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Jin T, Lu H, Zhou Q, Chen D, Zeng Y, Shi J, Zhang Y, Wang X, Shen X, Cai X. H 2S-Releasing Versatile Montmorillonite Nanoformulation Trilogically Renovates the Gut Microenvironment for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Modulation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308092. [PMID: 38308198 PMCID: PMC11005690 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Abnormal activation of the intestinal mucosal immune system, resulting from damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier and extensive invasion by pathogens, contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Current first-line treatments for IBD have limited efficacy and significant side effects. An innovative H2S-releasing montmorillonite nanoformulation (DPs@MMT) capable of remodeling intestinal mucosal immune homeostasis, repairing the mucosal barrier, and modulating gut microbiota is developed by electrostatically adsorbing diallyl trisulfide-loaded peptide dendrimer nanogels (DATS@PDNs, abbreviated as DPs) onto the montmorillonite (MMT) surface. Upon rectal administration, DPs@MMT specifically binds to and covers the damaged mucosa, promoting the accumulation and subsequent internalization of DPs by activated immune cells in the IBD site. DPs release H2S intracellularly in response to glutathione, initiating multiple therapeutic effects. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that DPs@MMT effectively alleviates colitis by eliminating reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibiting inflammation, repairing the mucosal barrier, and eradicating pathogens. RNA sequencing revealed that DPs@MMT exerts significant immunoregulatory and mucosal barrier repair effects, by activating pathways such as Nrf2/HO-1, PI3K-AKT, and RAS/MAPK/AP-1, and inhibiting the p38/ERK MAPK, p65 NF-κB, and JAK-STAT3 pathways, as well as glycolysis. 16S rRNA sequencing demonstrated that DPs@MMT remodels the gut microbiota by eliminating pathogens and increasing probiotics. This study develops a promising nanoformulation for IBD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jin
- School and Hospital of StomatologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325027China
| | - Hongyang Lu
- School and Hospital of StomatologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325027China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of OtolaryngologyRuian People's HospitalThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325016China
| | - Dongfan Chen
- School and Hospital of StomatologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325027China
| | - Youyun Zeng
- School and Hospital of StomatologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325027China
| | - Jiayi Shi
- School and Hospital of StomatologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325027China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- School and Hospital of StomatologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325027China
| | - Xianwen Wang
- School of Biomedical EngineeringResearch and Engineering Center of Biomedical MaterialsAnhui Medical UniversityHefei230032China
| | - Xinkun Shen
- Department of OtolaryngologyRuian People's HospitalThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325016China
| | - Xiaojun Cai
- School and Hospital of StomatologyWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325027China
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2
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Cooke M, Kazanietz MG. Overarching roles of diacylglycerol signaling in cancer development and antitumor immunity. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabo0264. [PMID: 35412850 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abo0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol (DAG) is a lipid second messenger that is generated in response to extracellular stimuli and channels intracellular signals that affect mammalian cell proliferation, survival, and motility. DAG exerts a myriad of biological functions through protein kinase C (PKC) and other effectors, such as protein kinase D (PKD) isozymes and small GTPase-regulating proteins (such as RasGRPs). Imbalances in the fine-tuned homeostasis between DAG generation by phospholipase C (PLC) enzymes and termination by DAG kinases (DGKs), as well as dysregulation in the activity or abundance of DAG effectors, have been widely associated with tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. DAG is also a key orchestrator of T cell function and thus plays a major role in tumor immunosurveillance. In addition, DAG pathways shape the tumor ecosystem by arbitrating the complex, dynamic interaction between cancer cells and the immune landscape, hence representing powerful modifiers of immune checkpoint and adoptive T cell-directed immunotherapy. Exploiting the wide spectrum of DAG signals from an integrated perspective could underscore meaningful advances in targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Cooke
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
| | - Marcelo G Kazanietz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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3
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Regulation of the Small GTPase Ras and Its Relevance to Human Disease. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2262:19-43. [PMID: 33977469 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1190-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ras research has experienced a considerable boost in recent years, not least prompted by the Ras initiative launched by the NCI in 2013 ( https://www.cancer.gov/research/key-initiatives/ras ), accompanied and conditioned by a strongly reinvigorated determination within the Ras community to develop therapeutics attacking directly the Ras oncoproteins. As a member of the small G-protein superfamily, function and transforming activity of Ras all revolve about its GDP/GTP loading status. For one thing, the extent of GTP loading will determine the proportion of active Ras in the cell, with implications for intensity and quality of downstream signaling. But also the rate of nucleotide exchange, i.e., the Ras-GDP/GTP cycling rate, can have a major impact on Ras function, as illustrated perhaps most impressively by newly discovered fast-cycling oncogenic mutants of the Ras-related GTPase Rac1. Thus, while the last years have witnessed memorable new findings and technical developments in the Ras field, leading to an improved insight into many aspects of Ras biology, they have not jolted at the basics, but rather deepened our view of the fundamental regulatory principles of Ras activity control. In this brief review, we revisit the role and mechanisms of Ras nucleotide loading and its implications for cancer in the light of recent findings.
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4
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Zaballos MA, Acuña-Ruiz A, Morante M, Crespo P, Santisteban P. Regulators of the RAS-ERK pathway as therapeutic targets in thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R319-R344. [PMID: 30978703 DOI: 10.1530/erc-19-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is mostly an ERK-driven carcinoma, as up to 70% of thyroid carcinomas are caused by mutations that activate the RAS/ERK mitogenic signaling pathway. The incidence of thyroid cancer has been steadily increasing for the last four decades; yet, there is still no effective treatment for advanced thyroid carcinomas. Current research efforts are focused on impairing ERK signaling with small-molecule inhibitors, mainly at the level of BRAF and MEK. However, despite initial promising results in animal models, the clinical success of these inhibitors has been limited by the emergence of tumor resistance and relapse. The RAS/ERK pathway is an extremely complex signaling cascade with multiple points of control, offering many potential therapeutic targets: from the modulatory proteins regulating the activation state of RAS proteins to the scaffolding proteins of the pathway that provide spatial specificity to the signals, and finally, the negative feedbacks and phosphatases responsible for inactivating the pathway. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the biology of RAS/ERK regulators in human cancer highlighting relevant information on thyroid cancer and future areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Zaballos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Acuña-Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Morante
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Piero Crespo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Pilar Santisteban
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Ranzani M, Alifrangis C, Thompson NA, Rust AG, Allahyar A, Iyer V, Price S, Ellis P, Turner G, de Ridder J, McDermott U, Adams DJ. A lentiviral vector-based insertional mutagenesis screen identifies mechanisms of resistance to MAPK inhibitors in melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2018; 32:332-335. [PMID: 30218636 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ranzani
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Constantine Alifrangis
- Cancer Genome Project, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.,Division of Cancer, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nicola A Thompson
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alistair G Rust
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Tumour Profiling Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK
| | - Amin Allahyar
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, TU Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Vivek Iyer
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stacey Price
- Cancer Genome Project, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Peter Ellis
- Sequencing R&D, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gemma Turner
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeroen de Ridder
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, TU Delft, Delft, The Netherlands.,Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ultan McDermott
- Cancer Genome Project, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
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6
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Zhang Z, Ma M, Hu R, Xu B, Zong L, Wei H, Meng Y. RasGRP3, a Ras guanyl releasing protein 3 that contributes to malignant proliferation and aggressiveness in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 45:720-728. [PMID: 29461644 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide; however, clinical and pathological parameters have limited ability in discriminating between clinically significant and indolent ESCC. Since RasGRP3 transcript levels have prognostic value in discriminating ESCC with different clinical aggressiveness, we decided to investigate its putative oncogenic role in ESCC. We found that RasGRP3 was highly expressed in ESCC cells. Suppression of endogenous RasGRP3 expression in esophageal cell lines reduced Ras-GTP formation as well as AKT phosphorylation. RasGRP3 suppression also inhibited cell invasion and migration and reduced proliferation, demonstrating the importance of RasGRP3 for the transformed phenotype of melanoma cells. Suppression of RasGRP3 expression in these cells inhibited downstream RasGRP3 responses and suppressed cell growth and migration, confirming the functional role of RasGRP3 in the altered behaviour of these cells. This suggests that RasGRP3 may function as a Ras activator in the phosphoinositide signalling pathway and may potentially serve as a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziteng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Ronghang Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Baobin Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Ling Zong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Haixiang Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Yanhong Meng
- Department of Ultrasonography, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
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7
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Czikora A, Kedei N, Kalish H, Blumberg PM. Importance of the REM (Ras exchange) domain for membrane interactions by RasGRP3. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:2350-2360. [PMID: 28912101 PMCID: PMC5659902 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
RasGRP comprises a family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors, regulating the dissociation of GDP from Ras GTPases to enhance the formation of the active GTP-bound form. RasGRP1 possesses REM (Ras exchange), GEF (catalytic), EF-hand, C1, SuPT (suppressor of PT), and PT (plasma membrane-targeting) domains, among which the C1 domain drives membrane localization in response to diacylglycerol or phorbol ester and the PT domain recognizes phosphoinositides. The homologous family member RasGRP3 shows less plasma membrane localization. The objective of this study was to explore the role of the different domains of RasGRP3 in membrane translocation in response to phorbol esters. The full-length RasGRP3 shows limited translocation to the plasma membrane in response to PMA, even when the basic hydrophobic cluster in the PT domain, reported to be critical for RasGRP1 translocation to endogenous activators, is mutated to resemble that of RasGRP1. Moreover, exchange of the C-termini (SuPT-PT domain) of the two proteins had little effect on their plasma membrane translocation. On the other hand, while the C1 domain of RasGRP3 alone showed partial plasma membrane translocation, truncated RasGRP3 constructs, which contain the PT domain and are missing the REM, showed stronger translocation, indicating that the REM of RasGRP3 was a suppressor of its membrane interaction. The REM of RasGRP1 failed to show comparable suppression of RasGRP3 translocation. The marked differences between RasGRP3 and RasGRP1 in membrane interaction necessarily will contribute to their different behavior in cells and are relevant to the design of selective ligands as potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Czikora
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Noemi Kedei
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Heather Kalish
- Trans-NIH Shared Resource on Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science (BEPS), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) National Institutes of Health, United States
| | - Peter M Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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8
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Vercoulen Y, Kondo Y, Iwig JS, Janssen AB, White KA, Amini M, Barber DL, Kuriyan J, Roose JP. A Histidine pH sensor regulates activation of the Ras-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor RasGRP1. eLife 2017; 6:29002. [PMID: 28952923 PMCID: PMC5643099 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RasGRPs are guanine nucleotide exchange factors that are specific for Ras or Rap, and are important regulators of cellular signaling. Aberrant expression or mutation of RasGRPs results in disease. An analysis of RasGRP1 SNP variants led to the conclusion that the charge of His 212 in RasGRP1 alters signaling activity and plasma membrane recruitment, indicating that His 212 is a pH sensor that alters the balance between the inactive and active forms of RasGRP1. To understand the structural basis for this effect we compared the structure of autoinhibited RasGRP1, determined previously, to those of active RasGRP4:H-Ras and RasGRP2:Rap1b complexes. The transition from the autoinhibited to the active form of RasGRP1 involves the rearrangement of an inter-domain linker that displaces inhibitory inter-domain interactions. His 212 is located at the fulcrum of these conformational changes, and structural features in its vicinity are consistent with its function as a pH-dependent switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Vercoulen
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Yasushi Kondo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Iwig
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Axel B Janssen
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Katharine A White
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Mojtaba Amini
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Diane L Barber
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - John Kuriyan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, United States.,Divisions of Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, United States
| | - Jeroen P Roose
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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9
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Hu G, Zhou Y, Zhu Y, Zhou L, Ling R, Wu D, Mi L, Wang X, Dai D, Mao C, Chen D. Novel transduction of nutrient stress to Notch pathway by RasGRP3 promotes malignant aggressiveness in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2975-2984. [PMID: 29048643 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the process of enlarging of tumors, the dissolving tissue structures and remodeling endothelial cells for restoring gas exchange and nutritional support, further facilitate tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Activation of Ras plays a critical role in the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We therefore investigated whether Ras guanyl-releasing protein 3 (RasGRP3), a Ras activator, could promote metastasis by inducing vascular regeneration and further epithelial-mesenchymal transition under nutrient stress (NS). In the present study, we explored that the accumulation of RasGRP3 regulated vascular endothelial growth factor-A production, co-stimulated Notch pathway with high expression of Notch intracellular domain (NICD) and Hes1. Moreover, ESCC cells under NS increased the expression of vimentin, Snail, Slug and MMP9 proteins; while inhibition of Notch activation by DAPT (a γ-secretase inhibitor) or RasGRP3-targeted RNA interference prevented from the effect. In conclusion, these findings provide a new insight into the upregulation of RasGRP3 involved in Notch pathway activation in the development of ESCC, especially under nutrient deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Hu
- Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Yuepeng Zhou
- Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Rui Ling
- Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Dan Wu
- Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Lei Mi
- Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Dongfang Dai
- Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Chaoming Mao
- Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Deyu Chen
- Institute of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
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10
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Qiu W, Xia X, Qiu Z, Guo M, Yang Z. RasGRP3 controls cell proliferation and migration in papillary thyroid cancer by regulating the Akt-MDM2 pathway. Gene 2017; 633:35-41. [PMID: 28864115 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that Ras guanylnucleotide releasing peptide 3 (RasGRP3) is up-regulated in several distinct cancer types; however, its role in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that RasGRP3 was overexpressed in PTC tissues and cell lines. Downregulation of RasGRP3 using small interfering (si) RNA significantly inhibited PTC cell proliferation and migration in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo, reflecting an oncogenic role of RasGRP3 in PTC. We subsequently identified that the expression of mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) was significantly decreased in RasGRP3-downregulated PTC cells. Overexpression of MDM2 attenuated the function of si-RasGRP3. Taken together, our data show that RasGRP3 exerts its oncogenic effect in PTC through Akt-mediated MDM2 activation. RasGRP3 may serve as a potential new therapeutic target for PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangwang Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiaotian Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zhongling Qiu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Minggao Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zhili Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
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11
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Elhalem E, Donadío LG, Zhou X, Lewin NE, Garcia LC, Lai CC, Kelley JA, Peach ML, Blumberg PM, Comin MJ. Exploring the influence of indololactone structure on selectivity for binding to the C1 domains of PKCα, PKCε, and RasGRP. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2971-2980. [PMID: 28392275 PMCID: PMC5493039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
C1 domain-containing proteins, such as protein kinase C (PKC), have a central role in cellular signal transduction. Their involvement in many diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and immunological and neurological disorders has been extensively demonstrated and has prompted a search for small molecules to modulate their activity. By employing a diacylglycerol (DAG)-lactone template, we have been able to develop ultra potent analogs of diacylglycerol with nanomolar binding affinities approaching those of complex natural products such as phorbol esters and bryostatins. One current challenge is the development of selective ligands capable of discriminating between different protein family members. Recently, structure-activity relationship studies have shown that the introduction of an indole ring as a DAG-lactone substituent yielded selective Ras guanine nucleotide-releasing protein (RasGRP1) activators when compared to PKCα and PKCε. In the present work, we examine the effects of ligand selectivity relative to the orientation of the indole ring and the nature of the DAG-lactone template itself. Our results show that the indole ring must be attached to the lactone moiety through the sn-2 position in order to achieve RasGRP1 selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Elhalem
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Center of Research and Development in Chemistry, National Institute of Industrial Technology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía Gandolfi Donadío
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Center of Research and Development in Chemistry, National Institute of Industrial Technology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Xiaoling Zhou
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nancy E Lewin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lia C Garcia
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Center of Research and Development in Chemistry, National Institute of Industrial Technology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christopher C Lai
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - James A Kelley
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Megan L Peach
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Chemical Biology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Peter M Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - María J Comin
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Center of Research and Development in Chemistry, National Institute of Industrial Technology, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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12
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Chen X, Wu Q, Depeille P, Chen P, Thornton S, Kalirai H, Coupland SE, Roose JP, Bastian BC. RasGRP3 Mediates MAPK Pathway Activation in GNAQ Mutant Uveal Melanoma. Cancer Cell 2017; 31:685-696.e6. [PMID: 28486107 PMCID: PMC5499527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Constitutive activation of Gαq signaling by mutations in GNAQ or GNA11 occurs in over 80% of uveal melanomas (UMs) and activates MAPK. Protein kinase C (PKC) has been implicated as a link, but the mechanistic details remained unclear. We identified PKC δ and ɛ as required and sufficient to activate MAPK in GNAQ mutant melanomas. MAPK activation depends on Ras and is caused by RasGRP3, which is significantly and selectively overexpressed in response to GNAQ/11 mutation in UM. RasGRP3 activation occurs via PKC δ- and ɛ-dependent phosphorylation and PKC-independent, DAG-mediated membrane recruitment, possibly explaining the limited effect of PKC inhibitors to durably suppress MAPK in UM. The findings nominate RasGRP3 as a therapeutic target for cancers driven by oncogenic GNAQ/11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Qiuxia Wu
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Philippe Depeille
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Peirong Chen
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sophie Thornton
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Mewdicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Helen Kalirai
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Mewdicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Sarah E Coupland
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Mewdicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Jeroen P Roose
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Boris C Bastian
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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13
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Doktor TK, Hua Y, Andersen HS, Brøner S, Liu YH, Wieckowska A, Dembic M, Bruun GH, Krainer AR, Andresen BS. RNA-sequencing of a mouse-model of spinal muscular atrophy reveals tissue-wide changes in splicing of U12-dependent introns. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 45:395-416. [PMID: 27557711 PMCID: PMC5224493 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disorder caused by insufficient levels of the Survival of Motor Neuron (SMN) protein. SMN is expressed ubiquitously and functions in RNA processing pathways that include trafficking of mRNA and assembly of snRNP complexes. Importantly, SMA severity is correlated with decreased snRNP assembly activity. In particular, the minor spliceosomal snRNPs are affected, and some U12-dependent introns have been reported to be aberrantly spliced in patient cells and animal models. SMA is characterized by loss of motor neurons, but the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. It is likely that aberrant splicing of genes expressed in motor neurons is involved in SMA pathogenesis, but increasing evidence indicates that pathologies also exist in other tissues. We present here a comprehensive RNA-seq study that covers multiple tissues in an SMA mouse model. We show elevated U12-intron retention in all examined tissues from SMA mice, and that U12-dependent intron retention is induced upon siRNA knock-down of SMN in HeLa cells. Furthermore, we show that retention of U12-dependent introns is mitigated by ASO treatment of SMA mice and that many transcriptional changes are reversed. Finally, we report on missplicing of several Ca2+ channel genes that may explain disrupted Ca2+ homeostasis in SMA and activation of Cdk5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Koed Doktor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark.,The Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Yimin Hua
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Henriette Skovgaard Andersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark.,The Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Sabrina Brøner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark.,The Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Ying Hsiu Liu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Anna Wieckowska
- Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology, Division of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-243 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maja Dembic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark.,The Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Gitte Hoffmann Bruun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark.,The Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Adrian R Krainer
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Brage Storstein Andresen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark .,The Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
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14
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Bossi D, Cicalese A, Dellino GI, Luzi L, Riva L, D'Alesio C, Diaferia GR, Carugo A, Cavallaro E, Piccioni R, Barberis M, Mazzarol G, Testori A, Punzi S, Pallavicini I, Tosti G, Giacó L, Melloni G, Heffernan TP, Natoli G, Draetta GF, Minucci S, Pelicci P, Lanfrancone L. In Vivo Genetic Screens of Patient-Derived Tumors Revealed Unexpected Frailty of the Transformed Phenotype. Cancer Discov 2016; 6:650-63. [PMID: 27179036 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The identification of genes maintaining cancer growth is critical to our understanding of tumorigenesis. We report the first in vivo genetic screen of patient-derived tumors, using metastatic melanomas and targeting 236 chromatin genes by expression of specific shRNA libraries. Our screens revealed unprecedented numerosity of genes indispensable for tumor growth (∼50% of tested genes) and unexpected functional heterogeneity among patients (<15% in common). Notably, these genes were not activated by somatic mutations in the same patients and are therefore distinguished from mutated cancer driver genes. We analyzed underlying molecular mechanisms of one of the identified genes, the Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase KMT2D, and showed that it promotes tumorigenesis by dysregulating a subset of transcriptional enhancers and target genes involved in cell migration. The assembly of enhancer genomic patterns by activated KMT2D was highly patient-specific, regardless of the identity of transcriptional targets, suggesting that KMT2D might be activated by distinct upstream signaling pathways. SIGNIFICANCE Drug targeting of biologically relevant cancer-associated mutations is considered a critical strategy to control cancer growth. Our functional in vivo genetic screens of patient-derived tumors showed unprecedented numerosity and interpatient heterogeneity of genes that are essential for tumor growth, but not mutated, suggesting that multiple, patient-specific signaling pathways are activated in tumors. Cancer Discov; 6(6); 650-63. ©2016 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 561.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bossi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Cicalese
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaetano I Dellino
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy. Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucilla Luzi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Riva
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Carolina D'Alesio
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe R Diaferia
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Carugo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy. Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Elena Cavallaro
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossana Piccioni
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Barberis
- Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Testori
- Division of Dermatoncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Punzi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Pallavicini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Tosti
- Division of Dermatoncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Giacó
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Melloni
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Timothy P Heffernan
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gioacchino Natoli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio F Draetta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Saverio Minucci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy. Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - PierGiuseppe Pelicci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy. Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Lanfrancone
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.
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15
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Multani S, Pradhan S, Saranath D. Gene polymorphisms and oral cancer risk in tobacco habitués. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:6169-76. [PMID: 26614431 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4448-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer incidence of 77,003 poses a major health concern in India, with 5-10 % tobacco habitués developing oral cancer. The current study examined the role of specific genomic variants in oral cancer. We examined five genomic variants represented as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes associated with cell proliferation and cellular invasion. The SNPs rs2124437 (RASGRP3), rs1335022 (GRIK2), rs4512367 (PREX2), rs4748011 (CCDC3), and rs1435218 (LNX1) were analyzed in 500 histopathologically confirmed oral cancers and 500 healthy controls with a minimum of 10 years of tobacco usage. Allelic discrimination real-time PCR SYBR Green assay was used. The genotypic and allelic frequencies between cases and controls were analyzed using SPSS software (version 19) and odds ratio (OR) using Hutchon.net, indicating increased risk to oral cancers. A significant association of the SNPs in oral cancer was observed in RASGRP3 AA (rs2124437) (p < 0.000, OR 1.34, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.76), GRIK2 TT (rs1335022) (p = 0.008, OR 1.58, 95 % CI 1.23-2.03), PREX2 CC (p = 0.008, OR 1.56, 95 % CI 1.15-2.1), and TT (p < 0.000, OR 2.77, 1.68-4.57) genotypes, whereas the heterozygous genotypes showed higher frequencies in controls, i.e., GRIK2 CT (rs1335022) (p = 0.029, OR 0.68, 95 % CI 0.53-0.87) and PREX2 CT (p = 0.004, OR 0.49, 95 % CI 0.37-0.64), indicating protection. Coinheritance of the SNPs was associated with further increase in the risk. Thus, the SNP genotypes in the three genes, present singly or as a coinherited panel constituted "Predictive Biomarkers" indicating increased risk of oral cancer in tobacco habitués.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaleen Multani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia, School of Science, NMIMS (deemed-to-be) University, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India
| | - Sultan Pradhan
- Prince Aly Khan Hospital, Nesbit Road, Mazagaon, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400010, India
| | - Dhananjaya Saranath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia, School of Science, NMIMS (deemed-to-be) University, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India.
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16
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RasGRP3 regulates the migration of glioma cells via interaction with Arp3. Oncotarget 2015; 6:1850-64. [PMID: 25682201 PMCID: PMC4359336 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive primary brain tumors, are highly infiltrative. Although GBM express high Ras activity and Ras proteins have been implicated in gliomagenesis, Ras-activating mutations are not frequent in these tumors. RasGRP3, an important signaling protein responsive to diacylglycerol (DAG), increases Ras activation. Here, we examined the expression and functions of RasGRP3 in GBM and glioma cells. RasGRP3 expression was upregulated in GBM specimens and glioma stem cells compared with normal brains and neural stem cells, respectively. RasGRP3 activated Ras and Rap1 in glioma cells and increased cell migration and invasion partially via Ras activation. Using pull-down assay and mass spectroscopy we identified the actin-related protein, Arp3, as a novel interacting protein of RasGRP3. The interaction of RasGRP3 and Arp3 was validated by immunofluorescence staining and co-immunoprecipitation, and PMA, which activates RasGRP3 and induces its translocation to the peri-nuclear region, increased the association of Arp3 and RasGRP3. Arp3 was upregulated in GBM, regulated cell spreading and migration and its silencing partially decreased these effects of RasGRP3 in glioma cells. In summary, RasGRP3 acts as an important integrating signaling protein of the DAG and Ras signaling pathways and actin polymerization and represents an important therapeutic target in GBM.
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17
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Depeille P, Henricks LM, van de Ven RAH, Lemmens E, Wang CY, Matli M, Werb Z, Haigis KM, Donner D, Warren R, Roose JP. RasGRP1 opposes proliferative EGFR-SOS1-Ras signals and restricts intestinal epithelial cell growth. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:804-15. [PMID: 26005835 PMCID: PMC4652934 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The character of EGFR signals can influence cell fate but mechanistic insights into intestinal EGFR-Ras signalling are limited. Here we show that two distinct Ras nucleotide exchange factors, RasGRP1 and SOS1, lie downstream of EGFR but act in functional opposition. RasGRP1 is expressed in intestinal crypts where it restricts epithelial growth. High RasGRP1 expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) patient samples correlates with a better clinical outcome. Biochemically, we find that RasGRP1 creates a negative feedback loop that limits proliferative EGFR-SOS1-Ras signals in CRC cells. Genetic Rasgrp1 depletion from mice with either an activating mutation in KRas or with aberrant Wnt signalling due to a mutation in Apc resulted in both cases in exacerbated Ras-ERK signalling and cell proliferation. The unexpected opposing cell biological effects of EGFR-RasGRP1 and EGFR-SOS1 signals in the same cell shed light on the intricacy of EGFR-Ras signalling in normal epithelium and carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Depeille
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Linda M. Henricks
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Robert A. H. van de Ven
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Ed Lemmens
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Chih-Yang Wang
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Mary Matli
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Kevin M. Haigis
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - David Donner
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Robert Warren
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Jeroen P. Roose
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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18
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Björner S, Fitzpatrick PA, Li Y, Allred C, Howell A, Ringberg A, Olsson H, Miller CJ, Axelson H, Landberg G. Epithelial and stromal microRNA signatures of columnar cell hyperplasia linking Let-7c to precancerous and cancerous breast cancer cell proliferation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105099. [PMID: 25122196 PMCID: PMC4133372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Columnar cell hyperplasia (CCH) is the earliest histologically identifiable breast lesion linked to cancer progression and is characterized by increased proliferation, decreased apoptosis and elevated oestrogen receptor α (ERα) expression. The mechanisms underlying the initiation of these lesions have not been clarified but might involve early and fundamental changes in cancer progression. MiRNAs are key regulators of several biological processes, acting by influencing the post-transcriptional regulation of numerous targets, thus making miRNAs potential candidates in cancer initiation. Here we have defined novel epithelial as well as stromal miRNA signatures from columnar cell hyperplasia lesions compared to normal terminal duct lobular units by using microdissection and miRNA microarrays. Let-7c were among the identified downregulated epithelial miRNAs and its functions were delineated in unique CCH derived cells and breast cancer cell line MCF-7 suggesting anti-proliferative traits potentially due to effects on Myb and ERα. MiR-132 was upregulated in the stroma surrounding CCH compared to stoma surrounding normal terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs), and overexpression of miR-132 in immortalized fibroblasts and in fibroblasts co-cultured with epithelial CCH cells caused substantial expression changes of genes involved in metabolism, DNA damage and cell motility. The miRNA signatures identified in CCH indicate early changes in the epithelial and stromal compartment of CCH and could represent early key alterations in breast cancer progression that potentially could be targeted in novel prevention or treatment schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Björner
- Center for Molecular Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, The Christie National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul A. Fitzpatrick
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yaoyong Li
- Cancer Research UK Applied Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Allred
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Anthony Howell
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, The Christie National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Ringberg
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, SUS Malmö, Institute of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Håkan Olsson
- Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Crispin J. Miller
- Cancer Research UK Applied Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Håkan Axelson
- Translational Cancer Research, Medicon Village, Department of Laboratory Medicine Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Göran Landberg
- Center for Molecular Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, The Christie National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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Garcia LC, Donadío LG, Mann E, Kolusheva S, Kedei N, Lewin NE, Hill CS, Kelsey JS, Yang J, Esch TE, Santos M, Peach ML, Kelley JA, Blumberg PM, Jelinek R, Marquez VE, Comin MJ. Synthesis, biological, and biophysical studies of DAG-indololactones designed as selective activators of RasGRP. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3123-40. [PMID: 24794745 PMCID: PMC4104769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of selective agents capable of discriminating between protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms and other diacylglycerol (DAG)-responsive C1 domain-containing proteins represents an important challenge. Recent studies have highlighted the role that Ras guanine nucleotide-releasing protein (RasGRP) isoforms play both in immune responses as well as in the development of prostate cancer and melanoma, suggesting that the discovery of selective ligands could have potential therapeutic value. Thus far, the N-methyl-substituted indololactone 1 is the agonist with the highest reported potency and selectivity for RasGRP relative to PKC. Here we present the synthesis, binding studies, cellular assays and biophysical analysis of interactions with model membranes of a family of regioisomers of 1 (compounds 2-5) that differ in the position of the linkage between the indole ring and the lactone moiety. These structural variations were studied to explore the interaction of the active complex (C1 domain-ligand) with cellular membranes, which is believed to be an important factor for selectivity in the activation of DAG-responsive C1 domain containing signaling proteins. All compounds were potent and selective activators of RasGRP when compared to PKCα with selectivities ranging from 6 to 65 fold. However, the parent compound 1 was appreciably more selective than any of the other isomers. In intact cells, modest differences in the patterns of translocation of the C1 domain targets were observed. Biophysical studies using giant vesicles as model membranes did show substantial differences in terms of molecular interactions impacting lipid organization, dynamics and membrane insertion. However, these differences did not yield correspondingly large changes in patterns of biological response, at least for the parameters examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia C Garcia
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Center of Research and Development in Chemistry, National Institute of Industrial Technology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucia Gandolfi Donadío
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Center of Research and Development in Chemistry, National Institute of Industrial Technology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ella Mann
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Sofiya Kolusheva
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Noemi Kedei
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nancy E Lewin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Colin S Hill
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jessica S Kelsey
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Timothy E Esch
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marina Santos
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Center of Research and Development in Chemistry, National Institute of Industrial Technology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Megan L Peach
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical, Inc., Chemical Biology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - James A Kelley
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Molecular Discovery Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Peter M Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Raz Jelinek
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Victor E Marquez
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Molecular Discovery Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Maria J Comin
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Center of Research and Development in Chemistry, National Institute of Industrial Technology, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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20
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Nagy Z, Kovács I, Török M, Tóth D, Vereb G, Buzás K, Juhász I, Blumberg PM, Bíró T, Czifra G. Function of RasGRP3 in the formation and progression of human breast cancer. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:96. [PMID: 24779681 PMCID: PMC4113147 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RasGEFs) mediate the activation of the Ras signaling pathway that is over activated in many human cancers. The RasGRP3, an activator of H-Ras and R-Ras protein exerts oncogenic effects and the overexpression of the protein is observed in numerous malignant cancer types. Here, we investigated the putative alteration of expression and potential function of RasGRP3 in the formation and progression of human breast cancer. Methods The RasGRP3 and phosphoRasGRP3 expressions were examined in human invasive ductal adenocarcinoma derived samples and cell lines (BT-474, JIMT-1, MCF7, SK-BR-3, MDA-MB-453, T-47D) both in mRNA (Q-PCR) and protein (Western blot; immunohistochemistry) levels. To explore the biological function of the protein, RasGRP3 knockdown cultures were established. To assess the role of RasGRP3 in the viability of cells, annexin-V/PI staining and MitoProbe™ DilC1 (5) assay were performed. To clarify the function of the protein in cell proliferation and in the development of chemotherapeutic resistance, CyQuant assay was performed. To observe the RasGRP3 function in tumor formation, the Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse model was used. To investigate the role of the protein in Ras-related signaling Q-PCR and Western blot experiments were performed. Results RasGRP3 expression was elevated in human breast tumor tissue samples as well as in multiple human breast cancer cell lines. Down-regulation of RasGRP3 expression in breast cancer cells decreased cell proliferation, induced apoptosis in MCF7 cells, and sensitized T-47D cells to the action of drugs Tamoxifen and trastuzumab (Herceptin). Gene silencing of RasGRP3 reduced tumor formation in mouse xenografts as well. Inhibition of RasGRP3 expression also reduced Akt, ERK1/2 and estrogen receptor alpha phosphorylation downstream from IGF-I insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I) or epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation confirming the functional role of RasGRP3 in the altered behavior of these cells. Conclusions Taken together, our results suggest that the Ras activator RasGRP3 may have a role in the pathological behavior of breast cancer cells and may constitute a therapeutic target for human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gabriella Czifra
- DE-MTA "Lendület" Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Nagyerdei krt, 98, PO Box 22, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary.
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Nakachi I, Rice JL, Coldren CD, Edwards MG, Stearman RS, Glidewell SC, Varella-Garcia M, Franklin WA, Keith RL, Lewis MT, Gao B, Merrick DT, Miller YE, Geraci MW. Application of SNP microarrays to the genome-wide analysis of chromosomal instability in premalignant airway lesions. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 7:255-65. [PMID: 24346345 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-12-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability is central to the process of carcinogenesis. The genome-wide detection of somatic chromosomal alterations (SCA) in small premalignant lesions remains challenging because sample heterogeneity dilutes the aberrant cell information. To overcome this hurdle, we focused on the B allele frequency data from single-nucleotide polymorphism microarrays (SNP arrays). The difference of allelic fractions between paired tumor and normal samples from the same patient (delta-θ) provides a simple but sensitive detection of SCA in the affected tissue. We applied the delta-θ approach to small, heterogeneous clinical specimens, including endobronchial biopsies and brushings. Regions identified by delta-θ were validated by FISH and quantitative PCR in heterogeneous samples. Distinctive genomic variations were successfully detected across the whole genome in all invasive cancer cases (6 of 6), carcinoma in situ (3 of 3), and high-grade dysplasia (severe or moderate; 3 of 11). Not only well-described SCAs in lung squamous cell carcinoma, but also several novel chromosomal alterations were frequently found across the preinvasive dysplastic cases. Within these novel regions, losses of putative tumor suppressors (RNF20 and SSBP2) and an amplification of RASGRP3 gene with oncogenic activity were observed. Widespread sampling of the airway during bronchoscopy demonstrated that field cancerization reflected by SCAs at multiple sites was detectable. SNP arrays combined with delta-θ analysis can detect SCAs in heterogeneous clinical sample and expand our ability to assess genomic instability in the airway epithelium as a biomarker of lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Nakachi
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700, East 19th Avenue, RC2 9th Floor, Aurora, CO 80045.
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Ksionda O, Limnander A, Roose JP. RasGRP Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors in cancer. FRONTIERS IN BIOLOGY 2013; 8:508-532. [PMID: 24744772 PMCID: PMC3987922 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-013-1276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RasGRP proteins are activators of Ras and other related small GTPases by the virtue of functioning as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). In vertebrates, four RasGRP family members have been described. RasGRP-1 through -4 share many structural domains but there are also subtle differences between each of the different family members. Whereas SOS RasGEFs are ubiquitously expressed, RasGRP proteins are expressed in distinct patterns, such as in different cells of the hematopoietic system and in the brain. Most studies have concentrated on the role of RasGRP proteins in the development and function of immune cell types because of the predominant RasGRP expression profiles in these cells and the immune phenotypes of mice deficient for Rasgrp genes. However, more recent studies demonstrate that RasGRPs also play an important role in tumorigenesis. Examples are skin- and hematological-cancers but also solid malignancies such as melanoma or prostate cancer. These novel studies bring up many new and unanswered questions related to the molecular mechanism of RasGRP-driven oncogenesis, such as new receptor systems that RasGRP appears to respond to as well as regulatory mechanism for RasGRP expression that appear to be perturbed in these cancers. Here we will review some of the known aspects of RasGRP biology in lymphocytes and will discuss the exciting new notion that RasGRP Ras exchange factors play a role in oncogenesis downstream of various growth factor receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ksionda
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andre Limnander
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeroen P. Roose
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Jun JE, Rubio I, Roose JP. Regulation of ras exchange factors and cellular localization of ras activation by lipid messengers in T cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:239. [PMID: 24027568 PMCID: PMC3762125 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras-MAPK signaling pathway is highly conserved throughout evolution and is activated downstream of a wide range of receptor stimuli. Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RasGEFs) catalyze GTP loading of Ras and play a pivotal role in regulating receptor-ligand induced Ras activity. In T cells, three families of functionally important RasGEFs are expressed: RasGRF, RasGRP, and Son of Sevenless (SOS)-family GEFs. Early on it was recognized that Ras activation is critical for T cell development and that the RasGEFs play an important role herein. More recent work has revealed that nuances in Ras activation appear to significantly impact T cell development and selection. These nuances include distinct biochemical patterns of analog versus digital Ras activation, differences in cellular localization of Ras activation, and intricate interplays between the RasGEFs during distinct T cell developmental stages as revealed by various new mouse models. In many instances, the exact nature of these nuances in Ras activation or how these may result from fine-tuning of the RasGEFs is not understood. One large group of biomolecules critically involved in the control of RasGEFs functions are lipid second messengers. Multiple, yet distinct lipid products are generated following T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation and bind to different domains in the RasGRP and SOS RasGEFs to facilitate the activation of the membrane-anchored Ras GTPases. In this review we highlight how different lipid-based elements are generated by various enzymes downstream of the TCR and other receptors and how these dynamic and interrelated lipid products may fine-tune Ras activation by RasGEFs in developing T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse E Jun
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA , USA
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Song X, Lopez-Campistrous A, Sun L, Dower NA, Kedei N, Yang J, Kelsey JS, Lewin NE, Esch TE, Blumberg PM, Stone JC. RasGRPs are targets of the anti-cancer agent ingenol-3-angelate. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72331. [PMID: 23991094 PMCID: PMC3749120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ingenol-3–angelate (I3A) is a non-tumor promoting phorbol ester-like compound identified in the sap of Euphoria peplus. Similar to tumor promoting phorbol esters, I3A is a diacylglycerol (DAG) analogue that binds with high affinity to the C1 domains of PKCs, recruits PKCs to cellular membranes and promotes enzyme activation. Numerous anti-cancer activities have been attributed to I3A and ascribed to I3A’s effects on PKCs. We show here that I3A also binds to and activates members of the RasGRP family of Ras activators leading to robust elevation of Ras-GTP and engagement of the Raf-Mek-Erk kinase cascade. In response to I3A, recombinant proteins consisting of GFP fused separately to full-length RasGRP1 and RasGRP3 were rapidly recruited to cell membranes, consistent with direct binding of the compound to RasGRP’s C1 domain. In the case of RasGRP3, IA3 treatment led to positive regulatory phosphorylation on T133 and activation of the candidate regulatory kinase PKCδ. I3A treatment of select B non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma cell lines resulted in quantitative and qualitative changes in Bcl-2 family member proteins and induction of apoptosis, as previously demonstrated with the DAG analogue bryostatin 1 and its synthetic analogue pico. Our results offer further insights into the anticancer properties of I3A, support the idea that RasGRPs represent potential cancer therapeutic targets along with PKC, and expand the known range of ligands for RasGRP regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Song
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Lucy Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nancy A. Dower
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Noemi Kedei
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jing Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jessica S. Kelsey
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nancy E. Lewin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tim E. Esch
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter M. Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James C. Stone
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Iwig JS, Vercoulen Y, Das R, Barros T, Limnander A, Che Y, Pelton JG, Wemmer DE, Roose JP, Kuriyan J. Structural analysis of autoinhibition in the Ras-specific exchange factor RasGRP1. eLife 2013; 2:e00813. [PMID: 23908768 PMCID: PMC3728621 DOI: 10.7554/elife.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RasGRP1 and SOS are Ras-specific nucleotide exchange factors that have distinct roles in lymphocyte development. RasGRP1 is important in some cancers and autoimmune diseases but, in contrast to SOS, its regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. Activating signals lead to the membrane recruitment of RasGRP1 and Ras engagement, but it is unclear how interactions between RasGRP1 and Ras are suppressed in the absence of such signals. We present a crystal structure of a fragment of RasGRP1 in which the Ras-binding site is blocked by an interdomain linker and the membrane-interaction surface of RasGRP1 is hidden within a dimerization interface that may be stabilized by the C-terminal oligomerization domain. NMR data demonstrate that calcium binding to the regulatory module generates substantial conformational changes that are incompatible with the inactive assembly. These features allow RasGRP1 to be maintained in an inactive state that is poised for activation by calcium and membrane-localization signals. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00813.001 Individual cells within the human body must grow, divide or specialize to perform the tasks required of them. The fates of these cells are often directed by proteins in the Ras family, which detect signals from elsewhere in the body and orchestrate responses within each cell. The activities of these proteins must be tightly controlled, because cancers and developmental diseases can result if Ras proteins are not properly regulated. Binding to the small molecule GTP activates Ras and causes conformational changes that allow it to interact with other proteins in various signaling pathways in the cell. GTP is loaded into Ras by proteins called nucleotide exchange factors, which can replace ‘used’ nucleotides with ‘fresh’ ones to activate Ras. These nucleotide exchange factors are also tightly regulated. For example, the genes for many exchange factors are only switched on after particular signals are received, which can restrict their presence to defined times and locations (e.g., cells or tissues). Also, when activating signals are absent, nucleotide exchange factors commonly reside in the cytoplasm, whereas the Ras proteins remain bound to lipid membranes inside the cell. RasGRP1 is a nucleotide exchange factor that controls the development of immune cells, and leukemia and lupus can result if it is not regulated correctly. However, many questions about RasGRP1 remain unanswered, including how it is able to remain inactive, and how it is activated by various different signals. Iwig et al. have now revealed the mechanisms through which RasGRP1 suppresses Ras signaling in immune cells by solving the structures of two fragments of RasGRP1 and then using a combination of structural, biochemical and cell-based methods to explore how it is activated. These analyses revealed that inactive RasGRP1 adopts a conformation in which one of its regulatory elements blocks access to the Ras binding site. Surprisingly, RasGRP1 can form dimers; this hides the portions of the protein that associate with the membrane and thereby keeps RasGRP1 away from Ras. Iwig et al. also found that two signals, calcium ions and a lipid called diacylglycerol, overcome these inhibitory mechanisms by changing the conformation of RasGRP1 and recruiting it to the membrane. These studies provide a framework for understanding how disease-associated mutations in RasGRP1 bypass the regulatory mechanisms that insure proper immune cell development, and will be critical for developing therapeutic agents that inhibit RasGRP1 activity. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00813.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Iwig
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , United States ; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , United States
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Hartzell C, Ksionda O, Lemmens E, Coakley K, Yang M, Dail M, Harvey RC, Govern C, Bakker J, Lenstra TL, Ammon K, Boeter A, Winter SS, Loh M, Shannon K, Chakraborty AK, Wabl M, Roose JP. Dysregulated RasGRP1 responds to cytokine receptor input in T cell leukemogenesis. Sci Signal 2013; 6:ra21. [PMID: 23532335 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced signaling by the small guanosine triphosphatase Ras is common in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL), but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We identified the guanine nucleotide exchange factor RasGRP1 (Rasgrp1 in mice) as a Ras activator that contributes to leukemogenesis. We found increased RasGRP1 expression in many pediatric T-ALL patients, which is not observed in rare early T cell precursor T-ALL patients with KRAS and NRAS mutations, such as K-Ras(G12D). Leukemia screens in wild-type mice, but not in mice expressing the mutant K-Ras(G12D) that encodes a constitutively active Ras, yielded frequent retroviral insertions that led to increased Rasgrp1 expression. Rasgrp1 and oncogenic K-Ras(G12D) promoted T-ALL through distinct mechanisms. In K-Ras(G12D) T-ALLs, enhanced Ras activation had to be uncoupled from cell cycle arrest to promote cell proliferation. In mouse T-ALL cells with increased Rasgrp1 expression, we found that Rasgrp1 contributed to a previously uncharacterized cytokine receptor-activated Ras pathway that stimulated the proliferation of T-ALL cells in vivo, which was accompanied by dynamic patterns of activation of effector kinases downstream of Ras in individual T-ALLs. Reduction of Rasgrp1 abundance reduced cytokine-stimulated Ras signaling and decreased the proliferation of T-ALL in vivo. The position of RasGRP1 downstream of cytokine receptors as well as the different clinical outcomes that we observed as a function of RasGRP1 abundance make RasGRP1 an attractive future stratification marker for T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Hartzell
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Heller ER, Gor A, Wang D, Hu Q, Lucchese A, Kanduc D, Katdare M, Liu S, Sinha AA. Molecular signatures of basal cell carcinoma susceptibility and pathogenesis: a genomic approach. Int J Oncol 2012; 42:583-96. [PMID: 23229765 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression profiling can be useful for phenotypic classification, investigation of functional pathways, and to facilitate the search for disease risk genes through the integration of transcriptional data with available genomic information. To enhance our understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) we performed global gene expression analysis to generate a disease-associated transcriptional profile. A gene signature composed of 331 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was generated from comparing 4 lesional and 4 site-matched control samples using Affymetrix Human Genome U95A microarrays. Hierarchical clustering based on the obtained gene signature separated the samples into their corresponding phenotype. Pathway analysis identified several significantly overrepresented pathways including PPAR-γ signaling, TGF-β signaling and lipid metabolism, as well as confirmed the importance of SHH and p53 in the pathogenesis of BCC. Comparison of our microarray data with previous microarray studies revealed 13 DEGs overlapping in 3 studies. Several of these overlapping genes function in lipid metabolism or are components of the extracellular matrix, suggesting the importance of these and related pathways in BCC pathogenesis. BCC-associated DEGs were mapped to previously reported BCC susceptibility loci including 1p36, 1q42, 5p13.3, 5p15 and 12q11-13. Our analysis also revealed transcriptional 'hot spots' on chromosome 5 which help to confirm (5p13 and 5p15) and suggest novel (5q11.2-14.3, 5q22.1-23.3 and 5q31-35.3) disease susceptibility loci/regions. Integrating microarray analyses with reported genetic information helps to confirm and suggest novel disease susceptibility loci/regions. Identification of these specific genomic and/or transcriptional targets may lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Rose Heller
- Department of Dermatology, State University of New York at Buffalo and Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Chen Y, Soong J, Mohanty S, Xu L, Scott G. The neural guidance receptor Plexin C1 delays melanoma progression. Oncogene 2012; 32:4941-9. [PMID: 23160370 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plexin C1 is a type I transmembrane receptor with intrinsic R-Ras GTPase activity, which regulates cytoskeletal remodeling and adhesion in normal human melanocytes. Melanocytes are pigment-producing cells of the epidermis, precursors for melanoma, and express high levels of Plexin C1, which is lost in melanoma in vitro and in vivo. To determine if Plexin C1 is a tumor suppressor for melanoma, we introduced Plexin C1 into a primary human melanoma cell line, and phenotypes including migration, apoptosis, proliferation and tumor growth in mice were analyzed. Complimentary studies in which Plexin C1 was silenced in human melanocytes were performed. Plexin C1 significantly inhibited migration and proliferation in melanoma, whereas in melanocytes, loss of Plexin C1 increased migration and proliferation. In mouse xenografts, Plexin C1 delayed tumor growth of melanoma at early time points, but tumors eventually escaped the suppressive effects of Plexin C1, due to Plexin C1-dependent activation of the pro-survival protein Akt. R-Ras activation stimulates melanoma migration. Plexin C1 lowered R-Ras activity in melanoma and melanocytes, consistent with inhibitory effects of Plexin C1 on migration of melanocytes and melanoma. To determine if R-Ras is expressed in melanocytic lesions in vivo, staining of tissue microarrays of nevi and melanoma were performed. R-Ras expression was highly limited in melanocytic lesions, being essentially confined to primary melanoma, and almost completely absent in nevi and metastatic melanoma. These data suggest that loss of Plexin C1 in melanoma may promote early steps in melanoma progression through suppression of migration and proliferation, but pro-survival effects of Plexin C1 ultimately abrogate the tumor suppressive effects of Plexin C1. In primary melanoma, loss of Plexin C1 may function in early steps of melanoma progression by releasing inhibition of R-Ras activation, and stimulating migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
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Overexpression of IL-1 receptor accessory protein in stem and progenitor cells and outcome correlation in AML and MDS. Blood 2012; 120:1290-8. [PMID: 22723552 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-01-404699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular and interpatient heterogeneity and the involvement of different stem and progenitor compartments in leukemogenesis are challenges for the identification of common pathways contributing to the initiation and maintenance of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here we used a strategy of parallel transcriptional analysis of phenotypic long-term hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), short-term HSCs, and granulocyte-monocyte progenitors from individuals with high-risk (-7/7q-) AML and compared them with the corresponding cell populations from healthy controls. This analysis revealed dysregulated expression of 11 genes, including IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP), in all leukemic stem and progenitor cell compartments. IL1RAP protein was found to be overexpressed on the surface of HSCs of AML patients, and marked cells with the -7/7q- anomaly. IL1RAP was also overexpressed on HSCs of patients with normal karyotype AML and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome, suggesting a pervasive role in different disease subtypes. High IL1RAP expression was independently associated with poor overall survival in 3 independent cohorts of AML patients (P = 2.2 × 10(-7)). Knockdown of IL1RAP decreased clonogenicity and increased cell death of AML cells. Our study identified genes dysregulated in stem and progenitor cells in -7/7q- AML, and suggests that IL1RAP may be a promising therapeutic and prognostic target in AML and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome.
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Liu L, Wang YD, Wu J, Cui J, Chen T. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A): a transcriptional target of PAX3-FKHR and mediates PAX3-FKHR-dependent motility in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cells. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:154. [PMID: 22533991 PMCID: PMC3453510 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) has a high propensity to metastasize, leading to its aggressiveness and a poor survival rate among those with the disease. More than 80% of aggressive ARMSs harbor a PAX3-FKHR fusion transcription factor, which regulates cell migration and promotes metastasis, most likely by regulating the fusion protein’s transcriptional targets. Therefore, identifying druggable transcription targets of PAX3-FKHR that are also downstream effectors of PAX3-FKHR–mediated cell migration and metastasis may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for treating ARMS. Methods To identify genes whose expression is directly affected by the level of PAX3-FKHR in an ARMS cellular-context, we first developed an ARMS cell line in which PAX3-FKHR is stably down-regulated, and showed that stably downregulating PAX3-FKHR in ARMS cells significantly decreased the cells’ motility. We used microarray analysis to identify genes whose expression level decreased when PAX3-FKHR was downregulated. We used mutational analysis, promoter reporter assays, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays to determine whether PAX3-FKHR binds to the promoter region of the target gene. We used siRNA and pharmacologic inhibitor to downregulate the target gene of PAX3-FKHR and investigated the effect of such downregulation on cell motility. Results We found that when PAX3-FKHR was downregulated, the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) decreased. We showed that PAX3-FKHR binds to a paired-domain binding-site in the CPT1A promoter region, indicating that CPT1A is a novel transcriptional target of PAX3-FKHR. Furthermore, downregulating CPT1A decreased cell motility in ARMS cells, indicating that CPT1A is a downstream effector of PAX3-FKHR–mediated cell migration and metastasis. Conclusions Taken together, we have identified CPT1A as a novel transcriptional target of PAX3-FKHR and revealed the novel function of CPT1A in promoting cell motility. CPT1A may represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of ARMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St, Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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