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Turner RT, Branscum AJ, Iwaniec UT. Long-duration leptin transgene expression in dorsal vagal complex does not alter bone parameters in female Sprague Dawley rats. Bone Rep 2024; 21:101769. [PMID: 38706522 PMCID: PMC11067478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2024.101769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus and dorsal vagal complex (DVC) are both important for integration of signals that regulate energy balance. Increased leptin transgene expression in either the hypothalamus or DVC of female rats was shown to decrease white adipose tissue and circulating levels of leptin and adiponectin. However, in contrast to hypothalamus, leptin transgene expression in the DVC had no effect on food intake, circulating insulin, ghrelin and glucose, nor on thermogenic energy expenditure. These findings imply different roles for hypothalamus and DVC in leptin signaling. Leptin signaling is required for normal bone accrual and turnover. Leptin transgene expression in the hypothalamus normalized the skeletal phenotype of leptin-deficient ob/ob mice but had no long-duration (≥10 weeks) effects on the skeleton of leptin-replete rats. The goal of this investigation was to determine the long-duration effects of leptin transgene expression in the DVC on the skeleton of leptin-replete rats. To accomplish this goal, we analyzed bone from three-month-old female rats that were microinjected with recombinant adeno-associated virus encoding either rat leptin (rAAV-Leptin, n = 6) or green fluorescent protein (rAAV-GFP, control, n = 5) gene. Representative bones from the appendicular (femur) and axial (3rd lumbar vertebra) skeleton were evaluated following 10 weeks of treatment. Selectively increasing leptin transgene expression in the DVC had no effect on femur cortical or cancellous bone microarchitecture. Additionally, increasing leptin transgene expression had no effect on vertebral osteoblast-lined or osteoclast-lined bone perimeter or marrow adiposity. Taken together, the findings suggest that activation of leptin receptors in the DVC has minimal specific effects on the skeleton of leptin-replete female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell T. Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Adam J. Branscum
- Biostatistics Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Urszula T. Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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2
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Nakamura S, Tanaka Iii IB, Komura J, Tanaka S. PREMATURE MENOPAUSE AND OBESITY DUE TO OOCYTE LOSS IN FEMALE MICE CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO LOW DOSE-RATE γ-RAYS. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2022; 198:926-933. [PMID: 36083721 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In previous reports, the authors showed a significant overall increase in neoplasms originating from the ovaries (2007) and increased body weights (2007, 2010) in female B6C3F1 mice chronically exposed to low dose-rate γ-rays at 20 mGy/day (total doses = 8 (2007) or 6 Gy (2010)), as well as significant increases in serum leptin, total cholesterol, adipose tissue deposits and liver lipid content (2010). The present study chronicles the progression of ovarian failure in relation to obesity and dyslipidemia in female B6C3F1 mice chronically exposed to low dose-rate of γ-rays from 9 to 43 weeks of age (total dose = 4.8 Gy). We monitored changes in body weights, estrus cycles, ovarian follicle counts, serum cholesterol and serum leptin. The number of mice with irregular estrus cycles and increased body weights (with increased fat deposits) significantly increased from 30-36 weeks of age. Depletion of oocytes in ovaries from irradiated mice at 30 weeks of age (accumulated dose = 3 Gy) was also observed. Findings suggest that obesity in female B6C3F1 mice continuously irradiated with low dose-rate of γ-rays at 20 mGy/day is a consequence of premature menopause due to radiation-induced oocyte depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nakamura
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 2-121, Hacchazawa, Takahoko, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori 039-3213, Japan
| | - I B Tanaka Iii
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 2-121, Hacchazawa, Takahoko, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori 039-3213, Japan
| | - J Komura
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 2-121, Hacchazawa, Takahoko, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori 039-3213, Japan
| | - S Tanaka
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 2-121, Hacchazawa, Takahoko, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori 039-3213, Japan
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3
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Clark KA, Shin AC, Sirivelu MP, MohanKumar RC, Maddineni SR, Ramachandran R, MohanKumar PS, MohanKumar SMJ. Evaluation of the Central Effects of Systemic Lentiviral-Mediated Leptin Delivery in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413197. [PMID: 34947993 PMCID: PMC8703968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by hyperphagia, hyperglycemia and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. We have reported previously that daily leptin injections help to alleviate these symptoms. Therefore, we hypothesized that leptin gene therapy could help to normalize the neuroendocrine dysfunction seen in T1D. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were injected i.v. with a lentiviral vector containing the leptin gene or green fluorescent protein. Ten days later, they were injected with the vehicle or streptozotocin (STZ). HPA function was assessed by measuring norepinephrine (NE) levels in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and serum corticosterone (CS). Treatment with the leptin lentiviral vector (Lepvv) increased leptin and insulin levels in non-diabetic rats, but not in diabetic animals. There was a significant reduction in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats due to Lepvv treatment. Both NE levels in the PVN and serum CS were reduced in diabetic rats treated with Lepvv. Results from this study provide evidence that leptin gene therapy in STZ-induced diabetic rats was able to partially normalize some of the neuroendocrine abnormalities, but studies with higher doses of the Lepvv are needed to develop this into a viable option for treating T1D.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Corticosterone/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genetic Therapy
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Injections, Intravenous
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Leptin/genetics
- Male
- Norepinephrine/metabolism
- Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Clark
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.A.C.); (P.S.M.)
| | - Andrew C. Shin
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Madhu P. Sirivelu
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Ramya C. MohanKumar
- Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Sreenivasa R. Maddineni
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (S.R.M.); (R.R.)
| | - Ramesh Ramachandran
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (S.R.M.); (R.R.)
| | - Puliyur S. MohanKumar
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.A.C.); (P.S.M.)
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sheba M. J. MohanKumar
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.A.C.); (P.S.M.)
- Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-542-1945
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4
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Turner RT, Wong CP, Fosse KM, Branscum AJ, Iwaniec UT. Caloric Restriction and Hypothalamic Leptin Gene Therapy Have Differential Effects on Energy Partitioning in Adult Female Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136789. [PMID: 34202651 PMCID: PMC8269114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dieting is a common but often ineffective long-term strategy for preventing weight gain. Similar to humans, adult rats exhibit progressive weight gain. The adipokine leptin regulates appetite and energy expenditure but hyperleptinemia is associated with leptin resistance. Here, we compared the effects of increasing leptin levels in the hypothalamus using gene therapy with conventional caloric restriction on weight gain, food consumption, serum leptin and adiponectin levels, white adipose tissue, marrow adipose tissue, and bone in nine-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats (n = 16) were implanted with a cannula in the 3rd ventricle of the hypothalamus and injected with a recombinant adeno-associated virus, encoding the rat gene for leptin (rAAV-Lep), and maintained on standard rat chow for 18 weeks. A second group (n = 15) was calorically-restricted to match the weight of the rAAV-Lep group. Both approaches prevented weight gain, and no differences in bone were detected. However, calorically-restricted rats consumed 15% less food and had lower brown adipose tissue Ucp-1 mRNA expression than rAAV-Lep rats. Additionally, calorically-restricted rats had higher abdominal white adipose tissue mass, higher serum leptin and adiponectin levels, and higher marrow adiposity. Caloric restriction and hypothalamic leptin gene therapy, while equally effective in preventing weight gain, differ in their effects on energy intake, energy expenditure, adipokine levels, and body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell T. Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (R.T.T.); (C.P.W.); (K.M.F.)
| | - Carmen P. Wong
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (R.T.T.); (C.P.W.); (K.M.F.)
| | - Kristina M. Fosse
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (R.T.T.); (C.P.W.); (K.M.F.)
| | - Adam J. Branscum
- Biostatistics Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Urszula T. Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (R.T.T.); (C.P.W.); (K.M.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Lee CS, Kim JY, Kim BK, Lee IO, Park NH, Kim SH. Lactobacillus-fermented milk products attenuate bone loss in an experimental rat model of ovariectomy-induced post-menopausal primary osteoporosis. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:2041-2062. [PMID: 32920885 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM In this study, we investigated the anti-osteoporotic effect of two fermented milk products (FMPs) fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum A41 and Lactobacillus fermentum SRK414 on a rat model of ovariectomy-induced post-menopausal primary osteoporosis. METHODS AND RESULTS The two Lactobacillus FMPs increased the bone volume and bone mineral density (BMD) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats, and normalized the bone biomarkers in the serum. Additionally, they altered the gene expression levels of bone-metabolism-related markers. Furthermore, the two Lactobacillus FMPs downregulated bone-apoptosis-related genes stimulated by ovariectomy. Interestingly, the Lactobacillus FMPs decreased the levels of inflammation markers in the serum, bone, ileum and colon of the rats. Gut bacterial populations were also affected upon FMP treatment due to increase in the abundance of the genus Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. CONCLUSIONS Milk products fermented by L. plantarum A41 and L. fermentum SRK414 can exhibit anti-osteoporotic effects on post-menopausal osteoporosis via regulating the expression of bone-metabolism-related markers. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The two Lactobacillus FMPs used in the study can be an ideal method that has its potential of treating post-menopausal osteoporosis instead of drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Lee
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J-Y Kim
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - B K Kim
- Probiotic Research Laboratory, CKD Bio Research Institute, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - I O Lee
- Probiotic Research Laboratory, CKD Bio Research Institute, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - N H Park
- Probiotic Research Laboratory, CKD Bio Research Institute, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - S H Kim
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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6
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Turner RT, Philbrick KA, Kuah AF, Branscum AJ, Iwaniec UT. Role of estrogen receptor signaling in skeletal response to leptin in female ob/ob mice. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:357-367. [PMID: 28428364 PMCID: PMC5527997 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leptin, critical in regulation of energy metabolism, is also important for normal bone growth, maturation and turnover. Compared to wild type (WT) mice, bone mass is lower in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. Osteopenia in growing ob/ob mice is due to decreased bone accrual, and is associated with reduced longitudinal bone growth, impaired cancellous bone maturation and increased marrow adipose tissue (MAT). However, leptin deficiency also results in gonadal dysfunction, disrupting production of gonadal hormones which regulate bone growth and turnover. The present study evaluated the role of increased estrogen in mediating the effects of leptin on bone in ob/ob mice. Three-month-old female ob/ob mice were randomized into one of the 3 groups: (1) ob/ob + vehicle (veh), (2) ob/ob + leptin (leptin) or (3) ob/ob + leptin and the potent estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 (leptin + ICI). Age-matched WT mice received vehicle. Leptin (40 µg/mouse, daily) and ICI (10 µg/mouse, 2×/week) were administered by subcutaneous injection for 1 month and bone analyzed by X-ray absorptiometry, microcomputed tomography and static and dynamic histomorphometry. Uterine weight did not differ between ob/ob mice and ob/ob mice receiving leptin + ICI, indicating that ICI successfully blocked the uterine response to leptin-induced increases in estrogen levels. Compared to leptin-treated ob/ob mice, ob/ob mice receiving leptin + ICI had lower uterine weight; did not differ in weight loss, MAT or bone formation rate; and had higher longitudinal bone growth rate and cancellous bone volume fraction. We conclude that increased estrogen signaling following leptin treatment is dispensable for the positive actions of leptin on bone and may attenuate leptin-induced bone growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell T Turner
- Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging ResearchOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Kenneth A Philbrick
- Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Amida F Kuah
- Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Adam J Branscum
- Biostatistics ProgramSchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Urszula T Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging ResearchOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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7
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Zinc inhibits ovariectomy induced microarchitectural changes in the bone tissue. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION & INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnim.2015.12.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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8
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Kim J, Kim HK, Kim S, Imm JY, Whang KY. Whey Protein Concentrate Hydrolysate Prevents Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Rats. J Med Food 2015; 18:1349-56. [PMID: 26367331 PMCID: PMC4685489 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2015.3441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk is known as a safe food and contains easily absorbable minerals and proteins, including whey protein, which has demonstrated antiosteoporotic effects on ovariectomized rats. This study evaluated the antiosteoporotic effect of whey protein concentrate hydrolysate (WPCH) digested with fungal protease and whey protein concentrate (WPC). Two experiments were conducted to determine (1) efficacy of WPCH and WPC and (2) dose-dependent impact of WPCH in ovariectomized rats (10 weeks old). In Experiment I, ovariectomized rats (n=45) were allotted into three dietary treatments of 10 g/kg diet of WPC, 10 g/kg diet of WPCH, and a control diet. In Experiment II, ovariectomized rats (n=60) were fed four different diets (0, 10, 20, and 40 g/kg of WPCH). In both experiments, sham-operated rats (n=15) were also fed a control diet containing the same amount of amino acids and minerals as dietary treatments. After 6 weeks, dietary WPCH prevented loss of bone, physical properties, mineral density, and mineral content, and improved breaking strength of femurs, with similar effect to WPC. The bone resorption enzyme activity (tartrate resistance acid phosphatase) in tibia epiphysis decreased in response to WPCH supplementation, while bone formation enzyme activity (alkaline phosphatase) was unaffected by ovariectomy and dietary treatment. Bone properties and strength increased as the dietary WPCH level increased (10 and 20 g/kg), but there was no difference between the 20 and 40 g/kg treatment. WPCH and WPC supplementation ameliorated bone loss induced by ovariectomy in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonggun Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Kwan Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Saehun Kim
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Imm
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea
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9
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Turner RT, Dube M, Branscum AJ, Wong CP, Olson DA, Zhong X, Kweh MF, Larkin IV, Wronski TJ, Rosen CJ, Kalra SP, Iwaniec UT. Hypothalamic leptin gene therapy reduces body weight without accelerating age-related bone loss. J Endocrinol 2015; 227:129-41. [PMID: 26487675 PMCID: PMC4917201 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Excessive weight gain in adults is associated with a variety of negative health outcomes. Unfortunately, dieting, exercise, and pharmacological interventions have had limited long-term success in weight control and can result in detrimental side effects, including accelerating age-related cancellous bone loss. We investigated the efficacy of using hypothalamic leptin gene therapy as an alternative method for reducing weight in skeletally-mature (9 months old) female rats and determined the impact of leptin-induced weight loss on bone mass, density, and microarchitecture, and serum biomarkers of bone turnover (CTx and osteocalcin). Rats were implanted with cannulae in the 3rd ventricle of the hypothalamus and injected with either recombinant adeno-associated virus encoding the gene for rat leptin (rAAV-Leptin, n=7) or a control vector encoding green fluorescent protein (rAAV-GFP, n=10) and sacrificed 18 weeks later. A baseline control group (n=7) was sacrificed at vector administration. rAAV-Leptin-treated rats lost weight (-4±2%) while rAAV-GFP-treated rats gained weight (14±2%) during the study. At study termination, rAAV-Leptin-treated rats weighed 17% less than rAAV-GFP-treated rats and had lower abdominal white adipose tissue weight (-80%), serum leptin (-77%), and serum IGF1 (-34%). Cancellous bone volume fraction in distal femur metaphysis and epiphysis, and in lumbar vertebra tended to be lower (P<0.1) in rAAV-GFP-treated rats (13.5 months old) compared to baseline control rats (9 months old). Significant differences in cancellous bone or biomarkers of bone turnover were not detected between rAAV-Leptin and rAAV-GFP rats. In summary, rAAV-Leptin-treated rats maintained a lower body weight compared to baseline and rAAV-GFP-treated rats with minimal effects on bone mass, density, microarchitecture, or biochemical markers of bone turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell T Turner
- Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USACenter for Healthy Aging ResearchOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of NeuroscienceMcKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USABiostatisticsSchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of Physiological SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USADepartment of Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USAMaine Medical Center Research InstituteScarborough, Maine, USA Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USACenter for Healthy Aging ResearchOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of NeuroscienceMcKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USABiostatisticsSchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of Physiological SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USADepartment of Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USAMaine Medical Center Research InstituteScarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Michael Dube
- Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USACenter for Healthy Aging ResearchOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of NeuroscienceMcKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USABiostatisticsSchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of Physiological SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USADepartment of Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USAMaine Medical Center Research InstituteScarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Adam J Branscum
- Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USACenter for Healthy Aging ResearchOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of NeuroscienceMcKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USABiostatisticsSchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of Physiological SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USADepartment of Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USAMaine Medical Center Research InstituteScarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Carmen P Wong
- Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USACenter for Healthy Aging ResearchOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of NeuroscienceMcKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USABiostatisticsSchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of Physiological SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USADepartment of Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USAMaine Medical Center Research InstituteScarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Dawn A Olson
- Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USACenter for Healthy Aging ResearchOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of NeuroscienceMcKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USABiostatisticsSchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of Physiological SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USADepartment of Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USAMaine Medical Center Research InstituteScarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Xiaoying Zhong
- Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USACenter for Healthy Aging ResearchOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of NeuroscienceMcKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USABiostatisticsSchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of Physiological SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USADepartment of Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USAMaine Medical Center Research InstituteScarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Mercedes F Kweh
- Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USACenter for Healthy Aging ResearchOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of NeuroscienceMcKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USABiostatisticsSchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of Physiological SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USADepartment of Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USAMaine Medical Center Research InstituteScarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Iske V Larkin
- Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USACenter for Healthy Aging ResearchOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of NeuroscienceMcKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USABiostatisticsSchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of Physiological SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USADepartment of Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USAMaine Medical Center Research InstituteScarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Thomas J Wronski
- Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USACenter for Healthy Aging ResearchOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of NeuroscienceMcKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USABiostatisticsSchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of Physiological SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USADepartment of Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USAMaine Medical Center Research InstituteScarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USACenter for Healthy Aging ResearchOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of NeuroscienceMcKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USABiostatisticsSchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of Physiological SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USADepartment of Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USAMaine Medical Center Research InstituteScarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Satya P Kalra
- Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USACenter for Healthy Aging ResearchOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of NeuroscienceMcKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USABiostatisticsSchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of Physiological SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USADepartment of Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USAMaine Medical Center Research InstituteScarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Urszula T Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USACenter for Healthy Aging ResearchOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of NeuroscienceMcKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USABiostatisticsSchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of Physiological SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USADepartment of Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USAMaine Medical Center Research InstituteScarborough, Maine, USA Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USACenter for Healthy Aging ResearchOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of NeuroscienceMcKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USABiostatisticsSchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USADepartment of Physiological SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USADepartment of Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USAMaine Medical Center Research InstituteScarborough, Maine, USA
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A Hyperlipidic Diet Combined with Short-Term Ovariectomy Increases Adiposity and Hyperleptinemia and Decreases Cytokine Content in Mesenteric Adipose Tissue. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:923248. [PMID: 26170534 PMCID: PMC4485502 DOI: 10.1155/2015/923248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Four-week-old female Wistar rats were divided into two groups and fed a control diet (C) or a hyperlipidic diet (H) for 4 weeks. Rats from each group underwent ovariectomy (OVX) or sham surgery (SHAM). They received C or H for the next four weeks. The body weight gain (BW), food efficiency (FE), and carcass lipid content were higher in the OVX H than in the SHAM H. The OVX H exhibited a higher serum leptin level than other groups. IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 content of mesenteric (MES) adipose tissue was lower in the OVX H than in the OVX C. IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 content of retroperitoneal (RET) adipose tissue was lower in the SHAM H than in the SHAM C. The SHAM H showed decreased TG relative to the SHAM C. Similar results were obtained in relation to IL-6Rα, TNFR1, TLR-4, and MyD88 contents in the MES and RET white adipose tissue among the groups. A hyperlipidic diet for 8 weeks combined with short-term ovariectomy decreases the cytokine content of MES adipose tissues but increases BW, enhancing FE and elevating serum leptin levels. These suggest that the absence of estrogens promotes metabolic changes that may contribute to installation of a proinflammatory process induced by a hyperlipidic diet.
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11
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Osteoprotective effect of cordycepin on estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis in vitro and in vivo. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:423869. [PMID: 25874211 PMCID: PMC4385597 DOI: 10.1155/2015/423869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of cordycepin on ovariectomized osteopenic rats. Fifty Wistar female rats used were divided into 5 groups: (1) sham-operation rats (control), (2) ovariectomized (OVX) rats with osteopenia, and (3) OVX'd rats with osteopenia treated with cordycepin (5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg) for 8 weeks. After the rats were treated orally with cordycepin, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), serum osteocalcin (OC), homocysteine (HCY) , C-terminal crosslinked telopeptides of collagen type I (CTX) level, and oxidative stress were examined, respectively. The femoral neck was used for mechanical compression testing. At the same time, we further investigated the effect of cordycepin in vitro assay. The beneficial effects of cordycepin on improvement of osteoporosis in rats were attributable mainly to decrease ALP activity, TRAP activity, and CTX level. At the same time, cordycepin also increases the OC level in ovariectomized osteopenic rats. The histological examination clearly showed that dietary cordycepin can prevent bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency. These experimental results suggest that complement cordycepin is protective after ovariectomized osteopenic in specific way.
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12
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Fazal L, Azibani F, Vodovar N, Cohen Solal A, Delcayre C, Samuel JL. Effects of biological sex on the pathophysiology of the heart. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:555-66. [PMID: 23763376 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death in men and women in industrialized countries. While the effects of biological sex on cardiovascular pathophysiology have long been known, the sex-specific mechanisms mediating these processes have been further elucidated over recent years. This review aims at analysing the sex-based differences in cardiac structure and function in adult mammals, and the sex-based differences in the main molecular mechanisms involved in the response of the heart to pathological situations. It emerged from this review that the sex-based difference is a variable that should be dealt with, not only in basic science or clinical research, but also with regards to therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loubina Fazal
- UMR-S 942, Inserm, Paris, France; University Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
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13
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Virgin coconut oil supplementation prevents bone loss in osteoporosis rat model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:237236. [PMID: 23024690 PMCID: PMC3457741 DOI: 10.1155/2012/237236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Therefore, antioxidant compounds have the potential to be used in the prevention and treatment of the disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of virgin coconut oil (VCO) on bone microarchitecture in a postmenopausal osteoporosis rat model. VCO is a different form of coconut oil as it is rich with antioxidants. Three-month-old female rats were randomly grouped into baseline, sham-operated, ovariectomized control (Ovx), and ovariectomized rats fed with 8% VCO in their diet for six weeks (Ovx+VCO). Bone histomorphometry of the right femora was carried out at the end of the study. Rats supplemented with VCO had a significantly greater bone volume and trabecular number while trabecular separation was lower than the Ovx group. In conclusion, VCO was effective in maintaining bone structure and preventing bone loss in estrogen-deficient rat model.
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14
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McCarthy AM, Menke A, Ouyang P, Visvanathan K. Bilateral oophorectomy, body mass index, and mortality in U.S. women aged 40 years and older. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2012; 5:847-54. [PMID: 22556202 PMCID: PMC3401905 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bilateral oophorectomy is used as a risk reduction strategy in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, although data on long-term side effects are not yet available. In the general population, oophorectomy, particularly at a young age, has been associated with increased overall and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. The mechanisms for this association are not well understood. We examined the association between prior bilateral oophorectomy, obesity, and all-cause, cancer, and CVD mortality. Our study population included women ages 40 and above from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), a nationally representative survey with enrollment from 1988 to 1994 and prospective mortality follow-up through December 31, 2006. We excluded women with a history of reproductive cancer or missing oophorectomy status, yielding a study population of 4,040. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to estimate HR for all-cause and cause-specific mortality. In multivariate analyses, body mass index (BMI) significantly modified the association between oophorectomy and mortality (P(interaction) = 0.04). Women who were obese at the time of interview and who had an oophorectomy at less than 40 years were more than twice as likely to die [HR, 2.23; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.25-3.98], particularly of CVD (HR, 2.77; 95% CI, 0.91-8.41), than nonobese women with intact ovaries. These associations persisted after excluding women who used estrogen therapy and women who had oophorectomy before 35 years of age. The joint effect of obesity and early oophorectomy on mortality was significantly greater than expected, given the independent effects of both exposures. Our results suggest that minimizing weight gain after oophorectomy and addressing cardiovascular risk factors could beneficially impact mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie McCarthy
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andy Menke
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pamela Ouyang
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kala Visvanathan
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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15
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Jackson M, Iwaniec U, Turner R, Wronski T, Kalra S. Effects of increased hypothalamic leptin gene expression on ovariectomy-induced bone loss in rats. Peptides 2011; 32:1575-80. [PMID: 21640774 PMCID: PMC3152665 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen deficiency results in accelerated bone turnover with a net increase in bone resorption. Subcutaneous administration of leptin attenuates bone loss in ovariectomized (ovx) rats by reducing bone resorption. However, in addition to its direct beneficial effects, leptin has been reported to have indirect (central nervous system-mediated) antiosteogenic effects on bone, which may limit the efficacy of elevated serum leptin to prevent estrogen deficiency-associated bone loss. The present study evaluated the long-term effects of increased hypothalamic leptin transgene expression, using recombinant adeno-associated virus-leptin (rAAV-Lep) gene therapy, on bone mass, architecture, and cellular endpoints in sexually mature ovx Sprague-Dawley rats. Ovx rats were implanted with cannulae in the 3rd ventricle of the hypothalamus and injected with either rAAV-Lep or rAAV-GFP (control vector encoding green fluorescent protein) and maintained for 10 weeks. Additional controls consisted of ovary-intact rats and ovx rats pair-fed to rAAV-Lep rats. Lumbar vertebrae were analyzed by micro-computed tomography and tibiae by histomorphometry. Cancellous bone volume was lower and osteoclast perimeter, osteoblast perimeter, and bone marrow adipocyte density were greater in ovx rats compared to ovary-intact controls. In contrast, differences among ovx groups were not detected for any endpoint evaluated. In conclusion, whereas estrogen deficiency resulted in marked cancellous osteopenia, increased bone turnover and marrow adiposity, increasing hypothalamic leptin transgene expression in ovx rats had neither detrimental nor beneficial effects on bone mass, architecture, or cellular endpoints. These findings demonstrate that the antiresorptive effects of subcutaneous leptin administration in ovx rats are mediated through leptin targets in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A. Jackson
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - U.T. Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
- Corresponding author at: Department of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, 108 Milam Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States. Tel.: +1 541 737 9925; fax: +1 541 737 6914. (U.T. Iwaniec)
| | - R.T. Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - T.J. Wronski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 2610, United States
| | - S.P. Kalra
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
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16
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Neuroendocrine Control of Energy Homeostasis: Update on New Insights. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2010; 181:17-33. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)81002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Griffin TM, Huebner JL, Kraus VB, Guilak F. Extreme obesity due to impaired leptin signaling in mice does not cause knee osteoarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:2935-44. [PMID: 19790050 DOI: 10.1002/art.24854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that obesity resulting from deletion of the leptin gene or the leptin receptor gene results in increased knee osteoarthritis (OA), systemic inflammation, and altered subchondral bone morphology. METHODS Leptin-deficient (ob/ob) and leptin receptor-deficient (db/db) female mice compared with wild-type mice were studied, to document knee OA via histopathology. The levels of serum proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines were measured using a multiplex bead immunoassay. Cortical and trabecular subchondral bone changes were documented by microfocal computed tomography, and body composition was quantified by dual x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Adiposity was increased by approximately 10-fold in ob/ob and db/db mice compared with controls, but it was not associated with an increased incidence of knee OA. Serum cytokine levels were unchanged in ob/ob and db/db mice relative to controls, except for the level of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (keratinocyte chemoattractant; murine analog of interleukin-8), which was elevated. Leptin impairment was associated with reduced subchondral bone thickness and increased relative trabecular bone volume in the tibial epiphysis. CONCLUSION Extreme obesity due to impaired leptin signaling induced alterations in subchondral bone morphology without increasing the incidence of knee OA. Systemic inflammatory cytokine levels remained largely unchanged in ob/ob and db/db mice. These findings suggest that body fat, in and of itself, may not be a risk factor for joint degeneration, because adiposity in the absence of leptin signaling is insufficient to induce systemic inflammation and knee OA in female C57BL/6J mice. These results imply a pleiotropic role of leptin in the development of OA by regulating both the skeletal and immune systems.
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18
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Bouxsein ML, Devlin MJ, Glatt V, Dhillon H, Pierroz DD, Ferrari SL. Mice lacking beta-adrenergic receptors have increased bone mass but are not protected from deleterious skeletal effects of ovariectomy. Endocrinology 2009; 150:144-52. [PMID: 18801900 PMCID: PMC2630907 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Activation of beta2-adrenergic receptors inhibits osteoblastic bone formation and enhances osteoclastic bone resorption. Whether beta-blockers inhibit ovariectomy-induced bone loss and decrease fracture risk remains controversial. To further explore the role of beta-adrenergic signaling in skeletal acquisition and response to estrogen deficiency, we evaluated mice lacking the three known beta-adrenergic receptors (beta-less). Body weight, percent fat, and bone mineral density were significantly higher in male beta-less than wild-type (WT) mice, more so with increasing age. Consistent with their greater fat mass, serum leptin was significantly higher in beta-less than WT mice. Mid-femoral cross-sectional area and cortical thickness were significantly higher in adult beta-less than WT mice, as were femoral biomechanical properties (+28 to +49%, P < 0.01). Young male beta-less had higher vertebral (1.3-fold) and distal femoral (3.5-fold) trabecular bone volume than WT (P < 0.001 for both) and lower osteoclast surface. With aging, these differences lessened, with histological evidence of increased osteoclast surface and decreased bone formation rate at the distal femur in beta-less vs. WT mice. Serum tartrate-resistance alkaline phosphatase-5B was elevated in beta-less compared with WT mice from 8-16 wk of age (P < 0.01). Ovariectomy inhibited bone mass gain and decreased trabecular bone volume/total volume similarly in beta-less and WT mice. Altogether, these data indicate that absence of beta-adrenergic signaling results in obesity and increased cortical bone mass in males but does not prevent deleterious effects of estrogen deficiency on trabecular bone microarchitecture. Our findings also suggest direct positive effects of weight and/or leptin on bone turnover and cortical bone structure, independent of adrenergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Bouxsein
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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19
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Jiang JMY, Sacco SM, Ward WE. Ovariectomy-Induced Hyperphagia Does Not Modulate Bone Mineral Density or Bone Strength in Rats. J Nutr 2008; 138:2106-10. [DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.093781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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20
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Monteiro SC, de Mattos CB, Ben J, Netto CA, Wyse ATS. Ovariectomy impairs spatial memory: prevention and reversal by a soy isoflavone diet. Metab Brain Dis 2008; 23:243-53. [PMID: 18648916 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-008-9093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since a previous study has shown that ovariectomy impairs spatial memory, we, herein, investigate the influence of pre- and post-treatment with a soy diet on the effects elicited by ovariectomy on spatial memory. In the pre-treatment, 20-day-old female Wistar rats were first fed for 60 days on a standard diet with casein (control) or a soy diet. At 80 days of age, the animals were assigned to one of the following groups: sham (submitted to surgery without removal of ovaries) and ovariectomized. One week after surgery, the rats were submitted to behavioral testing. In the post-treatment, 80-day-old female rats were assigned to one of the following groups: sham and ovariectomized. One week after surgery, animals were fed for 30 days with the same diet described above. Then, rats were submitted to water maze testing. Pre-treatment for two months before ovariectomy with the soy diet effectively prevented the increase in latency in finding the platform on the fifth day of training in the ovariectomized group. Ovariectomized rats subjected to soy diet post-treatment reversed the increase in latency to find the platform in the ovariectomized group on the fifth day of training and, the decrease in the time spent in target quadrant, the increase in the time spent in opposite quadrant and the latency to cross the platform location. Results show that both pre- and post-treatment protected against the impairment of memory, caused by ovariectomy. Post-treatment reversed various parameters of memory reference, indicating that post-treatment was more efficient than pre-treatment. Based on these findings, we suggest that soy diet (rich in isoflavones) may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent or to treat cognitive symptoms found in some menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siomara C Monteiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcellos, 2600-Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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21
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Kiuru M, Crystal RG. Progress and prospects: gene therapy for performance and appearance enhancement. Gene Ther 2008; 15:329-37. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3303100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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22
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Puel C, Mardon J, Kati-Coulibaly S, Davicco MJ, Lebecque P, Obled C, Rock E, Horcajada MN, Agalias A, Skaltsounis LA, Coxam V. Black Lucques olives prevented bone loss caused by ovariectomy and talc granulomatosis in rats. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:1012-20. [PMID: 17408530 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507659030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine whether olive fruits, rich in micronutrients, might improve bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) rats (an experimental model of postmenopausal osteoporosis) and in OVX rats with granulomatosis inflammation (a model of senile osteoporosis). Six-month-old Wistar female rats underwent ovariectomy and were then immediately treated orally by substituting oil in the diet by 10 g/d green Lucques olives or 6 g/d black Lucques olives for each rat for 84 days. OVX rats and sham-operated controls received the same diet with oil. Three weeks before the end of the experiment, subcutaneous inflammation was provoked by injections of sterile magnesium silicate in half the animals in each group. In OVX rats, granulomatosis inflammation, characterized by a rise in inflammatory parameters such as fibrinogen, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, spleen weight and granulocyte level, and an impairment of oxidative status (as shown by a decrease in plasma antioxidant capacity, a higher rate of isoprostane excretion) elicited a bone loss in the whole femur and in the metaphyseal areas considered on their own. Whereas green olives had no effect on osteopenia, consumption of the black variety prevented bone loss in the whole femur and at cortical sites in those oestrogen-deficient animals with talc inflammation (diaphyseal bone mineral density: black olives and inflammation 0-2323 (SE 0.0026) v. ovariectomy and inflammation 0.2117 (SE 0.0030); P=0.027). This bone-sparing effect seemed to result from an improvement in the inflammatory and oxidative status. The present data show that black olives are able to prevent bone loss in an experimental model of senile osteoporosis (oestrogen-deficient rats in which a low-grade inflammation was induced by talc injection).
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Puel
- Unité des Maladies Métaboliques et Micronutriments, INRA Theix, 63122 Saint Genes-Champanelle, France
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23
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Central leptin insufficiency syndrome: an interactive etiology for obesity, metabolic and neural diseases and for designing new therapeutic interventions. Peptides 2007; 29:127-38. [PMID: 18053615 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This review critically reappraises recent scientific evidence concerning central leptin insufficiency versus leptin resistance formulations to explain metabolic and neural disorders resulting from subnormal or defective leptin signaling in various sites in the brain. Research at various fronts to unravel the complexities of the neurobiology of leptin is surveyed to provide a comprehensive account of the neural and metabolic effects of environmentally imposed fluctuations in leptin availability at brain sites and the outcome of newer technology to restore leptin signaling in a site-specific manner. The cumulative new knowledge favors a unified central leptin insufficiency syndrome over the, in vogue, central resistance hypothesis to explain the global adverse impact of deficient leptin signaling in the brain. Furthermore, the leptin insufficiency syndrome delineates a novel role of leptin in the hypothalamus in restraining rhythmic pancreatic insulin secretion while concomitantly enhancing glucose metabolism and non-shivering thermogenic energy expenditure, sequelae that would otherwise promote fat accrual to store excess energy resulting from consumption of energy-enriched diets. A concerted effort should now focus on development of newer technologies for delivery of leptin or leptin mimetics to specifically target neural pathways for remediation of diverse ailments encompassing the central leptin insufficiency syndrome.
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Paquette A, Wang D, Gauthier MS, Prud'homme D, Jankowski M, Gutkowska J, Lavoie JM. Specific adaptations of estrogen receptor alpha and beta transcripts in liver and heart after endurance training in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 306:179-87. [PMID: 17668153 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens exert their biological roles mainly through estrogen receptors (ER) that function as ligand-activated transcription factors. ER content in a cell is regulated by many factors and is decisive for estrogen action. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of an 8-wk endurance training program on ER expression in the liver, right atrium (RA), and left ventricle (LV) of intact and ovariectomized (Ovx) rats. We measured ERalpha and ERbeta mRNA content by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We found an important increase in ERalpha mRNA levels in the liver (300%; P < 0.01) and in ERbeta mRNA levels in the RA (200%; P < 0.05), and a marked decrease in ERalpha (80%; P < 0.01) and ERbeta (40%; P < 0.05) transcripts content in the LV of intact rats after endurance training. On the other hand, ERalpha mRNA levels were depressed by 50% (P < 0.01) in the liver, and increased by 60% (P < 0.01) in LV of Ovx rats after exercise training. These results first indicate that endurance training is associated with modifications of ER transcripts levels in the liver, LV, and RA of female rats. More specifically, these effects are tissue and isoform-specific and the direction of the response (increase or decrease) is different in intact and Ovx rats. It is suggested that some of the adaptations to endurance training in liver and heart may be mediated by an ER-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Paquette
- Département de kinésiologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. centre-ville, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
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