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Abstract
The advent of biologic therapies, particularly antibody therapeutics, has revolutionized the pharmacological treatment of many rheumatic diseases. Antibody discovery began with the immunization of mice for the production of rodent immunoglobulins, but advances in protein and genetic engineering have now made it possible to generate fully human antibodies, which are better tolerated by patients. For most clinical applications in rheumatology, antibodies have been used as blocking agents capable of neutralizing the function of pro-inflammatory proteins, such as TNF. The latest strategies involve antibody products armed with effector moieties, such as anti-inflammatory drugs or cytokines, or antibody products that are specific for multiple targets for the selective inhibition of inflammation at sites of disease. Antibodies are some of the best-selling drugs in the world, and with further advances in antibody development, engineering of armed antibodies and bispecific products will have an important role in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.
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Sun W, Luo Z, Lee J, Kim HJ, Lee K, Tebon P, Feng Y, Dokmeci MR, Sengupta S, Khademhosseini A. Organ-on-a-Chip for Cancer and Immune Organs Modeling. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801363. [PMID: 30605261 PMCID: PMC6424124 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bridging the gap between findings in preclinical 2D cell culture models and in vivo tissue cultures has been challenging; the simple microenvironment of 2D monolayer culture systems may not capture the cellular response to drugs accurately. Three-dimensional organotypic models have gained increasing interest due to their ability to recreate precise cellular organizations. These models facilitate investigation of the interactions between different sub-tissue level components through providing physiologically relevant microenvironments for cells in vitro. The incorporation of human-sourced tissues into these models further enables personalized prediction of drug responses. Integration of microfluidic units into the 3D models can be used to control their local environment, dynamic simulation of cell behaviors, and real-time readout of drug testing data. Cancer and immune system related diseases are severe burdens to our health care system and have created an urgent need for high-throughput, and effective drug development plans. This review focuses on recent progress in the development of "cancer-on-a-chip" and "immune organs-on-a-chip" systems designed to study disease progression and predict drug-induced responses. Future challenges and opportunities are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujin Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, ; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angleles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhimin Luo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, ; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angleles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junmin Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, ; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angleles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Han-Jun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, ; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angleles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - KangJu Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, ; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angleles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peyton Tebon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, ; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angleles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yudi Feng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, ; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angleles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mehmet R. Dokmeci
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, ; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angleles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shiladitya Sengupta
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA, ; Harvard – MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, ; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute, University of California-Los Angleles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California - Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center of Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia; Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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