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Uenishi E, Seino Y, Nakashima A, Kato K, Kato M, Nagasaki H, Ishikawa K, Izumoto T, Yamamoto M, Takahashi Y, Sugimura Y, Oiso Y, Tsunekawa S. A novel mechanism of idiopathic orthostatic hypotension and hypocatecholaminemia due to autoimmunity against aromatic l-Amino acid decarboxylase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 714:149940. [PMID: 38677008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is a common condition. Many potential etiologies of OH have been identified, but in clinical practice the underlying cause of OH is often unknown. In the present study, we identified a novel and extraordinary etiology of OH. We describe a first case of acquired severe OH with syncope, and the female patient had extremely low levels of catecholamines and serotonin in plasma, urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Her clinical and biochemical evidence showed a deficiency of the enzyme aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), which converts l-DOPA to dopamine, and 5-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin, respectively. The consequence of pharmacologic stimulation of catecholaminergic nerves and radionuclide examination revealed her catecholaminergic nerves denervation. Moreover, we found that the patient's serum showed presence of autoantibodies against AADC, and that isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the patient showed cytokine-induced toxicity against AADC. These observations suggest that her autoimmunity against AADC is highly likely to cause toxicity to adrenal medulla and catecholaminergic nerves which contain AADC, resulting in hypocatecholaminemia and severe OH. Administration of vitamin B6, an essential cofactor of AADC, enhanced her residual AADC activity and drastically improved her symptoms. Our data thus provide a new insight into pathogenesis and pathophysiology of OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eita Uenishi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan; Uenishi Diabetes and Thyroid Clinic, Komaki, 485-0044, Japan
| | - Yusuke Seino
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Akira Nakashima
- Department of Physiology I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Kato
- Functional Medical Imaging, Biomedical Imaging Sciences, Division of Advanced Information Health Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagasaki
- Department of Physiology I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kota Ishikawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takako Izumoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/ Protective Care for Masticatory Disorders, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yamamoto
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takahashi
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan; Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nara Medical University, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Sugimura
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yutaka Oiso
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shin Tsunekawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan; Division of Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, 480-1195, Japan.
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Carta AR, Simuni T. Thiazolidinediones under preclinical and early clinical development for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 24:219-27. [PMID: 25227476 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.963195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) is limited to symptomatic dopaminergic therapy, while no interventions have been shown to slow down disease progression. AREAS COVERED The following article highlights a group of PPAR-γ agonists called thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which are currently being tested for a putative disease-modifying benefit in PD, using pioglitazone as a prototypic compound. PPAR-γ is highly expressed in neurons of the substantia nigra and CNS immune cells. Preclinical data in rodent and primate support an effect of TZDs in preventing and/or arresting neurodegeneration and development of motor symptoms. Although no data on the neuroprotective effect of TZDs is currently available, a clinical trial is ongoing where the primary objective is to assess pioglitazone's impact on the progression of PD. The trial is also evaluating the drug's safety concerns. EXPERT OPINION The efficacy data from clinical trials must be carefully weighed against the safety concerns. However, given the solid preclinical data, and since the safety data are not yet fully conclusive and limited to the diabetic population, PPAR-γ research in PD can continue with caution. Ideally, drug discovery and development efforts will lead to the identification of new compounds with reduced risk of peripheral side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Carta
- University of Cagliari, Department of Biomedical Sciences , via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari , Italy +39 0706758662 ; +39 0706758665 ;
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Cerasa A, Fasano A, Morgante F, Koch G, Quattrone A. Maladaptive plasticity in levodopa-induced dyskinesias and tardive dyskinesias: old and new insights on the effects of dopamine receptor pharmacology. Front Neurol 2014; 5:49. [PMID: 24782822 PMCID: PMC3988357 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Maladaptive plasticity can be defined as behavioral loss or even development of disease symptoms resulting from aberrant plasticity changes in the human brain. Hyperkinetic movement disorders, in the neurological or psychiatric realms, have been associated with maladaptive neural plasticity that can be expressed by functional changes such as an increase in transmitter release, receptor regulation, and synaptic plasticity or anatomical modifications such as axonal regeneration, sprouting, synaptogenesis, and neurogenesis. Recent evidence from human and animal models provided support to the hypothesis that these phenomena likely depend on altered dopamine turnover induced by long-term drug treatment. However, it is still unclear how and where these altered mechanisms of cortical plasticity may be localized. This study provides an up-to-date overview of these issues together with some reflections on future studies in the field, particularly focusing on two specific disorders (levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease patients and tardive dyskinesias in schizophrenic patients) where the modern neuroimaging approaches have recently provided new fundamental insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cerasa
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- Movement Disorders Center, Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Francesca Morgante
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Scienze Psichiatriche e Anestesiologiche, Università di Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Laboratorio di Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Aldo Quattrone
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council , Catanzaro , Italy ; Institute of Neurology, University "Magna Graecia" , Catanzaro , Italy
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Non-protein amino acids and neurodegeneration: the enemy within. Exp Neurol 2013; 253:192-6. [PMID: 24374297 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Animals, in common with plants and microorganisms, synthesise proteins from a pool of 20 protein amino acids (plus selenocysteine and pyrolysine) (Hendrickson et al., 2004). This represents a small proportion (~2%) of the total number of amino acids known to exist in nature (Bell, 2003). Many 'non-protein' amino acids are synthesised by plants, and in some cases constitute part of their chemical armoury against pathogens, predators or other species competing for the same resources (Fowden et al., 1967). Microorganisms can also use selectively toxic amino acids to gain advantage over competing organisms (Nunn et al., 2010). Since non-protein amino acids (and imino acids) are present in legumes, fruits, seeds and nuts, they are ubiquitous in the diets of human populations around the world. Toxicity to humans is unlikely to have been the selective force for their evolution, but they have the clear potential to adversely affect human health. In this review we explore the links between exposure to non-protein amino acids and neurodegenerative disorders in humans. Environmental factors play a major role in these complex disorders which are predominantly sporadic (Coppede et al., 2006). The discovery of new genes associated with neurodegenerative diseases, many of which code for aggregation-prone proteins, continues at a spectacular pace but little progress is being made in identifying the environmental factors that impact on these disorders. We make the case that insidious entry of non-protein amino acids into the human food chain and their incorporation into protein might be contributing significantly to neurodegenerative damage.
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