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Duarte A, Montagna DR, Pastorini M, Alemán M. Apoptosis-mediated inhibition of human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia upon treatment with Staphylococus Aureus enterotoxin-superantigen. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1176432. [PMID: 37377961 PMCID: PMC10291079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1176432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with relapsed T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) have limited therapeutic options and poor prognosis. The finding of efficient strategies against this refractory neoplasm is a medical priority. Superantigens (SAgs) are viral and bacterial proteins that bind to major histocompatibility complex class II molecules as unprocessed proteins and subsequently interact with a high number of T cells expressing particular T cell receptor Vβ chains. Although on mature T cells, SAgs usually trigger massive cell proliferation producing deleterious effects on the organism, in contrast, on immature T cells, they may trigger their death by apoptosis. On this basis, it was hypothesized that SAgs could also induce apoptosis in neoplastic T cells that are usually immature cells that probably conserve their particular Vβ chains. In this work, we investigated the effect of the SAg Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin E (SEE) (that specifically interacts with cells that express Vβ8 chain), on human Jurkat T- leukemia line, that expresses Vβ8 in its T receptor and it is a model of the highly aggressive recurrent T-ALL. Our results demonstrated that SEE could induce apoptosis in Jurkat cells in vitro. The induction of apoptosis was specific, correlated to the down regulation of surface Vβ8 TCR expression and was triggered, at least in part, through the Fas/FasL extrinsic pathway. The apoptotic effect induced by SEE on Jurkat cells was therapeutically relevant. In effect, upon transplantation of Jurkat cells in the highly immunodeficient NSG mice, SEE treatment reduced dramatically tumor growth, decreased the infiltration of neoplastic cells in the bloodstream, spleen and lymph nodes and, most importantly, increased significantly the survival of mice. Taken together, these results raise the possibility that this strategy can be, in the future, a useful option for the treatment of recurrent T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Duarte
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, National Medicine Academy (IMEX-CONICET-ANM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Fundación Héctor Alejandro (H.A.) Barceló, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela R. Montagna
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, National Medicine Academy (IMEX-CONICET-ANM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Pastorini
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, National Medicine Academy (IMEX-CONICET-ANM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Alemán
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, National Medicine Academy (IMEX-CONICET-ANM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Sasaki A, Mizuno M, Mochizuki M, Sekiya I. Mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage regeneration in dogs. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:254-269. [PMID: 31171954 PMCID: PMC6545524 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i5.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage damage and osteoarthritis (OA) are common orthopedic diseases in both humans and dogs. Once damaged, the articular cartilage seldom undergoes spontaneous repair because of its avascular, aneural, and alymphatic state, and the damage progresses to a chronic and painful situation. Dogs have distinctive characteristics compared to other laboratory animal species in that they share an OA pathology with humans. Dogs can also require treatment for naturally developed OA; therefore, effective treatment methods for OA are desired in veterinary medicine as well as in human medicine. Recently, interest has grown in regenerative medicine that includes the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In cartilage repair, MSCs are a promising therapeutic tool due to their self-renewal capacity, ability to differentiate into cartilage, potential for trophic factor production, and capacity for immunomodulation. The MSCs from dogs (canine MSCs; cMSCs) share various characteristics with MSCs from other animal species, but they show some deviations, particularly in their differentiation ability and surface epitope expression. In vivo studies of cMSCs have demonstrated that intraarticular cMSC injection into cartilage lesions results in excellent hyaline cartilage regeneration. In clinical situations, cMSCs have shown great therapeutic effects, including amelioration of pain and lameness in dogs suffering from OA. However, some issues remain, such as a lack of regulations or guidelines and a need for unified methods for the use of cMSCs. This review summarizes what is known about cMSCs, including their in vitro characteristics, their therapeutic effects in cartilage lesion treatment in preclinical in vivo studies, their clinical efficacy for treatment of naturally developed OA in dogs, and the current limitations of cMSC studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Mizuno
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Manabu Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sekiya
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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Yi F, Frazzette N, Cruz AC, Klebanoff CA, Siegel RM. Beyond Cell Death: New Functions for TNF Family Cytokines in Autoimmunity and Tumor Immunotherapy. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:642-653. [PMID: 29880309 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Originally discovered as an inducer of apoptosis, the TNF-family receptor Fas (CD95, APO-1, TNFRSF6) has more recently been found to have functions beyond cell death, including T cell co-stimulation and promoting terminal differentiation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Other TNF family members also discovered as apoptosis inducers, such as TRAIL (APO-2L, TNFSF10), can promote inflammation through caspase-8. Surprisingly, non-apoptotic signaling through Fas can protect from the autoimmunity seen in Fas deficiency independently from the cell death inducing functions of the receptor. Non-apoptotic Fas signaling can induce tumor cell growth and migration, and impair the efficacy of T cell adoptive immunotherapy. Blocking of non-apoptotic functions of these receptors may be a novel strategy to regulate autoimmunity and inflammation, and enhance antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yi
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas Frazzette
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anthony C Cruz
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher A Klebanoff
- Center for Cell Engineering and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, 10065 USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, MSKCC, New York, NY, 10065 USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Richard M Siegel
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Jung JY, Suh CH. Incomplete clearance of apoptotic cells in systemic lupus erythematosus: pathogenic role and potential biomarker. Int J Rheum Dis 2015; 18:294-303. [PMID: 25884792 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with repeated inflammation against multiple organs. Although its pathophysiology is not yet unveiled, uncleared apoptotic cells and their accumulation in tissue contribute to the autoimmune disturbance in SLE. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process, which maintains tissue homeostasis and inhibits the development of any further immune response against apoptotic remnants. Earlier studies revealed that various 'eat-me' signals on apoptotic cells, bridging molecules and their receptors on phagocytes play a role in such a complicated process. Tyro3-Axl-Mer receptors, their bridging molecules, milk fat globulin epidermal growth factor-8, T-cell immunoglobulin mucin domain protein family, scavenger receptors, C1q, and pentraxins were found to be abnormal in SLE. In this review, apoptosis and clearance of its remnants are summarized, and the molecules involved in the incomplete clearance of apoptotic cells in SLE are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yang Jung
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Lo YC, Lin SC, Yang CY, Tung JY. Tandem DEDs and CARDs suggest novel mechanisms of signaling complex assembly. Apoptosis 2014; 20:124-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by selective destruction of intrahepatic cholangiocytes. Mechanisms underlying the development and progression of the disease are still controversial and largely undefined. Evidence suggests that PBC results from an articulated immunologic response against an immunodominant mitochondrial autoantigen, the E2 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC-E2); characteristics of the disease are also the presence of disease-specific antimitochondrial autoantibodies (AMAs) and autoreactive CD4 and CD8 T cells. Recent evidence suggests that cholangiocytes show specific immunobiological features that are responsible for the selective targeting of those cells by the immune system. The immune reaction in PBC selectively targets small sized, intrahepatic bile ducts; although a specific reason for that has not been defined yet, it has been established that the biliary epithelium displays a unique heterogeneity, for which the physiological and pathophysiological features of small and large cholangiocytes significantly differ. In this review article, the authors provide a critical overview of the current evidence on the role of cholangiocytes in the immune-mediated destruction of the biliary tree that characterizes PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lleo
- Liver Unit and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Luca Maroni
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, S and W and Texas A and M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas,Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, S and W and Texas A and M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas,Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, S and W and Texas A and M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, S and W and Texas A and M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas,Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, S and W and Texas A and M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas,Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, S and W and Texas A and M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Majkut J, Sgobba M, Holohan C, Crawford N, Logan AE, Kerr E, Higgins CA, Redmond KL, Riley JS, Stasik I, Fennell DA, Van Schaeybroeck S, Haider S, Johnston PG, Haigh D, Longley DB. Differential affinity of FLIP and procaspase 8 for FADD's DED binding surfaces regulates DISC assembly. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3350. [PMID: 24577104 PMCID: PMC3942653 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Death receptor activation triggers recruitment of FADD, which via its death effector domain (DED) engages the DEDs of procaspase 8 and its inhibitor FLIP to form death-inducing signalling complexes (DISCs). The DEDs of FADD, FLIP and procaspase 8 interact with one another using two binding surfaces defined by α1/α4 and α2/α5 helices, respectively. Here we report that FLIP has preferential affinity for the α1/α4 surface of FADD, whereas procaspase 8 has preferential affinity for FADD's α2/α5 surface. These relative affinities contribute to FLIP being recruited to the DISC at comparable levels to procaspase 8 despite lower cellular expression. Additional studies, including assessment of DISC stoichiometry and functional assays, suggest that following death receptor recruitment, the FADD DED preferentially engages FLIP using its α1/α4 surface and procaspase 8 using its α2/α5 surface; these tripartite intermediates then interact via the α1/α4 surface of FLIP DED1 and the α2/α5 surface of procaspase 8 DED2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Majkut
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - M Sgobba
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK
- Now at Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California
| | - C Holohan
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - N Crawford
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - A E Logan
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - E Kerr
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - C A Higgins
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - K L Redmond
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - J S Riley
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - I Stasik
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - D A Fennell
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK
- Now at Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, UK
| | - S Van Schaeybroeck
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - S Haider
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK
- Now at School of Pharmacy, University College London
| | - P G Johnston
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - D Haigh
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - D B Longley
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK
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Lleo A, Invernizzi P. Apotopes and innate immune system: novel players in the primary biliary cirrhosis scenario. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45:630-6. [PMID: 23415798 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of primary biliary cirrhosis has been rapidly growing over the past decade and the disease is now regarded as a model for other female-predominant, organ-specific autoimmune conditions. Primary biliary cirrhosis ensues from a multi-lineage loss of tolerance to the E2 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. One of the major unanswered questions in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis is the specificity of small intrahepatic bile ducts attack while PDC-E2 is present in mitochondria of all nucleated cells. Recent findings suggest that the uniqueness of the primary target tissue, biliary epithelium, may be of considerable importance for understanding primary biliary cirrhosis and that the biliary epithelial cell is more than an innocent victim. Rather, it attracts an immune attack by virtue of the unique apoptotic mechanisms and by the way it handles PDC-E2. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that apoptotic bodies of biliary epithelial cell are able to activate the innate immune system in the presence of anti-mitochondrial antibodies. This review article is intended to provide a critical overview of the role of apoptosis in biliary epithelial cells, the activation of the innate immune system, and its biological and clinical significance in primary biliary cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lleo
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, MI, Italy
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Ramaswamy M, Siegel RM. Autoimmunity: twenty years in the Fas lane. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 189:5097-100. [PMID: 23169861 PMCID: PMC3580219 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Ramaswamy
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Jung N, Lehmann C, Knispel M, Meuer EK, Fischer J, Fätkenheuer G, Hartmann P, Taubert D. Long-term beneficial effect of protease inhibitors on the intrinsic apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in HIV-infected patients. HIV Med 2012; 13:469-78. [PMID: 22414163 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2012.00999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral suppression by antiretroviral therapy (ART) inhibits HIV-induced apoptosis and CD4 T-cell loss. It has been suggested that protease inhibitors (PIs) have nonviral antiapoptotic effects by maintaining mitochondrial integrity. Long-term clinical effects of PI-based ART on mitochondrial toxicity and lymphocyte apoptosis beyond viral suppression have not been exploited to date. METHODS We conducted a 7-year study on HIV-1-infected patients from the Cologne HIV cohort with sufficient viral suppression under either a PI-based or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimen. Eight patients on PI and eight on NNRTI were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. The primary outcome measure was defined as a change in the mitochondrial-to-nuclear DNA ratio in PBMCs. Further key molecules involved in extrinsic [tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), Fas ligand (FasL) and caspase 8], intrinsic [B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), caspase 9 and lactate-to-pyruvate ratio] and overall apoptosis [Annexin+/7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD)- and caspase 3/7] and viral activity [negative regulatory factor (Nef), interferon-α (IFN-α) and myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA)] were measured. RESULTS Demographic and baseline clinical parameters were similar in the two groups, except that patients in the PI group had a higher mean age. After 7 years of treatment, CD4 T-cell count increased and the expression of genes encoding the proapoptotic viral protein Nef and HIV-induced cytokine IFN-α and its downstream effector MxA decreased in both groups. Focusing on the different pathways of apoptosis, only in the PI group intrinsic apoptosis decreased significant and in the inter-group comparison the decrease was significantly higher than in the NNRTI group. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence that long-term therapy with a PI-based regimen may be superior to that with a NNRTI-based regimen with regard to its intrinsic antiapoptotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jung
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Hospital of the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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