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Ramachandrappa S, Raimondo A, Cali AM, Keogh JM, Henning E, Saeed S, Thompson A, Garg S, Bochukova EG, Brage S, Trowse V, Wheeler E, Sullivan AE, Dattani M, Clayton PE, Datta V, Bruning JB, Wareham NJ, O’Rahilly S, Peet DJ, Barroso I, Whitelaw ML, Farooqi IS, Farooqi IS. Rare variants in single-minded 1 (SIM1) are associated with severe obesity. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3042-50. [PMID: 23778139 PMCID: PMC3696558 DOI: 10.1172/jci68016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-minded 1 (SIM1) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor involved in the development and function of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Obesity has been reported in Sim1 haploinsufficient mice and in a patient with a balanced translocation disrupting SIM1. We sequenced the coding region of SIM1 in 2,100 patients with severe, early onset obesity and in 1,680 controls. Thirteen different heterozygous variants in SIM1 were identified in 28 unrelated severely obese patients. Nine of the 13 variants significantly reduced the ability of SIM1 to activate a SIM1-responsive reporter gene when studied in stably transfected cells coexpressing the heterodimeric partners of SIM1 (ARNT or ARNT2). SIM1 variants with reduced activity cosegregated with obesity in extended family studies with variable penetrance. We studied the phenotype of patients carrying variants that exhibited reduced activity in vitro. Variant carriers exhibited increased ad libitum food intake at a test meal, normal basal metabolic rate, and evidence of autonomic dysfunction. Eleven of the 13 probands had evidence of a neurobehavioral phenotype. The phenotypic similarities between patients with SIM1 deficiency and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) deficiency suggest that some of the effects of SIM1 deficiency on energy homeostasis are mediated by altered melanocortin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwetha Ramachandrappa
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Raimondo
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M.G. Cali
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Julia M. Keogh
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Elana Henning
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sadia Saeed
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Thompson
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sumedha Garg
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Elena G. Bochukova
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Soren Brage
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Trowse
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Wheeler
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Adrienne E. Sullivan
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mehul Dattani
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Peter E. Clayton
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Vippan Datta
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - John B. Bruning
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J. Wareham
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen O’Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Peet
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Ines Barroso
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Murray L. Whitelaw
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - I. Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
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