1
|
Vancea M, Solé-Casals J. Population Aging in the European Information Societies: Towards a Comprehensive Research Agenda in eHealth Innovations for Elderly. Aging Dis 2015; 7:526-39. [PMID: 27493837 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Population ageing is one of the major social and economic challenges of our contemporary societies. With the advent of the information society, new research and technological developments have been promoted in the field of assistive technologies and information and communication technologies of benefit to elderly people. This article examines the potentialities of new informatics developments in generating solutions to better address elderly people's daily-life, especially those with chronic illness and/or low autonomy. The authours attempt to propose a research agenda, by exposing various strengts and weaknesses of eHealth innovations for elderly, mainly grounded in secondary sources analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Vancea
- 1Núcleo de Investigación Científica y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Ciencias Sociales y las Humanidades Universidad de la Frontera, Chile
| | - Jordi Solé-Casals
- 2Data and Signal Processing Research Group, U Sciences Tech, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
We are ageing. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:808307. [PMID: 25045704 PMCID: PMC4090574 DOI: 10.1155/2014/808307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Ageing and longevity is unquestioningly complex. Several thoughts and mechanisms of ageing such as pathways involved in oxidative stress, lipid and glucose metabolism, inflammation, DNA damage and repair, growth hormone axis and insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF), and environmental exposure have been proposed. Also, some theories of ageing were introduced. To date, the most promising leads for longevity are caloric restriction, particularly target of rapamycin (TOR), sirtuins, hexarelin and hormetic responses. This review is an attempt to analyze the mechanisms and theories of ageing and achieving longevity.
Collapse
|
3
|
Neuschäfer-Rube F, Lieske S, Kuna M, Henkel J, Perry RJ, Erion DM, Pesta D, Willmes DM, Brachs S, von Loeffelholz C, Tolkachov A, Schupp M, Pathe-Neuschäfer-Rube A, Pfeiffer AF, Shulman GI, Püschel GP, Birkenfeld AL. The mammalian INDY homolog is induced by CREB in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2014; 63:1048-57. [PMID: 24222346 PMCID: PMC3968437 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reduced expression of the INDY (I'm not dead yet) tricarboxylate carrier increased the life span in different species by mechanisms akin to caloric restriction. Mammalian INDY homolog (mIndy, SLC13A5) gene expression seems to be regulated by hormonal and/or nutritional factors. The underlying mechanisms are still unknown. The current study revealed that mIndy expression and [(14)C]-citrate uptake was induced by physiological concentrations of glucagon via a cAMP-dependent and cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB)-dependent mechanism in primary rat hepatocytes. The promoter sequence of mIndy located upstream of the most frequent transcription start site was determined by 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends. In silico analysis identified a CREB-binding site within this promoter fragment of mIndy. Functional relevance for the CREB-binding site was demonstrated with reporter gene constructs that were induced by CREB activation when under the control of a fragment of a wild-type promoter, whereas promoter activity was lost after site-directed mutagenesis of the CREB-binding site. Moreover, CREB binding to this promoter element was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation in rat liver. In vivo studies revealed that mIndy was induced in livers of fasted as well as in high-fat-diet-streptozotocin diabetic rats, in which CREB is constitutively activated. mIndy induction was completely prevented when CREB was depleted in these rats by antisense oligonucleotides. Together, these data suggest that mIndy is a CREB-dependent glucagon target gene that is induced in fasting and in type 2 diabetes. Increased mIndy expression might contribute to the metabolic consequences of diabetes in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Neuschäfer-Rube
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Nutritional Biochemistry, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lieske
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Nutritional Biochemistry, Potsdam, Germany
- Charité–University School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Kuna
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Nutritional Biochemistry, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Janin Henkel
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Nutritional Biochemistry, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rachel J. Perry
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Derek M. Erion
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Dominik Pesta
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Diana M. Willmes
- Charité–University School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brachs
- Charité–University School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian von Loeffelholz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Tolkachov
- Charité–University School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schupp
- Charité–University School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Andreas F.H. Pfeiffer
- Charité–University School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam Rehbrücke, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Gerald I. Shulman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Gerhard P. Püschel
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Nutritional Biochemistry, Potsdam, Germany
- Corresponding author: Gerhard P. Püschel,
| | - Andreas L. Birkenfeld
- Charité–University School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Steves CJ, Spector TD, Jackson SHD. Ageing, genes, environment and epigenetics: what twin studies tell us now, and in the future. Age Ageing 2012; 41:581-6. [PMID: 22826292 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afs097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared with younger people, older people are much more variable in their organ function, and these large individual differences contribute to the complexity of geriatric medicine. What determines this variability? Is it due to the accumulation of different life experiences, or because of the variation in the genes we are born with, or an interaction of both? This paper reviews key findings from ageing twin cohorts probing these questions. Twin studies are the perfect natural experiment to dissect out genes and life experiences. We discuss the paradox that ageing is strongly determined by heritable factors (an influence that often gets stronger with time), yet longevity and lifespan seem not to be so heritable. We then focus on the intriguing question of why DNA sequence-identical twins might age differently. Animal studies are increasingly showing that epigenetic modifications occurring in early development and adulthood, might be key to ageing phenomena but this is difficult to investigate longitudinally in human populations, due to ethical problems of intervention and long lifespan. We propose that identical twin studies using new and existing cohorts may be useful human models in which to investigate the interaction between the environment and genetics, mediated by epigenetic modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Joanne Steves
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, 1st Floor South Wing St Thomas' Campus Labeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang X, Azhar G, Helms S, Burton B, Huang C, Zhong Y, Gu X, Fang H, Tong W, Wei JY. Identification of New SRF Binding Sites in Genes Modulated by SRF Over-Expression in Mouse Hearts. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2011; 5:41-59. [PMID: 21792293 PMCID: PMC3140411 DOI: 10.4137/grsb.s7457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: To identify in vivo new cardiac binding sites of serum response factor (SRF) in genes and to study the response of these genes to mild over-expression of SRF, we employed a cardiac-specific, transgenic mouse model, with mild over-expression of SRF (Mild-O SRF Tg). Methodology: Microarray experiments were performed on hearts of Mild-O-SRF Tg at 6 months of age. We identified 207 genes that are important for cardiac function that were differentially expressed in vivo. Among them the promoter region of 192 genes had SRF binding motifs, the classic CArG or CArG-like (CArG-L) elements. Fifty-one of the 56 genes with classic SRF binding sites had not been previously reported. These SRF-modulated genes were grouped into 12 categories based on their function. It was observed that genes associated with cardiac energy metabolism shifted toward that of carbohydrate metabolism and away from that of fatty acid metabolism. The expression of genes that are involved in transcription and ion regulation were decreased, but expression of cytoskeletal genes was significantly increased. Using public databases of mouse models of hemodynamic stress (GEO database), we also found that similar altered expression of the SRF-modulated genes occurred in these hearts with cardiac ischemia or aortic constriction as well. Conclusion and significance: SRF-modulated genes are actively regulated under various physiological and pathological conditions. We have discovered that a large number of cardiac genes have classic SRF binding sites and were significantly modulated in the Mild-O-SRF Tg mouse hearts. Hence, the mild elevation of SRF protein in the heart that is observed during typical adult aging may have a major impact on many SRF-modulated genes, thereby affecting cardiac structure and performance. The results from our study could help to enhance our understanding of SRF regulation of cellular processes in the aged heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhang
- Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatrics, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Blagosklonny MV, Campisi J, Sinclair DA. Aging: past, present and future. Aging (Albany NY) 2009; 1:1-5. [PMID: 20157590 PMCID: PMC2815757 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
7
|
Weon BM, Je JH. Theoretical estimation of maximum human lifespan. Biogerontology 2008; 10:65-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-008-9156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
8
|
Somel M, Khaitovich P, Bahn S, Pääbo S, Lachmann M. Gene expression becomes heterogeneous with age. Curr Biol 2006; 16:R359-60. [PMID: 16713941 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
9
|
Zhang X, Azhar G, Zhong Y, Wei JY. Zipzap/p200 is a novel zinc finger protein contributing to cardiac gene regulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 346:794-801. [PMID: 16782067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Serum response factor (SRF) plays an important role in the regulation of immediate-early genes and muscle-specific genes, while SRF cofactors may contribute significantly to assist in tissue-specific, development-stage related regulation of SRF-target genes. We recently cloned a novel SRF cofactor, termed zipzap/p200, which is a zinc finger protein yet to be characterized. We determined that zipzap/p200 is a 200-kDa protein with two classic C2H2 zinc fingers at the carboxyl terminus where the nucleotide sequence was highly conserved among human, mouse, and rat. The zipzap gene was expressed in multiple tissues and at multiple ages, including the fetal and adult heart. The zipzap protein interacted with SRF in vivo and was found in protein complexes containing SRF and other SRF cofactors, including p49/strap and Nkx2.5. Zipzap/p200 activated the promoter of cardiac genes and potentiated the effect of myocardin on ANF promoter activity. Therefore, zipzap may serve as a transcription co-activator for the regulation of cardiac gene expression. Our data support the notion that a number of SRF cofactors may participate in gene regulation and thereby contribute to the delicate control of gene expression in complex biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhang
- Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatrics, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lenaz G, Baracca A, Fato R, Genova ML, Solaini G. New insights into structure and function of mitochondria and their role in aging and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8:417-37. [PMID: 16677088 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This review covers some novel findings on mitochondrial biochemistry and discusses diseases due to mitochondrial DNA mutations as a model of the changes occurring during physiological aging. The random collision model of organization of the mitochondrial respiratory chain has been recently challenged on the basis of findings of supramolecular organization of respiratory chain complexes. The source of superoxide in Complex I is discussed on the basis of laboratory experiments using a series of specific inhibitors and is presumably iron sulfur center N2. Maternally inherited diseases due to mutations of structural genes in mitochondrial DNA are surveyed as a model of alterations mimicking those occurring during normal aging. The molecular defects in senescence are surveyed on the basis of the "Mitochondrial Theory of Aging", establishing mitochondrial DNA somatic mutations, caused by accumulation of oxygen radical damage, to be at the basis of cellular senescence. Mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species increases with aging and mitochondrial DNA mutations and deletions accumulate and may be responsible for oxidative phosphorylation defects. Evidence is presented favoring the mitochondrial theory, with primary mitochondrial alterations, although the problem is made more complex by changes in the cross-talk between nuclear and mitochondrial DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Lenaz
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Karasik D, Demissie S, Cupples LA, Kiel DP. Disentangling the genetic determinants of human aging: biological age as an alternative to the use of survival measures. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005; 60:574-87. [PMID: 15972604 PMCID: PMC1361266 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/60.5.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The choice of a phenotype is critical for the study of a complex genetically regulated process, such as aging. To date, most of the twin and family studies have focused on broad survival measures, primarily age at death or exceptional longevity. However, on the basis of recent studies of twins and families, biological age has also been shown to have a strong genetic component, with heritability estimates ranging from 27% to 57%. The aim of this review is twofold: first, to summarize growing consensus on reliable methods of biological age assessment, and second, to demonstrate validity of this phenotype for research in the genetics of aging in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Karasik
- Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged, Research and Training Institute, 1200 Centre Street, Boston, MA 02131, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Turner
- Institute for Advanced Study, School of Social Science, Princeton, NJ 08450, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang X, Azhar G, Zhong Y, Wei JY. Identification of a novel serum response factor cofactor in cardiac gene regulation. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:55626-32. [PMID: 15492011 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405945200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor serum response factor (SRF) plays an important role in the regulation of a variety of cardiac genes during development and during adult aging. A novel SRF cofactor, herein called p49/STRAP, for SRF-dependent transcription regulation-associated protein, was recently identified in our laboratory. This protein interacted mainly with the transcriptional activation domain of the SRF protein and was found to bind to SRF or to the complex of SRF and another cofactor, such as myocardin or Nkx2.5. The expression of p49/STRAP affected the promoter activity of SRF target genes in a non-uniform manner. For example, p49 activated MLC2v and cardiac actin promoters when it was co-transfected with SRF, but it repressed atrial natriuretic factor promoter activity, which was strongly induced by myocardin. The p49/STRAP mRNA was observed to be highly expressed in fetal, adult, and senescent human hearts, and also in hearts of young adult and old mice, suggesting that p49/STRAP may be an important SRF cofactor in the transcriptional regulation of mammalian cardiac muscle genes throughout the life span.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhang
- Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Geriatric Research, 4301 W. Markham #748, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Research into the mechanisms underlying the process of aging is emerging as an exciting area of biomedical research. Observations challenging the fundamental assumptions of aging have begun to rejuvenate the field, opening up aging research to fresh ideas and approaches. Genetic approaches, which have been successfully used to understand other complex biological phenomena, are beginning to reveal important patterns and conservations between the processes of aging in a variety of species including yeast, nematodes, flies, and mice. A combination of candidate and random gene alteration approaches, particularly in the fruitfly model system, Drosophila melanogaster, should prove to be especially valuable for elucidating the primary physiological systems involved in aging and life span determination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Helfand
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3301, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Is aging inevitable or can it be "cured"? Recent work from many different fields of science is now providing clues into why we age and how long we might live
Collapse
|
17
|
Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Turner
- Biomedical Ethics Unit, Department of Social Studies of Medicine, McGill University, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
According to developmental genetics theories, aging is a genetically programmed and controlled continuum of development and maturation. Being dynamic and malleable processes, development and aging are controlled not only by genes but also by environmental and epigenetic influences that predominate in the second half of life. Genetic mutations affect many phenotypes in flies, worms, rodents, and humans which share several diseases or their equivalents, including cancer, neurodegeneration, and infectious disorders as well as their susceptibility to them. Life span and stress resistance are closely linked. Oxidative stress actually constitutes a defined hypothesis of aging in that macromolecule oxidative damage accumulates with age and tends to be associated with life expectancy. DNA methylation, a force in the regulation of gene expression, is also one of the biomarkers of genetic damage. The mitotic clock of aging is marked, if not guided, by telomeres, essential genetic elements stabilizing natural chromosomic ends. The dream of humans to live longer, healthy lives is being tested by attempts to modify longevity in animal models, frequently by dietary manipulation. The quest continues to understand the mechanisms of healthy aging, one of the most compelling areas of research in the 21st century.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Hamet
- Centre de recherche, CHUM-Hôtel-Dieu, Université Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Despite the intimate nature of the aging process we actually know little about it. In more recent years, work on a variety of organisms, utilizing approaches including demography, molecular genetics, and epidemiology, have challenged some of the more commonly held assumptions about the aging process. These studies have served to reinvigorate the field of aging research and are beginning to lead the way in a renaissance in aging research (Helfand and Inouye, 2002). Invertebrate model systems such as Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans that permit extensive genetic analysis are at the forefront of this renaissance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Helfand
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Understanding the aging fly through physiological genetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1566-3124(03)14007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
21
|
Melov S. Animal models of oxidative stress, aging, and therapeutic antioxidant interventions. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2002; 34:1395-400. [PMID: 12200034 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(02)00086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a ubiquitous phenomena in all cell types, and it is primarily produced in mitochondria which are essential for multicellular life. Oxidative stress targets can be wide ranging and include nucleic acids and a variety of macromolecules. This review discusses the role of oxidative stress in the context of animal models, focusing in particular on animal models of aging, as well as the development of a new class of therapeutic small molecular weight antioxidants that have proven effective in extending the lifespan of a simple invertebrate nematode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Melov
- Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, USA.
| |
Collapse
|