1
|
Han X, Jia X, Sheng C, Li M, Han J, Duan F, Wang K. A comparison analysis of the somatic mutations in early-onset gastric cancer and traditional gastric cancer. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2024; 48:102287. [PMID: 38253255 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2024.102287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early onset gastric cancer (EOGC) has been on the rise in recent years and differs slightly in pathology from traditional gastric cancer (TGC). Somatic mutations have an essential role in the development of gastric cancer. We aimed to investigate these two types of gastric cancers at the level of somatic mutations and to further understanding of gastric cancer development. METHODS Somatic mutation, copy number variation (CNV), and clinical information were obtained from TCGA and UCSC Xena. Samples were divided into EOGC (< 50 years old, N = 28) and TGC (≥ 50 years old, N = 395) groups based on age. R packages "maftools" and "sigminer" were used to identify mutation signatures, while CNV information was processed using GISTIC2.0. RESULTS CDH1(21 %, P = 0.030) and ARID1A (28 %, P = 0.014) were more common in EOGC and TGC, respectively. The mutation frequency of ARID1A increased with age, while the opposite was true for CDH1. Sex, Lauren classifications, tumor mutation burden levels, mutation status of TP53, MUC6, NIPBL, KRAS, and copy number variation of the WOOX can affect the activity of the mutant signature. CONCLUSIONS Early-onset gastric cancer and traditional gastric cancer have distinct somatic mutation signatures, each with its own relatively specific high-frequency mutated genes, and the gene's mutation frequency correlates with age. Several clinical factors and genetic status affect the activity of some mutational features in gastric cancer in both groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Han
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology of Henan Province, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology of Henan Province, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Jia
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology of Henan Province, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology of Henan Province, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.
| | - Chong Sheng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology of Henan Province, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology of Henan Province, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.
| | - Mengyuan Li
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology of Henan Province, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology of Henan Province, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.
| | - Jinxi Han
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology of Henan Province, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology of Henan Province, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.
| | - Fujiao Duan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology of Henan Province, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology of Henan Province, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.
| | - Kaijuan Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology of Henan Province, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology of Henan Province, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu L, Chen H, Chen X, Yao C, Shen W, Jia C. KNTC1 as a putative tumor oncogene in pancreatic cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022:10.1007/s00432-022-04146-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Recent studies have demonstrated that kinetochore-associated protein 1 (KNTC1) plays a significant role in the carcinogenesis of numerous types of cancer. This study aimed to explore the role and possible mechanisms of KNTC1 in the development of pancreatic cancer.
Methods and results
We analyzed differentially expressed genes by RNA sequencing in three paired pancreatic cancer and para-cancerous tissue samples and found that the expression of KNTC1 was significantly upregulated in pancreatic cancer. A Cancer and Tumor Gene Map pan-analysis showed that high expression of KNTC1 was related to poor prognosis in 9499 tumor samples. With immunohistochemical staining, we found that the high expression of KNTC1 in pancreatic cancer was related to pathological grade and clinical prognosis. Similarly, RT-PCR results indicated that the expression of KNTC1 was higher in three groups of pancreatic cancer cell lines (BxPC-3, PANC-1, and SW1990) than in normal pancreatic ductal cells. We introduced lentivirus-mediated shRNA targeting KNTC1 into PANC-1 and SW1990 cells and found that KNTC1 knockdown significantly decreased cell growth and increased cell apoptosis compared to the control group cells. Bioinformatic analysis of the cell expression profile revealed that differential genes were mainly enriched in the cell cycle, mitosis, and STAT3 signaling pathways, and co-immunoprecipitation confirmed an interaction between KNTC1 and cell division cycle associated 8.
Conclusions
KNTC1 could be linked to the pathophysiology of pancreatic cancer and may be an early diagnostic marker of cervical precancerous lesions.
Collapse
|
3
|
Yan X, Liu SM, Liu C. Clinical Applications of Aneuploidies in Evolution of NSCLC Patients: Current Status and Application Prospect. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:1355-1368. [PMID: 36388157 PMCID: PMC9662021 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s380016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the first characteristics of cancer cells, chromosomal aberrations during cell division have been well documented. Aneuploidy is a feature of most cancer cells accompanied by an elevated rate of mis-segregation of chromosomes, called chromosome instability (CIN). Aneuploidy causes ongoing karyotypic changes that contribute to tumor heterogeneity, drug resistance, and treatment failure, which are considered predictors of poor prognosis. Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and its genome map shows extensive aneuploid changes. Elucidating the role of aneuploidy in the pathogenesis of LC will reveal information about the key factors of tumor occurrence and development, help to predict the prognosis of cancer, clarify tumor evolution, metastasis, and drug response, and may promote the development of precision oncology. In this review, we describe many possible causes of aneuploidy and provide evidence of the role of aneuploidy in the evolution of LC, providing a basis for future biological and clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Mei Liu
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 150110, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhong Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lafta IJ, Kudhair BK, Iyiola OA, Ahmed EA, Chou T. Evaluating Expression of the STAG1 Gene as a Potential Breast Cancer Biomarker. THE IRAQI JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v45i2.1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
STAG proteins, which are part of the cohesin complex and encoded by the STAG genes, are known as Irr1/Scc3 in yeast and as SA/STAG/stromalin in mammals. There are more variants as there are alternate splice sites, maybe three open reading frames (ORFs) code for three main proteins, including: SA1 (STAG1), SA2 (STAG2) and SA3 (STAG3). The cohesin protein complex has various essential roles in eukaryotic cell biology. This study compared the expression of the STAG1 gene in four different breast cancer cell lines, including: MCF-7, T-47D, MDA-MB-468, and MDA-MB-231 and normal breast tissue. RNA was extracted from these cell lines and mRNA was converted to cDNA, and then expression of the STAG1 gene was quantified by three sets of specific primer pairs using Real Time-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The findings show significantly different over-expression of STAG1 in these cancer cell lines in comparison with the normal tissue, and the cell lines were different in their expression levels. In conclusion, the STAG1 gene can be postulated as a candidate breast cancer biomarker that needs to be further evaluated in breast tumor biopsies.
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu H, Wang L, Chen D, Li J, Guo Y. Conditional transcriptional relationships may serve as cancer prognostic markers. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:101. [PMID: 34856998 PMCID: PMC8638091 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-00958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While most differential coexpression (DC) methods are bound to quantify a single correlation value for a gene pair across multiple samples, a newly devised approach under the name Correlation by Individual Level Product (CILP) revolutionarily projects the summary correlation value to individual product correlation values for separate samples. CILP greatly widened DC analysis opportunities by allowing integration of non-compromised statistical methods. METHODS Here, we performed a study to verify our hypothesis that conditional relationships, i.e., gene pairs of remarkable differential coexpression, may be sought as quantitative prognostic markers for human cancers. Alongside the seeking of prognostic gene links in a pan-cancer setting, we also examined whether a trend of global expression correlation loss appeared in a wide panel of cancer types and revisited the controversial subject of mutual relationship between the DE approach and the DC approach. RESULTS By integrating CILP with classical univariate survival analysis, we identified up to 244 conditional gene links as potential prognostic markers in five cancer types. In particular, five prognostic gene links for kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma tended to condense around cancer gene ESPL1, and the transcriptional synchrony between ESPL1 and PTTG1 tended to be elevated in patients of adverse prognosis. In addition, we extended the observation of global trend of correlation loss in more than ten cancer types and empirically proved DC analysis results were independent of gene differential expression in five cancer types. CONCLUSIONS Combining the power of CILP and the classical survival analysis, we successfully fetched conditional transcriptional relationships that conferred prognosis power for five cancer types. Despite a general trend of global correlation loss in tumor transcriptomes, most of these prognosis conditional links demonstrated stronger expression correlation in tumors, and their stronger coexpression was associated with poor survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Limei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Kaikou, Hainan, 571199, China.,College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Danqian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Kaikou, Hainan, 571199, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang Y, Liu Y, Liu W, Li C, Liu Y, Hu W, Song H. miR-122 Inhibits the Cervical Cancer Development by Targeting the Oncogene RAD21. Biochem Genet 2021; 60:303-314. [PMID: 34191246 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-021-10098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed tumors in female. miR-122 has been proved to be dominant in CC. The particular role of miR-122 in CC is unclear. Thus, we attempted to investigate the prognostic role of miR-122 in CC. We used the database of Kaplan-Meier curve plot. Growth and apoptosis of C33A cells were detected by CCK-8, colony formation assay, transwell assays and flow cytometry analysis. The target gene of miR-122 was identified using bioinformatics, q-PCR, western blot and luciferase assay. It showed that CC patients with overexpression of miR-122 have a better prognosis in the Kaplan-Meier plot database analysis. Overexpressed miR-122 inhibited the malignant growth and induced apoptosis of CC. miR-122 targeting of RAD21 cohesin complex component (RAD21) was identified using bioinformatics, Q-PCR, western blot and luciferase assay analyses. Moreover, we found miR-122 conduct its functions via RAD21 via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Importantly, overexpression of RAD21 restored the roles of miR-122 in CC. Our data suggested that miR-122 could block malignant growth and promoted apoptosis by targeting RAD21 in CC. Our finding indicates miR-122 could potentially participate in the pathogenesis and be a biomarker or the potential therapeutic target of CC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Yang
- Xuzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Xuzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Xuzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Xuzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Xuzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Wenyang Hu
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hongjuan Song
- Xuzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
McKay MJ, Craig J, Kalitsis P, Kozlov S, Verschoor S, Chen P, Lobachevsky P, Vasireddy R, Yan Y, Ryan J, McGillivray G, Savarirayan R, Lavin MF, Ramsay RG, Xu H. A Roberts Syndrome Individual With Differential Genotoxin Sensitivity and a DNA Damage Response Defect. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019; 103:1194-1202. [PMID: 30508616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Roberts syndrome (RBS) is a rare, recessively transmitted developmental disorder characterized by growth retardation, craniofacial abnormalities, and truncation of limbs. All affected individuals to date have mutations in the ESCO2 (establishment of cohesion 2) gene, a key regulator of the cohesin complex, which is involved in sister chromatid cohesion and DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Here we characterize DNA damage responses (DDRs) for the first time in an RBS-affected family. METHODS AND MATERIALS Lymphoblastoid cell lines were established from an RBS family, including the proband and parents carrying ESCO2 mutations. Various DDR assays were performed on these cells, including cell survival, chromosome break, and apoptosis assays; checkpoint activation indicators; and measures of DNA breakage and repair. RESULTS Cells derived from the RBS-affected individual showed sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR) and mitomycin C-induced DNA damage. In this ESCO2 compound heterozygote, other DDRs were also defective, including enhanced IR-induced clastogenicity and apoptosis; increased DNA DSB induction; and a reduced capacity for repairing IR-induced DNA DSBs, as measured by γ-H2AX foci and the comet assay. CONCLUSIONS In addition to its developmental features, RBS can be, like ataxia telangiectasia, considered a DDR-defective syndrome, which contributes to its cellular, molecular, and clinical phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McKay
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Latrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffery Craig
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Campus, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Kalitsis
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sergei Kozlov
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital Campus, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sandra Verschoor
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phillip Chen
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital Campus, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pavel Lobachevsky
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raja Vasireddy
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yuqian Yan
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacinta Ryan
- School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - George McGillivray
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ravi Savarirayan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin F Lavin
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital Campus, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert G Ramsay
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Huiling Xu
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, Shanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Profiling of LINE-1-Related Genes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030645. [PMID: 30717368 PMCID: PMC6387036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prime public health concern that accounts for most of the primary liver malignancies in humans. The most common etiological factor of HCC is hepatitis B virus (HBV). Despite recent advances in treatment strategies, there has been little success in improving the survival of HCC patients. To develop a novel therapeutic approach, evaluation of a working hypothesis based on different viewpoints might be important. Long interspersed element 1 (L1) retrotransposons have been suggested to play a role in HCC. However, the molecular machineries that can modulate L1 biology in HBV-related HCC have not been well-evaluated. Here, we summarize the profiles of expression and/or activation status of L1-related genes in HBV-related HCC, and HBV- and HCC-related genes that may impact L1-mediated tumorigenesis. L1 restriction factors appear to be suppressed by HBV infection. Since some of the L1 restriction factors also limit HBV, these factors may be exhausted in HBV-infected cells, which causes de-suppression of L1. Several HBV- and HCC-related genes that interact with L1 can affect oncogenic processes. Thus, L1 may be a novel prime therapeutic target for HBV-related HCC. Studies in this area will provide insights into HCC and other types of cancers.
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen H, Zhang L, He W, Liu T, Zhao Y, Chen H, Li Y. ESCO2 knockdown inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:475-481. [PMID: 29330052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of cohesion 1 homolog 2 (ESCO2), an essential gene for cohesion regulation and genomic stability, has not been studied in human gastric cancer (GC). We found that ESCO2 knockdown in human GC cell lines dramatically inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in vitro and suppressed tumor xenograft development in vivo. Furthermore, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was activated following the suppression of its downstream targets, including mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p70 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (p70S6K1), and this result was consistent with p53 activation. Significantly, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) analyses indicated that ESCO2 can interact with p53 in GC cells. Taken together, our data demonstrate that ESCO2 is essential for the development of GC and might be a potential therapeutic target for treating GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Chen
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tian-Shui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China; Institute of Medical Physiology and Psychology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Dong-Gang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, 1 Dong-Gang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.
| | - Wenting He
- Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, 82 Cui-Yin Door, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive Tumor of Gansu Province, 82 Cui-Yin Door, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, 82 Cui-Yin Door, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive Tumor of Gansu Province, 82 Cui-Yin Door, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu, China.
| | - Yang Zhao
- Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, 82 Cui-Yin Door, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive Tumor of Gansu Province, 82 Cui-Yin Door, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu, China.
| | - Hao Chen
- Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, 82 Cui-Yin Door, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive Tumor of Gansu Province, 82 Cui-Yin Door, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu, China.
| | - Yumin Li
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tian-Shui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China; Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, 82 Cui-Yin Door, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive Tumor of Gansu Province, 82 Cui-Yin Door, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhou H, Zheng L, Lu K, Gao Y, Guo L, Xu W, Wang X. Downregulation of Cohesin Loading Factor Nipped-B-Like Protein (NIPBL) Induces Cell Cycle Arrest, Apoptosis, and Autophagy of Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:4817-4825. [PMID: 28987049 PMCID: PMC5642644 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cohesin loading factor, nipped-B-like protein (NIPBL), is also known as the sister chromatid cohesion 2 (SCC2) human homolog. Recently, we have studied the role of expression levels of NIPBL in cell proliferation and chemotherapy resistance of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of expression of the cohesin loading factor, NIPBL, on the cell cycle, apoptosis, and autophagy of breast cancer cell lines in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS Expression levels of the NIPBL in the breast cancer cell lines, MCF7, Bcap37, MDA-MB 453 and MDA-MB 231, were measured using Western blot and flow cytometry. Small interfering RNA (si-RNA) was used to study the biological functions of NIPBL. The cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and the colony formation assay were used to measure cell proliferation; the wound scratching assay and transwell chamber assay were used to investigate cell invasion and migration. RESULTS NIPBL gene and protein expression were upregulated in the MCF7 and Bcap37 cells; si-NIPBL transfection inhibited cell proliferation, invasion, and migration of breast cancer cells. Downregulation of NIPBL arrested cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and induced apoptosis and autophagy of breast cancer cells through the caspase3 and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS [color=black]Downregulation of cohesin loading factor NIPBL arrested breast cancer cells in vitro in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and induced apoptosis and autophagy. [/color].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The First Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Oncology, The First Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Kongbeng Lu
- Department of Oncology, The First Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Liwei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Weizhen Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojia Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
So A, Le Guen T, Lopez BS, Guirouilh-Barbat J. Genomic rearrangements induced by unscheduled DNA double strand breaks in somatic mammalian cells. FEBS J 2017; 284:2324-2344. [PMID: 28244221 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are highly toxic lesions that can lead to profound genome rearrangements and/or cell death. They routinely occur in genomes due to endogenous or exogenous stresses. Efficient repair systems, canonical non-homologous end-joining and homologous recombination exist in the cell and not only ensure the maintenance of genome integrity but also, via specific programmed DNA double-strand breaks, permit its diversity and plasticity. However, these repair systems need to be tightly controlled because they can also generate genomic rearrangements. Thus, when DSB repair is not properly regulated, genome integrity is no longer guaranteed. In this review, we will focus on non-programmed genome rearrangements generated by DSB repair, in somatic cells. We first discuss genome rearrangements induced by homologous recombination and end-joining. We then discuss recently described rearrangement mechanisms, driven by microhomologies, that do not involve the joining of DNA ends but rather initiate DNA synthesis (microhomology-mediated break-induced replication, fork stalling and template switching and microhomology-mediated template switching). Finally, we discuss chromothripsis, which is the shattering of a localized region of the genome followed by erratic rejoining.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayeong So
- CNRS UMR 8200, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Tangui Le Guen
- CNRS UMR 8200, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Bernard S Lopez
- CNRS UMR 8200, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Josée Guirouilh-Barbat
- CNRS UMR 8200, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kumar R. Separase: Function Beyond Cohesion Cleavage and an Emerging Oncogene. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1283-1299. [PMID: 27966791 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Proper and timely segregation of genetic endowment is necessary for survival and perpetuation of every species. Mis-segregation of chromosomes and resulting aneuploidy leads to genetic instability, which can jeopardize the survival of an individual or population as a whole. Abnormality with segregation of genetic contents has been associated with several medical consequences including cancer, sterility, mental retardation, spontaneous abortion, miscarriages, and other birth related defects. Separase, by irreversible cleavage of cohesin complex subunit, paves the way for metaphase/anaphase transition during the cell cycle. Both over or reduced expression and altered level of separase have been associated with several medical consequences including cancer, as a result separase now emerges as an important oncogene and potential molecular target for medical intervenes. Recently, separase is also found to be essential in separation and duplication of centrioles. Here, I review the role of separase in mitosis, meiosis, non-canonical roles of separase, separase regulation, as a regulator of centriole disengagement, nonproteolytic roles, diverse substrates, structural insights, and association of separase with cancer. At the ends, I proposed a model which showed that separase is active throughout the cell cycle and there is a mere increase in separase activity during metaphase contrary to the common believes that separase is inactive throughout cell cycle except for metaphase. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1283-1299, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fournier M, Bourriquen G, Lamaze FC, Côté MC, Fournier É, Joly-Beauparlant C, Caron V, Gobeil S, Droit A, Bilodeau S. FOXA and master transcription factors recruit Mediator and Cohesin to the core transcriptional regulatory circuitry of cancer cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34962. [PMID: 27739523 PMCID: PMC5064413 DOI: 10.1038/srep34962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling the transcriptional program is essential to maintain the identity and the biological functions of a cell. The Mediator and Cohesin complexes have been established as central cofactors controlling the transcriptional program in normal cells. However, the distribution, recruitment and importance of these complexes in cancer cells have not been fully investigated. Here we show that FOXA and master transcription factors are part of the core transcriptional regulatory circuitry of cancer cells and are essential to recruit M ediator and Cohesin. Indeed, Mediator and Cohesin occupied the enhancer and promoter regions of actively transcribed genes and maintained the proliferation and colony forming potential. Through integration of publically available ChIP-Seq datasets, we predicted the core transcriptional regulatory circuitry of each cancer cell. Unexpectedly, for all cells investigated, the pioneer transcription factors FOXA1 and/or FOXA2 were identified in addition to cell-specific master transcription factors. Loss of both types of transcription factors phenocopied the loss of Mediator and Cohesin. Lastly, the master and pioneer transcription factors were essential to recruit Mediator and Cohesin to regulatory regions of actively transcribed genes. Our study proposes that maintenance of the cancer cell state is dependent on recruitment of Mediator and Cohesin through FOXA and master transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Fournier
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Gaëlle Bourriquen
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Fabien C. Lamaze
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Maxime C. Côté
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Éric Fournier
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Vicky Caron
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Gobeil
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Steve Bilodeau
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Département de biologie moléculaire, biochimie médicale et pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xu W, Ying Y, Shan L, Feng J, Zhang S, Gao Y, Xu X, Yao Y, Zhu C, Mao W. Enhanced expression of cohesin loading factor NIPBL confers poor prognosis and chemotherapy resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. J Transl Med 2015; 13:153. [PMID: 25963978 PMCID: PMC4438579 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NIPBL, the sister chromatid cohesion 2 (SCC2) human homolog, is a cohesin loading factor which is essential for deposition of cohesin onto the sister chromatid. Recent studies have shown that NIPBL contribute to sister chromatid cohesion and plays a critical role in development, DNA repair, and gene regulation. In this study, we measured the expression of NIPBL in clinical non-small cell lung cancer specimens, and determined its effects on cellular processes and chemosensitivity in vitro. METHODS NIPBL immunohistochemistry was performed on 123 lung adenocarcinoma samples. Through knockdown of NIPBL protein expression, non-small cell lung cancer cell lines were used to test the potential involvement of NIPBL silencing on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. Chemosensitivity was assessed with clonogenic assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed to analyze the relationship between NIPBL and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3). RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis showed that high expression of NIPBL was strongly correlated with poor prognosis, tumor differentiation, and lymph node metastasis. Survival analysis further indicated that NIPBL expression was a potential prognostic factor for non-small cell lung cancer. Knockdown of NIPBL in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines significantly reduced cellular proliferation, migration, and invasion, and enhanced cellular apoptosis and sensitivity to cisplatin, paclitaxel, and gemcitabine hydrochloride. NIPBL bound to the promoter region of the STAT3 gene, directly regulating the expression of STAT3. CONCLUSIONS These data suggested that NIPBL played a significant role in lung carcinogenesis. NIPBL expression conferred poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer, suggesting that NIPBL may be a novel therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Xu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Yinyin Ying
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Lihong Shan
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Shengjie Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Yun Gao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Yinli Yao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Chihong Zhu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| | - Weimin Mao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus), 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, 38, Guangji Load, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Antony J, Dasgupta T, Rhodes JM, McEwan MV, Print CG, O'Sullivan JM, Horsfield JA. Cohesin modulates transcription of estrogen-responsive genes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1849:257-69. [PMID: 25542856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cohesin complex has essential roles in cell division, DNA damage repair and gene transcription. The transcriptional function of cohesin is thought to derive from its ability to connect distant regulatory elements with gene promoters. Genome-wide binding of cohesin in breast cancer cells frequently coincides with estrogen receptor alpha (ER), leading to the hypothesis that cohesin facilitates estrogen-dependent gene transcription. We found that cohesin modulates the expression of only a subset of genes in the ER transcription program, either activating or repressing transcription depending on the gene target. Estrogen-responsive genes most significantly influenced by cohesin were enriched in pathways associated with breast cancer progression such as PI3K and ErbB1. In MCF7 breast cancer cells, cohesin depletion enhanced transcription of TFF1 and TFF2, and was associated with increased ER binding and increased interaction between TFF1 and its distal enhancer situated within TMPRSS3. In contrast, cohesin depletion reduced c-MYC mRNA and was accompanied by reduced interaction between a distal enhancer of c-MYC and its promoters. Our data indicates that cohesin is not a universal facilitator of ER-induced transcription and can even restrict enhancer-promoter communication. We propose that cohesin modulates transcription of estrogen-dependent genes to achieve appropriate directionality and amplitude of expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jisha Antony
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Tanushree Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Jenny M Rhodes
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Miranda V McEwan
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Cristin G Print
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Justin M O'Sullivan
- Liggins Institute, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Julia A Horsfield
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
da Costa-Nunes JA, Capitão C, Kozak J, Costa-Nunes P, Ducasa GM, Pontes O, Angelis KJ. The AtRAD21.1 and AtRAD21.3 Arabidopsis cohesins play a synergistic role in somatic DNA double strand break damage repair. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:353. [PMID: 25511710 PMCID: PMC4273318 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The RAD21 cohesin plays, besides its well-recognised role in chromatid cohesion, a role in DNA double strand break (dsb) repair. In Arabidopsis there are three RAD21 paralog genes (AtRAD21.1, AtRAD21.2 and AtRAD21.3), yet only AtRAD21.1 has been shown to be required for DNA dsb damage repair. Further investigation of the role of cohesins in DNA dsb repair was carried out and is here reported. RESULTS We show for the first time that not only AtRAD21.1 but also AtRAD21.3 play a role in somatic DNA dsb repair. Comet data shows that the lack of either cohesins induces a similar high basal level of DNA dsb in the nuclei and a slower DNA dsb repair kinetics in both cohesin mutants. The observed AtRAD21.3 transcriptional response to DNA dsb induction reinforces further the role of this cohesin in DNA dsb repair. The importance of AtRAD21.3 in DNA dsb damage repair, after exposure to DNA dsb damage inducing agents, is notorious and recognisably evident at the phenotypical level, particularly when the AtRAD21.1 gene is also disrupted. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrates that both Arabidopsis cohesin (AtRAD21.1 and AtRAD21.3) play a role in somatic DNA dsb repair. Furthermore, the phenotypical data from the atrad21.1 atrad21.3 double mutant indicates that these two cohesins function synergistically in DNA dsb repair. The implications of this data are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José A da Costa-Nunes
- />Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Av. República, Apartado 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cláudio Capitão
- />Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Células Vegetais, ITQB, UNL, Av. República, Apartado 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- />Current address: Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jaroslav Kozak
- />Molecular Farming Lab., Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Na Karlovce 1, 160 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pedro Costa-Nunes
- />Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, 235 Castetter Hall, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 New Mexico USA
- />Current address: Nuclear Organization and Epigenetics Lab., Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology (PSC), No. 3888 Chenhua Road, Shanghai, 201602 P. R. China
| | - Gloria M Ducasa
- />Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, 235 Castetter Hall, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 New Mexico USA
| | - Olga Pontes
- />Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, 235 Castetter Hall, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 New Mexico USA
- />Current address: Nuclear Organization and Epigenetics Lab., Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology (PSC), No. 3888 Chenhua Road, Shanghai, 201602 P. R. China
| | - Karel J Angelis
- />Molecular Farming Lab., Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Na Karlovce 1, 160 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pan-cancer network analysis identifies combinations of rare somatic mutations across pathways and protein complexes. Nat Genet 2014; 47:106-14. [PMID: 25501392 PMCID: PMC4444046 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancers exhibit extensive mutational heterogeneity and the resulting long tail
phenomenon complicates the discovery of the genes and pathways that are significantly
mutated in cancer. We perform a Pan-Cancer analysis of mutated networks in 3281 samples
from 12 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) using HotNet2, a novel algorithm
to find mutated subnetworks that overcomes limitations of existing single gene and
pathway/network approaches.. We identify 14 significantly mutated subnetworks that include
well-known cancer signaling pathways as well as subnetworks with less characterized roles
in cancer including cohesin, condensin, and others. Many of these subnetworks exhibit
co-occurring mutations across samples. These subnetworks contain dozens of genes with rare
somatic mutations across multiple cancers; many of these genes have additional evidence
supporting a role in cancer. By illuminating these rare combinations of mutations,
Pan-Cancer network analyses provide a roadmap to investigate new diagnostic and
therapeutic opportunities across cancer types.
Collapse
|
18
|
Xu H, Yan Y, Deb S, Rangasamy D, Germann M, Malaterre J, Eder NC, Ward RL, Hawkins NJ, Tothill RW, Chen L, Mortensen NJ, Fox SB, McKay MJ, Ramsay RG. Cohesin Rad21 mediates loss of heterozygosity and is upregulated via Wnt promoting transcriptional dysregulation in gastrointestinal tumors. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1781-1797. [PMID: 25464844 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene triggers a series of molecular events leading to intestinal adenomagenesis. Haploinsufficiency of the cohesin Rad21 influences multiple initiating events in colorectal cancer (CRC). We identify Rad21 as a gatekeeper of LOH and a β-catenin target gene and provide evidence that Wnt pathway activation drives RAD21 expression in human CRC. Genome-wide analyses identified Rad21 as a key transcriptional regulator of critical CRC genes and long interspersed element (LINE-1 or L1) retrotransposons. Elevated RAD21 expression tracks with reactivation of L1 expression in human sporadic CRC, implicating cohesin-mediated L1 expression in global genomic instability and gene dysregulation in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Xu
- Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (PMCC), East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Yuqian Yan
- Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (PMCC), East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Siddhartha Deb
- Pathology Department, PMCC, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Victorian Cancer Biobank, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Danny Rangasamy
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Markus Germann
- Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (PMCC), East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jordane Malaterre
- Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (PMCC), East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Noreen C Eder
- Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (PMCC), East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Robyn L Ward
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | - Richard W Tothill
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Cancer Research Division, PMCC, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Long Chen
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Neil J Mortensen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford Cancer Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia; Pathology Department, PMCC, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Michael J McKay
- University of Sydney and North Coast Cancer Institute, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Robert G Ramsay
- Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (PMCC), East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cucco F, Servadio A, Gatti V, Bianchi P, Mannini L, Prodosmo A, De Vitis E, Basso G, Friuli A, Laghi L, Soddu S, Fontanini G, Musio A. Mutant cohesin drives chromosomal instability in early colorectal adenomas. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6773-8. [PMID: 25080505 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome missegregation leads to chromosomal instability (CIN), thought to play a role in cancer development. As cohesin functions in guaranteeing correct chromosome segregation, increasing data suggest its involvement in tumorigenesis. In a screen of a large series of early colorectal adenomas, a precocious step during colorectal tumorigenesis, we identified 11 mutations in SMC1A core cohesin subunit. In addition, we sequenced the SMC1A gene in colorectal carcinomas and we found only one mutation. Finally, the transfection of the SMC1A mutations identified in early adenomas and wild-type SMC1A gene silencing in normal human fibroblasts led to CIN. Our findings that SMC1A mutations decrease from early adenomas to colorectal cancers and that mutations lead to CIN suggest that mutant cohesin could play a pivotal role during colorectal cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cucco
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Adele Servadio
- Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e di Area Critica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Veronica Gatti
- Oncologia Sperimentale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena, Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Bianchi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (MI), Italy and
| | - Linda Mannini
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Prodosmo
- Oncologia Sperimentale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena, Roma, Italy
| | - Elisa De Vitis
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Basso
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (MI), Italy and
| | - Alessandro Friuli
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luigi Laghi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (MI), Italy and
| | - Silvia Soddu
- Oncologia Sperimentale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena, Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fontanini
- Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e di Area Critica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Musio
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy Istituto Toscano Tumori, Firenze, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cohesin mutations in myeloid malignancies: underlying mechanisms. Exp Hematol Oncol 2014; 3:13. [PMID: 24904756 PMCID: PMC4046106 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-3-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, whole genome sequencing approaches have pinpointed mutations in genes that were previously not associated with cancer. For Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML), and other myeloid disorders, these approaches revealed a high prevalence of mutations in genes encoding the chromosome cohesion complex, cohesin. Cohesin mutations represent a novel genetic pathway for AML, but how AML arises from these mutations is unknown. This review will explore the potential mechanisms by which cohesin mutations contribute to AML and other myeloid malignancies.
Collapse
|
21
|
Overexpression and constitutive nuclear localization of cohesin protease Separase protein correlates with high incidence of relapse and reduced overall survival in glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurooncol 2014; 119:27-35. [PMID: 24792645 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Separase, an enzyme that cleaves the chromosomal cohesin during mitosis, is overexpressed in a wide range of human epithelial cancers of breast, bone and prostate (Meyer et al., Clin Cancer Res 15(8):2703-2710, 2009). Overexpression of Separase in animal models results in aneuploidy and tumorigenesis. We have examined the expression and localization of Separase protein in adult and pediatric glioblastoma and normal brain specimens. Immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blot analysis showed significant overexpression of Separase in all adult and a subset of pediatric glioblastoma cells. Tumor status and patient survival strongly correlate with the mislocalization of Separase into the nucleus throughout all stages of the cell cycle. Unlike exclusively nuclear localization in mitotic control cells, glioblastoma samples have a significantly higher number of resting (interphase) cells with strong nuclear Separase staining. Additionally, patient survival analysis demonstrated a strong correlation between overexpression of Separase protein in adult glioblastoma and a high incidence of relapse and reduced overall survival. These results further strengthen our hypothesis that Separase is an oncogene whose overexpression induces tumorigenesis, and indicate that Separase overexpression and aberrant nuclear localization are common in many tumor types and may predict outcome in some human malignancies.
Collapse
|
22
|
Brownlee PM, Chambers AL, Cloney R, Bianchi A, Downs JA. BAF180 promotes cohesion and prevents genome instability and aneuploidy. Cell Rep 2014; 6:973-981. [PMID: 24613357 PMCID: PMC3988838 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BAF180, a subunit of the PBAF chromatin remodeling complex, is frequently mutated in cancer. Although PBAF regulates transcription, it remains unclear whether this is what drives tumorigenesis in cells lacking BAF180. Based on data from yeast, we hypothesized that BAF180 may prevent tumorigenesis by promoting cohesion. Here, we show BAF180 is required for centromeric cohesion in mouse and human cells. Mutations identified in tumor samples are unable to support this activity, and also compromise cohesion-dependent functions in yeast. We provide evidence of genome instability in line with loss of cohesion, and importantly, we find dynamic chromosome instability following DNA damage in cells lacking BAF180. These data demonstrate a function for BAF180 in promoting genome stability that is distinct from its well-characterized role in transcriptional regulation, uncovering a potent mechanism for its tumor-suppressor activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Brownlee
- MRC Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Anna L Chambers
- MRC Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Ross Cloney
- MRC Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Alessandro Bianchi
- MRC Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Jessica A Downs
- MRC Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
RAD21 cohesin overexpression is a prognostic and predictive marker exacerbating poor prognosis in KRAS mutant colorectal carcinomas. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:1606-13. [PMID: 24548858 PMCID: PMC3960611 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: RAD21 is a component of the cohesion complex and is integral to chromosome segregation and error-free DNA repair. RAD21 is functionally important in tumour progression but its role in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is unclear. We therefore assessed its clinicopathological and prognostic significance in CRC, as well as its effect on chemosensitivity. Methods: A retrospective observation study examined RAD21 expression in 652 CRCs using a tissue microarray approach. Correlation with clinicopathological factors including gender, tumour grade, mucinous subtype, TNM stage, disease-specific survival (DSS), BRAF and KRAS mutation status, tumour p53 immunostaining, tumour microsatellite instability and tumour CpG island methylator phenotype was performed. Colorectal cancer cell clones with stable RAD21 knockdown were generated and tested for cellular sensitivity to conventional chemotherapeutic drugs. Results: RAD21 expression was significantly correlated with male gender (56.7% vs 43.3%, P=0.02), well-differentiated histology (14.4% vs 4.0%, P=0.0001), higher T-stage (36.1% vs 27.0%, P=0.01), presence of metastasis (18.8% vs 12.6%, P=0.03), and shorter DSS (hazard ratio (HR) 1.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.9, P=0.01) in both univariate and multivariate analysis. RAD21 expression was associated with shorter DSS in patients with KRAS mutant tumours (HR:2.6, 95% CI:1.4–4.3, P=0.001) and in patients receiving adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (HR:1.9, 95% CI:1.2–3.0, P=0.008). Colorectal cancer cells with RAD21 knockdown exhibited enhanced sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil, either alone or in combination with oxaliplatin. Conclusions: RAD21 expression in CRC is associated with aggressive disease especially in KRAS mutant tumours and resistance to chemoradiotherapy. RAD21 may be an important novel therapeutic target.
Collapse
|
24
|
Knol JC, de Wit M, Albrethsen J, Piersma SR, Pham TV, Mongera S, Carvalho B, Fijneman RJA, Meijer GA, Jiménez CR. Proteomics of differential extraction fractions enriched for chromatin-binding proteins from colon adenoma and carcinoma tissues. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1844:1034-43. [PMID: 24361553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered nuclear and genomic structure and function are hallmarks of cancer cells. Research into nuclear proteins in human tissues could uncover novel molecular processes in cancer. Here, we examine biochemical tissue fractions containing chromatin-binding (CB) proteins in the context of colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. METHODS CB protein-containing fractions were biochemically extracted from human colorectal tissues, including carcinomas with chromosomal instability (CIN), carcinomas with microsatellite instability (MIN), and adenomas. The CB proteins were subjected to label-free LC-MS/MS and the data were analyzed by bioinformatics. RESULTS Over 1700 proteins were identified in the CB fraction from colonic tissues, including 938 proteins associated with nuclear annotation. Of the latter, 169 proteins were differential between adenomas and carcinomas. In this adenoma-versus-carcinoma comparison, apart from specific changes in components of the splicing and protein translational machineries, we also identified significant changes in several proteins associated with chromatin-directed functions. Furthermore, several key cell cycle proteins as well as those involved in cellular stress were increased, whereas specific components of chromosome segregation and DNA recombination/repair systems were decreased. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies proteomic changes at the subnuclear level that are associated with CRC and may be further investigated. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Biomarkers: A Proteomic Challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaco C Knol
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Dept. of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike de Wit
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Dept. of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jakob Albrethsen
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Dept. of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sander R Piersma
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Dept. of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thang V Pham
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Dept. of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Mongera
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Beatriz Carvalho
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remond J A Fijneman
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit A Meijer
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Connie R Jiménez
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Dept. of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
A longstanding endeavor to define the genetic lesions that drive myeloid malignances has stimulated a period of remarkable discovery. Enabled by technological advances that have sharply decreased the cost of DNA sequencing, the full compendium of common, recurrent somatic mutations in the coding genome of myeloid malignancies is nearly complete. As the focus of genetic discovery shifts to the noncoding genome, renewed attention is being applied to the clinical and biological implications of recent genomic advances. Although the potential for this newfound knowledge to influence the care of patients has not yet been realized, broad genetic surveys of patient samples are now being used to improve the accuracy of disease diagnosis, define a molecular taxonomy of myeloid malignancies, refine prognostic and predictive models, and identify novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we will review recent advances in the genetics of myeloid malignancies and discuss their potential impact on clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Coleman Lindsley
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; and
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
NIPBL, a cohesion loading factor, is somatically mutated in gastric and colorectal cancers with high microsatellite instability. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:3376-8. [PMID: 23912250 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2808-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
27
|
Frameshift mutations of chromosome cohesion–related genes SGOL1 and PDS5B in gastric and colorectal cancers with high microsatellite instability. Hum Pathol 2013; 44:2234-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
28
|
Yadav S, Sehrawat A, Eroglu Z, Somlo G, Hickey R, Yadav S, Liu X, Awasthi YC, Awasthi S. Role of SMC1 in overcoming drug resistance in triple negative breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64338. [PMID: 23717600 PMCID: PMC3661439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the hardest subtypes of breast cancer to treat due to the heterogeneity of the disease and absence of well-defined molecular targets. Emerging evidence has shown the role of cohesin in the formation and progression of various cancers including colon and lung cancer but the role of cohesin in breast cancer remains elusive. Our data showed that structural maintenance of chromosome 1 (SMC1), a subunit of the cohesin protein complex, is differentially overexpressed both at RNA and protein level in a panel of TNBC cell lines as compared to normal epithelial or luminal breast cancer cells, suggesting that the amplified product of this normal gene may play role in tumorigenesis in TNBC. In addition, our results show that induced overexpression of SMC1 through transient transfection enhanced cell migration and anchorage independent growth while its suppression with targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced the migration ability of TNBC cells. Increased expression of SMC1 also lead to increase in the mesenchymal marker vimentin and decrease in the normal epithelial marker, E-cadherin. Immunocytochemical studies along with flow cytometry and cell fractionation showed the localization of SMC1 in the nucleus, cytoplasm and also in the plasma membrane. The knockdown of SMC1 by siRNA sensitized the TNBC cells towards a PARP inhibitor (ABT-888) and IC50 was approximately three fold less than ABT-888 alone. The cytotoxic effect of combination of SMC1 suppression and ABT-888 was also confirmed by the colony propagation assay. Taken together, these studies report for the first time that SMC1 is overexpressed in TNBC cells where it plays a role in cell migration and drug sensitivity, and thus provides a potential therapeutic target for this highly invasive breast cancer subtype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Yadav
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
O'Neil NJ, van Pel DM, Hieter P. Synthetic lethality and cancer: cohesin and PARP at the replication fork. Trends Genet 2013; 29:290-7. [PMID: 23333522 PMCID: PMC3868440 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cohesins are mutated in a significant number of tumors of various types making them attractive targets for chemotherapeutic intervention. However, cohesins have a spectrum of cellular roles including sister chromatid cohesion, transcription, replication, and repair. Which of these roles are central to cancer biology and which roles can be exploited for therapeutic intervention? Genetic interaction networks in yeast have identified synthetic lethal interactions between mutations in cohesin and replication fork mediators. These interactions are conserved in worms and in human cells suggesting that inhibition of replication fork stability mediators such as poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) could result in the specific killing of tumors with cohesin mutations. These findings also highlight the utility of genetic interaction networks in model organisms for the identification of clinically relevant interactions. Here, we review this type of approach, emphasizing the power of synthetic lethal interactions to reveal new avenues for developing cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J O'Neil
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
The gene expression programs that establish and maintain specific cell states in humans are controlled by thousands of transcription factors, cofactors, and chromatin regulators. Misregulation of these gene expression programs can cause a broad range of diseases. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of transcriptional regulation and discuss how these have provided new insights into transcriptional misregulation in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ihn Lee
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Richard A. Young
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Remeseiro S, Losada A. Cohesin, a chromatin engagement ring. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 25:63-71. [PMID: 23219370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cohesin is a four subunit complex, conserved from yeast to man, with the ability to hold together two DNA segments within its ring-shaped structure. When the two segments belong to sister chromatids, cohesin is mediating cohesion, which is essential for chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis and for homologous DNA repair. When the two DNA segments are in the same chromatid, a loop is formed. These chromatin loops are emerging as a mechanism for controlling the communication between enhancers and promoters and thereby regulate gene expression. They also facilitate DNA replication and recombination. Given all its essential functions, it is not surprising that mutations in cohesin and its interacting factors have been associated to cancer and developmental syndromes known as cohesinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Remeseiro
- Chromosome Dynamics Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Connecting chromatin modifying factors to DNA damage response. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:2355-69. [PMID: 23348929 PMCID: PMC3587991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14022355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells are constantly damaged by factors that can induce DNA damage. Eukaryotic cells must rapidly load DNA repair proteins onto damaged chromatin during the DNA damage response (DDR). Chromatin-remodeling complexes use the energy from ATP hydrolysis to remodel nucleosomes and have well-established functions in transcription. Emerging lines of evidence indicate that chromatin-remodeling complexes are important and may remodel nucleosomes during DNA damage repair. New studies also reveal that ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling is involved in cell cycle progression, signal transduction pathways, and interaction and modification of DDR-related proteins that are specifically and intimately connected with the process of DNA damage. This article summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of the interplay between chromatin remodeling and DNA damage response.
Collapse
|
33
|
Tittel-Elmer M, Lengronne A, Davidson MB, Bacal J, François P, Hohl M, Petrini JHJ, Pasero P, Cobb JA. Cohesin association to replication sites depends on rad50 and promotes fork restart. Mol Cell 2012; 48:98-108. [PMID: 22885006 PMCID: PMC3904740 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The cohesin complex holds together newly replicated chromatids and is involved in diverse pathways that preserve genome integrity. We show that in budding yeast, cohesin is transiently recruited to active replication origins, and it spreads along DNA as forks progress. When DNA synthesis is impeded, cohesin accumulates at replication sites and is critical for the recovery of stalled forks. Cohesin enrichment at replication forks does not depend on γH2A(X) formation, which differs from its loading requirements at DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). However, cohesin localization is largely reduced in rad50Δ mutants and in cells lacking both Mec1 and Tel1 checkpoint kinases. Interestingly, cohesin loading at replication sites depends on the structural features of Rad50 that are important for bridging sister chromatids, including the CXXC hook domain and the length of the coiled-coil extensions. Together, these data reveal a function for cohesin in the maintenance of genome integrity during S phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Tittel-Elmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB Canada T2N 4N1
- Institute of Human Genetics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Armelle Lengronne
- Institute of Human Genetics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Marta B Davidson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Julien Bacal
- Institute of Human Genetics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe François
- Institute of Human Genetics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Marcel Hohl
- Laboratory of Chromosome Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - John H J Petrini
- Laboratory of Chromosome Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Philippe Pasero
- Institute of Human Genetics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Jennifer A Cobb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB Canada T2N 4N1
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Supernat A, Lapińska-Szumczyk S, Sawicki S, Wydra D, Biernat W, Zaczek AJ. Deregulation of RAD21 and RUNX1 expression in endometrial cancer. Oncol Lett 2012. [PMID: 23205091 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohesins and cohesin-regulated genes are deregulated in numerous types of human cancer. However, data concerning their status and role in endometrial cancer are scarce. This study aimed to determine the clinical significance of double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog (RAD21) and runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) gene dosage and mRNA expression in endometrial cancer. RAD21 is a component of the cohesin complex, crucial for chromosome segregation and DNA repair. RUNX1 is the transcription factor implicated in RAD21 regulation. The study group included 144 endometrial cancer patients. RAD21 and RUNX1 expression profiles were measured by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR. RAD21 gene dosage was determined by quantitative PCR. RAD21 gene dosage was associated with RAD21 mRNA expression (ϱ=0.22; p=0.009). Furthermore, RAD21 expression strongly correlated with RUNX1 expression (ϱ=0.43; p<0.0000001). Increased RAD21 gene dosage correlated with more advanced tumor stage (p=0.021), higher grade (p=0.021), cervical involvement (p=0.01) and the absence of obesity (p=0.025), while RAD21 mRNA expression correlatd with cervical involvement (p=0.027). The mRNA expression of RAD21 and RUNX1 was found to be deregulated and co-dependent in endometrial cancer. RAD21 gene dosage is associated with unfavorable tumor characteristics. However, elucidating the role of these molecular markers in endometrial oncogenesis requires further investigation, including functional studies and survival analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Supernat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology,University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Deardorff M, Wilde J, Albrecht M, Dickinson E, Tennstedt S, Braunholz D, Mönnich M, Yan Y, Xu W, Gil-Rodríguez M, Clark D, Hakonarson H, Halbach S, Michelis L, Rampuria A, Rossier E, Spranger S, Van Maldergem L, Lynch S, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Lüdecke HJ, Ramsay R, McKay M, Krantz I, Xu H, Horsfield J, Kaiser F. RAD21 mutations cause a human cohesinopathy. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90:1014-27. [PMID: 22633399 PMCID: PMC3370273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved cohesin complex was originally described for its role in regulating sister-chromatid cohesion during mitosis and meiosis. Cohesin and its regulatory proteins have been implicated in several human developmental disorders, including Cornelia de Lange (CdLS) and Roberts syndromes. Here we show that human mutations in the integral cohesin structural protein RAD21 result in a congenital phenotype consistent with a "cohesinopathy." Children with RAD21 mutations display growth retardation, minor skeletal anomalies, and facial features that overlap findings in individuals with CdLS. Notably, unlike children with mutations in NIPBL, SMC1A, or SMC3, these individuals have much milder cognitive impairment than those with classical CdLS. Mechanistically, these mutations act at the RAD21 interface with the other cohesin proteins STAG2 and SMC1A, impair cellular DNA damage response, and disrupt transcription in a zebrafish model. Our data suggest that, compared to loss-of-function mutations, dominant missense mutations result in more severe functional defects and cause worse structural and cognitive clinical findings. These results underscore the essential role of RAD21 in eukaryotes and emphasize the need for further understanding of the role of cohesin in human development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Deardorff
- Division of Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 USA
- The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 USA
| | - Jonathan J. Wilde
- Division of Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 USA
| | - Melanie Albrecht
- Institut für Humangenetik Lübeck, Universität zu Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Emma Dickinson
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | | | - Diana Braunholz
- Institut für Humangenetik Lübeck, Universität zu Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Maren Mönnich
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Yuqian Yan
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne 3002, Australia
| | - Weizhen Xu
- Institut für Humangenetik Lübeck, Universität zu Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - María Concepcion Gil-Rodríguez
- Institut für Humangenetik Lübeck, Universität zu Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Unit of Clinical Genetics and Functional Genomics. Medical School, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Dinah Clark
- Division of Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Division of Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 USA
- The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 USA
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sara Halbach
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Laura Daniela Michelis
- Division of Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 USA
| | - Abhinav Rampuria
- Division of Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 USA
| | | | | | - Lionel Van Maldergem
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon 25030, France
| | - Sally Ann Lynch
- Our Lady's Children's Hospital, National Centre for Medical Genetics, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | | | | | - Robert G. Ramsay
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne 3002, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dental Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Elizabeth Street, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Michael J. McKay
- North Coast Cancer Institute, Lismore, New South Wales 2480, Australia
- The University of Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ian D. Krantz
- Division of Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 USA
- The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 USA
| | - Huiling Xu
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne 3002, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dental Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Elizabeth Street, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Julia A. Horsfield
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Frank J. Kaiser
- Institut für Humangenetik Lübeck, Universität zu Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Remeseiro S, Cuadrado A, Carretero M, Martínez P, Drosopoulos WC, Cañamero M, Schildkraut CL, Blasco MA, Losada A. Cohesin-SA1 deficiency drives aneuploidy and tumourigenesis in mice due to impaired replication of telomeres. EMBO J 2012; 31:2076-89. [PMID: 22415365 PMCID: PMC3343459 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cohesin is a protein complex originally identified for its role in sister chromatid cohesion, although increasing evidence portrays it also as a major organizer of interphase chromatin. Vertebrate cohesin consists of Smc1, Smc3, Rad21/Scc1 and either stromal antigen 1 (SA1) or SA2. To explore the functional specificity of these two versions of cohesin and their relevance for embryonic development and cancer, we generated a mouse model deficient for SA1. Complete ablation of SA1 results in embryonic lethality, while heterozygous animals have shorter lifespan and earlier onset of tumourigenesis. SA1-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts show decreased proliferation and increased aneuploidy as a result of chromosome segregation defects. These defects are not caused by impaired centromeric cohesion, which depends on cohesin-SA2. Instead, they arise from defective telomere replication, which requires cohesion mediated specifically by cohesin-SA1. We propose a novel mechanism for aneuploidy generation that involves impaired telomere replication upon loss of cohesin-SA1, with clear implications in tumourigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Remeseiro
- Chromosome Dynamics Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Cuadrado
- Chromosome Dynamics Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Carretero
- Chromosome Dynamics Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Martínez
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marta Cañamero
- Comparative Pathology Unit, Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carl L Schildkraut
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - María A Blasco
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Losada
- Chromosome Dynamics Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yan M, Xu H, Waddell N, Shield-Artin K, Haviv I, McKay MJ, Fox SB. Enhanced RAD21 cohesin expression confers poor prognosis in BRCA2 and BRCAX, but not BRCA1 familial breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R69. [PMID: 22537934 PMCID: PMC3446404 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The RAD21 gene encodes a key component of the cohesin complex, which is essential for chromosome segregation, and together with BRCA1 and BRCA2, for high-fidelity DNA repair by homologous recombination. Although its expression correlates with early relapse and treatment resistance in sporadic breast cancers, it is unclear whether familial breast cancers behave in a similar manner. METHODS We performed an immunohistochemical analysis of RAD21 expression in a cohort of 94 familial breast cancers (28 BRCA1, 27 BRCA2, and 39 BRCAX) and correlated these data with genotype and clinicopathologic parameters, including survival. In these cancers, we also correlated RAD21 expression with genomic expression profiling and gene copy-number changes and miRNAs predicted to target RAD21. RESULTS No significant differences in nuclear RAD21 expression were observed between BRCA1 (12 (43%) of 28), BRCA2 (12 (44%) of 27), and BRCAX cancers (12 (33%) of 39 (p = 0.598). No correlation was found between RAD21 expression and grade, size, or lymph node, ER, or HER2 status (all P > 0.05). As for sporadic breast cancers, RAD21 expression correlated with shorter survival in grade 3 (P = 0.009) and but not in grade 1 (P = 0.065) or 2 cancers (P = 0.090). Expression of RAD21 correlated with poorer survival in patients treated with chemotherapy (P = 0.036) but not with hormonal therapy (P = 0.881). RAD21 expression correlated with shorter survival in BRCA2 (P = 0.006) and BRCAX (P = 0.008), but not BRCA1 cancers (P = 0.713). Changes in RAD21 mRNA were reflected by genomic changes in DNA copy number (P < 0.001) and by RAD21 protein expression, as assessed with immunohistochemistry (P = 0.047). High RAD21 expression was associated with genomic instability, as assessed by the total number of base pairs affected by genomic change (P = 0.048). Of 15 miRNAs predicted to target RAD21, mir-299-5p inversely correlated with RAD21 expression (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Potential use of RAD21 as a predictive and prognostic marker in familial breast cancers is hence feasible and may therefore take into account the patient's BRCA1/2 mutation status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Yan
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Barker Street, Randwick, 2031, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Therapeutic intervention by the simultaneous inhibition of DNA repair and type I or type II DNA topoisomerases: one strategy, many outcomes. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:51-72. [PMID: 22168164 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many anticancer drugs reduce the integrity of DNA, forming strand breaks. This can cause mutations and cancer or cell death if the lesions are not repaired. Interestingly, DNA repair-deficient cancer cells (e.g., those with BRCA1/2 mutations) have been shown to exhibit increased sensitivity to chemotherapy. Based on this observation, a new therapeutic approach termed 'synthetic lethality' has been developed, in which radiation therapy or cytotoxic anticancer agents are employed in conjunction with selective inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Such combinations can cause severe genomic instability in transformed cells resulting in cell death. The synergistic effects of combining PARP-1 inhibition with anticancer drugs have been demonstrated. However, the outcome of this therapeutic strategy varies significantly between cancer types, suggesting that synthetic lethality may be influenced by additional cellular factors. This review focuses on the outcomes of the combined action of PARP-1 inhibitors and agents that affect the activity of DNA topoisomerases.
Collapse
|
39
|
Seitan VC, Merkenschlager M. Cohesin and chromatin organisation. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2012; 22:93-100. [PMID: 22155130 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cohesin defines the topology of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis by holding sister chromatids together; more recently a role for cohesin in chromatin organisation and gene expression in interphase has emerged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vlad C Seitan
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
The cohesin complex holds the sister chromatids together from S-phase until the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, and ensures both their proper cohesion and timely separation. In addition to its canonical function in chromosomal segregation, cohesin has been suggested by several lines of investigation in recent years to play additional roles in apoptosis, DNA-damage response, transcriptional regulation and haematopoiesis. To better understand the basis of the disparate cellular functions of cohesin in these various processes, we have characterized a comprehensive protein interactome of cohesin-RAD21 by using three independent approaches: Y2H (yeast two-hybrid) screening, immunoprecipitation-coupled-MS of cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts from MOLT-4 T-lymphocytes in the presence and absence of etoposide-induced apoptosis, and affinity pull-down assays of chromatographically purified nuclear extracts from pro-apoptotic MOLT-4 cells. Our analyses revealed 112 novel protein interactors of cohesin-RAD21 that function in different cellular processes, including mitosis, regulation of apoptosis, chromosome dynamics, replication, transcription regulation, RNA processing, DNA-damage response, protein modification and degradation, and cytoskeleton and cell motility. Identification of cohesin interactors provides a framework for explaining the various non-canonical functions of the cohesin complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Panigrahi
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Stirling PC, Crisp MJ, Basrai MA, Tucker CM, Dunham MJ, Spencer FA, Hieter P. Mutability and mutational spectrum of chromosome transmission fidelity genes. Chromosoma 2011; 121:263-75. [PMID: 22198145 PMCID: PMC3350768 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-011-0356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
It has been more than two decades since the original chromosome transmission fidelity (Ctf) screen of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was published. Since that time the spectrum of mutations known to cause Ctf and, more generally, chromosome instability (CIN) has expanded dramatically as a result of systematic screens across yeast mutant arrays. Here we describe a comprehensive summary of the original Ctf genetic screen and the cloning of the remaining complementation groups as efforts to expand our knowledge of the CIN gene repertoire and its mutability in a model eukaryote. At the time of the original screen, it was impossible to predict either the genes and processes that would be overrepresented in a pool of random mutants displaying a Ctf phenotype or what the entire set of genes potentially mutable to Ctf would be. We show that in a collection of 136 randomly selected Ctf mutants, >65% of mutants map to 13 genes, 12 of which are involved in sister chromatid cohesion and/or kinetochore function. Extensive screening of systematic mutant collections has shown that ~350 genes with functions as diverse as RNA processing and proteasomal activity mutate to cause a Ctf phenotype and at least 692 genes are required for faithful chromosome segregation. The enrichment of random Ctf alleles in only 13 of ~350 possible Ctf genes suggests that these genes are more easily mutable to cause genome instability than the others. These observations inform our understanding of recurring CIN mutations in human cancers where presumably random mutations are responsible for initiating the frequently observed CIN phenotype of tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Stirling
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T1Z4
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Rhodes JM, McEwan M, Horsfield JA. Gene regulation by cohesin in cancer: is the ring an unexpected party to proliferation? Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:1587-607. [PMID: 21940756 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cohesin is a multisubunit protein complex that plays an integral role in sister chromatid cohesion, DNA repair, and meiosis. Of significance, both over- and underexpression of cohesin are associated with cancer. It is generally believed that cohesin dysregulation contributes to cancer by leading to aneuploidy or chromosome instability. For cancers with loss of cohesin function, this idea seems plausible. However, overexpression of cohesin in cancer appears to be more significant for prognosis than its loss. Increased levels of cohesin subunits correlate with poor prognosis and resistance to drug, hormone, and radiation therapies. However, if there is sufficient cohesin for sister chromatid cohesion, overexpression of cohesin subunits should not obligatorily lead to aneuploidy. This raises the possibility that excess cohesin promotes cancer by alternative mechanisms. Over the last decade, it has emerged that cohesin regulates gene transcription. Recent studies have shown that gene regulation by cohesin contributes to stem cell pluripotency and cell differentiation. Of importance, cohesin positively regulates the transcription of genes known to be dysregulated in cancer, such as Runx1, Runx3, and Myc. Furthermore, cohesin binds with estrogen receptor α throughout the genome in breast cancer cells, suggesting that it may be involved in the transcription of estrogen-responsive genes. Here, we will review evidence supporting the idea that the gene regulation function of cohesin represents a previously unrecognized mechanism for the development of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Rhodes
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mukherjee M, Ge G, Zhang N, Huang E, Nakamura LV, Minor M, Fofanov V, Rao PH, Herron A, Pati D. Separase loss of function cooperates with the loss of p53 in the initiation and progression of T- and B-cell lymphoma, leukemia and aneuploidy in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22167. [PMID: 21799785 PMCID: PMC3143119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cohesin protease Separase plays a key role in faithful segregation of sister chromatids by cleaving the cohesin complex at the metaphase to anaphase transition. Homozygous deletion of ESPL1 gene that encodes Separase protein results in embryonic lethality in mice and Separase overexpression lead to aneuploidy and tumorigenesis. However, the effect of Separase haploinsufficiency has not been thoroughly investigated. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we examined the effect of ESPL1 heterozygosity using a hypomorphic mouse model that has reduced germline Separase activity. We report that while ESPL1 mutant (ESPL1 +/hyp) mice have a normal phenotype, in the absence of p53, these mice develop spontaneous T- and B-cell lymphomas, and leukemia with a significantly shortened latency as compared to p53 null mice. The ESPL1 hypomorphic, p53 heterozygous transgenic mice (ESPL1+/hyp, p53+/−) also show a significantly reduced life span with an altered tumor spectrum of carcinomas and sarcomas compared to p53+/− mice alone. Furthermore, ESPL1+/hyp, p53−/− mice display significantly higher levels of genetic instability and aneuploidy in normal cells, as indicated by the abnormal metaphase counts and SKY analysis of primary splenocytes. Conclusions/Significance Our results indicate that reduced levels of Separase act synergistically with loss of p53 in the initiation and progression of B- and T- cell lymphomas, which is aided by increased chromosomal missegregation and accumulation of genomic instability. ESPL1+/hyp, p53−/− mice provide a new animal model for mechanistic study of aggressive lymphoma and also for preclinical evaluation of new agents for its therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malini Mukherjee
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gouqing Ge
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nenggang Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eryong Huang
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lanelle V. Nakamura
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marissa Minor
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Pullivarthi H. Rao
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alan Herron
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Center for Comparative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Debananda Pati
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Smith-Roe SL, Patel SS, Simpson DA, Zhou YC, Rao S, Ibrahim JG, Kaiser-Rogers KA, Cordeiro-Stone M, Kaufmann WK. Timeless functions independently of the Tim-Tipin complex to promote sister chromatid cohesion in normal human fibroblasts. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:1618-24. [PMID: 21508667 PMCID: PMC3127161 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.10.15613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Timeless-Tipin complex and Claspin are mediators of the ATR-dependent activation of Chk1 in the intra-S checkpoint response to stalled DNA replication forks. Tim-Tipin and Claspin also contribute to sister chromatid cohesion (SCC) in various organisms, likely through a replication-coupled process. Some models of the establishment of SCC posit that interactions between cohesin rings and replisomes could result in physiological replication stress requiring fork stabilization. The contributions of Timeless, Tipin, Claspin, Chk1 and ATR to SCC were investigated in genetically stable, human diploid fibroblast cell lines. Whereas Timeless, Tipin and Claspin showed similar contributions to UVC-induced activation of Chk1, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Timeless induced a 100-fold increase in sister chromatid discohesion, whereas the inductive effects of knocking down Tipin, Claspin and ATR were 4-20-fold. Knockdown of Chk1 did not significantly affect SCC. Consistent findings were obtained in two independently derived human diploid fibroblast lines and support a conclusion that SCC in human cells is strongly dependent on Timeless but independent of Chk1. Furthermore, the 10-fold difference in discohesion observed when depleting Timeless versus Tipin indicates that Timeless has a function in SCC that is independent of the Tim-Tipin complex, even though the abundance of Timeless is reduced when Tipin is targeted for depletion. A better understanding of how Timeless, Tipin and Claspin promote SCC will elucidate non-checkpoint functions of these proteins at DNA replication forks and inform models of the establishment of SCC.
Collapse
|