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Tabilas C, Smith NL, Rudd BD. Shaping immunity for life: Layered development of CD8 + T cells. Immunol Rev 2023; 315:108-125. [PMID: 36653953 PMCID: PMC10205662 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Historically, the immune system was believed to develop along a linear axis of maturity from fetal life to adulthood. Now, it is clear that distinct layers of immune cells are generated from unique waves of hematopoietic progenitors during different windows of development. This model, known as the layered immune model, has provided a useful framework for understanding why distinct lineages of B cells and γδ T cells arise in succession and display unique functions in adulthood. However, the layered immune model has not been applied to CD8+ T cells, which are still often viewed as a uniform population of cells belonging to the same lineage, with functional differences between cells arising from environmental factors encountered during infection. Recent studies have challenged this idea, demonstrating that not all CD8+ T cells are created equally and that the functions of individual CD8+ T cells in adults are linked to when they were created in the host. In this review, we discuss the accumulating evidence suggesting there are distinct ontogenetic subpopulations of CD8+ T cells and propose that the layered immune model be extended to the CD8+ T cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cybelle Tabilas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Co-first author
| | - Norah L. Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Co-first author
| | - Brian D. Rudd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Responsiveness to interleukin-15 therapy is shared between tissue-resident and circulating memory CD8 + T cell subsets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2209021119. [PMID: 36260745 PMCID: PMC9618124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209021119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is often considered a central regulator of memory CD8+ T cells, based primarily on studies of recirculating subsets. However, recent work identified IL-15-independent CD8+ T cell memory populations, including tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells (TRM) in some nonlymphoid tissues (NLTs). Whether this reflects the existence of IL-15-insensitive memory CD8+ T cells is unclear. We report that IL-15 complexes (IL-15c) stimulate rapid proliferation and expansion of both tissue-resident and circulating memory CD8+ T cell subsets across lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues with varying magnitude by tissue and memory subset, in some sites correlating with differing levels of the IL-2Rβ. This was conserved for memory CD8+ T cells recognizing distinct antigens and elicited by different pathogens. Following IL-15c-induced expansion, divided cells contracted to baseline numbers and only slowly returned to basal proliferation, suggesting a mechanism to transiently amplify memory populations. Through parabiosis, we showed that IL-15c drive local proliferation of TRM, with a degree of recruitment of circulating cells to some NLTs. Hence, irrespective of homeostatic IL-15 dependence, IL-15 sensitivity is a defining feature of memory CD8+ T cell populations, with therapeutic potential for expansion of TRM and other memory subsets in an antigen-agnostic and temporally controlled fashion.
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Pattacini L, Woodward Davis A, Czartoski J, Mair F, Presnell S, Hughes SM, Hyrien O, Lentz GM, Kirby AC, Fialkow MF, Hladik F, Prlic M, Lund JM. A pro-inflammatory CD8+ T-cell subset patrols the cervicovaginal tract. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:1118-1129. [PMID: 31312028 PMCID: PMC6717561 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The immune system of the cervicovaginal tract (CVT) must balance immunosurveillance and active immunity against pathogens with maintenance of tolerance to resident microbiota and to fetal and partner antigens for reproductive purposes. Thus, we predicted that CVT immunity is characterized by distinctive features compared to blood and other tissue compartments. Indeed, we found that CVT CD8+ T-cells had unique transcriptional profiles, particularly in their cytokine signature, compared to that reported for CD8+ T-cells in other tissue sites. Among these CVT CD8+ T-cells, we identified a CD69- CD103- subset that was characterized by reduced migration in response to tissue-exit signals and higher pro-inflammatory potential as compared to their blood counterpart. These inflammatory mucosal CD8+ T-cells (Tim) were increased in frequency in the CVT of individuals with chronic infection, pointing to a potential role in perpetuating inflammation. Our findings highlight the specialized nature of immunity within the CVT and identify Tim cells as potential therapeutic targets to tame tissue inflammation upon chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pattacini
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Amanda Woodward Davis
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Julie Czartoski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Florian Mair
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Scott Presnell
- System Immunology Division, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Sean M. Hughes
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Ollivier Hyrien
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.,Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Gretchen M. Lentz
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Anna C. Kirby
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Michael F. Fialkow
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Florian Hladik
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Jennifer M. Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
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Phalke SP, Huang Y, Rubtsova K, Getahun A, Sun D, Reinhardt RL, O’Brien RL, Born WK. γδ T cells shape memory-phenotype αβ T cell populations in non-immunized mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218827. [PMID: 31237933 PMCID: PMC6592556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Size and composition of γδ T cell populations change dramatically with tissue location, during development, and in disease. Given the functional differentiation of γδ T cell subsets, such shifts might alter the impact of γδ T cells on the immune system. To test this concept, and to determine if γδ T cells can affect other immune cells prior to an immune response, we examined non-immunized mice derived from strains with different genetically induced deficiencies in γδ T cells, for secondary changes in their immune system. We previously saw extensive changes in pre-immune antibodies and B cell populations. Here, we report effects on αβ T cells. Similarly to the B cells, αβ T cells evidently experience the influence of γδ T cells at late stages of their pre-immune differentiation, as single-positive heat stable antigen-low thymocytes. Changes in these and in mature αβ T cells were most prominent with memory-phenotype cells, including both CD8+ and CD4+ populations. As previously observed with B cells, most of the effects on αβ T cells were dependent on IL-4. Unexpectedly, IL-4 seemed to be produced mainly by αβ T cells in the non-immunized mice, albeit strongly regulated by γδ T cells. Similarly to our findings with B cells, changes of αβ T cells were less pronounced in mice lacking all γδ T cells than in mice lacking only some, suggesting that the composition of the γδ T cell population determines the nature of the γδ-influence on the other pre-immune lymphocytes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Female
- Immunologic Memory
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Lymphopenia/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Popat Phalke
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Yafei Huang
- Joint Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Technology Transfer, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Kira Rubtsova
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Richard L. Reinhardt
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. O’Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Willi K. Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hussain T, Quinn KM. Similar but different: virtual memory CD8 T cells as a memory-like cell population. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:675-684. [PMID: 31140625 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory is a phenomenon where the immune system can respond more rapidly to pathogens and immunological challenges that it has previously encountered. It is defined by several key hallmarks. After an initial encounter, immune cells (1) expand and (2) differentiate to form memory cell populations. Memory cells are (3) long-lived and (4) facilitate more rapid immune responses to subsequent infection because of (i) an increase in cell number, (ii) a decrease in the signaling threshold required for entry into cell cycle or effector function and (iii) localization of cells to tissue sites for surveillance. Classically, immunological memory has been antigen specific but it is becoming apparent that mechanisms of immunological memory can be co-opted by innate or antigen-inexperienced immune cells to generate heterogeneity in immune responses. One such cell is the virtual memory CD8 T (TVM ) cell, which is a semi-differentiated but antigen-naïve CD8 T-cell population. This review will summarize current knowledge of how TVM cells are generated, their memory-like hallmarks, how they are maintained during steady state, infection and aging, and propose a model to integrate key signaling pathways during their generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabinda Hussain
- Monash University Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kylie M Quinn
- Monash University Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,RMIT University School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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