1
|
Kaushal JB, Takkar S, Batra SK, Siddiqui JA. Diverse landscape of genetically engineered mouse models: Genomic and molecular insights into prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2024; 593:216954. [PMID: 38735382 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a significant health concern for men worldwide and is particularly prevalent in the United States. It is a complex disease presenting different molecular subtypes and varying degrees of aggressiveness. Transgenic/genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) greatly enhanced our understanding of the intricate molecular processes that underlie PCa progression and have offered valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets for this disease. The integration of whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing, along with expression profiling, has played a pivotal role in advancing GEMMs by facilitating the identification of genetic alterations driving PCa development. This review focuses on genetically modified mice classified into the first and second generations of PCa models. We summarize whether models created by manipulating the function of specific genes replicate the consequences of genomic alterations observed in human PCa, including early and later disease stages. We discuss cases where GEMMs did not fully exhibit the expected human PCa phenotypes and possible causes of the failure. Here, we summarize the comprehensive understanding, recent advances, strengths and limitations of the GEMMs in advancing our insights into PCa, offering genetic and molecular perspectives for developing novel GEMM models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti B Kaushal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Simran Takkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA.
| | - Jawed A Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE-68198, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Raina K, Kant R, Prasad RR, Kandhari K, Tomar M, Mishra N, Kumar R, Fox JT, Sei S, Shoemaker RH, Chen Y, Maroni P, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Characterization of stage-specific tumor progression in TMPRSS2-ERG (fusion)-driven and non-fusion-driven prostate cancer in GEM models. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:717-734. [PMID: 35452553 PMCID: PMC10007524 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we performed a comparative stage-specific pathological and molecular marker evaluation of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion and PTEN loss-driven (TMPRSS2-ERG. Ptenflox/flox ) versus non-fusion-driven prostate tumorigenesis (Hi-Myc) in mice. Anterior, ventral, and dorsolateral prostates were collected from mice at different ages (or time points post-Cre induction). Results indicated that growth and progression of prostatic intraepithelial lesions to adenocarcinoma stages occurred in both mice models albeit at different rates. In the TMPRSS2-ERG. Ptenflox/flox mice, the initiation of tumorigenesis was slow, but subsequent progression through different stages became increasingly faster. Adenocarcinoma stage was reached early on; however, no high-grade undifferentiated tumors were observed. Conversely, in the Hi-Myc+/- mice, tumorigenesis initiation was rapid; however, progression through different stages was relatively slower and it took a while to reach the more aggressive phenotype stage. Nevertheless, at the advanced stages in the Hi-Myc+/- mice, high-grade undifferentiated tumors were observed compared to the later stage tumors observed in the fusion-driven TMPRSS2-ERG. Ptenflox/flox mice. These results were corroborated by the stage specific-pattern in the molecular expression of proliferation markers (PCNA and c-Myc); androgen receptor (AR); fusion-resultant overexpression of ERG; Prostein (SLC45-A3); and angiogenesis marker (CD-31). Importantly, there was a significant increase in immune cell infiltrations, which increased with the stage of tumorigenesis, in the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion-positive tumors relative to fusion negative tumors. Together, these findings are both novel and highly significant in establishing a working preclinical model for evaluating the efficacy of interventions during different stages of tumorigenesis in TMPRSS2-ERG fusion-driven PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Komal Raina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Rama Kant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ram R Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kushal Kandhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Munendra Tomar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Neha Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Robin Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Jennifer T Fox
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shizuko Sei
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert H Shoemaker
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul Maroni
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kang J, La Manna F, Bonollo F, Sampson N, Alberts IL, Mingels C, Afshar-Oromieh A, Thalmann GN, Karkampouna S. Tumor microenvironment mechanisms and bone metastatic disease progression of prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2022; 530:156-169. [PMID: 35051532 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During disease progression from primary towards metastatic prostate cancer (PCa), and in particular bone metastases, the tumor microenvironment (TME) evolves in parallel with the cancer clones, altering extracellular matrix composition (ECM), vasculature architecture, and recruiting specialized tumor-supporting cells that favor tumor spread and colonization at distant sites. We introduce the clinical profile of advanced metastatic PCa in terms of common genetic alterations. Findings from recently developed models of PCa metastatic spread are discussed, focusing mainly on the role of the TME (mainly matrix and fibroblast cell types), at distinct stages: premetastatic niche orchestrated by the primary tumor towards the metastatic site and bone metastasis. We report evidence of premetastatic niche formation, such as the mechanisms of distant site conditioning by extracellular vesicles, chemokines and other tumor-derived mechanisms, including altered cancer cell-ECM interactions. Furthermore, evidence supporting the similarities of stroma alterations among the primary PCa and bone metastasis, and contribution of TME to androgen deprivation therapy resistance are also discussed. We summarize the available bone metastasis transgenic mouse models of PCa from a perspective of pro-metastatic TME alterations during disease progression and give an update on the current diagnostic and therapeutic radiological strategies for bone metastasis clinical management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juening Kang
- Department for BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Federico La Manna
- Department for BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Bonollo
- Department for BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Natalie Sampson
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ian L Alberts
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Clemens Mingels
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ali Afshar-Oromieh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - George N Thalmann
- Department for BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sofia Karkampouna
- Department for BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yan Y, Zhou B, Qian C, Vasquez A, Kamra M, Chatterjee A, Lee YJ, Yuan X, Ellis L, Di Vizio D, Posadas EM, Kyprianou N, Knudsen BS, Shah K, Murali R, Gertych A, You S, Freeman MR, Yang W. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) stabilizes c-Myc and is a therapeutic target in prostate cancer metastasis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:669. [PMID: 35115556 PMCID: PMC8813925 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in prostate cancer (PC) therapeutics, distant metastasis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality from PC. Thus, there is growing recognition that preventing or delaying PC metastasis holds great potential for substantially improving patient outcomes. Here we show receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) is a clinically actionable target for inhibiting PC metastasis. RIPK2 is amplified/gained in ~65% of lethal metastatic castration-resistant PC. Its overexpression is associated with disease progression and poor prognosis, and its genetic knockout substantially reduces PC metastasis. Multi-level proteomics analyses reveal that RIPK2 strongly regulates the stability and activity of c-Myc (a driver of metastasis), largely via binding to and activating mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7), which we identify as a direct c-Myc-S62 kinase. RIPK2 inhibition by preclinical and clinical drugs inactivates the noncanonical RIPK2/MKK7/c-Myc pathway and effectively impairs PC metastatic outgrowth. These results support targeting RIPK2 signaling to extend metastasis-free and overall survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwu Yan
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- InterVenn Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chen Qian
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alex Vasquez
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mohini Kamra
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Avradip Chatterjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yeon-Joo Lee
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaopu Yuan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leigh Ellis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edwin M Posadas
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kavita Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ramachandran Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arkadiusz Gertych
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Use of RNA-Seq and a Transgenic Mouse Model to Identify Genes Which May Contribute to Mutant p53-Driven Prostate Cancer Initiation. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020218. [PMID: 35205085 PMCID: PMC8869245 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary We use RNA-seq analysis to identify genes that may contribute to mutant p53-mediated prostate cancer initiation in a genetically engineered mouse model (B6.129S4-Trp53tm3.1Tyj/J). A total of 1378 differentially expressed genes, including wildtype p53 target genes (e.g. Cdkn1a, Bax, Bcl2, Kras, Mdm2), p53 gain-of-function-related genes (Mgmt, Id4), and prostate cancer-related genes (Cav-1, Raf1, Kras), were identified. Mice that were homozygous or heterozygous for the Trp53 R270H mutation developed grade one PIN lesions at 3 months and 5 months, respectively, whereas wildtype mice did not develop PIN. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed decreased levels of irradiation-mediated apoptosis in homozygous and heterozygous mice when compared to wildtype counterparts, and this aligned with observed differences in apoptosis-related gene expression. Abstract We previously demonstrated that the Trp53-R270H mutation can drive prostate cancer (CaP) initiation using the FVB.129S4 (Trp53tm3Tyj/wt); FVB.129S (Nkx3-1tm3(cre)Mmswt) genetically engineered mouse model (GEM). We now validate this finding in a different model (B6.129S4-Trp53tm3.1Tyj/J mice) and use RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) to identify genes which may contribute to Trp53 R270H-mediated prostate carcinogenesis. Wildtype (Trp53WT/WT), heterozygous (Trp53R270H/WT), and homozygous mice (Trp53R270H/R270H) were exposed to 5 Gy irradiation to activate and stabilize p53, and thereby enhance our ability to identify differences in transcriptional activity between the three groups of mice. Mouse prostates were harvested 6 h post-irradiation and processed for histological/immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis or were snap-frozen for RNA extraction and transcriptome profiling. IHC analyses determined that presence of the Trp53-R270H mutation impacts apoptosis (lower caspase 3 activity) but not cell proliferation (Ki67). RNA-Seq analysis identified 1378 differentially expressed genes, including wildtype p53 target genes (E.g., Cdkn1a, Bax, Bcl2, Kras, Mdm2), p53 gain-of-function (GOF)-related genes (Mgmt, Id4), and CaP-related genes (Cav-1, Raf1, Kras). Further understanding the mechanisms which contribute to prostate carcinogenesis could allow for the development of improved preventive methods, diagnostics, and treatments for CaP.
Collapse
|
6
|
Tang DE, Dai Y, He JX, Lin LW, Leng QX, Geng XY, Fu DX, Jiang HW, Xu SH. Targeting the KDM4B-AR-c-Myc axis promotes sensitivity to androgen receptor-targeted therapy in advanced prostate cancer. J Pathol 2020; 252:101-113. [PMID: 32617978 DOI: 10.1002/path.5495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The histone demethylase KDM4B functions as a key co-activator for the androgen receptor (AR) and plays a vital in multiple cancers through controlling gene expression by epigenetic regulation of H3K9 methylation marks. Constitutively active androgen receptor confers anti-androgen resistance in advanced prostate cancer. However, the role of KDM4B in resistance to next-generation anti-androgens and the mechanisms of KDM4B regulation are poorly defined. Here we found that KDM4B is overexpressed in enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cells. Overexpression of KDM4B promoted recruitment of AR to the c-Myc (MYC) gene enhancer and induced H3K9 demethylation, increasing AR-dependent transcription of c-Myc mRNA, which regulates the sensitivity to next-generation AR-targeted therapy. Inhibition of KDM4B significantly inhibited prostate tumor cell growth in xenografts, and improved enzalutamide treatments through suppression of c-Myc. Clinically, KDM4B expression was found upregulated and to correlate with prostate cancer progression and poor prognosis. Our results revealed a novel mechanism of anti-androgen resistance via histone demethylase alteration which could be targeted through inhibition of KDM4B to reduce AR-dependent c-Myc expression and overcome resistance to AR-targeted therapies. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-E Tang
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yong Dai
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Jia-Xi He
- Department of Pathology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lie-Wen Lin
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Qi-Xin Leng
- Department of Pathology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xin-Yan Geng
- Department of Biochemistry, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - De-Xue Fu
- Department of Surgery, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hao-Wu Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Song-Hui Xu
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China.,Department of Pathology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lineage plasticity in cancer: a shared pathway of therapeutic resistance. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2020; 17:360-371. [PMID: 32152485 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-020-0340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lineage plasticity, the ability of cells to transition from one committed developmental pathway to another, has been proposed as a source of intratumoural heterogeneity and of tumour adaptation to an adverse tumour microenvironment including exposure to targeted anticancer treatments. Tumour cell conversion into a different histological subtype has been associated with a loss of dependency on the original oncogenic driver, leading to therapeutic resistance. A well-known pathway of lineage plasticity in cancer - the histological transformation of adenocarcinomas to aggressive neuroendocrine derivatives - was initially described in lung cancers harbouring an EGFR mutation, and was subsequently reported in multiple other adenocarcinomas, including prostate cancer in the presence of antiandrogens. Squamous transformation is a subsequently identified and less well-characterized pathway of adenocarcinoma escape from suppressive anticancer therapy. The increased practice of tumour re-biopsy upon disease progression has increased the recognition of these mechanisms of resistance and has improved our understanding of the underlying biology. In this Review, we provide an overview of the impact of lineage plasticity on cancer progression and therapy resistance, with a focus on neuroendocrine transformation in lung and prostate tumours. We discuss the current understanding of the molecular drivers of this phenomenon, emerging management strategies and open questions in the field.
Collapse
|
8
|
Cui X, Piao C, Lv C, Lin X, Zhang Z, Liu X. ZNFX1 anti-sense RNA 1 promotes the tumorigenesis of prostate cancer by regulating c-Myc expression via a regulatory network of competing endogenous RNAs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1135-1152. [PMID: 31321444 PMCID: PMC11104963 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ZNFX1 anti-sense RNA 1 (ZFAS1) has been indicated in the tumorigenesis of various human cancers. However, the role of ZFAS1 in prostate cancer (PCa) progression and the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. In the present study, we discovered that ZFAS1 is upregulated in PCa and that ZFAS1 overexpression predicted poor clinical outcomes. ZFAS1 overexpression notably promoted the proliferation, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of PCa cells. Furthermore, we not only discovered that miR-27a/15a/16 are targeted by ZFAS1, which binds to their miRNA-response elements, but also revealed their tumor suppressor roles in PCa. We also identified that the Hippo pathway transducer YAP1, as well as its cooperator, TEAD1, are common downstream targets of miR-27a/15a/16. In addition, H3K9 demethylase KDM3A was found to be another target gene of miR-27a. Importantly, YAP1, TEAD1, and KDM3A all act as strong c-Myc inducers in an androgen-independent manner. Taken together, we suggest a regulatory network in which ZFAS1 is capable of enhancing c-Myc expression by inducing the expression of YAP1, TEAD1, and KDM3A through crosstalk with their upstream miRNAs, thereby globally promoting prostate cancer tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Cui
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Chiyuan Piao
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Chengcheng Lv
- Department of Urology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China
| | - Xuyong Lin
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xiankui Liu
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yu C, Hu K, Nguyen D, Wang ZA. From genomics to functions: preclinical mouse models for understanding oncogenic pathways in prostate cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:2079-2102. [PMID: 31720076 PMCID: PMC6834478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing has revealed numerous genomic alterations that induce aberrant signaling activities in prostate cancer (PCa). Among them are pathways affecting multiple cancer types, including the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, p53, Rb, Ras/Raf/MAPK, Myc, FGF, and Wnt signaling pathways, as well as ones that are prominent in PCa, including alterations in genes of AR signaling, the ETS family, NKX3.1, and SPOP. Cross talk among the oncogenic pathways can confer PCa resistance to therapy, particularly in advanced tumors, which are castration-resistant or show neuroendocrine features. Various experimental models, such as cancer cell lines, animal models, and patient-derived xenografts and organoids have been utilized to dissect PCa progression mechanisms. Here, we review the current preclinical mouse models for studying the most commonly altered pathways in PCa, with an emphasis on their interplays. We highlight the power of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) in translating genomic discoveries into understanding of the functions of these oncogenic events in vivo. Developing and analyzing PCa mouse models will undoubtedly continue to offer new insights into tumor biology and guide novel rationalized therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Kevin Hu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Daniel Nguyen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Zhu A Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ebron JS, Shankar E, Singh J, Sikand K, Weyman CM, Gupta S, Lindner DJ, Liu X, Campbell MJ, Shukla GC. MiR-644a Disrupts Oncogenic Transformation and Warburg Effect by Direct Modulation of Multiple Genes of Tumor-Promoting Pathways. Cancer Res 2019; 79:1844-1856. [PMID: 30808676 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is defined by tumor microenvironment heterogeneity affecting intrinsic cellular mechanisms including dysregulated androgen signaling, aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect), and aberrant activation of transcription factors including androgen receptor (AR) and c-Myc. Using in vitro, in vivo, and animal models, we find a direct correlation between miR-644a downregulation and dysregulation of essential cellular processes. MiR-644a downregulated expression of diverse tumor microenvironment drivers including c-Myc, AR coregulators, and antiapoptosis factors Bcl-xl and Bcl2. Moreover, miR-644a modulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by directly targeting EMT-promoting factors ZEB1, cdk6, and Snail. Finally, miR-644a expression suppresses the Warburg effect by direct targeting of c-Myc, Akt, IGF1R, and GAPDH expression. RNA sequencing analysis revealed an analogous downregulation of these factors in animal tumor xenografts. These data demonstrate miR-644a mediated fine-tuning of oncogenesis, stimulating pathways and resultant potentiation of enzalutamide therapy in CRPC patients. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates that miR-644a therapeutically influences the CRPC tumor microenvironment by suppressing androgen signaling and additional genes involved in metabolism, proliferation, Warburg effect, and EMT, to potentiate the enzalutamide therapy.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/8/1844/F1.large.jpg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jey S Ebron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Eswar Shankar
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jagjit Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kavleen Sikand
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Crystal M Weyman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Daniel J Lindner
- Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Moray J Campbell
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Girish C Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio. .,Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Cancer Biology, Learner Research institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Arriaga JM, Abate-Shen C. Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Prostate Cancer in the Postgenomic Era. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a030528. [PMID: 29661807 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a030528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent genomic sequencing analyses have unveiled the spectrum of genomic alterations that occur in primary and advanced prostate cancer, raising the question of whether the corresponding genes are functionally relevant for prostate tumorigenesis, and whether such functions are associated with particular disease stages. In this review, we describe genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of prostate cancer, focusing on those that model genomic alterations known to occur in human prostate cancer. We consider whether the phenotypes of GEMMs based on gain or loss of function of the relevant genes provide reliable counterparts to study the predicted consequences of the corresponding genomic alterations as occur in human prostate cancer, and we discuss exceptions in which the GEMMs do not fully emulate the expected phenotypes. Last, we highlight future directions for the generation of new GEMMs of prostate cancer and consider how we can use GEMMs most effectively to decipher the biological and molecular mechanisms of disease progression, as well as to tackle clinically relevant questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Arriaga
- Departments of Urology, Medicine, Systems Biology, and Pathology and Cell Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Cory Abate-Shen
- Departments of Urology, Medicine, Systems Biology, and Pathology and Cell Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang S, Ekoue DN, Raj GV, Kittler R. Targeting the turnover of oncoproteins as a new avenue for therapeutics development in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 438:86-96. [PMID: 30217566 PMCID: PMC6186492 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The current therapeutic armamentarium for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) includes second-generation agents such as the Androgen Receptor (AR) inhibitor enzalutamide and the androgen synthesis inhibitor abiraterone acetate, immunotherapies like sipuleucel-T, chemotherapies including docetaxel and cabazitaxel and the radiopharmaceutical radium 223 dichloride. However, relapse of CRPC resistant to these therapeutic modalities occur rapidly. The mechanisms of resistance to these treatments are complex, including specific mutations or alternative splicing of oncogenic proteins. An alternative approach to treating CRPC may be to target the turnover of these molecular drivers of CRPC. In this review, the mechanisms by which protein stability of several oncoproteins such as AR, ERG, GR, CYP17A1 and MYC, will be discussed, as well as how these findings could be translated into novel therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Dede N Ekoue
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ralf Kittler
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mandel A, Larsson P, Sarwar M, Semenas J, Syed Khaja AS, Persson JL. The interplay between AR, EGF receptor and MMP-9 signaling pathways in invasive prostate cancer. Mol Med 2018; 24:34. [PMID: 30134822 PMCID: PMC6020326 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-018-0035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metastatic Prostate cancer (PCa) cells have gained survival and invasive advantages. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor is a receptor tyrosine kinase, which may mediate signalling to promote progression and invasion of various cancers. In this study, we uncovered the molecular mechanisms underlying the interconnection among the androgen receptor (AR), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) and EGFR in promoting PCa progression. Methods Immunohistochemical analysis of the tissue microarrays consisting of primary and metastatic PCa tissues was performed. The clinical importance of EGFR and its association with survivals were analyzed using three cohorts from MSKCC Prostate Oncogenome Project dataset (For primary tumors, n = 181; for metastatic tumors n = 37) and The Cancer Genome Atlas Prostate Adenocarcinoma Provisional dataset (n = 495). Targeted overexpression or inhibition of the proteins of interests was introduced into PCa cell lines. Treatment of PCa cell lines with the compounds was conducted. Immunoblot analysis was performed. Results We showed that AR, MMP-9 and EGFR are interconnect factors, which may cooperatively promote PCa progression. Altered EGFR expression was associated with poor disease-free survival in PCa patients. Induced overexpression of AR led to an increase in the expression of EGFR, p-GSK-3β and decrease in p27 expression in PCa cell lines in the presence of androgen stimulation. Overexpression of MMP9 significantly induced EGFR expression in PCa cells. Inhibition of PIP5K1α, a lipid kinase that acts upstream of PI3K/AKT greatly reduced expressions of AR, MMP-9 and EGFR. Conclusions Our findings also suggest that PCa cells may utilize AR, EGFR and MMP-9 pathways in androgen-dependent as well as in castration-resistant conditions. Our data suggest a new therapeutic potential to block cancer metastasis by targeting AR, EGFR and MMP-9 pathways in subsets of PCa patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mandel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per Larsson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Martuza Sarwar
- Division of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gatan 35, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Julius Semenas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Jenny L Persson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden. .,Division of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gatan 35, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ruggero K, Farran-Matas S, Martinez-Tebar A, Aytes A. Epigenetic Regulation in Prostate Cancer Progression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4:101-115. [PMID: 29888169 PMCID: PMC5976687 DOI: 10.1007/s40610-018-0095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review An important number of newly identified molecular alterations in prostate cancer affect gene encoding master regulators of chromatin biology epigenetic regulation. This review will provide an updated view of the key epigenetic mechanisms underlying prostate cancer progression, therapy resistance, and potential actionable mechanisms and biomarkers. Recent Findings Key players in chromatin biology and epigenetic master regulators has been recently described to be crucially altered in metastatic CRPC and tumors that progress to AR independency. As such, epigenetic dysregulation represents a driving mechanism in the reprograming of prostate cancer cells as they lose AR-imposed identity. Summary Chromatin integrity and accessibility for transcriptional regulation are key features altered in cancer progression, and particularly relevant in nuclear hormone receptor-driven tumors like prostate cancer. Understanding how chromatin remodeling dictates prostate development and how its deregulation contributes to prostate cancer onset and progression may improve risk stratification and treatment selection for prostate cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Ruggero
- Programs of Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapeutics in Oncology (ONCOBell), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, Granvia de l'Hopitalet, 199 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Farran-Matas
- Programs of Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapeutics in Oncology (ONCOBell), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, Granvia de l'Hopitalet, 199 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrian Martinez-Tebar
- Programs of Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapeutics in Oncology (ONCOBell), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, Granvia de l'Hopitalet, 199 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alvaro Aytes
- Programs of Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapeutics in Oncology (ONCOBell), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, Granvia de l'Hopitalet, 199 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.,Programs of Cancer Therapeutics Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jamaspishvili T, Berman DM, Ross AE, Scher HI, De Marzo AM, Squire JA, Lotan TL. Clinical implications of PTEN loss in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2018; 15:222-234. [PMID: 29460925 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2018.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genomic aberrations of the PTEN tumour suppressor gene are among the most common in prostate cancer. Inactivation of PTEN by deletion or mutation is identified in ∼20% of primary prostate tumour samples at radical prostatectomy and in as many as 50% of castration-resistant tumours. Loss of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) function leads to activation of the PI3K-AKT (phosphoinositide 3-kinase-RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase) pathway and is strongly associated with adverse oncological outcomes, making PTEN a potentially useful genomic marker to distinguish indolent from aggressive disease in patients with clinically localized tumours. At the other end of the disease spectrum, therapeutic compounds targeting nodes in the PI3K-AKT-mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) signalling pathway are being tested in clinical trials for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Knowledge of PTEN status might be helpful to identify patients who are more likely to benefit from these therapies. To enable the use of PTEN status as a prognostic and predictive biomarker, analytically validated assays have been developed for reliable and reproducible detection of PTEN loss in tumour tissue and in blood liquid biopsies. The use of clinical-grade assays in tumour tissue has shown a robust correlation between loss of PTEN and its protein as well as a strong association between PTEN loss and adverse pathological features and oncological outcomes. In advanced disease, assessing PTEN status in liquid biopsies shows promise in predicting response to targeted therapy. Finally, studies have shown that PTEN might have additional functions that are independent of the PI3K-AKT pathway, including those affecting tumour growth through modulation of the immune response and tumour microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Jamaspishvili
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - David M Berman
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashley E Ross
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Howard I Scher
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy A Squire
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Campus Universitario Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Tamara L Lotan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Unno K, Roh M, Yoo YA, Al-Shraideh Y, Wang L, Nonn L, Abdulkadir SA. Modeling African American prostate adenocarcinoma by inducing defined genetic alterations in organoids. Oncotarget 2017; 8:51264-51276. [PMID: 28881646 PMCID: PMC5584247 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic studies are rapidly identifying genetic alterations in human cancer, but functional validation of such alterations has been slow. Here, using human prostate cancer as a model, we have assessed the feasibility of engineering defined genetic alterations in well-known cancer driver genes to transform benign prostate epithelial organoids derived from African American men. Benign human prostate organoids were transduced with lentiviruses expressing MYC, shPTEN, shTP53 and AR, alone and in various combinations, to recapitulate prostate cancer development. Organoids expressing MYC, shPTEN, shTP53 and AR (denoted MPPA); MYC, shPTEN and shTP53 (MPP); or MYC (M) were significantly larger, had higher proliferation rates and demonstrated pathologically transformed morphology compared to organoids transduced with control lentivirus. Alterations in MYC, PTEN and TP53 also affected the rate of organoid basal-to-luminal differentiation in vitro. MPPA and MPP organoids expressed the clinical prostate cancer marker AMACR and developed prostate adenocarcinoma when grafted under the renal capsule in mice. These data indicate that genetic alterations commonly observed in human prostate cancer can be rapidly modeled in human organoid culture. Prostate cancer organoids provide a useful pre-clinical model for the evaluation of new candidate cancer genes, cancer disparities, and potentially for testing of novel therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Unno
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Meejeon Roh
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Young A Yoo
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yousef Al-Shraideh
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Larisa Nonn
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sarki A Abdulkadir
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rebello RJ, Pearson RB, Hannan RD, Furic L. Therapeutic Approaches Targeting MYC-Driven Prostate Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8020071. [PMID: 28212321 PMCID: PMC5333060 DOI: 10.3390/genes8020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcript encoding the proto-oncogene MYC is commonly overexpressed in prostate cancer (PC). MYC protein abundance is also increased in the majority of cases of advanced and metastatic castrate-resistant PC (mCRPC). Accordingly, the MYC-directed transcriptional program directly contributes to PC by upregulating the expression of a number of pro-tumorigenic factors involved in cell growth and proliferation. A key cellular process downstream of MYC activity is the regulation of ribosome biogenesis which sustains tumor growth. MYC activity also cooperates with the dysregulation of the phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR pathway to promote PC cell survival. Recent advances in the understanding of these interactions through the use of animal models have provided significant insight into the therapeutic efficacy of targeting MYC activity by interfering with its transcriptional program, and indirectly by targeting downstream cellular events linked to MYC transformation potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Rebello
- Prostate Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Richard B Pearson
- Oncogenic Signalling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Ross D Hannan
- Oncogenic Signalling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
- The ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Luc Furic
- Prostate Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fang X, Zhou W, Wu Q, Huang Z, Shi Y, Yang K, Chen C, Xie Q, Mack SC, Wang X, Carcaboso AM, Sloan AE, Ouyang G, McLendon RE, Bian XW, Rich JN, Bao S. Deubiquitinase USP13 maintains glioblastoma stem cells by antagonizing FBXL14-mediated Myc ubiquitination. J Exp Med 2016; 214:245-267. [PMID: 27923907 PMCID: PMC5206492 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fang et al. show that the deubiquitinase USP13 stabilizes c-Myc in glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) by counteracting FBXL14-mediated Myc ubiquitination. c-Myc stabilization maintains GSC self-renewal and tumorigenic potential. Glioblastoma is the most lethal brain tumor and harbors glioma stem cells (GSCs) with potent tumorigenic capacity. The function of GSCs in tumor propagation is maintained by several core transcriptional regulators including c-Myc. c-Myc protein is tightly regulated by posttranslational modification. However, the posttranslational regulatory mechanisms for c-Myc in GSCs have not been defined. In this study, we demonstrate that the deubiquitinase USP13 stabilizes c-Myc by antagonizing FBXL14-mediated ubiquitination to maintain GSC self-renewal and tumorigenic potential. USP13 was preferentially expressed in GSCs, and its depletion potently inhibited GSC proliferation and tumor growth by promoting c-Myc ubiquitination and degradation. In contrast, overexpression of the ubiquitin E3 ligase FBXL14 induced c-Myc degradation, promoted GSC differentiation, and inhibited tumor growth. Ectopic expression of the ubiquitin-insensitive mutant T58A–c-Myc rescued the effects caused by FBXL14 overexpression or USP13 disruption. These data suggest that USP13 and FBXL14 play opposing roles in the regulation of GSCs through reversible ubiquitination of c-Myc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Fang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Wenchao Zhou
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Qiulian Wu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Zhi Huang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195.,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Kailin Yang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195.,Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qi Xie
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Stephen C Mack
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Xiuxing Wang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Angel M Carcaboso
- Preclinical Therapeutics and Drug Delivery Research Program, Fundacio Sant Joan de Deu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew E Sloan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Gaoliang Ouyang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Roger E McLendon
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 .,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Shideng Bao
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 .,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The MYC oncogene plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of human cancers. It encodes a transcription factor that has broad reaching effects on many cellular functions, most importantly in driving cell growth through regulation of genes involved in ribosome biogenesis, metabolism, and cell cycle. Upon binding DNA with its partner MAX, MYC recruits factors that release paused RNA polymerases to drive transcription and amplify gene expression. At physiologic levels of MYC, occupancy of high-affinity DNA-binding sites drives 'house-keeping' metabolic genes and those involved in ribosome and mitochondrial biogenesis for biomass accumulation. At high oncogenic levels of MYC, invasion of low-affinity sites and enhancer sequences alter the transcriptome and cause metabolic imbalances, which activates stress response and checkpoints such as p53. Loss of checkpoints unleashes MYC's full oncogenic potential to couple metabolism with neoplastic cell growth and division. Cells that overexpress MYC, however, are vulnerable to metabolic perturbations that provide potential new avenues for cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
20
|
Hubbard GK, Mutton LN, Khalili M, McMullin RP, Hicks JL, Bianchi-Frias D, Horn LA, Kulac I, Moubarek MS, Nelson PS, Yegnasubramanian S, De Marzo AM, Bieberich CJ. Combined MYC Activation and Pten Loss Are Sufficient to Create Genomic Instability and Lethal Metastatic Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2015; 76:283-92. [PMID: 26554830 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Genetic instability, a hallmark feature of human cancers including prostatic adenocarcinomas, is considered a driver of metastasis. Somatic copy number alterations (CNA) are found in most aggressive primary human prostate cancers, and the overall number of such changes is increased in metastases. Chromosome 10q23 deletions, encompassing PTEN, and amplification of 8q24, harboring MYC, are frequently observed, and the presence of both together portends a high risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality. In extant genetically engineered mouse prostate cancer models (GEMM), isolated MYC overexpression or targeted Pten loss can each produce early prostate adenocarcinomas, but are not sufficient to induce genetic instability or metastases with high penetrance. Although a previous study showed that combining Pten loss with focal MYC overexpression in a small fraction of prostatic epithelial cells exhibits cooperativity in GEMMs, additional targeted Tp53 disruption was required for formation of metastases. We hypothesized that driving combined MYC overexpression and Pten loss using recently characterized Hoxb13 transcriptional control elements that are active in prostate luminal epithelial cells would induce the development of genomic instability and aggressive disease with metastatic potential. Neoplastic lesions that developed with either MYC activation alone (Hoxb13-MYC) or Pten loss alone (Hoxb13-Cre∣Pten(Fl/Fl)) failed to progress beyond prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and did not harbor genomic CNAs. By contrast, mice with both alterations (Hoxb13-MYC∣Hoxb13-Cre∣Pten(Fl/Fl), hereafter, BMPC mice) developed lethal adenocarcinoma with distant metastases and widespread genome CNAs that were independent of forced disruption of Tp53 and telomere shortening. BMPC cancers lacked neuroendocrine or sarcomatoid differentiation, features uncommon in human disease but common in other models of prostate cancer that metastasize. These data show that combined MYC activation and Pten loss driven by the Hoxb13 regulatory locus synergize to induce genomic instability and aggressive prostate cancer that phenocopies the human disease at the histologic and genomic levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen K Hubbard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laura N Mutton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - May Khalili
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ryan P McMullin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jessica L Hicks
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniella Bianchi-Frias
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lucas A Horn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ibrahim Kulac
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael S Moubarek
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. The Brady Urological Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles J Bieberich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Estrogen receptor alpha drives proliferation in PTEN-deficient prostate carcinoma by stimulating survival signaling, MYC expression and altering glucose sensitivity. Oncotarget 2015; 6:604-16. [PMID: 25436982 PMCID: PMC4359242 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While high doses of estrogen, in combination with androgens, can initiate prostate cancer (PCa) via activation of the estrogen receptor α (ERα), the role of ERα in PCa cells within established tumors is largely unknown. Here we show that expression of ERα is increased in high grade human PCa. Similarly, ERα is elevated in mouse models of aggressive PCa driven by MYC overexpression or deletion of PTEN. Within the prostate of PTEN-deficient mice, there is a progressive pattern of ERα expression: low in benign glands, moderate in tumors within the dorsal, lateral and ventral lobes, and high in tumors within the anterior prostate. This expression significantly correlates with the proliferation marker Ki67. Furthermore, in vitro knockdown of ERα in cells derived from PTEN-deficient tumors causes a significant and sustained decrease in proliferation. Depletion of ERα also reduces the activity of the PI3K and MAPK pathways, both downstream targets of non-genomic ERα action. Finally, ERα knockdown reduces the levels of the MYC protein and lowers the sensitivity of cellular proliferation to glucose withdrawal, which correlates with decreased expression of the glucose transporter GLUT1. Collectively, these results demonstrate that ERα orchestrates proliferation and metabolism to promote the neoplastic growth of PCa cells.
Collapse
|
23
|
Regulation of c-Myc expression by the histone demethylase JMJD1A is essential for prostate cancer cell growth and survival. Oncogene 2015; 35:2441-52. [PMID: 26279298 PMCID: PMC4757517 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The histone demethylase JMJD1A, which controls gene expression by epigenetic regulation of H3K9 methylation marks, functions in diverse activities, including spermatogenesis, metabolism and stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Here, we found that JMJD1A knockdown in prostate cancer cells antagonizes their proliferation and survival. Profiling array analyses revealed that JMJD1A-dependent genes function in cellular growth, proliferation and survival, and implicated that the c-Myc transcriptional network is deregulated following JMJD1A inhibition. Biochemical analyses confirmed that JMJD1A enhances c-Myc transcriptional activity by upregulating c-Myc expression levels. Mechanistically, JMJD1A activity promoted recruitment of androgen receptor (AR) to the c-Myc gene enhancer and induced H3K9 demethylation, increasing AR-dependent transcription of c-Myc mRNA. In parallel, we found that JMJD1A regulated c-Myc stability, likely by inhibiting HUWE1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase known to target degradation of several substrates including c-Myc. JMJD1A (wild type or mutant lacking histone demethylase activity) bound to HUWE1, attenuated HUWE1-dependent ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of c-Myc, increasing c-Myc protein levels. Furthermore, c-Myc knockdown in prostate cancer cells phenocopied effects of JMJD1A knockdown, and c-Myc re-expression in JMJD1A-knockdown cells partially rescued prostate cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. c-Myc protein levels were positively correlated with those of JMJD1A in a subset of human prostate cancer specimens. Collectively, our findings identify a critical role for JMJD1A in regulating proliferation and survival of prostate cancer cells by controlling c-Myc expression at transcriptional and post-translational levels.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mouse is an important, though imperfect, organism with which to model human disease and to discover and test novel drugs in a preclinical setting. Many experimental strategies have been used to discover new biological and molecular targets in the mouse, with the hopes of translating these discoveries into novel drugs to treat prostate cancer in humans. Modeling prostate cancer in the mouse, however, has been challenging, and often drugs that work in mice have failed in human trials. AREAS COVERED The authors discuss the similarities and differences between mice and men; the types of mouse models that exist to model prostate cancer; practical questions one must ask when using a mouse as a model; and potential reasons that drugs do not often translate to humans. They also discuss the current value in using mouse models for drug discovery to treat prostate cancer and what needs are still unmet in field. EXPERT OPINION With proper planning and following practical guidelines by the researcher, the mouse is a powerful experimental tool. The field lacks genetically engineered metastatic models, and xenograft models do not allow for the study of the immune system during the metastatic process. There remain several important limitations to discovering and testing novel drugs in mice for eventual human use, but these can often be overcome. Overall, mouse modeling is an essential part of prostate cancer research and drug discovery. Emerging technologies and better and ever-increasing forms of communication are moving the field in a hopeful direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Valkenburg
- The Johns Hopkins University, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology , 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
When the National Institutes of Health Mouse Models of Human Cancer Consortium initiated the Prostate Steering Committee 15 years ago, there were no genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of prostate cancer (PCa). Today, a PubMed search for "prostate cancer mouse model" yields 3,200 publications and this list continues to grow. The first generation of GEM utilized the newly discovered and characterized probasin promoter driving viral oncogenes such as Simian virus 40 large T antigen to yield the LADY and TRAMP models. As the PCa research field has matured, the second generation of models has incorporated the single and multiple molecular changes observed in human disease, such as loss of PTEN and overexpression of Myc. Application of these models has revealed that mice are particularly resistant to developing invasive PCa, and once they achieve invasive disease, the PCa rarely resembles human disease. Nevertheless, these models and their application have provided vital information on human PCa progression. The aim of this review is to provide a brief primer on mouse and human prostate histology and pathology, provide descriptions of mouse models, as well as attempt to answer the age old question: Which GEM model of PCa is the best for my research question?
Collapse
|
26
|
DNA damage response and prostate cancer: defects, regulation and therapeutic implications. Oncogene 2014; 34:2815-22. [PMID: 25132269 PMCID: PMC4333141 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) includes the activation of numerous cellular activities that prevent duplication of DNA lesions and maintain genomic integrity, which is critical for the survival of normal and cancer cells. Specific genes involved in the DDR such as BRCA1/2 and P53 are mutated during prostate cancer progression, while various oncogenic signaling such as Akt and c-Myc are activated, enhancing the replication stress and increasing the genomic instability of cancer cells. These events may render prostate cancer cells particularly sensitive to inhibition of specific DDR pathways, such as PARP in homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair and Chk1 in cell cycle checkpoint and DNA repair, creating opportunities for synthetic lethality or synergistic cytotoxicity. Recent reports highlight the critical role of androgen receptor (AR) as a regulator of DDR genes, providing a rationale for combining DNA-damaging agents or targeted DDR inhibitors with hormonal manipulation or AR inhibition as treatment for aggressive disease. The aims of this review are to discuss specific DDR defects in prostate cancer that occur during disease progression, to summarize recent advances in understanding the regulation of DDR in prostate cancer, and to present potential therapeutic opportunities through combinational targeting of the intact components of DDR signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
27
|
Rye MB, Bertilsson H, Drabløs F, Angelsen A, Bathen TF, Tessem MB. Gene signatures ESC, MYC and ERG-fusion are early markers of a potentially dangerous subtype of prostate cancer. BMC Med Genomics 2014; 7:50. [PMID: 25115192 PMCID: PMC4147934 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-7-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Good prognostic tools for predicting disease progression in early stage prostate cancer (PCa) are still missing. Detection of molecular subtypes, for instance by using microarray gene technology, can give new prognostic information which can assist personalized treatment planning. The detection of new subtypes with validation across additional and larger patient cohorts is important for bringing a potential prognostic tool into the clinic. Methods We used fresh frozen prostatectomy tissue of high molecular quality to further explore four molecular subtype signatures of PCa based on Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) of 15 selected gene sets published in a previous study. For this analysis we used a statistical test of dependent correlations to compare reference signatures to signatures in new normal and PCa samples, and also explore signatures within and between sample subgroups in the new samples. Results An important finding was the consistent signatures observed for samples from the same patient independent of Gleason score. This proves that the signatures are robust and can surpass a normally high tumor heterogeneity within each patient. Our data did not distinguish between four different subtypes of PCa as previously published, but rather highlighted two groups of samples which could be related to good and poor prognosis based on survival data from the previous study.The poor prognosis group highlighted a set of samples characterized by enrichment of ESC, ERG-fusion and MYC + rich signatures in patients diagnosed with low Gleason score,. The other group consisted of PCa samples showing good prognosis as well as normal samples. Accounting for sample composition (the amount of benign structures such as stroma and epithelial cells in addition to the cancer component) was important to improve subtype assignments and should also be considered in future studies. Conclusion Our study validates a previous molecular subtyping of PCa in a new patient cohort, and identifies a subgroup of PCa samples highly interesting for detecting high risk PCa at an early stage. The importance of taking sample tissue composition into account when assigning subtype is emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morten Beck Rye
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), P,O, Box 8905, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nandana S, Chung LWK. Prostate cancer progression and metastasis: potential regulatory pathways for therapeutic targeting. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2014; 2:92-101. [PMID: 25374910 PMCID: PMC4219303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal metastasis in advanced prostate cancer (PCa) patients remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Research utilizing animal models during the past decade has reached a consensus that PCa progression and distant metastasis can be tackled at the molecular level. Although there are a good number of models that have shown to facilitate the study of PCa initiation and progression at the primary site, models that mimic the distant dissemination of cancer cells, particularly bone metastasis, are scarce. Despite this limitation, the field has gleaned valuable knowledge on the underlying molecular mechanisms and pathways of PCa progression, including local invasion and distant metastasis, and has moved forward in developing the concepts of current therapeutic modalities. The purpose of this review is to put together recent work on pathways that are currently being targeted for therapy, as well as other prospective novel therapeutic targets to be developed in the future against metastatic and potentially lethal PCa in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Nandana
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Leland WK Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wu MH, Chen YA, Chen HH, Chang KW, Chang IS, Wang LH, Hsu HL. MCT-1 expression and PTEN deficiency synergistically promote neoplastic multinucleation through the Src/p190B signaling activation. Oncogene 2014; 33:5109-20. [PMID: 24858043 PMCID: PMC4287651 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multinucleation is associated with malignant neoplasms; however, the molecular mechanism underlying the nuclear abnormality remains unclear. Loss or mutation of PTEN promotes the development of malignant tumors. We now demonstrate that increased expression of the oncogene MCT-1 (multiple copies in T-cell malignancy 1) antagonizes PTEN gene presentation, PTEN protein stability and PTEN functional activity, thereby further promoting phosphoinositide 3 kinase/AKT signaling, survival rate and malignancies of the PTEN-deficient cells. In the PTEN-null cancer cells, MCT-1 interacts with p190B and Src in vivo, supporting that they are in proximity of the signaling complexes. MCT-1 overexpression and PTEN loss synergistically augments the Src/p190B signaling function that leads to inhibition of RhoA activity. Under such a condition, the incidence of mitotic catastrophes including spindle multipolarity and cytokinesis failure is enhanced, driving an Src/p190B/RhoA-dependent neoplastic multinucleation. Targeting MCT-1 by the short hairpin RNA markedly represses the Src/p190B function, improves nuclear structures and suppresses xenograft tumorigenicity of the PTEN-null breast cancer cells. Consistent with the oncogenic effects in vitro, clinical evidence has confirmed that MCT-1 gene stimulation is correlated with p190B gene promotion and PTEN gene suppression in human breast cancer. Accordingly, MCT-1 gene induction is recognized as a potential biomarker of breast tumor development. Abrogating MCT-1 function may be a promising stratagem for management of breast cancer involving Src hyperactivation and/or PTEN dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M-H Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Y-A Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, ROC
| | - H-H Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, ROC
| | - K-W Chang
- Institute of Population Health Science, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, ROC
| | - I-S Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research and Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, ROC
| | - L-H Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, ROC
| | - H-L Hsu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bjerke GA, Pietrzak K, Melhuish TA, Frierson Jr. HF, Paschal BM, Wotton D. Prostate cancer induced by loss of Apc is restrained by TGFβ signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92800. [PMID: 24651496 PMCID: PMC3961420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent work with mouse models of prostate cancer (CaP) has shown that inactivation of TGFβ signaling in prostate epithelium can cooperate with deletion of the Pten tumor suppressor to drive locally aggressive cancer and metastatic disease. Here, we show that inactivating the TGFβ pathway by deleting the gene encoding the TGFβ type II receptor (Tgfbr2) in combination with a deletion of the Apc tumor suppressor gene specifically in mouse prostate epithelium, results in the rapid onset of invasive CaP. Micro-metastases were observed in the lymph nodes and lungs of a proportion of the double mutant mice, whereas no metastases were observed in Apc single mutant mice. Prostate-specific Apc;Tgfbr2 mutants had a lower frequency of metastasis and survived significantly longer than Pten;Tgfbr2 double mutants. However, all Apc;Tgfbr2 mutants developed invasive cancer by 30 weeks of age, whereas invasive cancer was rarely observed in Apc single mutant animals, even by one year of age. Further comparison of the Pten and Apc models of CaP revealed additional differences, including adenosquamous carcinoma in the Apc;Tgfbr2 mutants that was not seen in the Pten model, and a lack of robust induction of the TGFβ pathway in Apc null prostate. In addition to causing high-grade prostate intra-epithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), deletion of either Pten or Apc induced senescence in affected prostate ducts, and this restraint was overcome by loss of Tgfbr2. In summary, this work demonstrates that TGFβ signaling restrains the progression of CaP induced by different tumor suppressor mutations, suggesting that TGFβ signaling exerts a general tumor suppressive effect in prostate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glen A. Bjerke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Karolina Pietrzak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tiffany A. Melhuish
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Henry F. Frierson Jr.
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Bryce M. Paschal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - David Wotton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cho H, Herzka T, Zheng W, Qi J, Wilkinson JE, Bradner JE, Robinson BD, Castillo-Martin M, Cordon-Cardo C, Trotman LC. RapidCaP, a novel GEM model for metastatic prostate cancer analysis and therapy, reveals myc as a driver of Pten-mutant metastasis. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:318-33. [PMID: 24444712 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models are a pillar of functional cancer research. Here, we developed RapidCaP, a GEM modeling system that uses surgical injection for viral gene delivery to the prostate. We show that in Pten deficiency, loss of p53 suffices to trigger metastasis to distant sites at greater than 50% penetrance by four months, consistent with results from human prostate cancer genome analysis. Live bioluminescence tracking showed that endogenous primary and metastatic disease responds to castration before developing lethal castration resistance. To our surprise, the resulting lesions showed no activation of Akt but activation of the Myc oncogene. Using RapidCaP, we find that Myc drives local prostate metastasis and is critical for maintenance of metastasis, as shown by using the Brd4 inhibitor JQ1. Taken together, our data suggest that a "MYC-switch" away from AKT forms a critical and druggable event in PTEN-mutant prostate cancer metastasis and castration resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Cho
- 1Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cancer Center, Cold Spring Harbor; 2Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College; 3Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York; 4Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; and 5Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bjerke GA, Yang CS, Frierson HF, Paschal BM, Wotton D. Activation of Akt signaling in prostate induces a TGFβ-mediated restraint on cancer progression and metastasis. Oncogene 2013; 33:3660-7. [PMID: 23995785 PMCID: PMC3939071 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the PTEN tumor suppressor gene are found in a high proportion of human prostate cancers, and in mice, Pten deletion induces high-grade prostate intra-epithelial neoplasia (HGPIN). However, progression from HGPIN to invasive cancer occurs slowly, suggesting that tumorigenesis is subject to restraint. We show that Pten deletion, or constitutive activation of the downstream kinase AKT, activates the transforming growth factor (TGF) β pathway in prostate epithelial cells. TGFβ signaling is known to play a tumor suppressive role in many cancer types, and reduced expression of TGFβ receptors correlates with advanced human prostate cancer. We demonstrate that in combination either with loss of Pten, or expression of constitutively active AKT1, inactivation of TGFβ signaling by deletion of the TGFβ type II receptor gene relieves a restraint on tumorigenesis. This results in rapid progession to lethal prostate cancer, including metastasis to lymph node and lung. In prostate epithelium, inactivation of TGFβ signaling alone is insufficient to initiate tumorigenesis, but greatly accelerates cancer progression. The activation of TGFβ signaling by Pten loss or AKT activation suggests that the same signaling events that play key roles in tumor initiation also induce the activity of a pathway that restrains disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A Bjerke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - C-S Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - H F Frierson
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - B M Paschal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - D Wotton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed noncutaneous malignancy and second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in US males. Clinically, locally confined disease is treated surgically and/or with radiation therapy. Invasive disease, however, must be treated with pharmacological inhibitors of androgen receptor (AR) activity, since disease progression is fundamentally reliant on AR activation. However, despite initially effective treatment options, recurrent castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) often occurs due to aberrant reactivation of AR. Additionally, it is appreciated that many other signaling molecules, such as transcription factors, oncogenes, and tumor suppressors, are often perturbed and significantly contribute to PCa initiation and progression to incurable disease. Understanding the interplay between AR signaling and other signaling networks altered in PCa will advance therapeutic approaches. Overall, comprehension of the molecular composition promoting neoplastic growth and formation of CRPC is paramount for developing durable treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randy Schrecengost
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Mouse models of prostate cancer (PCa) are critical for understanding the biology of PCa initiation, progression, and treatment modalities. Here, we summarize recent advances in PCa mouse models that led to new insights into specific gene functions in PCa. For example, the study of transgenic mice with TMPRSS2/ERG, an androgen-regulated fusion protein, revealed its role in developing PCa precursor lesions, prostate intraepithelial neoplasia; however, it is not sufficient for PCa development. Double deficiency of Pten and Smad4 leads to a high incidence of metastatic PCa. Targeted deletion of Pten in castration-resistant Nkx3-1-expressing cells results in rapid carcinoma formation after androgen-mediated regeneration, indicating that progenitor cells with luminal characteristics can play a role in initiation of PCa. Transgenic mice with activated oncogenes, growth factors, and steroid hormone receptors or inactivated tumor suppressors continue to provide insights into disease progression from initiation to metastasis. Further development of new PCa models with spatial and temporal regulation of candidate gene expression will probably enhance our understanding of the complex events that lead to PCa initiation and progression, thereby invoking novel strategies to combat this common disease in men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wu
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Pradip Roy-Burman
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Peng Lee
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY
| | - Zoran Culig
- Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Inoue K, Fry EA, Taneja P. Recent progress in mouse models for tumor suppressor genes and its implications in human cancer. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2013; 7:103-22. [PMID: 23843721 PMCID: PMC3682694 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s10358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in oncogenes and loss-of-function mutations in tumor suppressor genes (TSG) lead to cancer. In most human cancers, these mutations occur in somatic tissues. However, hereditary forms of cancer exist for which individuals are heterozygous for a germline mutation in a TSG locus at birth. The second allele is frequently inactivated by gene deletion, point mutation, or promoter methylation in classical TSGs that meet Knudson's two-hit hypothesis. Conversely, the second allele remains as wild-type, even in tumors in which the gene is haplo-insufficient for tumor suppression. This article highlights the importance of PTEN, APC, and other tumor suppressors for counteracting aberrant PI3K, β-catenin, and other oncogenic signaling pathways. We discuss the use of gene-engineered mouse models (GEMM) of human cancer focusing on Pten and Apc knockout mice that recapitulate key genetic events involved in initiation and progression of human neoplasia. Finally, the therapeutic potential of targeting these tumor suppressor and oncogene signaling networks is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Inoue
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Fry
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Pankaj Taneja
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Irshad S, Abate-Shen C. Modeling prostate cancer in mice: something old, something new, something premalignant, something metastatic. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2013; 32:109-22. [PMID: 23114843 PMCID: PMC3584242 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
More than 15 years ago, the first generation of genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of prostate cancer was introduced. These transgenic models utilized prostate-specific promoters to express SV40 oncogenes specifically in prostate epithelium. Since the description of these initial models, there have been a plethora of GEM models of prostate cancer representing various perturbations of oncogenes or tumor suppressors, either alone or in combination. This review describes these GEM models, focusing on their relevance for human prostate cancer and highlighting their strengths and limitations, as well as opportunities for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Irshad
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Urology and Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ittmann M, Huang J, Radaelli E, Martin P, Signoretti S, Sullivan R, Simons BW, Ward JM, Robinson BD, Chu GC, Loda M, Thomas G, Borowsky A, Cardiff RD. Animal models of human prostate cancer: the consensus report of the New York meeting of the Mouse Models of Human Cancers Consortium Prostate Pathology Committee. Cancer Res 2013; 73:2718-36. [PMID: 23610450 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Animal models, particularly mouse models, play a central role in the study of the etiology, prevention, and treatment of human prostate cancer. While tissue culture models are extremely useful in understanding the biology of prostate cancer, they cannot recapitulate the complex cellular interactions within the tumor microenvironment that play a key role in cancer initiation and progression. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Mouse Models of Human Cancers Consortium convened a group of human and veterinary pathologists to review the current animal models of prostate cancer and make recommendations about the pathologic analysis of these models. More than 40 different models with 439 samples were reviewed, including genetically engineered mouse models, xenograft, rat, and canine models. Numerous relevant models have been developed over the past 15 years, and each approach has strengths and weaknesses. Analysis of multiple genetically engineered models has shown that reactive stroma formation is present in all the models developing invasive carcinomas. In addition, numerous models with multiple genetic alterations display aggressive phenotypes characterized by sarcomatoid carcinomas and metastases, which is presumably a histologic manifestation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The significant progress in development of improved models of prostate cancer has already accelerated our understanding of the complex biology of prostate cancer and promises to enhance development of new approaches to prevention, detection, and treatment of this common malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
NVP-LDE-225 (Erismodegib) inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and human prostate cancer stem cell growth in NOD/SCID IL2Rγ null mice by regulating Bmi-1 and microRNA-128. Oncogenesis 2013; 2:e42. [PMID: 23567619 PMCID: PMC3641359 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2013.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined by their extensive self-renewal, differentiation and tumor initiation properties. It is now clear that CSCs are involved in tumor growth and recurrence, and resistance to conventional treatments. The sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway has a crucial role in stemness and tumorigenesis. Thus, the strategy that suppresses stemness and consequently tumorigenic potential of CSCs could be considered for the management of prostate cancer. The objectives of this study were to examine the molecular mechanisms, by which NVP-LDE-225/Erismodegib (smoothened inhibitor) regulates stem cell characteristics and tumor growth in prostate cancer. The effects of NVP-LDE-225 on CSC's viability, sphere formation, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor growth in NOD/SCID IL2Rγ null mice were examined. NVP-LDE-225 inhibited cell viability and spheroid formation, and induced apoptosis by activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). NVP-LDE-225 induced expression of Bax and Bak, and inhibited the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, XIAP, cIAP1, cIAP2 and survivin. NVP-LDE-225 inhibited Gli transcriptional activity, Gli-DNA interaction and the expression of Gli1, Gli2, Patched1 and Patched-2 in prostate CSCs. Interestingly, NVP-LDE-225 induced PDCD4 and apoptosis and inhibited cell viability by suppressing miR-21. Furthermore, NVP-LDE-225 inhibited pluripotency-maintaining factors Nanog, Oct-4, c-Myc and Sox-2. The inhibition of Bmi-1 by NVP-LDE-225 was regulated by upregulation of miR-128. NVP-LDE-225 suppressed EMT by upregulating E-cadherin and inhibiting N-cadherin, Snail, Slug and Zeb1 by regulating the miR-200 family. Finally, NVP-LDE-225 inhibited CSC tumor growth, which was associated with the suppression of Gli1, Gli2, Patched-1, Patched-2, Cyclin D1, Bmi-1 and PCNA and cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP in tumor tissues derived from NOD/SCID IL2Rγ null mice. Overall, our findings suggest that inhibition of the Shh signaling pathway could therefore be a novel therapeutic option in treating prostate cancer.
Collapse
|
39
|
Current World Literature. Curr Opin Oncol 2013; 25:99-104. [DOI: 10.1097/cco.0b013e32835c1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
40
|
Martinez EE, Anderson PD, Logan M, Abdulkadir SA. Antioxidant treatment promotes prostate epithelial proliferation in Nkx3.1 mutant mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46792. [PMID: 23077524 PMCID: PMC3471914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Discordant results in preclinical and clinical trials have raised questions over the effectiveness of antioxidants in prostate cancer chemoprevention. Results from the large-scale Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) showed that antioxidants failed to prevent, and in some cases promoted, prostate cancer formation in men without a history of the disease. One possible explanation for these alarming results is the notion that the effects of antioxidant treatment on the prostate are modified by specific, intrinsic genetic risk factors, causing some men to respond negatively to antioxidant treatment. Loss of expression of the homeobox transcription factor NKX3.1 in the prostate is frequently associated with human prostate cancer. Nkx3.1 mutant mice display prostatic hyperplasia and dysplasia and are used as a model of the early stages of prostate cancer initiation. While the mechanisms by which Nkx3.1 loss promotes prostate tumorigenicity are not completely understood, published data have suggested that elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with Nkx3.1 loss may be a causative factor. Here we have tested this hypothesis by treating Nkx3.1 mutant mice with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) for 13 weeks post-weaning. Surprisingly, while NAC treatment decreased ROS levels in Nkx3.1 mutant mouse prostates, it failed to reduce prostatic epithelial hyperplasia/dysplasia. Rather, NAC treatment increased epithelial cell proliferation and promoted the expression of a pro-proliferative gene signature. These results show that ROS do not promote proliferation in the Nkx3.1-null prostate, but instead inhibit proliferation, suggesting that antioxidant treatment may encourage prostate epithelial cell proliferation early in prostate tumorigenesis. Our findings provide new insight that may help explain the increased prostate cancer risk observed with vitamin E treatment in the SELECT trial and emphasize the need for preclinical studies using accurate models of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Martinez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Philip D. Anderson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Monica Logan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sarki A. Abdulkadir
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common malignancy in men, with a markedly variable clinical course. Somatic alterations in DNA drive the growth of prostate cancers and may underlie the behavior of aggressive versus indolent tumors. The accelerating application of genomic technologies over the last two decades has identified mutations that drive prostate cancer formation, progression, and therapeutic resistance. Here, we discuss exemplary somatic mutations in prostate cancer, and highlight mutated cellular pathways with biological and possible therapeutic importance. Examples include mutated genes involved in androgen signaling, cell cycle regulation, signal transduction, and development. Some genetic alterations may also predict the clinical course of disease or response to therapy, although the molecular heterogeneity of prostate tumors poses challenges to genomic biomarker identification. The widespread application of massively parallel sequencing technology to the analysis of prostate cancer genomes should continue to advance both discovery-oriented and diagnostic avenues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvan C. Baca
- Harvard Medical School, Boston,MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge,MA, USA
| | - Levi A. Garraway
- Harvard Medical School, Boston,MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge,MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute,Boston, MA, USA
- *Correspondence: Levi A. Garraway, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA. e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Molecular classification of prostate cancer using curated expression signatures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:21276-81. [PMID: 22123976 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1117029108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
High Gleason score is currently the best prognostic indicator for poor prognosis in prostate cancer. However, a significant number of patients with low Gleason scores develop aggressive disease as well. In an effort to understand molecular signatures associated with poor outcome in prostate cancer, we analyzed a microarray dataset characterizing 281 prostate cancers from a Swedish watchful-waiting cohort. Patients were classified on the basis of their mRNA microarray signature profiles indicating embryonic stem cell expression patterns (stemness), inactivation of the tumor suppressors p53 and PTEN, activation of several oncogenic pathways, and the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion. Unsupervised clustering identified a subset of tumors manifesting stem-like signatures together with p53 and PTEN inactivation, which had very poor survival outcome, a second group with intermediate survival outcome, characterized by the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion, and three groups with benign outcome. The stratification was validated on a second independent dataset of 150 tumor and metastatic samples from a clinical cohort at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. This classification is independent of Gleason score and therefore provides useful unique molecular profiles for prostate cancer prognosis, helping to predict poor outcome in patients with low or average Gleason scores.
Collapse
|