1
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Dall NR, Mendonça CATF, Torres Vera HL, Marqusee S. The importance of the location of the N-terminus in successful protein folding in vivo and in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321999121. [PMID: 39145938 PMCID: PMC11348275 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321999121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein folding in the cell often begins during translation. Many proteins fold more efficiently cotranslationally than when refolding from a denatured state. Changing the vectorial synthesis of the polypeptide chain through circular permutation could impact functional, soluble protein expression and interactions with cellular proteostasis factors. Here, we measure the solubility and function of every possible circular permutant (CP) of HaloTag in Escherichia coli cell lysate using a gel-based assay, and in living E. coli cells via FACS-seq. We find that 78% of HaloTag CPs retain protein function, though a subset of these proteins are also highly aggregation-prone. We examine the function of each CP in E. coli cells lacking the cotranslational chaperone trigger factor and the intracellular protease Lon and find no significant changes in function as a result of modifying the cellular proteostasis network. Finally, we biophysically characterize two topologically interesting CPs in vitro via circular dichroism and hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry to reveal changes in global stability and folding kinetics with circular permutation. For CP33, we identify a change in the refolding intermediate as compared to wild-type (WT) HaloTag. Finally, we show that the strongest predictor of aggregation-prone expression in cells is the introduction of termini within the refolding intermediate. These results, in addition to our finding that termini insertion within the conformationally restrained core is most disruptive to protein function, indicate that successful folding of circular permutants may depend more on changes in folding pathway and termini insertion in flexible regions than on the availability of proteostasis factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R. Dall
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | | | - Héctor L. Torres Vera
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Susan Marqusee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
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2
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Shields KE, Ranava D, Tan Y, Zhang D, Yap MNF. Epitranscriptional m6A modification of rRNA negatively impacts translation and host colonization in Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011968. [PMID: 38252661 PMCID: PMC10833563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B (MLS) are structurally distinct molecules that are among the safest antibiotics for prophylactic use and for the treatment of bacterial infections. The family of erythromycin resistance methyltransferases (Erm) invariantly install either one or two methyl groups onto the N6,6-adenosine of 2058 nucleotide (m6A2058) of the bacterial 23S rRNA, leading to bacterial cross-resistance to all MLS antibiotics. Despite extensive structural studies on the mechanism of Erm-mediated MLS resistance, how the m6A epitranscriptomic mark affects ribosome function and bacterial physiology is not well understood. Here, we show that Staphylococcus aureus cells harboring m6A2058 ribosomes are outcompeted by cells carrying unmodified ribosomes during infections and are severely impaired in colonization in the absence of an unmodified counterpart. The competitive advantage of m6A2058 ribosomes is manifested only upon antibiotic challenge. Using ribosome profiling (Ribo-Seq) and a dual-fluorescence reporter to measure ribosome occupancy and translational fidelity, we found that specific genes involved in host interactions, metabolism, and information processing are disproportionally deregulated in mRNA translation. This dysregulation is linked to a substantial reduction in translational capacity and fidelity in m6A2058 ribosomes. These findings point to a general "inefficient translation" mechanism of trade-offs associated with multidrug-resistant ribosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Shields
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David Ranava
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yongjun Tan
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Program of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mee-Ngan F. Yap
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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3
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Schumacher K, Gelhausen R, Kion-Crosby W, Barquist L, Backofen R, Jung K. Ribosome profiling reveals the fine-tuned response of Escherichia coli to mild and severe acid stress. mSystems 2023; 8:e0103723. [PMID: 37909716 PMCID: PMC10746267 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01037-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Bacteria react very differently to survive in acidic environments, such as the human gastrointestinal tract. Escherichia coli is one of the extremely acid-resistant bacteria and has a variety of acid-defense mechanisms. Here, we provide the first genome-wide overview of the adaptations of E. coli K-12 to mild and severe acid stress at both the transcriptional and translational levels. Using ribosome profiling and RNA sequencing, we uncover novel adaptations to different degrees of acidity, including previously hidden stress-induced small proteins and novel key transcription factors for acid defense, and report mRNAs with pH-dependent differential translation efficiency. In addition, we distinguish between acid-specific adaptations and general stress response mechanisms using denoising autoencoders. This workflow represents a powerful approach that takes advantage of next-generation sequencing techniques and machine learning to systematically analyze bacterial stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Schumacher
- Faculty of Biology, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rick Gelhausen
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Willow Kion-Crosby
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI)/Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
- University of Würzburg, Faculty of Medicine, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lars Barquist
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI)/Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
- University of Würzburg, Faculty of Medicine, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Backofen
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Jung
- Faculty of Biology, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
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4
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Weber M, Sogues A, Yus E, Burgos R, Gallo C, Martínez S, Lluch‐Senar M, Serrano L. Comprehensive quantitative modeling of translation efficiency in a genome-reduced bacterium. Mol Syst Biol 2023; 19:e11301. [PMID: 37642167 PMCID: PMC10568206 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202211301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Translation efficiency has been mainly studied by ribosome profiling, which only provides an incomplete picture of translation kinetics. Here, we integrated the absolute quantifications of tRNAs, mRNAs, RNA half-lives, proteins, and protein half-lives with ribosome densities and derived the initiation and elongation rates for 475 genes (67% of all genes), 73 with high precision, in the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mpn). We found that, although the initiation rate varied over 160-fold among genes, most of the known factors had little impact on translation efficiency. Local codon elongation rates could not be fully explained by the adaptation to tRNA abundances, which varied over 100-fold among tRNA isoacceptors. We provide a comprehensive quantitative view of translation efficiency, which suggests the existence of unidentified mechanisms of translational regulation in Mpn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Weber
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Adrià Sogues
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Eva Yus
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Raul Burgos
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Carolina Gallo
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Sira Martínez
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Maria Lluch‐Senar
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Luis Serrano
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)BarcelonaSpain
- ICREABarcelonaSpain
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5
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Müller MBD, Kasturi P, Jayaraj GG, Hartl FU. Mechanisms of readthrough mitigation reveal principles of GCN1-mediated translational quality control. Cell 2023:S0092-8674(23)00587-1. [PMID: 37339632 PMCID: PMC10364623 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Readthrough into the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of the mRNA results in the production of aberrant proteins. Metazoans efficiently clear readthrough proteins, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we show in Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian cells that readthrough proteins are targeted by a coupled, two-level quality control pathway involving the BAG6 chaperone complex and the ribosome-collision-sensing protein GCN1. Readthrough proteins with hydrophobic C-terminal extensions (CTEs) are recognized by SGTA-BAG6 and ubiquitylated by RNF126 for proteasomal degradation. Additionally, cotranslational mRNA decay initiated by GCN1 and CCR4/NOT limits the accumulation of readthrough products. Unexpectedly, selective ribosome profiling uncovered a general role of GCN1 in regulating translation dynamics when ribosomes collide at nonoptimal codons, enriched in 3' UTRs, transmembrane proteins, and collagens. GCN1 dysfunction increasingly perturbs these protein classes during aging, resulting in mRNA and proteome imbalance. Our results define GCN1 as a key factor acting during translation in maintaining protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin B D Müller
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Prasad Kasturi
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gopal G Jayaraj
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
| | - F Ulrich Hartl
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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6
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Seidel M, Romanov N, Obarska-Kosinska A, Becker A, Trevisan Doimo de Azevedo N, Provaznik J, Nagaraja SR, Landry JJM, Benes V, Beck M. Co-translational binding of importins to nascent proteins. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3418. [PMID: 37296145 PMCID: PMC10256725 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Various cellular quality control mechanisms support proteostasis. While, ribosome-associated chaperones prevent the misfolding of nascent chains during translation, importins were shown to prevent the aggregation of specific cargoes in a post-translational mechanism prior the import into the nucleoplasm. Here, we hypothesize that importins may already bind ribosome-associated cargo in a co-translational manner. We systematically measure the nascent chain association of all importins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by selective ribosome profiling. We identify a subset of importins that bind to a wide range of nascent, often uncharacterized cargoes. This includes ribosomal proteins, chromatin remodelers and RNA binding proteins that are aggregation prone in the cytosol. We show that importins act consecutively with other ribosome-associated chaperones. Thus, the nuclear import system is directly intertwined with nascent chain folding and chaperoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Seidel
- Department of Molecular Sociology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
- Faculty of Bioscience, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie Romanov
- Department of Molecular Sociology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Anja Becker
- Department of Molecular Sociology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Jan Provaznik
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sankarshana R Nagaraja
- Department of Molecular Sociology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jonathan J M Landry
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Beck
- Department of Molecular Sociology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Institute of Biochemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
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7
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Günnigmann M, Koubek J, Kramer G, Bukau B. Selective ribosome profiling as a tool to study interactions of translating ribosomes in mammalian cells. Methods Enzymol 2023; 684:1-38. [PMID: 37230585 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The processing, membrane targeting and folding of newly synthesized polypeptides is closely linked to their synthesis at the ribosome. A network of enzymes, chaperones and targeting factors engages ribosome-nascent chain complexes (RNCs) to support these maturation processes. Exploring the modes of action of this machinery is critical for our understanding of functional protein biogenesis. Selective ribosome profiling (SeRP) is a powerful method for interrogating co-translational interactions of maturation factors with RNCs. It provides proteome-wide information on the factor's nascent chain interactome, the timing of factor binding and release during the progress of translation of individual nascent chain species, and the mechanisms and features controlling factor engagement. SeRP is based on the combination of two ribosome profiling (RP) experiments performed on the same cell population. In one experiment the ribosome-protected mRNA footprints of all translating ribosomes of the cell are sequenced (total translatome), while the other experiment detects only the ribosome footprints of the subpopulation of ribosomes engaged by the factor of interest (selected translatome). The codon-specific ratio of ribosome footprint densities from selected over total translatome reports on the factor enrichment at specific nascent chains. In this chapter, we provide a detailed SeRP protocol for mammalian cells. The protocol includes instructions on cell growth and cell harvest, stabilization of factor-RNC interactions, nuclease digest and purification of (factor-engaged) monosomes, as well as preparation of cDNA libraries from ribosome footprint fragments and deep sequencing data analysis. Purification protocols of factor-engaged monosomes and experimental results are exemplified for the human ribosomal tunnel exit-binding factor Ebp1 and chaperone Hsp90, but the protocols are readily adaptable to other co-translationally acting mammalian factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Günnigmann
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jiří Koubek
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Günter Kramer
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Bukau
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.
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8
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Hadjeras L, Heiniger B, Maaß S, Scheuer R, Gelhausen R, Azarderakhsh S, Barth-Weber S, Backofen R, Becher D, Ahrens CH, Sharma CM, Evguenieva-Hackenberg E. Unraveling the small proteome of the plant symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti by ribosome profiling and proteogenomics. MICROLIFE 2023; 4:uqad012. [PMID: 37223733 PMCID: PMC10117765 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The soil-dwelling plant symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti is a major model organism of Alphaproteobacteria. Despite numerous detailed OMICS studies, information about small open reading frame (sORF)-encoded proteins (SEPs) is largely missing, because sORFs are poorly annotated and SEPs are hard to detect experimentally. However, given that SEPs can fulfill important functions, identification of translated sORFs is critical for analyzing their roles in bacterial physiology. Ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq) can detect translated sORFs with high sensitivity, but is not yet routinely applied to bacteria because it must be adapted for each species. Here, we established a Ribo-seq procedure for S. meliloti 2011 based on RNase I digestion and detected translation for 60% of the annotated coding sequences during growth in minimal medium. Using ORF prediction tools based on Ribo-seq data, subsequent filtering, and manual curation, the translation of 37 non-annotated sORFs with ≤ 70 amino acids was predicted with confidence. The Ribo-seq data were supplemented by mass spectrometry (MS) analyses from three sample preparation approaches and two integrated proteogenomic search database (iPtgxDB) types. Searches against standard and 20-fold smaller Ribo-seq data-informed custom iPtgxDBs confirmed 47 annotated SEPs and identified 11 additional novel SEPs. Epitope tagging and Western blot analysis confirmed the translation of 15 out of 20 SEPs selected from the translatome map. Overall, by combining MS and Ribo-seq approaches, the small proteome of S. meliloti was substantially expanded by 48 novel SEPs. Several of them are part of predicted operons and/or are conserved from Rhizobiaceae to Bacteria, suggesting important physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Hadjeras
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Heiniger
- Molecular Ecology,
Agroscope and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Maaß
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robina Scheuer
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rick Gelhausen
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Saina Azarderakhsh
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Barth-Weber
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rolf Backofen
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian H Ahrens
- Molecular Ecology, Agroscope and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cynthia M Sharma
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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9
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Han W, Peng B, Wang C, Townsend GE, Barry NA, Peske F, Goodman AL, Liu J, Rodnina MV, Groisman EA. Gut colonization by Bacteroides requires translation by an EF-G paralog lacking GTPase activity. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112372. [PMID: 36472247 PMCID: PMC9841332 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein synthesis is crucial for cell growth and survival yet one of the most energy-consuming cellular processes. How, then, do cells sustain protein synthesis under starvation conditions when energy is limited? To accelerate the translocation of mRNA-tRNAs through the ribosome, bacterial elongation factor G (EF-G) hydrolyzes energy-rich guanosine triphosphate (GTP) for every amino acid incorporated into a protein. Here, we identify an EF-G paralog-EF-G2-that supports translocation without hydrolyzing GTP in the gut commensal bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. EF-G2's singular ability to sustain protein synthesis, albeit at slow rates, is crucial for bacterial gut colonization. EF-G2 is ~10-fold more abundant than canonical EF-G1 in bacteria harvested from murine ceca and, unlike EF-G1, specifically accumulates during carbon starvation. Moreover, we uncover a 26-residue region unique to EF-G2 that is essential for protein synthesis, EF-G2 dissociation from the ribosome, and responsible for the absence of GTPase activity. Our findings reveal how cells curb energy consumption while maintaining protein synthesis to advance fitness in nutrient-fluctuating environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Han
- Department of Microbial PathogenesisYale School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
- Yale Microbial Sciences InstituteWest HavenCTUSA
| | - Bee‐Zen Peng
- Department of Physical BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary SciencesGöttingenGermany
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Department of Microbial PathogenesisYale School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
- Yale Microbial Sciences InstituteWest HavenCTUSA
| | - Guy E Townsend
- Department of Microbial PathogenesisYale School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
- Yale Microbial Sciences InstituteWest HavenCTUSA
- Present address:
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyPenn State College of MedicineHersheyPAUSA
| | - Natasha A Barry
- Department of Microbial PathogenesisYale School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
- Yale Microbial Sciences InstituteWest HavenCTUSA
| | - Frank Peske
- Department of Physical BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary SciencesGöttingenGermany
| | - Andrew L Goodman
- Department of Microbial PathogenesisYale School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
- Yale Microbial Sciences InstituteWest HavenCTUSA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Microbial PathogenesisYale School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
- Yale Microbial Sciences InstituteWest HavenCTUSA
| | - Marina V Rodnina
- Department of Physical BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary SciencesGöttingenGermany
| | - Eduardo A Groisman
- Department of Microbial PathogenesisYale School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
- Yale Microbial Sciences InstituteWest HavenCTUSA
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10
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Eismann L, Fijalkowski I, Galmozzi CV, Koubek J, Tippmann F, Van Damme P, Kramer G. Selective ribosome profiling reveals a role for SecB in the co-translational inner membrane protein biogenesis. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111776. [PMID: 36476862 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chaperone SecB has been implicated in de novo protein folding and translocation across the membrane, but it remains unclear which nascent polypeptides SecB binds, when during translation SecB acts, how SecB function is coordinated with other chaperones and targeting factors, and how polypeptide engagement contributes to protein biogenesis. Using selective ribosome profiling, we show that SecB binds many nascent cytoplasmic and translocated proteins generally late during translation and controlled by the chaperone trigger factor. Revealing an uncharted role in co-translational translocation, inner membrane proteins (IMPs) are the most prominent nascent SecB interactors. Unlike other substrates, IMPs are bound early during translation, following the membrane targeting by the signal recognition particle. SecB remains bound until translation is terminated, and contributes to membrane insertion. Our study establishes a role of SecB in the co-translational maturation of proteins from all cellular compartments and functionally implicates cytosolic chaperones in membrane protein biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Eismann
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Igor Fijalkowski
- iRIP Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carla Verónica Galmozzi
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/ Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Jiří Koubek
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Tippmann
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Van Damme
- iRIP Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Günter Kramer
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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Ganesan R, Mangkalaphiban K, Baker RE, He F, Jacobson A. Ribosome-bound Upf1 forms distinct 80S complexes and conducts mRNA surveillance. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 28:1621-1642. [PMID: 36192133 PMCID: PMC9670811 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079416.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Upf1, Upf2, and Upf3, the central regulators of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), appear to exercise their NMD functions while bound to elongating ribosomes, and evidence for this conclusion is particularly compelling for Upf1. Hence, we used selective profiling of yeast Upf1:ribosome association to define that step in greater detail, understand whether the nature of the mRNA being translated influences Upf1:80S interaction, and elucidate the functions of ribosome-associated Upf1. Our approach has allowed us to clarify the timing and specificity of Upf1 association with translating ribosomes, obtain evidence for a Upf1 mRNA surveillance function that precedes the activation of NMD, identify a unique ribosome state that generates 37-43 nt ribosome footprints whose accumulation is dependent on Upf1's ATPase activity, and demonstrate that a mutated form of Upf1 can interfere with normal translation termination and ribosome release. In addition, our results strongly support the existence of at least two distinct functional Upf1 complexes in the NMD pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Ganesan
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Kotchaphorn Mangkalaphiban
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Richard E Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Feng He
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Allan Jacobson
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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12
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SecA2 Associates with Translating Ribosomes and Contributes to the Secretion of Potent IFN-β Inducing RNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315021. [PMID: 36499346 PMCID: PMC9736482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein secretion plays a central role in modulating interactions of the human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes with its environment. Recently, secretion of RNA has emerged as an important strategy used by the pathogen to manipulate the host cell response to its advantage. In general, the Sec-dependent translocation pathway is a major route for protein secretion in L. monocytogenes, but mechanistic insights into the secretion of RNA by these pathways are lacking. Apart from the classical SecA1 secretion pathway, L. monocytogenes also encodes for a SecA paralogue (SecA2) which targets the export of a specific subset of proteins, some of which are involved in virulence. Here, we demonstrated that SecA2 co-sediments with translating ribosomes and provided evidence that it associates with a subset of secreted small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) that induce high levels of IFN-β response in host cells. We found that enolase, which is translocated by a SecA2-dependent mechanism, binds to several sRNAs, suggesting a pathway by which sRNAs are targeted to the supernatant of L. monocytogenes.
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13
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Mangano K, Marks J, Klepacki D, Saha CK, Atkinson GC, Vázquez-Laslop N, Mankin AS. Context-based sensing of orthosomycin antibiotics by the translating ribosome. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:1277-1286. [PMID: 36138139 PMCID: PMC11472246 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Orthosomycin antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the large ribosomal subunit in the tRNA accommodation corridor, which is traversed by incoming aminoacyl-tRNAs. Structural and biochemical studies suggested that orthosomycins block accommodation of any aminoacyl-tRNAs in the ribosomal A-site. However, the mode of action of orthosomycins in vivo remained unknown. Here, by carrying out genome-wide analysis of antibiotic action in bacterial cells, we discovered that orthosomycins primarily inhibit the ribosomes engaged in translation of specific amino acid sequences. Our results reveal that the predominant sites of orthosomycin-induced translation arrest are defined by the nature of the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA and likely by the identity of the two C-terminal amino acid residues of the nascent protein. We show that nature exploits this antibiotic-sensing mechanism for directing programmed ribosome stalling within the regulatory open reading frame, which may control expression of an orthosomycin-resistance gene in a variety of bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Mangano
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - James Marks
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dorota Klepacki
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chayan Kumar Saha
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gemma C Atkinson
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nora Vázquez-Laslop
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Alexander S Mankin
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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14
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Sawyer EB, Cortes T. Ribosome profiling enhances understanding of mycobacterial translation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:976550. [PMID: 35992675 PMCID: PMC9386245 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.976550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent addition to the -omics toolkit, ribosome profiling, enables researchers to gain insight into the process and regulation of translation by mapping fragments of mRNA protected from nuclease digestion by ribosome binding. In this review, we discuss how ribosome profiling applied to mycobacteria has led to discoveries about translational regulation. Using case studies, we show that the traditional view of “canonical” translation mechanisms needs expanding to encompass features of mycobacterial translation that are more widespread than previously recognized. We also discuss the limitations of the method and potential future developments that could yield further insight into the fundamental biology of this important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B. Sawyer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth B. Sawyer,
| | - Teresa Cortes
- Pathogen Gene Regulation Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV), CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- Teresa Cortes,
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15
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Selective footprinting of 40S and 80S ribosome subpopulations (Sel-TCP-seq) to study translation and its control. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:2139-2187. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Zhu Z, Wang S, Shan SO. Ribosome profiling reveals multiple roles of SecA in cotranslational protein export. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3393. [PMID: 35697696 PMCID: PMC9192764 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SecA, an ATPase known to posttranslationally translocate secretory proteins across the bacterial plasma membrane, also binds ribosomes, but the role of SecA’s ribosome interaction has been unclear. Here, we used a combination of ribosome profiling methods to investigate the cotranslational actions of SecA. Our data reveal the widespread accumulation of large periplasmic loops of inner membrane proteins in the cytoplasm during their cotranslational translocation, which are specifically recognized and resolved by SecA in coordination with the proton motive force (PMF). Furthermore, SecA associates with 25% of secretory proteins with highly hydrophobic signal sequences at an early stage of translation and mediates their cotranslational transport. In contrast, the chaperone trigger factor (TF) delays SecA engagement on secretory proteins with weakly hydrophobic signal sequences, thus enforcing a posttranslational mode of their translocation. Our results elucidate the principles of SecA-driven cotranslational protein translocation and reveal a hierarchical network of protein export pathways in bacteria. Using a combination of ribosome profiling methods, Zhu et al. investigate the principles governing the cotranslational interaction of SecA with nascent proteins and reveal a hierarchical organization of protein export pathways in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikun Zhu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Shu-Ou Shan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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17
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Bikmetov D, Hall AMJ, Livenskyi A, Gollan B, Ovchinnikov S, Gilep K, Kim J, Larrouy-Maumus G, Zgoda V, Borukhov S, Severinov K, Helaine S, Dubiley S. GNAT toxins evolve toward narrow tRNA target specificities. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:5807-5817. [PMID: 35609997 PMCID: PMC9177977 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are two-gene modules widely distributed among prokaryotes. GNAT toxins associated with the DUF1778 antitoxins represent a large family of type II TAs. GNAT toxins inhibit cell growth by disrupting translation via acetylation of aminoacyl-tRNAs. In this work, we explored the evolutionary trajectory of GNAT toxins. Using LC/MS detection of acetylated aminoacyl-tRNAs combined with ribosome profiling, we systematically investigated the in vivo substrate specificity of an array of diverse GNAT toxins. Our functional data show that the majority of GNAT toxins are specific to Gly-tRNA isoacceptors. However, the phylogenetic analysis shows that the ancestor of GNAT toxins was likely a relaxed specificity enzyme capable of acetylating multiple elongator tRNAs. Together, our data provide a remarkable snapshot of the evolution of substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexei Livenskyi
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Bridget Gollan
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stepan Ovchinnikov
- Center for Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo 143025, Russia
| | - Konstantin Gilep
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Jenny Y Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gerald Larrouy-Maumus
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Viktor Zgoda
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Sergei Borukhov
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084-1489, USA
| | | | | | - Svetlana Dubiley
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +7 499 135 6089;
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18
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Syroegin EA, Flemmich L, Klepacki D, Vazquez-Laslop N, Micura R, Polikanov YS. Structural basis for the context-specific action of the classic peptidyl transferase inhibitor chloramphenicol. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:152-161. [DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00720-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Vazquez-Laslop N, Sharma CM, Mankin A, Buskirk AR. Identifying Small Open Reading Frames in Prokaryotes with Ribosome Profiling. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0029421. [PMID: 34339296 PMCID: PMC8765392 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00294-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Small proteins encoded by open reading frames (ORFs) shorter than 50 codons (small ORFs [sORFs]) are often overlooked by annotation engines and are difficult to characterize using traditional biochemical techniques. Ribosome profiling has tremendous potential to empirically improve the annotations of prokaryotic genomes. Recent improvements in ribosome profiling methods for bacterial model organisms have revealed many new sORFs in well-characterized genomes. Antibiotics that trap ribosomes just after initiation have played a key role in these developments by allowing the unambiguous identification of the start codons (and, hence, the reading frame) for novel ORFs. Here, we describe these new methods and highlight critical controls and considerations for adapting ribosome profiling to different prokaryotic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Vazquez-Laslop
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cynthia M. Sharma
- Molecular Infection Biology II, Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Mankin
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Allen R. Buskirk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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20
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Bar-Yosef H, Venezian J, Klann K, Shiber A. Purification of Ribosome-Nascent-Chain Complex for Ribosome Profiling and Selective Ribosome Profiling. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2477:179-193. [PMID: 35524118 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2257-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Selective Ribosome Profiling (SeRP) is an emerging methodology, developed to capture cotranslational interactions in vivo. To date, SeRP is the only method that can directly capture, in near-codon resolution, ribosomes in action. Thus, SeRP allows us to study the mechanisms of protein synthesis and the network of protein-protein interactions that are formed already during synthesis. Here we report, in detail, the protocol for purification of ribosome- and Nascent-Chain associated factors, followed by isolation of ribosome-protected mRNA footprints, cDNA library generation and subsequent data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Bar-Yosef
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Johannes Venezian
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kevin Klann
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ayala Shiber
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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21
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Fremin BJ, Nicolaou C, Bhatt AS. Simultaneous ribosome profiling of hundreds of microbes from the human microbiome. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:4676-4691. [PMID: 34381207 PMCID: PMC8750612 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00592-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome profiling enables sequencing of ribosome-bound fragments of RNA, revealing which transcripts are being translated as well as the position of ribosomes along mRNAs. Although ribosome profiling has been applied to cultured bacterial isolates, its application to uncultured, mixed communities has been challenging. We present MetaRibo-Seq, a protocol that enables the application of ribosome profiling directly to the human fecal microbiome. MetaRibo-Seq is a benchmarked method that includes several modifications to existing ribosome profiling protocols, specifically addressing challenges involving fecal sample storage, purity and input requirements. We also provide a computational workflow to quality control and trim reads, de novo assemble a reference metagenome with metagenomic reads, align MetaRibo-Seq reads to the reference, and assess MetaRibo-Seq library quality ( https://github.com/bhattlab/bhattlab_workflows/tree/master/metariboseq ). This MetaRibo-Seq protocol enables researchers in standard molecular biology laboratories to study translation in the fecal microbiome in ~5 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brayon J Fremin
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cosmos Nicolaou
- Divisions of Hematology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ami S Bhatt
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Divisions of Hematology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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22
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Humans and other commonly used model organisms are resistant to cycloheximide-mediated biases in ribosome profiling experiments. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5094. [PMID: 34429433 PMCID: PMC8384890 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25411-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome profiling measures genome-wide translation dynamics at sub-codon resolution. Cycloheximide (CHX), a widely used translation inhibitor to arrest ribosomes in these experiments, has been shown to induce biases in yeast, questioning its use. However, whether such biases are present in datasets of other organisms including humans is unknown. Here we compare different CHX-treatment conditions in human cells and yeast in parallel experiments using an optimized protocol. We find that human ribosomes are not susceptible to conformational restrictions by CHX, nor does it distort gene-level measurements of ribosome occupancy, measured decoding speed or the translational ramp. Furthermore, CHX-induced codon-specific biases on ribosome occupancy are not detectable in human cells or other model organisms. This shows that reported biases of CHX are species-specific and that CHX does not affect the outcome of ribosome profiling experiments in most settings. Our findings provide a solid framework to conduct and analyze ribosome profiling experiments. Ribosome profiling has become the gold standard to analyze mRNA translation dynamics, and the translation inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) is often used in its application. Here the authors systematically demonstrate that CHX does not bias the outcome of ribosome profiling experiments in most organisms.
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23
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Koubek J, Schmitt J, Galmozzi CV, Kramer G. Mechanisms of Cotranslational Protein Maturation in Bacteria. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:689755. [PMID: 34113653 PMCID: PMC8185961 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.689755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing cells invest a significant part of their biosynthetic capacity into the production of proteins. To become functional, newly-synthesized proteins must be N-terminally processed, folded and often translocated to other cellular compartments. A general strategy is to integrate these protein maturation processes with translation, by cotranslationally engaging processing enzymes, chaperones and targeting factors with the nascent polypeptide. Precise coordination of all factors involved is critical for the efficiency and accuracy of protein synthesis and cellular homeostasis. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on cotranslational protein maturation, with a focus on the production of cytosolic proteins in bacteria. We describe the role of the ribosome and the chaperone network in protein folding and how the dynamic interplay of all cotranslationally acting factors guides the sequence of cotranslational events. Finally, we discuss recent data demonstrating the coupling of protein synthesis with the assembly of protein complexes and end with a brief discussion of outstanding questions and emerging concepts in the field of cotranslational protein maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Koubek
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jaro Schmitt
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carla Veronica Galmozzi
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Günter Kramer
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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Context-specific action of macrolide antibiotics on the eukaryotic ribosome. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2803. [PMID: 33990576 PMCID: PMC8121947 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrolide antibiotics bind in the nascent peptide exit tunnel of the bacterial ribosome and prevent polymerization of specific amino acid sequences, selectively inhibiting translation of a subset of proteins. Because preventing translation of individual proteins could be beneficial for the treatment of human diseases, we asked whether macrolides, if bound to the eukaryotic ribosome, would retain their context- and protein-specific action. By introducing a single mutation in rRNA, we rendered yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells sensitive to macrolides. Cryo-EM structural analysis showed that the macrolide telithromycin binds in the tunnel of the engineered eukaryotic ribosome. Genome-wide analysis of cellular translation and biochemical studies demonstrated that the drug inhibits eukaryotic translation by preferentially stalling ribosomes at distinct sequence motifs. Context-specific action markedly depends on the macrolide structure. Eliminating macrolide-arrest motifs from a protein renders its translation macrolide-tolerant. Our data illuminate the prospects of adapting macrolides for protein-selective translation inhibition in eukaryotic cells.
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25
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Karlsen J, Asplund-Samuelsson J, Jahn M, Vitay D, Hudson EP. Slow Protein Turnover Explains Limited Protein-Level Response to Diurnal Transcriptional Oscillations in Cyanobacteria. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:657379. [PMID: 34194405 PMCID: PMC8237939 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.657379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolically engineered cyanobacteria have the potential to mitigate anthropogenic CO2 emissions by converting CO2 into renewable fuels and chemicals. Yet, better understanding of metabolic regulation in cyanobacteria is required to develop more productive strains that can make industrial scale-up economically feasible. The aim of this study was to find the cause for the previously reported inconsistency between oscillating transcription and constant protein levels under day-night growth conditions. To determine whether translational regulation counteracts transcriptional changes, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was cultivated in an artificial day-night setting and the level of transcription, translation and protein was measured across the genome at different time points using mRNA sequencing, ribosome profiling and quantitative proteomics. Furthermore, the effect of protein turnover on the amplitude of protein oscillations was investigated through in silico simulations using a protein mass balance model. Our experimental analysis revealed that protein oscillations were not dampened by translational regulation, as evidenced by high correlation between translational and transcriptional oscillations (r = 0.88) and unchanged protein levels. Instead, model simulations showed that these observations can be attributed to a slow protein turnover, which reduces the effect of protein synthesis oscillations on the protein level. In conclusion, these results suggest that cyanobacteria have evolved to govern diurnal metabolic shifts through allosteric regulatory mechanisms in order to avoid the energy burden of replacing the proteome on a daily basis. Identification and manipulation of such mechanisms could be part of a metabolic engineering strategy for overproduction of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Karlsen
- Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes Asplund-Samuelsson
- Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Jahn
- Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dóra Vitay
- Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden.,Biosyntia ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elton P Hudson
- Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Shao D, Ahmed N, Soni N, O'Brien EP. RiboA: a web application to identify ribosome A-site locations in ribosome profiling data. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:156. [PMID: 33765913 PMCID: PMC7992832 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04068-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Translation is a fundamental process in gene expression. Ribosome profiling is a method that enables the study of transcriptome-wide translation. A fundamental, technical challenge in analyzing Ribo-Seq data is identifying the A-site location on ribosome-protected mRNA fragments. Identification of the A-site is essential as it is at this location on the ribosome where a codon is translated into an amino acid. Incorrect assignment of a read to the A-site can lead to lower signal-to-noise ratio and loss of correlations necessary to understand the molecular factors influencing translation. Therefore, an easy-to-use and accurate analysis tool is needed to accurately identify the A-site locations. Results We present RiboA, a web application that identifies the most accurate A-site location on a ribosome-protected mRNA fragment and generates the A-site read density profiles. It uses an Integer Programming method that reflects the biological fact that the A-site of actively translating ribosomes is generally located between the second codon and stop codon of a transcript, and utilizes a wide range of mRNA fragment sizes in and around the coding sequence (CDS). The web application is containerized with Docker, and it can be easily ported across platforms. Conclusions The Integer Programming method that RiboA utilizes is the most accurate in identifying the A-site on Ribo-Seq mRNA fragments compared to other methods. RiboA makes it easier for the community to use this method via a user-friendly and portable web application. In addition, RiboA supports reproducible analyses by tracking all the input datasets and parameters, and it provides enhanced visualization to facilitate scientific exploration. RiboA is available as a web service at https://a-site.vmhost.psu.edu/. The code is publicly available at https://github.com/obrien-lab/aip_web_docker under the MIT license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danying Shao
- Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Nabeel Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Nishant Soni
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Edward P O'Brien
- Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA.
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27
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Matsuo Y, Inada T. The ribosome collision sensor Hel2 functions as preventive quality control in the secretory pathway. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108877. [PMID: 33761353 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome collision because of translational stalling is recognized as a problematic event in translation by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Hel2, leading to non-canonical subunit dissociation followed by targeting of the faulty nascent peptides for degradation. Although Hel2-mediated quality control greatly contributes to maintenance of cellular protein homeostasis, its physiological role in dealing with endogenous substrates remains unclear. This study utilizes genome-wide analysis, based on selective ribosome profiling, to survey the endogenous substrates for Hel2. This survey reveals that Hel2 binds preferentially to the pre-engaged secretory ribosome-nascent chain complexes (RNCs), which translate upstream of targeting signals. Notably, Hel2 recruitment into secretory RNCs is elevated under signal recognition particle (SRP)-deficient conditions. Moreover, the mitochondrial defects caused by insufficient SRP are enhanced by hel2 deletion, along with mistargeting of secretory proteins into mitochondria. These findings provide insights into risk management in the secretory pathway that maintains cellular protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Matsuo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Toshifumi Inada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; Division of RNA and Gene Regulation, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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28
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Bertolini M, Fenzl K, Kats I, Wruck F, Tippmann F, Schmitt J, Auburger JJ, Tans S, Bukau B, Kramer G. Interactions between nascent proteins translated by adjacent ribosomes drive homomer assembly. Science 2021; 371:57-64. [PMID: 33384371 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc7151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accurate assembly of newly synthesized proteins into functional oligomers is crucial for cell activity. In this study, we investigated whether direct interaction of two nascent proteins, emerging from nearby ribosomes (co-co assembly), constitutes a general mechanism for oligomer formation. We used proteome-wide screening to detect nascent chain-connected ribosome pairs and identified hundreds of homomer subunits that co-co assemble in human cells. Interactions are mediated by five major domain classes, among which N-terminal coiled coils are the most prevalent. We were able to reconstitute co-co assembly of nuclear lamin in Escherichia coli, demonstrating that dimer formation is independent of dedicated assembly machineries. Co-co assembly may thus represent an efficient way to limit protein aggregation risks posed by diffusion-driven assembly routes and ensure isoform-specific homomer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Bertolini
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Kai Fenzl
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Ilia Kats
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Florian Wruck
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank Tippmann
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Jaro Schmitt
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Josef Johannes Auburger
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Sander Tans
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, 2629HZ Delft, Netherlands
| | - Bernd Bukau
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany.
| | - Günter Kramer
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany.
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29
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Sawyer EB, Phelan JE, Clark TG, Cortes T. A snapshot of translation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis during exponential growth and nutrient starvation revealed by ribosome profiling. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108695. [PMID: 33535039 PMCID: PMC7856553 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis, can undergo prolonged periods of non-replicating persistence in the host. The mechanisms underlying this are not fully understood, but translational regulation is thought to play a role. A large proportion of mRNA transcripts expressed in M. tuberculosis lack canonical bacterial translation initiation signals, but little is known about the implications of this for fine-tuning of translation. Here, we perform ribosome profiling to characterize the translational landscape of M. tuberculosis under conditions of exponential growth and nutrient starvation. Our data reveal robust, widespread translation of non-canonical transcripts and point toward different translation initiation mechanisms compared to canonical Shine-Dalgarno transcripts. During nutrient starvation, patterns of ribosome recruitment vary, suggesting that regulation of translation in this pathogen is more complex than originally thought. Our data represent a rich resource for others seeking to understand translational regulation in bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Sawyer
- TB Centre and Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Jody E Phelan
- TB Centre and Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Taane G Clark
- TB Centre and Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Teresa Cortes
- TB Centre and Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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30
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N α-terminal acetylation of proteins by NatA and NatB serves distinct physiological roles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108711. [PMID: 33535049 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
N-terminal (Nt) acetylation is a highly prevalent co-translational protein modification in eukaryotes, catalyzed by at least five Nt acetyltransferases (Nats) with differing specificities. Nt acetylation has been implicated in protein quality control, but its broad biological significance remains elusive. We investigate the roles of the two major Nats of S. cerevisiae, NatA and NatB, by performing transcriptome, translatome, and proteome profiling of natAΔ and natBΔ mutants. Our results reveal a range of NatA- and NatB-specific phenotypes. NatA is implicated in systemic adaptation control, because natAΔ mutants display altered expression of transposons, sub-telomeric genes, pheromone response genes, and nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial ribosomal proteins. NatB predominantly affects protein folding, because natBΔ mutants, to a greater extent than natA mutants, accumulate protein aggregates, induce stress responses, and display reduced fitness in the absence of the ribosome-associated chaperone Ssb. These phenotypic differences indicate that controlling Nat activities may serve to elicit distinct cellular responses.
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31
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Oh E. Monitoring Bacterial Translation Rates Genome-Wide. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2252:3-26. [PMID: 33765269 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1150-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Modern DNA sequencing technologies have allowed for the sequencing of tens of thousands of bacterial genomes. While this explosion of information has brought about new insights into the diversity of the prokaryotic world, much less is known of the identity of proteins encoded within these genomes, as well as their rates of production. The advent of ribosome profiling, or the deep sequencing of ribosome-protected footprints, has recently enabled the systematic evaluation of every protein-coding region in a given experimental condition, the rates of protein production for each gene, and the variability in translation rates across each message. Here, I provide an update to the bacterial ribosome profiling approach, with a particular emphasis on a simplified strategy to reduce cloning time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Oh
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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32
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Ovchinnikov SV, Bikmetov D, Livenskyi A, Serebryakova M, Wilcox B, Mangano K, Shiriaev DI, Osterman IA, Sergiev PV, Borukhov S, Vazquez-Laslop N, Mankin AS, Severinov K, Dubiley S. Mechanism of translation inhibition by type II GNAT toxin AtaT2. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:8617-8625. [PMID: 32597957 PMCID: PMC7470980 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II toxin–antitoxins systems are widespread in prokaryotic genomes. Typically, they comprise two proteins, a toxin, and an antitoxin, encoded by adjacent genes and forming a complex in which the enzymatic activity of the toxin is inhibited. Under stress conditions, the antitoxin is degraded liberating the active toxin. Though thousands of various toxin–antitoxins pairs have been predicted bioinformatically, only a handful has been thoroughly characterized. Here, we describe the AtaT2 toxin from a toxin–antitoxin system from Escherichia coli O157:H7. We show that AtaT2 is the first GNAT (Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase) toxin that specifically targets charged glycyl tRNA. In vivo, the AtaT2 activity induces ribosome stalling at all four glycyl codons but does not evoke a stringent response. In vitro, AtaT2 acetylates the aminoacyl moiety of isoaccepting glycyl tRNAs, thus precluding their participation in translation. Our study broadens the known target specificity of GNAT toxins beyond the earlier described isoleucine and formyl methionine tRNAs, and suggest that various GNAT toxins may have evolved to specificaly target other if not all individual aminoacyl tRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan V Ovchinnikov
- Centre for Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo 143025, Russia
| | - Dmitry Bikmetov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Science, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei Livenskyi
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Science, 119334 Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Marina Serebryakova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Science, 119334 Moscow, Russia.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Brendan Wilcox
- Centre for Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo 143025, Russia
| | - Kyle Mangano
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Dmitrii I Shiriaev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Ilya A Osterman
- Centre for Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo 143025, Russia.,Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Petr V Sergiev
- Centre for Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo 143025, Russia.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Sergei Borukhov
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084-1489, USA
| | - Nora Vazquez-Laslop
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Alexander S Mankin
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Konstantin Severinov
- Centre for Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo 143025, Russia.,Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia.,Waksman Institute for Microbiology, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
| | - Svetlana Dubiley
- Centre for Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo 143025, Russia.,Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Science, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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33
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Mangano K, Florin T, Shao X, Klepacki D, Chelysheva I, Ignatova Z, Gao Y, Mankin AS, Vázquez-Laslop N. Genome-wide effects of the antimicrobial peptide apidaecin on translation termination in bacteria. eLife 2020; 9:e62655. [PMID: 33031031 PMCID: PMC7544508 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical studies suggested that the antimicrobial peptide apidaecin (Api) inhibits protein synthesis by binding in the nascent peptide exit tunnel and trapping the release factor associated with a terminating ribosome. The mode of Api action in bacterial cells had remained unknown. Here genome-wide analysis reveals that in bacteria, Api arrests translating ribosomes at stop codons and causes pronounced queuing of the trailing ribosomes. By sequestering the available release factors, Api promotes pervasive stop codon bypass, leading to the expression of proteins with C-terminal extensions. Api-mediated translation arrest leads to the futile activation of the ribosome rescue systems. Understanding the unique mechanism of Api action in living cells may facilitate the development of new medicines and research tools for genome exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Mangano
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Tanja Florin
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Xinhao Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Dorota Klepacki
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Irina Chelysheva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Zoya Ignatova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Alexander S Mankin
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Nora Vázquez-Laslop
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
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34
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Li F, Xing X, Xiao Z, Xu G, Yang X. RiboMiner: a toolset for mining multi-dimensional features of the translatome with ribosome profiling data. BMC Bioinformatics 2020; 21:340. [PMID: 32738892 PMCID: PMC7430821 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-020-03670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ribosome profiling has been widely used for studies of translation under a large variety of cellular and physiological contexts. Many of these studies have greatly benefitted from a series of data-mining tools designed for dissection of the translatome from different aspects. However, as the studies of translation advance quickly, the current toolbox still falls in short, and more specialized tools are in urgent need for deeper and more efficient mining of the important and new features of the translation landscapes. Results Here, we present RiboMiner, a bioinformatics toolset for mining of multi-dimensional features of the translatome with ribosome profiling data. RiboMiner performs extensive quality assessment of the data and integrates a spectrum of tools for various metagene analyses of the ribosome footprints and for detailed analyses of multiple features related to translation regulation. Visualizations of all the results are available. Many of these analyses have not been provided by previous methods. RiboMiner is highly flexible, as the pipeline could be easily adapted and customized for different scopes and targets of the studies. Conclusions Applications of RiboMiner on two published datasets did not only reproduced the main results reported before, but also generated novel insights into the translation regulation processes. Therefore, being complementary to the current tools, RiboMiner could be a valuable resource for dissections of the translation landscapes and the translation regulations by mining the ribosome profiling data more comprehensively and with higher resolution. RiboMiner is freely available at https://github.com/xryanglab/RiboMiner and https://pypi.org/project/RiboMiner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fajin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Medical Science Building D231, Beijing, 100084, China.,Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Joint Graduate Program of Peking-Tsinghua-National Institute of Biological Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xudong Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Medical Science Building D231, Beijing, 100084, China.,Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Joint Graduate Program of Peking-Tsinghua-National Institute of Biological Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhengtao Xiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Medical Science Building D231, Beijing, 100084, China.,Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Gang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Medical Science Building D231, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xuerui Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Medical Science Building D231, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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35
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Abstract
Many organisms, including bacteria, code for multiple paralogues of some ribosomal protein subunits. The relative contribution of these alternative subunits to ribosome function and protein synthesis is unknown and controversial. Many studies on alternative ribosomes have been confounded by isolation of alternative and canonical ribosomes from different strains or growth conditions, potentially confounding results. Here, we show that one form of alternative ribosome from Mycobacterium smegmatis has a distinct translational profile compared with canonical ribosomes purified from an identical cellular context. We also identify a role for alternative ribosomes in iron homeostasis. Given the prevalence of alternative ribosomal genes in diverse organisms, our study suggests that alternative ribosomes may represent a further layer of regulation of gene translation. Alternative ribosome subunit proteins are prevalent in the genomes of diverse bacterial species, but their functional significance is controversial. Attempts to study microbial ribosomal heterogeneity have mostly relied on comparing wild-type strains with mutants in which subunits have been deleted, but this approach does not allow direct comparison of alternate ribosome isoforms isolated from identical cellular contexts. Here, by simultaneously purifying canonical and alternative RpsR ribosomes from Mycobacterium smegmatis, we show that alternative ribosomes have distinct translational features compared with their canonical counterparts. Both alternative and canonical ribosomes actively take part in protein synthesis, although they translate a subset of genes with differential efficiency as measured by ribosome profiling. We also show that alternative ribosomes have a relative defect in initiation complex formation. Furthermore, a strain of M. smegmatis in which the alternative ribosome protein operon is deleted grows poorly in iron-depleted medium, uncovering a role for alternative ribosomes in iron homeostasis. Our work confirms the distinct and nonredundant contribution of alternative bacterial ribosomes for adaptation to hostile environments.
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36
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Glaub A, Huptas C, Neuhaus K, Ardern Z. Recommendations for bacterial ribosome profiling experiments based on bioinformatic evaluation of published data. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8999-9011. [PMID: 32385111 PMCID: PMC7335797 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome profiling (RIBO-Seq) has improved our understanding of bacterial translation, including finding many unannotated genes. However, protocols for RIBO-Seq and corresponding data analysis are not yet standardized. Here, we analyzed 48 RIBO-Seq samples from nine studies of Escherichia coli K12 grown in lysogeny broth medium and particularly focused on the size-selection step. We show that for conventional expression analysis, a size range between 22 and 30 nucleotides is sufficient to obtain protein-coding fragments, which has the advantage of removing many unwanted rRNA and tRNA reads. More specific analyses may require longer reads and a corresponding improvement in rRNA/tRNA depletion. There is no consensus about the appropriate sequencing depth for RIBO-Seq experiments in prokaryotes, and studies vary significantly in total read number. Our analysis suggests that 20 million reads that are not mapping to rRNA/tRNA are required for global detection of translated annotated genes. We also highlight the influence of drug-induced ribosome stalling, which causes bias at translation start sites. The resulting accumulation of reads at the start site may be especially useful for detecting weakly expressed genes. As different methods suit different questions, it may not be possible to produce a "one-size-fits-all" ribosome profiling data set. Therefore, experiments should be carefully designed in light of the scientific questions of interest. We propose some basic characteristics that should be reported with any new RIBO-Seq data sets. Careful attention to the factors discussed should improve prokaryotic gene detection and the comparability of ribosome profiling data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Glaub
- Chair for Microbial Ecology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christopher Huptas
- Chair for Microbial Ecology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Klaus Neuhaus
- Chair for Microbial Ecology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany; Core Facility Microbiome, ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Zachary Ardern
- Chair for Microbial Ecology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
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37
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eIF3 Associates with 80S Ribosomes to Promote Translation Elongation, Mitochondrial Homeostasis, and Muscle Health. Mol Cell 2020; 79:575-587.e7. [PMID: 32589965 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
eIF3, a multi-subunit complex with numerous functions in canonical translation initiation, is known to interact with 40S and 60S ribosomal proteins and translation elongation factors, but a direct involvement in translation elongation has never been demonstrated. We found that eIF3 deficiency reduced early ribosomal elongation speed between codons 25 and 75 on a set of ∼2,700 mRNAs encoding proteins associated with mitochondrial and membrane functions, resulting in defective synthesis of their encoded proteins. To promote elongation, eIF3 interacts with 80S ribosomes translating the first ∼60 codons and serves to recruit protein quality-control factors, functions required for normal mitochondrial physiology. Accordingly, eIF3e+/- mice accumulate defective mitochondria in skeletal muscle and show a progressive decline in muscle strength. Hence, eIF3 interacts with 80S ribosomes to enhance, at the level of early elongation, the synthesis of proteins with membrane-associated functions, an activity that is critical for mitochondrial physiology and muscle health.
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38
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Grenga L, Little RH, Chandra G, Woodcock SD, Saalbach G, Morris RJ, Malone JG. Control of mRNA translation by dynamic ribosome modification. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008837. [PMID: 32584816 PMCID: PMC7343187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of mRNA translation is a crucial regulatory mechanism used by bacteria to respond to their environment. In the soil bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, RimK modifies the C-terminus of ribosomal protein RpsF to influence important aspects of rhizosphere colonisation through proteome remodelling. In this study, we show that RimK activity is itself under complex, multifactorial control by the co-transcribed phosphodiesterase trigger enzyme (RimA) and a polyglutamate-specific protease (RimB). Furthermore, biochemical experimentation and mathematical modelling reveal a role for the nucleotide second messenger cyclic-di-GMP in coordinating these activities. Active ribosome regulation by RimK occurs by two main routes: indirectly, through changes in the abundance of the global translational regulator Hfq and directly, with translation of surface attachment factors, amino acid transporters and key secreted molecules linked specifically to RpsF modification. Our findings show that post-translational ribosomal modification functions as a rapid-response mechanism that tunes global gene translation in response to environmental signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Grenga
- Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | | | - Govind Chandra
- Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gerhard Saalbach
- Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Richard James Morris
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob George Malone
- Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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39
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Kiniry SJ, Michel AM, Baranov PV. Computational methods for ribosome profiling data analysis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2020; 11:e1577. [PMID: 31760685 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction of the ribosome profiling technique in 2009 its popularity has greatly increased. It is widely used for the comprehensive assessment of gene expression and for studying the mechanisms of regulation at the translational level. As the number of ribosome profiling datasets being produced continues to grow, so too does the need for reliable software that can provide answers to the biological questions it can address. This review describes the computational methods and tools that have been developed to analyze ribosome profiling data at the different stages of the process. It starts with initial routine processing of raw data and follows with more specific tasks such as the identification of translated open reading frames, differential gene expression analysis, or evaluation of local or global codon decoding rates. The review pinpoints challenges associated with each step and explains the ways in which they are currently addressed. In addition it provides a comprehensive, albeit incomplete, list of publicly available software applicable to each step, which may be a beneficial starting point to those unexposed to ribosome profiling analysis. The outline of current challenges in ribosome profiling data analysis may inspire computational biologists to search for novel, potentially superior, solutions that will improve and expand the bioinformatician's toolbox for ribosome profiling data analysis. This article is characterized under: Translation > Ribosome Structure/Function RNA Evolution and Genomics > Computational Analyses of RNA Translation > Translation Mechanisms Translation > Translation Regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Kiniry
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Audrey M Michel
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Pavel V Baranov
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, RAS, Moscow, Russia
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40
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Iserman C, Desroches Altamirano C, Jegers C, Friedrich U, Zarin T, Fritsch AW, Mittasch M, Domingues A, Hersemann L, Jahnel M, Richter D, Guenther UP, Hentze MW, Moses AM, Hyman AA, Kramer G, Kreysing M, Franzmann TM, Alberti S. Condensation of Ded1p Promotes a Translational Switch from Housekeeping to Stress Protein Production. Cell 2020; 181:818-831.e19. [PMID: 32359423 PMCID: PMC7237889 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cells sense elevated temperatures and mount an adaptive heat shock response that involves changes in gene expression, but the underlying mechanisms, particularly on the level of translation, remain unknown. Here we report that, in budding yeast, the essential translation initiation factor Ded1p undergoes heat-induced phase separation into gel-like condensates. Using ribosome profiling and an in vitro translation assay, we reveal that condensate formation inactivates Ded1p and represses translation of housekeeping mRNAs while promoting translation of stress mRNAs. Testing a variant of Ded1p with altered phase behavior as well as Ded1p homologs from diverse species, we demonstrate that Ded1p condensation is adaptive and fine-tuned to the maximum growth temperature of the respective organism. We conclude that Ded1p condensation is an integral part of an extended heat shock response that selectively represses translation of housekeeping mRNAs to promote survival under conditions of severe heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Iserman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christine Desroches Altamirano
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; BIOTEC and CMCB, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/48, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ceciel Jegers
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrike Friedrich
- Center for Molecular Biology of the University of Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Taraneh Zarin
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Anatol W Fritsch
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthäus Mittasch
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Antonio Domingues
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lena Hersemann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcus Jahnel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; BIOTEC and CMCB, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/48, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Doris Richter
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; BIOTEC and CMCB, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/48, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulf-Peter Guenther
- DKMS Life Science Lab GmbH, St. Petersburger Str. 2, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias W Hentze
- EMBL Heidelberg, Director's Research Unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alan M Moses
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Anthony A Hyman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Günter Kramer
- Center for Molecular Biology of the University of Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Moritz Kreysing
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Titus M Franzmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; BIOTEC and CMCB, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/48, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Simon Alberti
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; BIOTEC and CMCB, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/48, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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41
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Rojano-Nisimura AM, Haning K, Janovsky J, Vasquez KA, Thompson JP, Contreras LM. Codon Selection Affects Recruitment of Ribosome-Associating Factors during Translation. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:329-342. [PMID: 31769967 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An intriguing aspect of protein synthesis is how cotranslational events are managed inside the cell. In this study, we developed an in vivo bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay coupled to SecM stalling (BiFC-SecM) to study how codon usage influences the interactions of ribosome-associating factors that occur cotranslationally. We profiled ribosomal associations of a number of proteins, and observed differential association of chaperone proteins TF, DnaK, GroEL, and translocation factor Ffh as a result of introducing synonymous codon substitutions that change the affinity of the translating sequence to the ribosomal anti-Shine-Dalgarno (aSD) sequence. The use of pausing sequences within proteins regulates their transit within the translating ribosome. Our results indicate that the dynamics between cellular factors and the new polypeptide chain are affected by how codon composition is designed. Furthermore, associating factors may play a role in processes including protein quality control (folding and degradation) and cellular respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra M. Rojano-Nisimura
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Katie Haning
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton Street Stop C0400, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Justin Janovsky
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway Stop A4800, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kevin A. Vasquez
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton Street Stop C0400, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jeffrey P. Thompson
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton Street Stop C0400, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lydia M. Contreras
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton Street Stop C0400, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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42
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Deuerling E, Gamerdinger M, Kreft SG. Chaperone Interactions at the Ribosome. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a033977. [PMID: 30833456 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The continuous refreshment of the proteome is critical to maintain protein homeostasis and to adapt cells to changing conditions. Thus, de novo protein biogenesis by ribosomes is vitally important to every cellular system. This process is delicate and error-prone and requires, besides cytosolic chaperones, the guidance by a specialized set of molecular chaperones that bind transiently to the translation machinery and the nascent protein to support early folding events and to regulate cotranslational protein transport. These chaperones include the bacterial trigger factor (TF), the archaeal and eukaryotic nascent polypeptide-associated complex (NAC), and the eukaryotic ribosome-associated complex (RAC). This review focuses on the structures, functions, and substrates of these ribosome-associated chaperones and highlights the most recent findings about their potential mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Deuerling
- Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Martin Gamerdinger
- Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan G Kreft
- Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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43
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The Benefits of Cotranslational Assembly: A Structural Perspective. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:791-803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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44
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Stein KC, Kriel A, Frydman J. Nascent Polypeptide Domain Topology and Elongation Rate Direct the Cotranslational Hierarchy of Hsp70 and TRiC/CCT. Mol Cell 2019; 75:1117-1130.e5. [PMID: 31400849 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cotranslational protein folding requires assistance from elaborate ribosome-associated chaperone networks. It remains unclear how the changing information in a growing nascent polypeptide dictates the recruitment of functionally distinct chaperones. Here, we used ribosome profiling to define the principles governing the cotranslational action of the chaperones TRiC/CCT and Hsp70/Ssb. We show that these chaperones are sequentially recruited to specific sites within domain-encoding regions of select nascent polypeptides. Hsp70 associates first, binding select sites throughout domains, whereas TRiC associates later, upon the emergence of nearly complete domains that expose an unprotected hydrophobic surface. This suggests that transient topological properties of nascent folding intermediates drive sequential chaperone association. Moreover, cotranslational recruitment of both TRiC and Hsp70 correlated with translation elongation slowdowns. We propose that the temporal modulation of the nascent chain structural landscape is coordinated with local elongation rates to regulate the hierarchical action of Hsp70 and TRiC for cotranslational folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Stein
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Allison Kriel
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Judith Frydman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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45
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Loos MS, Ramakrishnan R, Vranken W, Tsirigotaki A, Tsare EP, Zorzini V, Geyter JD, Yuan B, Tsamardinos I, Klappa M, Schymkowitz J, Rousseau F, Karamanou S, Economou A. Structural Basis of the Subcellular Topology Landscape of Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1670. [PMID: 31404336 PMCID: PMC6677119 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular proteomes are distributed in multiple compartments: on DNA, ribosomes, on and inside membranes, or they become secreted. Structural properties that allow polypeptides to occupy subcellular niches, particularly to after crossing membranes, remain unclear. We compared intrinsic and extrinsic features in cytoplasmic and secreted polypeptides of the Escherichia coli K-12 proteome. Structural features between the cytoplasmome and secretome are sharply distinct, such that a signal peptide-agnostic machine learning tool distinguishes cytoplasmic from secreted proteins with 95.5% success. Cytoplasmic polypeptides are enriched in aliphatic, aromatic, charged and hydrophobic residues, unique folds and higher early folding propensities. Secretory polypeptides are enriched in polar/small amino acids, β folds, have higher backbone dynamics, higher disorder and contact order and are more often intrinsically disordered. These non-random distributions and experimental evidence imply that evolutionary pressure selected enhanced secretome flexibility, slow folding and looser structures, placing the secretome in a distinct protein class. These adaptations protect the secretome from premature folding during its cytoplasmic transit, optimize its lipid bilayer crossing and allowed it to acquire cell envelope specific chemistries. The latter may favor promiscuous multi-ligand binding, sensing of stress and cell envelope structure changes. In conclusion, enhanced flexibility, slow folding, looser structures and unique folds differentiate the secretome from the cytoplasmome. These findings have wide implications on the structural diversity and evolution of modern proteomes and the protein folding problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Loos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Reshmi Ramakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Switch Laboratory, Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Vranken
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Center for Structural Biology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Tsirigotaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evrydiki-Pandora Tsare
- Metabolic Engineering & Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Patras, Greece
| | - Valentina Zorzini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jozefien De Geyter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Biao Yuan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Tsamardinos
- Gnosis Data Analysis PC, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Computer Science, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Klappa
- Metabolic Engineering & Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Patras, Greece
| | - Joost Schymkowitz
- VIB Switch Laboratory, Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederic Rousseau
- VIB Switch Laboratory, Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Spyridoula Karamanou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anastassios Economou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Gnosis Data Analysis PC, Heraklion, Greece
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46
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Selective ribosome profiling to study interactions of translating ribosomes in yeast. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:2279-2317. [PMID: 31332354 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A number of enzymes, targeting factors and chaperones engage ribosomes to support fundamental steps of nascent protein maturation, including enzymatic processing, membrane targeting and co-translational folding. The selective ribosome profiling (SeRP) method is a new tool for studying the co-translational activity of maturation factors that provides proteome-wide information on a factor's nascent interactome, the onset and duration of binding and the mechanisms controlling factor engagement. SeRP is based on the combination of two ribosome-profiling (RP) experiments, sequencing the ribosome-protected mRNA fragments from all ribosomes (total translatome) and the ribosome subpopulation engaged by the factor of interest (factor-bound translatome). We provide a detailed SeRP protocol, exemplified for the yeast Hsp70 chaperone Ssb (stress 70 B), for studying factor interactions with nascent proteins that is readily adaptable to identifying nascent interactomes of other co-translationally acting eukaryotic factors. The protocol provides general guidance for experimental design and optimization, as well as detailed instructions for cell growth and harvest, the isolation of (factor-engaged) monosomes, the generation of a cDNA library and data analysis. Experience in biochemistry and RNA handling, as well as basic programing knowledge, is necessary to perform SeRP. Execution of a SeRP experiment takes 8-10 working days, and initial data analysis can be completed within 1-2 d. This protocol is an extension of the originally developed protocol describing SeRP in bacteria.
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47
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Toxin-mediated ribosome stalling reprograms the Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteome. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3035. [PMID: 31292443 PMCID: PMC6620280 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10869-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis readily adapts to survive a wide range of assaults by modifying its physiology and establishing a latent tuberculosis (TB) infection. Here we report a sophisticated mode of regulation by a tRNA-cleaving toxin that enlists highly selective ribosome stalling to recalibrate the transcriptome and remodel the proteome. This toxin, MazF-mt9, exclusively inactivates one isoacceptor tRNA, tRNALys43-UUU, through cleavage at a single site within its anticodon (UU↓U). Because wobble rules preclude compensation for loss of tRNALys43-UUU by the second M. tuberculosis lysine tRNA, tRNALys19-CUU, ribosome stalling occurs at in-frame cognate AAA Lys codons. Consequently, the transcripts harboring these stalled ribosomes are selectively cleaved by specific RNases, leading to their preferential deletion. This surgically altered transcriptome generates concomitant changes to the proteome, skewing synthesis of newly synthesized proteins away from those rich in AAA Lys codons toward those harboring few or no AAA codons. This toxin-mediated proteome reprogramming may work in tandem with other pathways to facilitate M. tuberculosis stress survival. MazF endoribonucleases are thought to arrest growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by global translation inhibition. Here, Barth et al. show that MazF-mt9 cleaves a specific tRNA, leading to ribosome stalling at AAA codons and thus selective mRNA degradation and changes in transcriptome and proteome.
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48
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Ahmed N, Sormanni P, Ciryam P, Vendruscolo M, Dobson CM, O'Brien EP. Identifying A- and P-site locations on ribosome-protected mRNA fragments using Integer Programming. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6256. [PMID: 31000737 PMCID: PMC6472398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying the A- and P-site locations on ribosome-protected mRNA fragments from Ribo-Seq experiments is a fundamental step in the quantitative analysis of transcriptome-wide translation properties at the codon level. Many analyses of Ribo-Seq data have utilized heuristic approaches applied to a narrow range of fragment sizes to identify the A-site. In this study, we use Integer Programming to identify the A-site by maximizing an objective function that reflects the fact that the ribosome's A-site on ribosome-protected fragments must reside between the second and stop codons of an mRNA. This identifies the A-site location as a function of the fragment's size and its 5' end reading frame in Ribo-Seq data generated from S. cerevisiae and mouse embryonic stem cells. The correctness of the identified A-site locations is demonstrated by showing that this method, as compared to others, yields the largest ribosome density at established stalling sites. By providing greater accuracy and utilization of a wider range of fragment sizes, our approach increases the signal-to-noise ratio of underlying biological signals associated with translation elongation at the codon length scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel Ahmed
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Pietro Sormanni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Prajwal Ciryam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Edward P O'Brien
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Institute of Cyber Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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49
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Retapamulin-Assisted Ribosome Profiling Reveals the Alternative Bacterial Proteome. Mol Cell 2019; 74:481-493.e6. [PMID: 30904393 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of alternative translation initiation sites enables production of more than one protein from a single gene, thereby expanding the cellular proteome. Although several such examples have been serendipitously found in bacteria, genome-wide mapping of alternative translation start sites has been unattainable. We found that the antibiotic retapamulin specifically arrests initiating ribosomes at start codons of the genes. Retapamulin-enhanced Ribo-seq analysis (Ribo-RET) not only allowed mapping of conventional initiation sites at the beginning of the genes, but strikingly, it also revealed putative internal start sites in a number of Escherichia coli genes. Experiments demonstrated that the internal start codons can be recognized by the ribosomes and direct translation initiation in vitro and in vivo. Proteins, whose synthesis is initiated at internal in-frame and out-of-frame start sites, can be functionally important and contribute to the "alternative" bacterial proteome. The internal start sites may also play regulatory roles in gene expression.
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50
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Chitwood PJ, Hegde RS. The Role of EMC during Membrane Protein Biogenesis. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:371-384. [PMID: 30826214 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ten years ago, high-throughput genetic interaction analyses revealed an abundant and widely conserved protein complex residing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Dubbed the ER membrane protein complex (EMC), its disruption has since been found to affect wide-ranging processes, including protein trafficking, organelle communication, ER stress, viral maturation, lipid homeostasis, and others. However, its molecular function has remained enigmatic. Recent studies suggest a role for EMC during membrane protein biogenesis. Biochemical reconstitution experiments show that EMC can directly mediate the insertion of transmembrane domains (TMDs) into the lipid bilayer. Given the large proportion of genes encoding membrane proteins, a central role for EMC as a TMD insertion factor can explain its high abundance, wide conservation, and pleiotropic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Chitwood
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB20QH, UK
| | - Ramanujan S Hegde
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB20QH, UK.
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