1
|
Alemany M. The Metabolic Syndrome, a Human Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2251. [PMID: 38396928 PMCID: PMC10888680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the question of metabolic syndrome (MS) being a complex, but essentially monophyletic, galaxy of associated diseases/disorders, or just a syndrome of related but rather independent pathologies. The human nature of MS (its exceptionality in Nature and its close interdependence with human action and evolution) is presented and discussed. The text also describes the close interdependence of its components, with special emphasis on the description of their interrelations (including their syndromic development and recruitment), as well as their consequences upon energy handling and partition. The main theories on MS's origin and development are presented in relation to hepatic steatosis, type 2 diabetes, and obesity, but encompass most of the MS components described so far. The differential effects of sex and its biological consequences are considered under the light of human social needs and evolution, which are also directly related to MS epidemiology, severity, and relations with senescence. The triggering and maintenance factors of MS are discussed, with especial emphasis on inflammation, a complex process affecting different levels of organization and which is a critical element for MS development. Inflammation is also related to the operation of connective tissue (including the adipose organ) and the widely studied and acknowledged influence of diet. The role of diet composition, including the transcendence of the anaplerotic maintenance of the Krebs cycle from dietary amino acid supply (and its timing), is developed in the context of testosterone and β-estradiol control of the insulin-glycaemia hepatic core system of carbohydrate-triacylglycerol energy handling. The high probability of MS acting as a unique complex biological control system (essentially monophyletic) is presented, together with additional perspectives/considerations on the treatment of this 'very' human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marià Alemany
- Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Branched-Chain Amino Acid Deprivation Decreases Lipid Oxidation and Lipogenesis in C2C12 Myotubes. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040328. [PMID: 35448515 PMCID: PMC9031053 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired lipid metabolism is a common risk factor underlying several metabolic diseases such as metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) that include valine, leucine and isoleucine have been proven to share a role in lipid metabolism and hence in maintaining metabolic health. We have previously introduced a hypothesis suggesting that BCAA degradation mechanistically connects to lipid oxidation and storage in skeletal muscle. To test our hypothesis, the present study examined the effects of BCAA deprivation and supplementation on lipid oxidation, lipogenesis and lipid droplet characteristics in murine C2C12 myotubes. In addition, the role of myotube contractions on cell metabolism was studied by utilizing in vitro skeletal-muscle-specific exercise-like electrical pulse stimulation (EPS). Our results showed that the deprivation of BCAAs decreased both lipid oxidation and lipogenesis in C2C12 myotubes. BCAA deprivation further diminished the number of lipid droplets in the EPS-treated myotubes. EPS decreased lipid oxidation especially when combined with high BCAA supplementation. Similar to BCAA deprivation, high BCAA supplementation also decreased lipid oxidation. The present results highlight the role of an adequate level of BCAAs in healthy lipid metabolism.
Collapse
|
3
|
McBey DP, Dotzert M, Melling CWJ. The effects of exercise training versus intensive insulin treatment on skeletal muscle fibre content in type 1 diabetes mellitus rodents. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:64. [PMID: 34229671 PMCID: PMC8262066 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01494-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intensive-insulin treatment (IIT) strategy for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has been associated with sedentary behaviour and the development of insulin resistance. Exercising patients with T1DM often utilize a conventional insulin treatment (CIT) strategy leading to increased insulin sensitivity through improved intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content. It is unclear how these exercise-related metabolic adaptations in response to exercise training relate to individual fibre-type transitions, and whether these alterations are evident between different insulin strategies (CIT vs. IIT). PURPOSE This study examined glycogen and fat content in skeletal muscle fibres of diabetic rats following exercise-training. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: Control-Sedentary, CIT- and IIT-treated diabetic sedentary, and CIT-exercised trained (aerobic/resistance; DARE). After 12 weeks, muscle-fibre lipids and glycogen were compared through immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS The primary findings were that both IIT and DARE led to significant increases in type I fibres when compared to CIT, while DARE led to significantly increased lipid content in type I fibres compared to IIT. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that alterations in lipid content with insulin treatment and DARE are primarily evident in type I fibres, suggesting that muscle lipotoxicity in type 1 diabetes is muscle fibre-type dependant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David P McBey
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, Medical Sciences Building 227, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Michelle Dotzert
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, Medical Sciences Building 227, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - C W J Melling
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, Medical Sciences Building 227, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tadano K, Okamoto Y, Isobe T, Mori S, Suzuki H, Minami M, Sakae T. Changes in skeletal muscle diffusion parameters owing to intramyocellular lipid. Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 73:70-75. [PMID: 32853758 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several studies investigated the changes in diffusion of water molecules in skeletal muscle cells of lifestyle-related-disease patients who performed a hybrid training (HYBT) for six months. They reported that the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and all diffusion eigenvalues (λ1, λ2, and λ3) increased after the HYBT, owing to the enlargement of the intramyocellular diffusion space (intracellular space) caused by the muscular hypertrophy. We assumed that the HYBT promoted metabolism of the whole skeletal muscle including lipids, which reduced the amount of intramyocellular lipid (IMCL), and led to a secondary enlargement of the diffusion space in the skeletal muscle cells. However, the IMCL has to be a diffusion limiting factor in order to verify this hypothesis. Until now, there is no report on whether IMCL is a diffusion limiting factor for water molecules. The objective of this study was to examine whether the IMCL is a diffusion limiting factor in skeletal muscle cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a three-dimensional quantification of the IMCL in triceps surae muscles of lifestyle-related-disease patients and healthy volunteers. In addition, we measured the ADC in the volume of interest (VOI), diffusion anisotropy (FA), and diffusion eigenvalues (λ1, λ2, and λ3), and evaluated the correlations between these diffusion parameters and IMCL. RESULTS The results showed that the amount of IMCL was positively and negatively correlated with the FA and λ3, respectively, in lifestyle-related-disease patients. In addition, there was a weak negative correlation between IMCL and ADC, λ1, and λ2. There was no correlation between the amount of IMCL and diffusion parameters of healthy volunteers. DISCUSSION Above a certain amount, the IMCL correlates with the diffusion parameters. A higher amount of IMCL leads to smaller diffusion eigenvalues. This result suggested that IMCL possibility of influencing diffusion of water molecules in skeletal muscle cells. However, in order for the influence of IMCL to be reflected in the diffusion eigenvalues, it was needed large amount of IMCL existed, and we thought that the influence was smaller than the influence by the already reported cell membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiichi Tadano
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, 5-4-1 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8612, Japan.
| | - Yoshikazu Okamoto
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Tomonori Isobe
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Shintaro Mori
- Department of Early Childhood Education and Nurture, Tokiwa Junior College, 1-430-1, Miwa Mito, Ibaraki 310-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Manabu Minami
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Takeji Sakae
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cao P, Fan SJ, Wang AM, Xie VB, Qiao Z, Brittenham GM, Wu EX. Diffusion magnetic resonance monitors intramyocellular lipid droplet size in vivo. Magn Reson Med 2014; 73:59-69. [PMID: 24469956 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) droplets are dynamic organelles whose morphology reflects their vital roles in lipid synthesis, usage, and storage in muscle energy metabolism. To develop noninvasive means to measure droplet microstructure in vivo, we investigated the molecular diffusion behavior of IMCL with diffusion magnetic resonance spectroscopy. METHODS Using extremely large diffusion weighting, we measured the IMCL apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) in hindlimb muscle of rodents from normal feeding, 60-h fasting, streptozotocin-induced diabetic, and high-fat-diet-induced obese groups. RESULTS IMCL ADCs decreased markedly with diffusion time, confirming the restricted diffusion of lipid molecules within IMCL droplets. IMCL droplet size, determined by transmission electron microscopy, was closely correlated with ADC. IMCL ADC was sensitive to metabolic alterations, decreasing in the 60-h fasting and diabetic groups while increasing in the obese group. These findings indicated that the IMCL droplet size decreased following 60-h fasting and in STZ-induced diabetes but increased in high-fat-diet-induced obesity. CONCLUSION MR diffusion characterization of IMCL droplet size provides a unique means to examine the intracellular lipid dynamics and metabolic abnormalities in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cao
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shu-Juan Fan
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anna M Wang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Victor B Xie
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhongwei Qiao
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gary M Brittenham
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ed X Wu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bosma M, Sparks L, Hooiveld G, Jorgensen J, Houten S, Schrauwen P, Kersten S, Hesselink M. Overexpression of PLIN5 in skeletal muscle promotes oxidative gene expression and intramyocellular lipid content without compromising insulin sensitivity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:844-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
7
|
Re-evaluating lipotoxic triggers in skeletal muscle: Relating intramyocellular lipid metabolism to insulin sensitivity. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 51:36-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
8
|
Kaiser N, Cerasi E, Leibowitz G. Diet-induced diabetes in the sand rat (Psammomys obesus). Methods Mol Biol 2012; 933:89-102. [PMID: 22893403 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-068-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Insulin deficiency is the underlying cause of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. The gerbil Psammomys obesus (P. obesus) is a naturally insulin resistant rodent with tendency to develop diet-induced hyperglycemia associated with obesity. P. obesus does not exhibit hyperglycemia in its natural desert habitat, feeding on low caloric vegetation. However, when fed regular laboratory chow containing higher caloric density, the animals develop moderate obesity and hyperglycemia. Diabetes development and progression is very fast in P. obesus. The animals reach the irreversible hypoinsulinemic stage of the disease, in which a marked reduction of β-cell mass is apparent, within 4-6 weeks of high caloric diet. The present review describes the P. obesus of the Hebrew University colony, with emphasis on its use for the study of β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Kaiser
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wancewicz EV, Maier MA, Siwkowski AM, Albertshofer K, Winger TM, Berdeja A, Gaus H, Vickers TA, Bennett CF, Monia BP, Griffey RH, Nulf CJ, Hu J, Corey DR, Swayze EE, Kinberger GA. Peptide nucleic acids conjugated to short basic peptides show improved pharmacokinetics and antisense activity in adipose tissue. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3919-26. [PMID: 20420385 DOI: 10.1021/jm901489k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A peptide nucleic acid (PNA) targeting a splice junction of the murine PTEN primary transcript was covalently conjugated to various basic peptides. When systemically administered to healthy mice, the conjugates displayed sequence-specific alteration of PTEN mRNA splicing as well as inhibition of full length PTEN protein expression. Correlating activity with drug concentration in various tissues indicated strong tissue-dependence, with highest levels of activity observed in adipose tissue. While the presence of a peptide carrier was found to be crucial for efficient delivery to tissue, little difference was observed between the various peptides evaluated. A second PNA-conjugate targeting the murine insulin receptor primary transcript showed a similar activity profile, suggesting that short basic peptides can generally be used to effectively deliver peptide nucleic acids to adipose tissue.
Collapse
|
10
|
Effects of rosiglitazone on intramyocellular lipid accumulation in Psammomys obesus. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:235-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
11
|
Iyomasa MM, Issa JPM, Sosthines MCK, Oliveira AMD, Stuani MBS, Motoyama AA, Watanabe IS. Ultrastructural characteristics of the gerbil pterygoid medial muscle after experimental occlusal alteration. Micron 2009; 40:206-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|