1
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Jeong E, Heo J, Jin S, Kim D, Chang S. KO tBu-Catalyzed 1,2-Silaboration of N-Heteroarenes to Access 2-Silylheterocycles: A Cooperative Model for the Regioselectivity. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunchan Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Joon Heo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seongho Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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2
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Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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3
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Pandey G, Tiwari SK, Singh P, Mondal PK. p-Silylation of Arenes via Organic Photoredox Catalysis: Use of p-Silylated Arenes for Exclusive o-Silylation, o-Acylation, and o-Alkylation Reactions. Org Lett 2021; 23:7730-7734. [PMID: 34612036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalytic regiospecific p-silylation of arenes has been achieved by the coupling of in situ generated silyl radical with arene radical cation. The strategy involves reductive activation of PhSe-SiR3 and single electron transfer from the electron rich arene to 9,10-dimethoxyanthracene radical cation (DMA•+). p-Silyl arenes, thus formed, are further utilized for exclusive o-silylation reaction and for regiospecific o-acylation as well as o-alkylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP 221005, India
| | - Sandip Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP 221005, India
| | - Pushpendra Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP 221005, India
| | - Pradip Kumar Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP 221005, India
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4
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Yan ZB, Peng M, Chen QL, Lu K, Tu YQ, Dai KL, Zhang FM, Zhang XM. An effective and versatile strategy for the synthesis of structurally diverse heteroarylsilanes via Ir(iii)-catalyzed C-H silylation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9748-9753. [PMID: 34349947 PMCID: PMC8293992 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02344f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A versatile silylation of heteroaryl C–H bonds is accomplished under the catalysis of a well-defined spirocyclic NHC Ir(iii) complex (SNIr), generating a variety of heteroarylsilanes. A significant advantage of this catalytic system is that multiple types of intermolecular C–H silylation can be achieved using one catalytic system at α, β, γ, or δ positions of heteroatoms with excellent regioselectivities. Mechanistic experiments and DFT calculations indicate that the polycyclic ligand of SNIr can form an isolable cyclometalated intermediate, which leaves a phenyl dentate free and provides a hemi-open space for activating substrates. In general, favorable silylations occur at γ or δ positions of chelating heteroatoms, forming 5- or 6-membered C–Ir–N cyclic intermediates. If such an activation mode is prohibited sterically, silylations would take place at the α or β positions. The mechanistic studies would be helpful for further explaining the reactivity of the SNIr system. A versatile silylation of heteroaryl C–H bonds is accomplished under the catalysis of a well-defined spirocyclic NHC Ir(iii) complex (SNIr), generating a variety of heteroarylsilanes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bo Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Meng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Qi-Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Ka Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Kun-Long Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Fu-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
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5
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6
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Wang D, Chen X, Wong JJ, Jin L, Li M, Zhao Y, Houk KN, Shi Z. Phosphorus(III)-assisted regioselective C-H silylation of heteroarenes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:524. [PMID: 33483484 PMCID: PMC7822902 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Heteroarenes containing carbon-silicon (C-Si) bonds are important building blocks that play an important role in the construction of natural products, pharmaceuticals, and organic materials. In this context, the C-H silylation of heteroarenes is a topic of intense interest. Indole C-H silylation can preferentially occur at the nucleophilic C3 and C2 position (pyrrole core), while accessing the C4-C7 positions (benzene core) of the indole remains highly challenging. Here, we show a general strategy for the regioselective C7-H silylation of indole derivatives. Mainly, the regioselectivity is determined by strong coordination of the palladium catalyst with phosphorus (III) directing group. Using this expedient synthetic strategy, the diverse C7-silylated indoles are synthesized effectively which exhibits the broad functional group compatibility. Moreover, this protocol also been extended to other heteroarenes such as carbazoles. The obtained silylated indoles have been employed in various transformations to enable the corresponding differently functionalized indole derivatives. Significantly, a cyclopalladated intermediate is successfully synthesized to test the hypothesis about the P(III)-directed C-H metalation event. A series of mechanistic experiments and density functional theory (M06-2X) calculations has shown the preferred pathway of this directed C-H silylation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiangyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan J Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Liqun Jin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Zhuangzhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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7
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Smith AJ, Dimitrova D, Arokianathar JN, Clark KF, Poole DL, Leach SG, Murphy JA. Et 3SiH + KO t Bu provide multiple reactive intermediates that compete in the reactions and rearrangements of benzylnitriles and indolenines. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12364-12370. [PMID: 34094446 PMCID: PMC8162870 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04244g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of potassium tert-butoxide and triethylsilane is unusual because it generates multiple different types of reactive intermediates simultaneously that provide access to (i) silyl radical reactions, (ii) hydrogen atom transfer reactions to closed shell molecules and to radicals, (iii) electron transfer reductions and (iv) hydride ion chemistry, giving scope for unprecedented outcomes. Until now, reactions with this reagent pair have generally been explained by reference to one of the intermediates, but we now highlight the interplay and competition between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Smith
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Daniela Dimitrova
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Jude N Arokianathar
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Kenneth F Clark
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Darren L Poole
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - Stuart G Leach
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - John A Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
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8
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Li M, Wang T, An Z, Yan R. B(C 6F 5) 3-Catalyzed cyclization of alkynes: direct synthesis of 3-silyl heterocyclic compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11953-11956. [PMID: 33033821 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04314a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient one-pot strategy for easy access to 3-silyl heterocyclic compounds was developed via a B(C6F5)3-catalyzed cycloaddition reaction of o-(1-alkynyl)(thio)anisoles or o-(1-alkynyl)-N-methylaniline. In this reaction, benzenethiophene, benzofuran or indole skeletons could be constructed by an intermolecular cyclization with diphenylsilane. This protocol elicited moderate-to-good yields with metal-free reaction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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9
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Ma J, Mo W, Zhang P, Lai Y, Li X, Zhang D. Constituent diversity of ethanol extracts from pitaya. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Ma
- College of Forestry Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou China
| | - Wei Mo
- College of Forestry Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha China
| | - Pangpan Zhang
- College of Forestry Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou China
| | - Yong Lai
- College of Forestry Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou China
| | - Ximei Li
- College of Forestry Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou China
| | - Dangquan Zhang
- College of Forestry Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou China
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10
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Arokianathar JN, Kolodziejczak K, Bugden FE, Clark KF, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. Benzylic C−H Functionalisation by [Et
3
SiH+KO
t
Bu] leads to Radical Rearrangements in
o‐
tolyl Aryl Ethers, Amines and Sulfides. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jude N. Arokianathar
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom
| | - Krystian Kolodziejczak
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom
| | - Frances E. Bugden
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth F. Clark
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom
| | - Tell Tuttle
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom
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11
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Smith AJ, Dimitrova D, Arokianathar JN, Kolodziejczak K, Young A, Allison M, Poole DL, Leach SG, Parkinson JA, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. New reductive rearrangement of N-arylindoles triggered by the Grubbs-Stoltz reagent Et 3SiH/KO t Bu. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3719-3726. [PMID: 34094060 PMCID: PMC8152433 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00361a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Arylindoles are transformed into dihydroacridines in a new type of rearrangement, through heating with triethylsilane and potassium tert-butoxide. Studies indicate that the pathway involves (i) the formation of indole radical anions followed by fragmentation of the indole C2–N bond, and (ii) a ring-closing reaction that follows a potassium-ion dependent hydrogen atom transfer step. Unexpected behaviors of ‘radical-trap’ substrates prove very helpful in framing the proposed mechanism. N-Arylindoles are transformed into dihydroacridines in a new type of rearrangement, through heating with triethylsilane and potassium tert-butoxide.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Smith
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Daniela Dimitrova
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Jude N Arokianathar
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Krystian Kolodziejczak
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Allan Young
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Mark Allison
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Darren L Poole
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
| | - Stuart G Leach
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
| | - John A Parkinson
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Tell Tuttle
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - John A Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
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12
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Thiyagarajan S, Krishnakumar V, Gunanathan C. KOtBu-Catalyzed Michael Addition Reactions Under Mild and Solvent-Free Conditions. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:518-523. [PMID: 31957937 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Designed transition metal complexes predominantly catalyze Michael addition reactions. Inorganic and organic base-catalyzed Michael addition reactions have been reported. However, known base-catalyzed reactions suffer from the requirement of solvents, additives, high pressure and also side-reactions. Herein, we demonstrate a mild and environmentally friendly strategy of readily available KOt Bu-catalyzed Michael addition reactions. This simple inorganic base efficiently catalyzes the Michael addition of underexplored acrylonitriles, esters and amides with (oxa-, aza-, and thia-) heteroatom nucleophiles. This catalytic process proceeds under solvent-free conditions and at room temperature. Notably, this protocol offers an easy operational procedure, broad substrate scope with excellent selectivity, reaction scalability and excellent TON (>9900). Preliminary mechanistic studies revealed that the reaction follows an ionic mechanism. Formal synthesis of promazine is demonstrated using this catalytic protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Thiyagarajan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
| | - Varadhan Krishnakumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
| | - Chidambaram Gunanathan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), HBNI, Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
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13
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Palumbo F, Rohrbach S, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. N‐Silylation of Amines Mediated by Et
3
SiH/KO
t
Bu. Helv Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201900235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Palumbo
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street UK-Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom E-mal
| | - Simon Rohrbach
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street UK-Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom E-mal
| | - Tell Tuttle
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street UK-Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom E-mal
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street UK-Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom E-mal
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14
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Highly effective functionalization of silsesquioxanes mediated by inexpensive earth-abundant metal catalyst – Potassium tert-butoxide. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2019.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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15
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Jeong E, Heo J, Park S, Chang S. Alkoxide‐Promoted Selective Hydroboration ofN‐Heteroarenes: Pivotal Roles of in situ Generated BH3in the Dearomatization Process. Chemistry 2019; 25:6320-6325. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunchan Jeong
- Department of ChemistryKorea Advanced Institute of, Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon FunctionalizationsInstitute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Heo
- Department of ChemistryKorea Advanced Institute of, Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon FunctionalizationsInstitute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sehoon Park
- Department of ChemistryKorea Advanced Institute of, Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon FunctionalizationsInstitute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of ChemistryKorea Advanced Institute of, Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon FunctionalizationsInstitute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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16
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Liu S, Pan P, Fan H, Li H, Wang W, Zhang Y. Photocatalytic C-H silylation of heteroarenes by using trialkylhydrosilanes. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3817-3825. [PMID: 31015923 PMCID: PMC6457191 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00046a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient and selective C-H silylation of heteroarenes, especially the pharmaceutically relevant electron-deficient heteroarenes, represents a great challenge in organic synthesis. Herein we wish to report a distinctive visible light-promoted photocatalytic C-H silylation approach that enables the direct coupling of trialkylhydrosilanes with both electron-deficient and -rich heteroarenes as well as with cyano-substituted arenes in moderate to high yields and with good regioselectivity. The protocol features operational simplicity, mild reaction conditions, and the use of safe and readily available Na2S2O8, bis(trimethylsilyl) peroxide (BTMSPO) or iPr3SiSH as the radical initiators. Notably, the challenging bulky and inert trialkylhydrosilanes, such as (t-butyldimethyl)silane ( t BuMe2SiH) and (triisopropyl)silane (iPr3SiH), work smoothly with the protocol. Moreover, despite the higher stability of t BuMe2Si silylation products, our studies revealed their great reactivity and versatility in diverse C-Si-based chemical transformations, providing an operationally simple, low-cost, and environmentally benign synthetic technology for molecule construction and elaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor , Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Peng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor , Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Huaqiang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor , Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor , Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor , Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China . ;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , BIO5 Institute , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721-0207 , USA
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor , Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China . ;
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17
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Ebner F, Greb L. Calix[4]pyrrole Hydridosilicate: The Elusive Planar Tetracoordinate Silicon Imparts Striking Stability to Its Anionic Silicon Hydride. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:17409-17412. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Ebner
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 275, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 275, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Zhang J, Park S, Chang S. Catalytic Access to Bridged Sila- N-heterocycles from Piperidines via Cascade sp 3 and sp 2 C-Si Bond Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13209-13213. [PMID: 30269485 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Described herein is the development of an unprecedented route to bridged sila- N-heterocycles via B(C6F5)3-catalyzed cascade silylation of N-aryl piperidines with hydrosilanes. Mechanistic studies indicated that an outer-sphere ionic path is operative to involve three sequential catalytic steps having N-silyl piperidinium borohydride as a resting species: (i) dehydrogenation of the piperidine ring, (ii) β-selective hydrosilylation of a resultant enamine intermediate, and (iii) intramolecular dehydrogenative sp2 C-H silylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Zhang
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Daejeon 34141 , Korea.,Department of Chemistry , Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
| | - Sehoon Park
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Daejeon 34141 , Korea.,Department of Chemistry , Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Daejeon 34141 , Korea.,Department of Chemistry , Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
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19
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Harinath A, Bhattacharjee J, Nayek HP, Panda TK. Alkali metal complexes as efficient catalysts for hydroboration and cyanosilylation of carbonyl compounds. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:12613-12622. [PMID: 30043795 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02032a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report here reactions between the N-adamantyliminopyrolyl ligand 2-(AdN[double bond, length as m-dash]CH)-C4H3NH (L-H) and alkali metal hexamethyldisilazides [MN(SiMe3)2] (M = Li, Na and K) to afford the dimeric [{2-(AdN[double bond, length as m-dash]CH)-C4H3NLi(THF)}2] (1), [{2-(AdN[double bond, length as m-dash]CH)-C4H3N}{Na(THF)1.5}2] (2) and polymeric [{2-(AdN[double bond, length as m-dash]CH)-C4H3NK(THF)}n] (3) complexes at ambient temperature. A one-pot reaction between L-H, [KN(SiMe3)2] and alkaline earth metal diiodide (AeI2) in a 2 : 2 : 1 molar ratio, which resulted in the formation of a heteroleptic Ae metal complex [κ2-{2-(AdN[double bond, length as m-dash]CH)-C4H3N}2Ae(THF)2] [Ae = Mg (4), Ca (5)], is also reported. The solid-state structures of complexes 1, 3 and 4 were established through single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The alkali and alkaline earth metal complexes 1-5 were utilised as precatalysts for the catalytic hydroboration of pinacolborane (HBpin) with aldehydes and ketones, and potassium complex 3 was identified as a competent catalyst under mild conditions. Additionally, cyanosilylation of carbonyl compounds was explored with trimethylsilyl cyanide and aldehydes/ketones, using the alkali metal precatalyst 3 under mild conditions. In both catalytic processes, the potassium catalyst 3 exhibited high tolerance towards a number of functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adimulam Harinath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Kandi - 502 285, Sangareddy, Telangana, India.
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20
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Han Y, Zhang S, He J, Zhang Y. Switchable C–H Silylation of Indoles Catalyzed by a Thermally Induced Frustrated Lewis Pair. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Sutao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
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21
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Yoshida T, Ilies L, Nakamura E. Silylation of Aryl Halides with Monoorganosilanes Activated by Lithium Alkoxide. Org Lett 2018; 20:2844-2847. [PMID: 29714484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lithium alkoxide activates a monoorganosilane to generate a transient LiH/alkoxysilane complex, which quickly reacts with aryl and alkenyl halides at 25 °C to deliver a diorganosilane product. Experimental and theoretical studies suggest that the reaction includes nucleophilic attack of LiH on the halogen atom of the organic halide to generate a transient organolithium/alkoxysilane intermediate, which undergoes quick carbon-silicon bond formation within the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Laurean Ilies
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
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22
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Link A, Sparr C. Remote Central-to-Axial Chirality Conversion: Direct Atroposelective Ester to Biaryl Transformation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7136-7139. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Achim Link
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Christof Sparr
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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23
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Link A, Sparr C. Remote Central-to-Axial Chirality Conversion: Direct Atroposelective Ester to Biaryl Transformation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Achim Link
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Christof Sparr
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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24
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Rauser M, Ascheberg C, Niggemann M. Direct Reductive N-Functionalization of Aliphatic Nitro Compounds. Chemistry 2018; 24:3970-3974. [PMID: 29378085 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The first general protocol for the direct reductive N-functionalization of aliphatic nitro compounds is presented. The nitro group is partially reduced to a nitrenoid, with a mild and readily available combination of B2 pin2 and zinc organyls. Thereby, the formation of an unstable nitroso intermediate is avoided, which has so far severely limited reductive transformations of aliphatic nitro compounds. The reaction is concluded by an electrophilic amination of zinc organyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Rauser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52072, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Ascheberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52072, Aachen, Germany
| | - Meike Niggemann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52072, Aachen, Germany
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25
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Ramesh R, Reddy DS. Quest for Novel Chemical Entities through Incorporation of Silicon in Drug Scaffolds. J Med Chem 2017; 61:3779-3798. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Remya Ramesh
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110 025, India
| | - D. Srinivasa Reddy
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110 025, India
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26
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Smith AJ, Young A, Rohrbach S, O'Connor EF, Allison M, Wang HS, Poole DL, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. Electron-Transfer and Hydride-Transfer Pathways in the Stoltz-Grubbs Reducing System (KOtBu/Et3SiH). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Smith
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Allan Young
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Simon Rohrbach
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Erin F. O'Connor
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Mark Allison
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Hong-Shuang Wang
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Darren L. Poole
- Flexible Discovery Unit; GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre; Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
| | - Tell Tuttle
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
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27
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Smith AJ, Young A, Rohrbach S, O'Connor EF, Allison M, Wang HS, Poole DL, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. Electron-Transfer and Hydride-Transfer Pathways in the Stoltz-Grubbs Reducing System (KOtBu/Et 3 SiH). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13747-13751. [PMID: 28892585 PMCID: PMC5656899 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies by Stoltz, Grubbs et al. have shown that triethylsilane and potassium tert-butoxide react to form a highly attractive and versatile system that shows (reversible) silylation of arenes and heteroarenes as well as reductive cleavage of C-O bonds in aryl ethers and C-S bonds in aryl thioethers. Their extensive mechanistic studies indicate a complex network of reactions with a number of possible intermediates and mechanisms, but their reactions likely feature silyl radicals undergoing addition reactions and SH 2 reactions. This paper focuses on the same system, but through computational and experimental studies, reports complementary facets of its chemistry based on a) single-electron transfer (SET), and b) hydride delivery reactions to arenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Smith
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Allan Young
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Simon Rohrbach
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Erin F O'Connor
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Mark Allison
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Hong-Shuang Wang
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Darren L Poole
- Flexible Discovery Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Tell Tuttle
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - John A Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
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28
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Übergangsmetallfreie ringöffnende Silylierung von Indolen und Benzofuranen mit (Diphenyl-tert
-butylsilyl)lithium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Xu P, Würthwein EU, Daniliuc CG, Studer A. Transition-Metal-Free Ring-Opening Silylation of Indoles and Benzofurans with (Diphenyl-tert-butylsilyl)lithium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13872-13875. [PMID: 28885762 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A practical method is presented for ring opening various indoles and benzofurans with concomitant stereoselective silylation using readily generated (diphenyl-tert-butylsilyl)lithium to afford ortho-β-silylvinylanilines or -phenols. Dearomatization of the heteroarene core proceeds in the absence of any transition-metal catalyst through addition of a silyl anion and a subsequent stereoselective β-elimination. DFT calculations provide insight into the mechanism. Functionalizing C-X bond cleavage of heteroarenes is rare and generally requires transition-metal catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Xu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ernst-Ulrich Würthwein
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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30
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Pan JL, Chen C, Ma ZG, Zhou J, Wang LR, Zhang SY. Stereoselective Synthesis of Z-Vinylsilanes via Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Intermolecular Silylation of C(sp 2)-H Bonds. Org Lett 2017; 19:5216-5219. [PMID: 28933860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and convenient palladium-catalyzed direct intermolecular silylation of C(sp2)-H bonds by using disilanes as the silicon source with the assistance of a readily removable bidentate directing group is reported. This strategy provided a regio- and stereoselective protocol for exclusive synthesis of Z-vinylsilanes with reasonable to excellent yields and good functional group compatibility. Silylation of the isolated palladacycle intermediate revealed the Z-stereoselective pathway. Moreover, the practicality and effectiveness of this method were illustrated by a gram-scale experiment and further functionalization of the silylation product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Long Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, ‡Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, and §Zhiyuan College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, ‡Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, and §Zhiyuan College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gang Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, ‡Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, and §Zhiyuan College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, ‡Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, and §Zhiyuan College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ren Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, ‡Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, and §Zhiyuan College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Yu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, ‡Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, and §Zhiyuan College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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31
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Han Y, Zhang S, He J, Zhang Y. B(C6F5)3-Catalyzed (Convergent) Disproportionation Reaction of Indoles. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7399-7407. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Sutao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
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32
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Liu WB, Schuman DP, Yang YF, Toutov AA, Liang Y, Klare HFT, Nesnas N, Oestreich M, Blackmond DG, Virgil SC, Banerjee S, Zare RN, Grubbs RH, Houk KN, Stoltz BM. Potassium tert-Butoxide-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative C–H Silylation of Heteroaromatics: A Combined Experimental and Computational Mechanistic Study. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6867-6879. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Liu
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - David P. Schuman
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yun-Fang Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Anton A. Toutov
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yong Liang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hendrik F. T. Klare
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nasri Nesnas
- Department
of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut
für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Donna G. Blackmond
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Scott C. Virgil
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Shibdas Banerjee
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert H. Grubbs
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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33
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Rayment EJ, Mekareeya A, Summerhill N, Anderson EA. Mechanistic Study of Arylsilane Oxidation through 19F NMR Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6138-6145. [PMID: 28422497 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of the oxidation of arylsilanes to phenols has been investigated using 19F NMR spectroscopy. The formation of silanols in these reactions results from a rapid background equilibrium between silanol and alkoxysilane; the relative rates of reaction of these species was evaluated by modeling of concentration profiles obtained through 19F NMR spectroscopic reaction monitoring. Combining these results with a study of initial rates of phenol formation, and of substituent electronic effects, a mechanistic picture involving rapid and reversible formation of a pentavalent peroxide ate complex, prior to rate-limiting aryl migration, has evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Rayment
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Aroonroj Mekareeya
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Summerhill
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer , Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Edward A Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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34
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Toutov AA, Betz KN, Schuman DP, Liu WB, Fedorov A, Stoltz BM, Grubbs RH. Alkali Metal-Hydroxide-Catalyzed C(sp)–H Bond silylation. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1668-1674. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton A. Toutov
- Division of Chemistry
and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Kerry N. Betz
- Division of Chemistry
and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - David P. Schuman
- Division of Chemistry
and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Wen-Bo Liu
- Division of Chemistry
and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alexey Fedorov
- Division of Chemistry
and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- Division of Chemistry
and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Robert H. Grubbs
- Division of Chemistry
and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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35
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Elektrophile aromatische Substitution mit Siliciumelektrophilen: die katalytische Friedel‐Crafts‐C‐H‐Silylierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Bähr S, Oestreich M. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution with Silicon Electrophiles: Catalytic Friedel-Crafts C-H Silylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:52-59. [PMID: 27762042 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a fundamental reaction in synthetic chemistry. It converts C-H bonds of sufficiently nucleophilic arenes into C-X and C-C bonds using either stoichiometrically added or catalytically generated electrophiles. These reactions proceed through Wheland complexes, cationic intermediates that rearomatize by proton release. Hence, these high-energy intermediates are nothing but protonated arenes and as such strong Brønsted acids. The formation of protons is an issue in those rare cases where the electrophilic aromatic substitution is reversible. This situation arises in the electrophilic silylation of C-H bonds as the energy of the intermediate Wheland complex is lowered by the β-silicon effect. As a consequence, protonation of the silylated arene is facile, and the reverse reaction usually occurs to afford the desilylated arene. Several new approaches to overcome this inherent challenge of C-H silylation by SE Ar were recently disclosed, and this Minireview summarizes this progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bähr
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
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37
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Toutov AA, Betz KN, Haibach MC, Romine AM, Grubbs RH. Sodium Hydroxide Catalyzed Dehydrocoupling of Alcohols with Hydrosilanes. Org Lett 2016; 18:5776-5779. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton A. Toutov
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman
Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Kerry N. Betz
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman
Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Michael C. Haibach
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman
Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Andrew M. Romine
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman
Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Robert H. Grubbs
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman
Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Fang H, Guo L, Zhang Y, Yao W, Huang Z. A Pincer Ruthenium Complex for Regioselective C-H Silylation of Heteroarenes. Org Lett 2016; 18:5624-5627. [PMID: 27754687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A pincer Ru(II) catalyst for the highly efficient undirected silylation of O- and S-heteroarenes with (TMSO)2MeSiH and Et3SiH is described, producing heteroarylsilanes with exclusive C2-regioselectivity, good functional-group tolerance, and high turnover numbers (up to 1960). The synthetic utility of the silylated products is demonstrated by Pd-catalyzed Hiyama-Denmark cross-coupling under mild conditions. One-pot, two-step silylation and coupling procedures have been also developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaquan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Le Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wubing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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