term clinical benefits in these patients have been limited by issues of poor engraftment of gene-transduced cells coupled with transgene silencing and vector induced clonal proliferation. Novel vectors incorporating safety features such as self-inactivating (SIN) mutations in the long terminal repeats (LTRs) along with synthetic promoters driving lineage-restricted sustainable expression of the gp91phox transgene are expected to resolve the current pitfalls and require rigorous preclinical testing. In this chapter, we have outlined a protocol in which X-CGD mouse model derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been utilized to develop a platform for investigating the efficacy and safety profiles of novel vectors prior to clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayandip Mukherjee
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Centre for Immunodeficiency, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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19
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Dao KHT, Rotelli MD, Brown BR, Yates JE, Rantala J, Tognon C, Tyner JW, Druker BJ, Bagby GC. The PI3K/Akt1 pathway enhances steady-state levels of FANCL. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:2582-92. [PMID: 23783032 PMCID: PMC3744951 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-03-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia hematopoietic stem cells display poor self-renewal capacity when subjected to a variety of cellular stress. This phenotype raises the question of whether the Fanconi anemia proteins are stabilized or recruited as part of a stress response and protect against stem cell loss. Here we provide evidence that FANCL, the E3 ubiquitin ligase of the Fanconi anemia pathway, is constitutively targeted for degradation by the proteasome. We confirm biochemically that FANCL is polyubiquitinated with Lys-48-linked chains. Evaluation of a series of N-terminal-deletion mutants showed that FANCL's E2-like fold may direct ubiquitination. In addition, our studies showed that FANCL is stabilized in a complex with axin1 when glycogen synthase kinase-3β is overexpressed. This result leads us to investigate the potential regulation of FANCL by upstream signaling pathways known to regulate glycogen synthase kinase-3β. We report that constitutively active, myristoylated-Akt increases FANCL protein level by reducing polyubiquitination of FANCL. Two-dimensional PAGE analysis shows that acidic forms of FANCL, some of which are phospho-FANCL, are not subject to polyubiquitination. These results indicate that a signal transduction pathway involved in self-renewal and survival of hematopoietic stem cells also functions to stabilize FANCL and suggests that FANCL participates directly in support of stem cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Hien T Dao
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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20
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Hu K, Slukvin I. Generation of transgene-free iPSC lines from human normal and neoplastic blood cells using episomal vectors. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 997:163-76. [PMID: 23546755 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-348-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have become an important tool for modeling human diseases and are considered a potential source of therapeutic cells. Original methods for iPSC generation use fibroblasts as a cell source for reprogramming and retroviral vectors as a delivery method of the reprogramming factors. However, fibroblasts require extended time for expansion and viral delivery of transgenes results in the integration of vector sequences into the genome which is a source of potential insertion mutagenesis, residual expressions, and reactivation of transgenes during differentiation. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the efficient generation of transgene-free iPSC lines from human bone marrow and cord blood cells with a single transfection of non-integrating episomal plasmids. This method uses mononuclear bone marrow and cord blood cells, and makes it possible to generate transgene-free iPSCs 1-3 weeks faster than previous methods of reprogramming with fibroblasts. Additionally, we show that this approach can be used for efficient reprogramming of chronic myeloid leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejin Hu
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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21
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Generation of human iPSCs from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells using non-integrative Sendai virus in chemically defined conditions. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1036:81-8. [PMID: 23807788 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-511-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have received enormous attention because of their ability to differentiate into multiple cell types that demonstrate the patient's original phenotype. The use of hiPSCs is particularly valuable to the study of cardiac biology, as human cardiomyocytes are difficult to isolate and culture and have a limited proliferative potential. By deriving iPSCs from patients with heart disease and subsequently differentiating these hiPSCs to cardiomyocytes, it is feasible to study cardiac biology in vitro and model cardiac diseases. While there are many different methods for deriving hiPSCs, clinical use of these hiPSCs will require derivation by methods that do not involve modification of the original genome (non-integrative) or incorporate xeno-derived products (such as bovine serum albumin) which may contain xeno-agents. Ideally, this derivation would be carried out under chemically defined conditions to prevent lot-to-lot variability and enhance reproducibility. Additionally, derivation from cell types such as fibroblasts requires extended culture (4-6 weeks), greatly increasing the time required to progress from biopsy to hiPSC. Herein, we outline a method of culturing peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and reprogramming PBMCs into hiPSCs using a non-integrative Sendai virus.
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22
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Wang J, He Q, Han C, Gu H, Jin L, Li Q, Mei Y, Wu M. p53-facilitated miR-199a-3p regulates somatic cell reprogramming. Stem Cells 2012; 30:1405-13. [PMID: 22553189 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by ectopic expression of defined transcriptional factors. The efficiency of this process, however, is extremely low. Although inactivation of p53 has been recently shown to greatly enhance reprogramming efficiency, the underlying molecular mechanisms still remain largely unknown. Here, we report that miR-199a-3p is upregulated by p53 at the post-transcriptional level. Induction of miR-199a-3p significantly decreases reprogramming efficiency, whereas miR-199a-3p inhibition greatly enhances it. Mechanistically, miR-199a-3p overexpression inhibits cell proliferation by imposing G1 cell cycle arrest. Conversely, miR-199a-3p inhibition results in a pronounced increase in cell proliferation. Furthermore, the enhancement in reprogramming of p53 knockdown cells is almost completely reversed with replacement of miR-199a-3p. Also, miR-199a-3p inhibition partially rescues iPS generation impaired by p53. These findings suggest miR-199a-3p as a novel p53 target that negatively regulates somatic cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxu Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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23
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Smith AJ, Nelson NG, Oommen S, Hartjes KA, Folmes CD, Terzic A, Nelson TJ. Apoptotic susceptibility to DNA damage of pluripotent stem cells facilitates pharmacologic purging of teratoma risk. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012. [PMID: 23197662 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells have been the focus of bioengineering efforts designed to generate regenerative products, yet harnessing therapeutic capacity while minimizing risk of dysregulated growth remains a challenge. The risk of residual undifferentiated stem cells within a differentiated progenitor population requires a targeted approach to eliminate contaminating cells prior to delivery. In this study we aimed to validate a toxicity strategy that could selectively purge pluripotent stem cells in response to DNA damage and avoid risk of uncontrolled cell growth upon transplantation. Compared with somatic cell types, embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells displayed hypersensitivity to apoptotic induction by genotoxic agents. Notably, hypersensitivity in pluripotent stem cells was stage-specific and consistently lost upon in vitro differentiation, with the mean half-maximal inhibitory concentration increasing nearly 2 orders of magnitude with tissue specification. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting demonstrated that the innate response was mediated through upregulation of the BH3-only protein Puma in both natural and induced pluripotent stem cells. Pretreatment with genotoxic etoposide purged hypersensitive pluripotent stem cells to yield a progenitor population refractory to teratoma formation upon transplantation. Collectively, this study exploits a hypersensitive apoptotic response to DNA damage within pluripotent stem cells to decrease risk of dysregulated growth and augment the safety profile of transplant-ready, bioengineered progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson J Smith
- Department of Medicine and Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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24
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McLenachan S, Menchón C, Raya A, Consiglio A, Edel MJ. Cyclin A1 is essential for setting the pluripotent state and reducing tumorigenicity of induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2891-9. [PMID: 22500553 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper differentiation and threat of cancer rising from the application of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are major bottlenecks in the field and are thought to be inherently linked to the pluripotent nature of iPS cells. To address this question, we have compared iPS cells to embryonic stem cells (ESCs), the gold standard of ground state pluripotency, in search for proteins that may improve pluripotency of iPS cells. We have found that when reprogramming somatic cells toward pluripotency, 1%-5% of proteins of 5 important cell functions are not set to the correct expression levels compared to ESCs, including mainly cell cycle proteins. We have shown that resetting cyclin A(1) protein expression of early-passage iPS cells closer to the ground state pluripotent state of mouse ESCs improves the pluripotency and reduces the threat of cancer of iPS cells. This work is a proof of principle that reveals that setting expression of certain proteins correctly during reprogramming is essential for achieving ESC-state pluripotency. This finding would be of immediate help to those researchers in different fields of iPS cell work that specializes in cell cycle, apoptosis, cell adhesion, cell signaling, and cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel McLenachan
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia
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25
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Xu X, Qu J, Suzuki K, Li M, Zhang W, Liu GH, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Reprogramming based gene therapy for inherited red blood cell disorders. Cell Res 2012; 22:941-4. [PMID: 22473006 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2012.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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26
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Sánchez-Danés A, Richaud-Patin Y, Carballo-Carbajal I, Jiménez-Delgado S, Caig C, Mora S, Di Guglielmo C, Ezquerra M, Patel B, Giralt A, Canals JM, Memo M, Alberch J, López-Barneo J, Vila M, Cuervo AM, Tolosa E, Consiglio A, Raya A. Disease-specific phenotypes in dopamine neurons from human iPS-based models of genetic and sporadic Parkinson's disease. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4:380-95. [PMID: 22407749 PMCID: PMC3403296 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201200215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) offer an unprecedented opportunity to model human disease in relevant cell types, but it is unclear whether they could successfully model age-related diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we generated iPSC lines from seven patients with idiopathic PD (ID-PD), four patients with familial PD associated to the G2019S mutation in the Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene (LRRK2-PD) and four age- and sex-matched healthy individuals (Ctrl). Over long-time culture, dopaminergic neurons (DAn) differentiated from either ID-PD- or LRRK2-PD-iPSC showed morphological alterations, including reduced numbers of neurites and neurite arborization, as well as accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, which were not evident in DAn differentiated from Ctrl-iPSC. Further induction of autophagy and/or inhibition of lysosomal proteolysis greatly exacerbated the DAn morphological alterations, indicating autophagic compromise in DAn from ID-PD- and LRRK2-PD-iPSC, which we demonstrate occurs at the level of autophagosome clearance. Our study provides an iPSC-based in vitro model that captures the patients' genetic complexity and allows investigation of the pathogenesis of both sporadic and familial PD cases in a disease-relevant cell type.
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27
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Prospect of induced pluripotent stem cell genetic repair to cure genetic diseases. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:498197. [PMID: 22448173 PMCID: PMC3289873 DOI: 10.1155/2012/498197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In genetic diseases, where the cells are already damaged, the damaged cells can be replaced by new normal cells, which can be differentiated from iPSC. To avoid immune rejection, iPSC from the patient's own cell can be developed. However, iPSC from the patients's cell harbors the same genetic aberration. Therefore, before differentiating the iPSCs into required cells, genetic repair should be done. This review discusses the various technologies to repair the genetic aberration in patient-derived iPSC, or to prevent the genetic aberration to cause further damage in the iPSC-derived cells, such as Zn finger and TALE nuclease genetic editing, RNA interference technology, exon skipping, and gene transfer method. In addition, the challenges in using the iPSC and the strategies to manage the hurdles are addressed.
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28
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Tissue Bioengineering and Artificial Organs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 741:314-36. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2098-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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29
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Sánchez-Danés A, Consiglio A, Richaud Y, Rodríguez-Pizà I, Dehay B, Edel M, Bové J, Memo M, Vila M, Raya A, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Efficient generation of A9 midbrain dopaminergic neurons by lentiviral delivery of LMX1A in human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 23:56-69. [PMID: 21877920 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) offer great hope for in vitro modeling of Parkinson's disease (PD), as well as for designing cell-replacement therapies. To realize these opportunities, there is an urgent need to develop efficient protocols for the directed differentiation of hESC/iPSC into dopamine (DA) neurons with the specific characteristics of the cell population lost to PD, i.e., A9-subtype ventral midbrain DA neurons. Here we use lentiviral vectors to drive the expression of LMX1A, which encodes a transcription factor critical for ventral midbrain identity, specifically in neural progenitor cells. We show that clonal lines of hESC engineered to contain one or two copies of this lentiviral vector retain long-term self-renewing ability and pluripotent differentiation capacity. Greater than 60% of all neurons generated from LMX1A-engineered hESC were ventral midbrain DA neurons of the A9 subtype, compared with ∼10% in green fluorescent protein-engineered controls, as judged by specific marker expression and functional analyses. Moreover, DA neuron precursors differentiated from LMX1A-engineered hESC were able to survive and differentiate when grafted into the brain of adult mice. Finally, we provide evidence that LMX1A overexpression similarly increases the yield of DA neuron differentiation from human iPSC. Taken together, our data show that stable genetic engineering of hESC/iPSC with lentiviral vectors driving controlled expression of LMX1A is an efficient way to generate enriched populations of human A9-subtype ventral midbrain DA neurons, which should prove useful for modeling PD and may be helpful for designing future cell-replacement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sánchez-Danés
- 1 Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
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Generation of transgene-free human induced pluripotent stem cells with an excisable single polycistronic vector. Nat Protoc 2011; 6:1251-73. [PMID: 21886095 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2011.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) devoid of permanently integrated reprogramming factor genes is essential to reduce differentiation biases and artifactual phenotypes. We describe a protocol for the generation of human iPSCs using a single polycistronic lentiviral vector (pLM-fSV2A) coexpressing OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC; this is flanked by two loxP sites in its long terminal repeats (LTRs). Human iPSC lines are established with an efficiency of up to 1% and screened to select single or low vector copy lines. To deal with potential insertional mutagenesis, the vector integrations are then mapped to the human genome. Finally, the vector is excised by transient expression of Cre recombinase (coexpressed with mCherry) through an integrase-deficient lentiviral vector. Vector-excised iPSC lines maintain all characteristics of pluripotency. This protocol can be used to efficiently derive transgene-free iPSCs from many different starting cell types in approximately 12-14 weeks.
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31
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Anokye-Danso F, Trivedi CM, Juhr D, Gupta M, Cui Z, Tian Y, Zhang Y, Yang W, Gruber PJ, Epstein JA, Morrisey EE. Highly efficient miRNA-mediated reprogramming of mouse and human somatic cells to pluripotency. Cell Stem Cell 2011; 8:376-88. [PMID: 21474102 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 879] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor-based cellular reprogramming has opened the way to converting somatic cells to a pluripotent state, but has faced limitations resulting from the requirement for transcription factors and the relative inefficiency of the process. We show here that expression of the miR302/367 cluster rapidly and efficiently reprograms mouse and human somatic cells to an iPSC state without a requirement for exogenous transcription factors. This miRNA-based reprogramming approach is two orders of magnitude more efficient than standard Oct4/Sox2/Klf4/Myc-mediated methods. Mouse and human miR302/367 iPSCs display similar characteristics to Oct4/Sox2/Klf4/Myc-iPSCs, including pluripotency marker expression, teratoma formation, and, for mouse cells, chimera contribution and germline contribution. We found that miR367 expression is required for miR302/367-mediated reprogramming and activates Oct4 gene expression, and that suppression of Hdac2 is also required. Thus, our data show that miRNA and Hdac-mediated pathways can cooperate in a powerful way to reprogram somatic cells to pluripotency.
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Juopperi TA, Song H, Ming GL. Modeling neurological diseases using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2011; 6:363-373. [PMID: 21731471 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.11.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells to an embryonic-like state has dramatically changed the landscape of stem cell research. Although still in its formative stages, the field of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has the potential to advance the study of neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders at the molecular and cellular levels. The iPSC technology could be employed to establish in vitro experimental model systems for the identification of molecular lesions and to aid in the discovery of therapeutic targets and effective compounds. The derivation of patient-specific iPSCs has also opened up the possibility of generating disease-relevant cells for toxicity screening and for cellular therapy. In this article, we review the recent progress in the use of disease-specific iPSCs for in vitro and in vivo modeling of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarja A Juopperi
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Edel MJ, Menchon C, Vaquero JMA, Izpisua Belmonte JC. A protocol to assess cell cycle and apoptosis in human and mouse pluripotent cells. Cell Commun Signal 2011; 9:8. [PMID: 21481269 PMCID: PMC3101157 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-9-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) present a great opportunity to treat and model human disease as a cell replacement therapy. There is a growing pressure to understand better the signal transduction pathways regulating pluripotency and self-renewal of these special cells in order to deliver a safe and reliable cell based therapy in the near future. Many signal transduction pathways converge on two major cell functions associated with self-renewal and pluripotency: control of the cell cycle and apoptosis, although a standard method is lacking across the field. Here we present a detailed protocol to assess the cell cycle and apoptosis of ESC and iPSCs as a single reference point offering an easy to use standard approach across the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Edel
- Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Dr, Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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34
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Petrova A, Ilic D, McGrath JA. Stem cell therapies for recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Br J Dermatol 2010; 163:1149-56. [PMID: 20716209 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermis is composed of a stratified squamous epithelium that provides a mechanical barrier against the external environment and which is renewed every 3-4 weeks by resident stem cells in the epidermis. However, in the inherited skin fragility disorder, recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), there is recurrent trauma-induced subepidermal blistering that disrupts epidermal homeostasis and is likely to deplete the epidermal stem cell pool. This review article discusses the nature of epidermal stem cells and other stem cell populations in the skin, as well as other possible extracutaneous sources of stem cells, that might have physiological or therapeutic relevance to cell therapy approaches for RDEB. Strategies to identify, create and use cells with multipotent or pluripotent properties are explored and current clinical experience of stem cell therapy in RDEB is reviewed. There is currently no single optimal therapy for patients with RDEB, but cell therapy technologies are evolving and hold great potential for modifying disease severity and improving quality of life for people living with RDEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petrova
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Dermatology Research Laboratories, Floor 9 Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Masip M, Veiga A, Izpisúa Belmonte JC, Simón C. Reprogramming with defined factors: from induced pluripotency to induced transdifferentiation. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 16:856-68. [PMID: 20616150 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaq059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Masip
- Spanish Stem Cell Bank (Valencia Node), Prince Felipe Research Center, CIPF, Valencia University, Avda. Autopista del Saler 16, Valencia 46012, Spain
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Structural changes in a marine podovirus associated with release of its genome into Prochlorococcus. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2010; 17:830-6. [PMID: 20543830 PMCID: PMC2924429 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Podovirus P-SSP7 infects Prochlorococcus marinus, the most abundant oceanic photosynthetic microorganism. Single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) yields icosahedral and asymmetrical structures of infectious P-SSP7 with 4.6 Å and 9 Å resolution, respectively. The asymmetric reconstruction reveals how symmetry mismatches are accommodated among 5 of the gene products at the portal vertex. Reconstructions of infectious and empty particles show a conformational change of the “valve” density in the nozzle, an orientation difference in the tail fibers, a disordering of the C-terminus of the portal protein, and disappearance of the core proteins. In addition, cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) of P-SSP7 infecting Prochlorococcus demonstrated the same tail fiber conformation as in empty particles. Our observations suggest a mechanism whereby, upon binding to the host cell, the tail fibers induce a cascade of structural alterations of the portal vertex complex that triggers DNA release.
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