1
|
Venda J, Henriques A, Leal R, Alves R. Coexisting presentation of two rare genetic variants of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and Alport syndrome. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e259500. [PMID: 38740443 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-259500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Alport syndrome and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease are monogenic causes of chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney failure. We present a case of a man in his 60s with progressive chronic kidney disease, bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and multiple renal cysts. Genetic analysis revealed a heterozygous variant in COL4A3 (linked to Alport syndrome) and in the GANAB gene (associated with a milder form of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease). Although each variant confers a mild risk of developing end-stage kidney disease, the patient presented a pronounced and accelerated progression of chronic kidney disease, which goes beyond what would be predicted by adding up their individual effects. This suggests a potential synergic effect of both variants, which warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Venda
- Department of Nephrology, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Andreia Henriques
- Department of Nephrology, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rita Leal
- Department of Nephrology, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Alves
- Department of Nephrology, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu Z, Lei Z, Qian J, Zhang C, Gong Y, Yin G, Li Y, Li X, Lin J, Zhou L. The Ion Channel-Related Gene Signatures Correlated With Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Individualized Treatment in Patients With Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:889142. [PMID: 35721115 PMCID: PMC9198310 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.889142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Early detection and precise prognostic evaluation of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) are crucial for patient life expectancy. Ion channel-related genes (ICRGs) are of great diagnostic and prognostic value as components that maintain the normal structure of the kidney. Therefore, we systematically explored the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value of ICRGs in ccRCC using the multi-database. Methods: RNA transcriptome profiles and clinical data of ccRCC patients were extracted and integrated from public databases including The Cancer Genome Atlas, ICGC, GEO, and E-MTAB databases. Ion channel-related genes were obtained from the literature collection. The diagnostic signature was performed using the LASSO and SVM-REF analyses. Meanwhile, the prognostic signature was conducted using the LASSO analyses. Molecular subtyping was performed using the ConsensusClusterPlus and the corresponding therapeutic targets were evaluated using the pRRophetic package. In addition, a prognostic nomogram was constructed based on the results of cox regression analyses. Results: We successfully constructed diagnostic signatures for five ICRGs and prognostic signatures for 10 ICRGs with AUC values greater than 0.7, showing good predictive performance. Based on the median risk score, we found that high-risk patients had a significantly worse prognosis. We also divided ccRCC patients into two clusters according to prognostic ICRGs, and there was a significant survival outcome between the two clusters and different sensitivity to diverse clinical therapeutic strategies. Meanwhile, we constructed a nomogram based on clinical molecules and signatures, and its predictive efficacy was better than the signature or the present tumor-node-metastasis staging system. Conclusion: In this study, we established useful signatures for early detection, prognosis evaluation, and individualized treatment for ccRCC. Moreover, KCNJ16 deserves to be explored comprehensively in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpeng Zhu
- National Urological Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Clinical Research Cooperation Network of Urology of the Peking University First Hospital, The Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing and the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhenchuan Lei
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Heart and Vascular Institute and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinqin Qian
- National Urological Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Clinical Research Cooperation Network of Urology of the Peking University First Hospital, The Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing and the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Cuijian Zhang
- National Urological Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Clinical Research Cooperation Network of Urology of the Peking University First Hospital, The Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing and the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanqing Gong
- National Urological Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Clinical Research Cooperation Network of Urology of the Peking University First Hospital, The Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing and the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guicao Yin
- National Urological Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Clinical Research Cooperation Network of Urology of the Peking University First Hospital, The Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing and the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Li
- National Urological Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Clinical Research Cooperation Network of Urology of the Peking University First Hospital, The Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing and the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- National Urological Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Clinical Research Cooperation Network of Urology of the Peking University First Hospital, The Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing and the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jian Lin
- National Urological Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Clinical Research Cooperation Network of Urology of the Peking University First Hospital, The Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing and the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Liqun Zhou
- National Urological Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Clinical Research Cooperation Network of Urology of the Peking University First Hospital, The Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing and the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Leenen E, Erger F, Altmüller J, Wenzel A, Thiele H, Harth A, Tschernoster N, Lokhande S, Joerres A, Becker JU, Ekici A, Huettel B, Beck B, Weidemann A. Alport syndrome and autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease frequently underlie end stage renal disease of unknown origin - a single center analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2022; 37:1895-1905. [PMID: 35485766 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfac163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of end stage renal disease of unknown etiology in adult patients is globally high and accounts for almost 20% of all dialysis patients. Recent studies have suggested that the percentage of adult patients with a causal genetic variant has been underestimated so far. Despite severe prognostic and therapeutic implications, awareness about prevalence and manifestations of genetic kidney diseases in adult renal patients is still limited. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited 58 individuals from 39 families at our transplantation center, fulfilling at least one of the following criteria: 1) unclear etiology of kidney disease 2) clinically suspected genetic kidney disease 3) positive family history for nephropathies. The cohort consisted of patients waitlisted for kidney transplantation and patients in the follow-up after transplantation. Detailed documentation of family history and phenotype was obtained before initiating gene panel sequencing of 479 nephropathy-associated genes. RESULTS With this study design, a molecular genetic diagnosis was established in one third of all patients. Mutations in the collagen COL4A-genes, and mutations in MUC1 and UMOD were the most frequent among all detected causal variants. Overall, rare genetic variants were detected in more than half of all cases. CONCLUSION The combination of detailed phenotyping prior to NGS diagnostics was highly efficient. Elucidating the underlying genetic causes in a cohort of adult renal patients has considerable clinical impact on medical management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Leenen
- Department of Medicine I - Nephrology, Transplantation & Medical Intensive Care, University Witten/Herdecke, Medical Center Cologne-Merheim, Germany
| | - Florian Erger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Center for Rare and Hereditary Kidney Disease, Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Core Facility Genomics, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Wenzel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Center for Rare and Hereditary Kidney Disease, Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ana Harth
- Department of Medicine I - Nephrology, Transplantation & Medical Intensive Care, University Witten/Herdecke, Medical Center Cologne-Merheim, Germany
| | - Nikolai Tschernoster
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Center for Rare and Hereditary Kidney Disease, Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shanti Lokhande
- Department of Medicine I - Nephrology, Transplantation & Medical Intensive Care, University Witten/Herdecke, Medical Center Cologne-Merheim, Germany
| | - Achim Joerres
- Department of Medicine I - Nephrology, Transplantation & Medical Intensive Care, University Witten/Herdecke, Medical Center Cologne-Merheim, Germany
| | - Jan-Ulrich Becker
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arif Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bruno Huettel
- Max-Plank-Genome-Centre Cologne (MP-GC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Bodo Beck
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Center for Rare and Hereditary Kidney Disease, Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Weidemann
- Department of Medicine I - Nephrology, Transplantation & Medical Intensive Care, University Witten/Herdecke, Medical Center Cologne-Merheim, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, St. Vincenz Hospital, Paderborn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Piras D, Lepori N, Cabiddu G, Pani A. How Genetics Can Improve Clinical Practice in Chronic Kidney Disease: From Bench to Bedside. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12020193. [PMID: 35207681 PMCID: PMC8875178 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is considered a major global health problem with high socio-economic costs: the risk of CKD in individuals with an affected first degree relative has been found to be three times higher than in the general population. Genetic factors are known to be involved in CKD pathogenesis, both due to the possible presence of monogenic pathologies as causes of CKD, and to the role of numerous gene variants in determining susceptibility to the development of CKD. The genetic study of CKD patients can represent a useful tool in the hands of the clinician; not only in the diagnostic and prognostic field, but potentially also in guiding therapeutic choices and in designing clinical trials. In this review we discuss the various aspects of the role of genetic analysis on clinical management of patients with CKD with a focus on clinical applications. Several topics are discussed in an effort to provide useful information for daily clinical practice: definition of susceptibility to the development of CKD, identification of unrecognized monogenic diseases, reclassification of the etiological diagnosis, role of pharmacogenetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doloretta Piras
- Struttura Complessa di Nefrologia, Dialisi e Trapianto, ARNAS Brotzu, 09134 Cagliari, Italy; (N.L.); (G.C.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicola Lepori
- Struttura Complessa di Nefrologia, Dialisi e Trapianto, ARNAS Brotzu, 09134 Cagliari, Italy; (N.L.); (G.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Gianfranca Cabiddu
- Struttura Complessa di Nefrologia, Dialisi e Trapianto, ARNAS Brotzu, 09134 Cagliari, Italy; (N.L.); (G.C.); (A.P.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 09134 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonello Pani
- Struttura Complessa di Nefrologia, Dialisi e Trapianto, ARNAS Brotzu, 09134 Cagliari, Italy; (N.L.); (G.C.); (A.P.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 09134 Cagliari, Italy
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerce (CNR), 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
The past few years have seen major advances in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of CKD and kidney function-related traits in several areas: increases in sample size from >100,000 to >1 million, enabling the discovery of >250 associated genetic loci that are highly reproducible; the inclusion of participants not only of European but also of non-European ancestries; and the use of advanced computational methods to integrate additional genomic and other unbiased, high-dimensional data to characterize the underlying genetic architecture and prioritize potentially causal genes and variants. Together with other large-scale biobank and genetic association studies of complex traits, these GWAS of kidney function-related traits have also provided novel insight into the relationship of kidney function to other diseases with respect to their genetic associations, genetic correlation, and directional relationships. A number of studies also included functional experiments using model organisms or cell lines to validate prioritized potentially causal genes and/or variants. In this review article, we will summarize these recent GWAS of CKD and kidney function-related traits, explain approaches for downstream characterization of associated genetic loci and the value of such computational follow-up analyses, and discuss related challenges along with potential solutions to ultimately enable improved treatment and prevention of kidney diseases through genetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Tin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- MIND Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Anna Köttgen
- MIND Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ganab Haploinsufficiency Does Not Cause Polycystic Kidney Disease or Polycystic Liver Disease in Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7469428. [PMID: 32550232 PMCID: PMC7256702 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7469428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Heterozygous GANAB mutations that can cause autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and polycystic liver disease (PLD) have been described previously, but their roles in ADPKD and PLD are largely unknown. With the increase in polycystic kidney disease caused by GANAB gene mutations in recent years, a suitable animal model is still needed to further explore the pathogenic role of this gene. Methods To construct a mouse model of Ganab gene deletion, we analyzed the Ganab gene structure and designed two CRISPR-/Cas9-based targeting strategies. The Cas9/sgRNA we constructed was microinjected into fertilized mouse eggs to obtain chimeric F0 mice. Mice with stable genotypes were selected from offspring born after mating F0 mice with wild-type mice. Results We found that homozygous mutation of the Ganab gene in C57BL/6 mice resulted in early embryonic lethality, and there were no cysts in the kidneys or livers of Ganab+/- mice. Additionally, Ganab protein expression was reduced by at least 50%, while the expression of ADPKD proteins (PC1 and PC2) and acetylated tubulin was not affected in the Ganab+/- kidney. However, the Ganab+/- mice did not show any abnormal clinical phenotypes after birth and failed to reveal renal tubule dilatation or any abnormalities of the glomeruli in the Ganab+/- kidney. Conclusions Homozygous Ganab mutations are lethal in the fetal stage, and Ganab haploinsufficiency does not cause kidney or liver cysts in mice, suggesting that it may not be the causative gene in polycystic kidney disease.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Human kidney tissue can now be generated via the directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. This advance is anticipated to facilitate the modeling of human kidney diseases, provide platforms for nephrotoxicity screening, enable cellular therapy, and potentially generate tissue for renal replacement. All such applications will rely upon the accuracy and reliability of the model and the capacity for stem cell-derived kidney tissue to recapitulate both normal and diseased states. In this review, we discuss the models available, how well they recapitulate the human kidney, and how far we are from application of these cells for use in cellular therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; .,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lorna J Hale
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia;
| | - Sara E Howden
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; .,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Santhosh V Kumar
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; .,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
van der Wijst J, Belge H, Bindels RJM, Devuyst O. Learning Physiology From Inherited Kidney Disorders. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1575-1653. [PMID: 31215303 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of genes causing inherited kidney diseases yielded crucial insights in the molecular basis of disease and improved our understanding of physiological processes that operate in the kidney. Monogenic kidney disorders are caused by mutations in genes coding for a large variety of proteins including receptors, channels and transporters, enzymes, transcription factors, and structural components, operating in specialized cell types that perform highly regulated homeostatic functions. Common variants in some of these genes are also associated with complex traits, as evidenced by genome-wide association studies in the general population. In this review, we discuss how the molecular genetics of inherited disorders affecting different tubular segments of the nephron improved our understanding of various transport processes and of their involvement in homeostasis, while providing novel therapeutic targets. These include inherited disorders causing a dysfunction of the proximal tubule (renal Fanconi syndrome), with emphasis on epithelial differentiation and receptor-mediated endocytosis, or affecting the reabsorption of glucose, the handling of uric acid, and the reabsorption of sodium, calcium, and magnesium along the kidney tubule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny van der Wijst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hendrica Belge
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - René J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ottlewski I, Münch J, Wagner T, Schönauer R, Bachmann A, Weimann A, Hentschel J, Lindner TH, Seehofer D, Bergmann C, Jamra RA, Halbritter J. Value of renal gene panel diagnostics in adults waiting for kidney transplantation due to undetermined end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 2019; 96:222-230. [PMID: 31027891 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) of undetermined etiology is highly prevalent and constitutes a significant clinical challenge, particularly in the context of kidney transplantation (KT). Despite the identification of numerous rare hereditary nephropathies over the last few decades, patients with undetermined ESRD are not being systematically investigated for rare genetic causes in clinical practice. To address this, we utilized mutation analysis in patients on the kidney transplant waitlist and scrutinized underlying renal diagnoses of 142 patients in a single center KT-waitlist. This cohort was stratified into 85 cases of determined and 57 cases of undetermined ESRD. The latter patients were analyzed by a renal gene panel for mutations in 209 genes associated with ESRD. The most likely genetic diagnoses in 12% of the tested individuals with undetermined ESRD were established. All of these patients showed mutations in genes encoding components of the glomerular filtration barrier. Taken together, hereditary nephropathies, including autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, were identified in 35 of the 142 patients of the waitlist cohort. By significantly increasing the proportion of hereditary diagnoses from 29 to 35 patients, the rate of undetermined ESRD significantly decreased from 57 to 51 patients. This study demonstrates the beneficial use of genetic diagnostics in significantly unraveling undetermined ESRD cases prior to KT. Thus, in the absence of renal histology or the presence of unspecific histological conditions, such as hypertensive nephrosclerosis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or thrombotic microangiopathy, genetic analysis may provide a robust and specific renal diagnosis and allow for optimizing pre- and post-KT management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ottlewski
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Münch
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Timo Wagner
- Bioscientia, Institute of Human Genetics, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Ria Schönauer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anette Bachmann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Weimann
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Hentschel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tom H Lindner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Bergmann
- Bioscientia, Institute of Human Genetics, Ingelheim, Germany; Department of Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Halbritter
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|