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Haley MJ, Mullard G, Hollywood KA, Cooper GJ, Dunn WB, Lawrence CB. Adipose tissue and metabolic and inflammatory responses to stroke are altered in obese mice. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:1229-1243. [PMID: 28798136 PMCID: PMC5665457 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an independent risk factor for stroke, although several clinical studies have reported that obesity improves stroke outcome. Obesity is hypothesised to aid recovery by protecting against post-stroke catabolism. We therefore assessed whether obese mice had an altered metabolic and inflammatory response to stroke. Obese ob/ob mice underwent a 20-min middle cerebral artery occlusion and 24-h reperfusion. Lipid metabolism and expression of inflammatory cytokines were assessed in the plasma, liver and adipose tissue. The obese-specific metabolic response to stroke was assessed in plasma using non-targeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) metabolomics coupled with univariate and multivariate analysis. Obesity had no effect on the extent of weight loss 24 h after stroke but affected the metabolic and inflammatory responses to stroke, predominantly affecting lipid metabolism. Specifically, obese mice had increases in plasma free fatty acids and expression of adipose lipolytic enzymes. Metabolomics identified several classes of metabolites affected by stroke in obese mice, including fatty acids and membrane lipids (glycerophospholipids, lysophospholipids and sphingolipids). Obesity also featured increases in inflammatory cytokines in the plasma and adipose tissue. Overall, these results demonstrate that obesity affected the acute metabolic and inflammatory response to stroke and suggest a potential role for adipose tissue in this effect. These findings could have implications for longer-term recovery and also further highlight the importance of considering comorbidities in preclinical stroke research, especially when identifying biomarkers for stroke. However, further work is required to assess whether these changes translate into long-term effects on recovery. Summary: Obesity, a co-morbidity for stroke, affected the acute metabolic and inflammatory response to stroke, highlighting the importance of considering comorbidities in preclinical stroke research, especially when identifying biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Haley
- Faculty of Biological, Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Graham Mullard
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Biological, Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.,Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics (CADET), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Katherine A Hollywood
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Biological, Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.,Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics (CADET), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.,School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Garth J Cooper
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Biological, Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.,Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics (CADET), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1020, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Warwick B Dunn
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Biological, Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.,Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics (CADET), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.,School of Biosciences and Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Catherine B Lawrence
- Faculty of Biological, Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Stelmanska E, Kmiec Z, Swierczynski J. The gender- and fat depot-specific regulation of leptin, resistin and adiponectin genes expression by progesterone in rat. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 132:160-7. [PMID: 22634476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone affects lipid metabolism in adipose tissue and influences fat distribution in human. The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of progesterone on rat body and fat mass and on expression of genes encoding adipokines involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. The results presented here indicate that progesterone administration to females caused increase in body and inguinal white adipose tissue mass. The increase of inguinal white adipose tissue mass is associated with the hypertrophy of adipocyte. The same dose of progesterone caused increase of its circulating concentration in males, however it barely reached the value observed in non-treated control females and did not have any effect on body and fat mass. The elevated circulating progesterone concentration was associated with an approximately 6- and 2-fold increase of leptin and resistin mRNA level respectively, and 2-fold decrease of adiponectin mRNA level only in inguinal white adipose tissue of females. RU 486, specific antagonist of progesterone receptor, abolished the effect of progesterone on the adipokine mRNA level in inguinal adipose tissue. In males, the elevated circulating progesterone concentration showed no effects on leptin, resistin or adiponectin mRNA level in inguinal, retroperitoneal or epididymal adipose tissue. Moreover, the results presented in this paper demonstrate a relatively high level of progesterone receptor mRNA in inguinal white adipose tissue of females, which was down-regulated in response to progesterone administration. In retroperitoneal adipose tissue of control females progesterone receptor mRNA level was approximately 3-fold lower as compared to inguinal adipose tissue. In inguinal, epididymal and retroperitoneal white adipose tissue of males progesterone receptor mRNA was hardly detected. Our results suggest that depot- and sex-dependent responsiveness of adipose tissue to the pharmacological dose of progesterone is controlled by both circulating concentration of progesterone and the white adipose tissue progesterone receptor level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Stelmanska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Aversa A, Caprio M, Antelmi A, Armani A, Brama M, Greco EA, Francomano D, Calanchini M, Spera G, Di Luigi L, Rosano GMC, Lenzi A, Migliaccio S, Fabbri A. Exposure to phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors stimulates aromatase expression in human adipocytes in vitro. J Sex Med 2010; 8:696-704. [PMID: 21176111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.02152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prolonged tadalafil administration in men with erectile dysfunction is associated with increased testosterone (T): estradiol (E(2)) ratio mainly related to reduction of E(2) levels. AIM To investigate the presence of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) isoenzyme in primary human visceral adipocytes and whether different PDE5 inhibitors (PDE5i) could directly modulate aromatase (ARO) expression in differentiated human visceral adipocytes in culture. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES PDE5 mRNA and protein expression in primary human visceral adipocytes as well as mRNA and protein expression of ARO, with functional activity after selective PDE5 blockade by tadalafil and sildenafil. METHODS Purified primary human visceral pre-adipocytes were differentiated ex vivo and were exposed to tadalafil or sildenafil (1 µM) for different intervals of time (6-12-24-96 hours). ARO mRNA content and expression were measured by Western Blot and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), respectively. T and E(2) in supernatants were measured by ELISA also in the presence of letrozole. RESULTS Differentiated adipocytes were found to express detectable levels of PDE5 transcripts. Acute exposure (6 hours) to both PDE5i tadalafil and sildenafil increased ARO mRNA expression by 4.7- and 2.8-fold, respectively (P < 0.001). ARO mRNA and protein levels were increased by the treatment with PDE5i in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Such effect was mimicked by 8-bromo-cGMP but was lost after 24 and 96 hours; differently, the PDE3B specific inhibitor milrinone (1 µM), displayed no effect. Accordingly, long-term exposure (24 and 96 hours) to PDE5i caused a significant increase in E(2) concentrations in the supernatant (1.7 and 2 fold, respectively; P < 0.001), with a parallel reduction of T (15% and 30%, respectively; P < 0.001). Such effect was reversed by the co-incubation with the specific ARO-inhibitor letrozole. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that PDE5 is expressed in human visceral adipocytes and that acute exposure to PDE5i selectively stimulates ARO expression, which is related to a specific PDE5 blockade. We speculate that modulation of ARO activity by PDE5i could be one of the mechanisms responsible, at least in part, for the beneficial effects of PDE5i on endothelial and metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Aversa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology-Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Varady KA, Hudak CS, Hellerstein MK. Modified alternate-day fasting and cardioprotection: relation to adipose tissue dynamics and dietary fat intake. Metabolism 2009; 58:803-11. [PMID: 19375762 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The relation between alternate-day fasting (ADF) and cardioprotection remains uncertain. In the present study, we examined the ability of modified ADF, with a low-fat (LF) vs high-fat (HF) background diet, to modulate adipose tissue physiology in a way that may protect against coronary heart disease. In a 4-week study, male C57BL/6 mice were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: (1) ADF-85%-LF (85% energy restriction on fast day, ad libitum fed on feed day, on an LF diet), (2) ADF-85%-HF (same protocol but HF diet), and (3) control (ad libitum fed). Throughout the study, body weight did not differ between ADF and control animals. Proportion of subcutaneous fat increased (P < .01), whereas the proportion of visceral fat decreased (P < .01), in both ADF groups. Triglyceride (TG) synthesis was augmented (P < .05) in subcutaneous fat, but remained unchanged in visceral fat. Adiponectin concentrations were elevated (P < .05), whereas leptin and resistin levels decreased (P < .05). Aortic vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation was reduced (P < .05) by 60% and 76% on the LF and HF diets, respectively. Plasma total cholesterol, TG, and free fatty acid concentrations also decreased (P < .05). In summary, modified ADF regimens alter adipose tissue physiology (ie, body fat distribution, TG metabolism, and adipokines) in a way that may protect against coronary heart disease. These beneficial effects were noted over a wide range of fat intake, suggesting that ADF may be protective even in the presence of HF diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista A Varady
- Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Sennello JA, Fayad R, Pini M, Gove ME, Fantuzzi G. Transplantation of wild-type white adipose tissue normalizes metabolic, immune and inflammatory alterations in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. Cytokine 2007; 36:261-6. [PMID: 17368040 PMCID: PMC1968154 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Leptin-deficient ob/ob mice exhibit several metabolic and immune abnormalities, including thymus atrophy and markedly reduced inflammatory responses. We evaluated whether transplantation of wild-type (WT) white adipose tissue (WAT) into ob/ob mice could mimic the effect of recombinant leptin administration in normalizing metabolic, immune and inflammatory abnormalities. Female ob/ob mice received a subcutaneous transplantation of WAT obtained from WT littermates. A separate group of ob/ob mice was sham-operated. Despite raising leptin levels to only 15% of those observed in WT mice, WAT transplantation normalized metabolic abnormalities (glycemia, ALT, liver weight) in ob/ob mice and prevented further body weight gain. The transplanted group demonstrated normalization of thymus and spleen cellularity, thymocyte subpopulations and rates of thymocyte apoptosis. In the model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, WAT transplantation restored inflammation to levels equivalent to those of WT mice. Colonic production of IL-6 and MIP-2 was markedly reduced in the non-transplanted ob/ob group compared to transplanted ob/ob and WT mice. Our data indicate that WAT transplantation is an effective way to normalize metabolic as well as immune and inflammatory parameters in ob/ob mice. The threshold of leptin sufficient to normalize metabolic, immune and inflammatory function is significantly lower than levels present in lean WT mice. Finally, leptin derived exclusively from WAT is sufficient to normalize metabolic, immune and inflammatory parameters in ob/ob mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Sennello
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor Street M/C517, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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