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To B, Broeker C, Jhan JR, Garcia-Lerena J, Vusich J, Rempel R, Rennhack JP, Hollern D, Jackson L, Judah D, Swiatnicki M, Bylett E, Kubiak R, Honeysett J, Nevins J, Andrechek E. Insight into mammary gland development and tumor progression in an E2F5 conditional knockout mouse model. Oncogene 2024:10.1038/s41388-024-03172-4. [PMID: 39341991 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Development of breast cancer is linked to altered regulation of mammary gland developmental processes. A better understanding of normal mammary gland development can thus reveal possible mechanisms of how normal cells are re-programmed to become malignant. E2Fs 1-4 are part of the E2F transcription factor family with varied roles in mammary development, but little is known about the role of E2F5. A combination of scRNAseq and predictive signature tools demonstrated the presence of E2F5 in the mammary gland and showed changes in predicted activity during the various phases of mammary gland development. Testing the hypothesis that E2F5 regulates mammary function, we generated a mammary-specific E2F5 knockout mouse model, resulting in modest mammary gland development changes. However, after a prolonged latency the E2F5 conditional knockout mice developed highly metastatic mammary tumors. Whole genome sequencing revealed significant intertumor heterogeneity. RNAseq and protein analysis identified altered levels of Cyclin D1, with similarities to MMTV-Neu tumors, suggesting that E2F5 conditional knockout mammary glands and tumors may be dependent on Cyclin D1. Transplantation of the tumors revealed metastases to lymph nodes that were enriched through serial transplantation in immune competent recipients. Based on these findings, we propose that loss of E2F5 leads to altered regulation of Cyclin D1, which facilitates the development of metastatic mammary tumors after long latency. More importantly, this study demonstrates that conditional loss of E2F5 in the mammary gland leads to tumor formation, revealing its role as a transcription factor regulating a network of genes that normally result in a tumor suppressor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana To
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Carson Broeker
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jing-Ru Jhan
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - John Vusich
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lauren Jackson
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - David Judah
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Matt Swiatnicki
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Evan Bylett
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Rachel Kubiak
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jordan Honeysett
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Eran Andrechek
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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2
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Kuang X, Salinger A, Benavides F, Muller WJ, Dent SYR, Koutelou E. USP22 overexpression fails to augment tumor formation in MMTV-ERBB2 mice but loss of function impacts MMTV promoter activity. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0290837. [PMID: 38236941 PMCID: PMC10796002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The Ubiquitin Specific Peptidase 22 (USP22), a component of the Spt-Ada-Gcn5 Acetyltransferase (SAGA) histone modifying complex, is overexpressed in multiple human cancers, but how USP22 impacts tumorigenesis is not clear. We reported previously that Usp22 loss in mice impacts execution of several signaling pathways driven by growth factor receptors such as erythroblastic oncogene B b2 (ERBB2). To determine whether changes in USP22 expression affects ERBB2-driven tumorigenesis, we introduced conditional overexpression or deletion alleles of Usp22 into mice bearing the Mouse mammary tumor virus-Neu-Ires-Cre (MMTV-NIC) transgene, which drives both rat ERBB2/NEU expression and Cre recombinase activity from the MMTV promoter resulting in mammary tumor formation. We found that USP22 overexpression in mammary glands did not further enhance primary tumorigenesis in MMTV-NIC female mice, but increased lung metastases were observed. However, deletion of Usp22 significantly decreased tumor burden and increased survival of MMTV-NIC mice. These effects were associated with markedly decreased levels of both Erbb2 mRNA and protein, indicating Usp22 loss impacts MMTV promoter activity. Usp22 loss had no impact on ERBB2 expression in other settings, including MCF10A cells bearing a Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-driven ERBB2 transgene or in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)+ human SKBR3 and HCC1953 cells. Decreased activity of the MMTV promoter in MMTV-NIC mice correlated with decreased expression of known regulatory factors, including the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), the progesterone receptor (PR), and the chromatin remodeling factor Brahma-related gene-1 (BRG1). Together our findings indicate that increased expression of USP22 does not augment the activity of an activated ERBB2/NEU transgene but impacts of Usp22 loss on tumorigenesis cannot be assessed in this model due to unexpected effects on MMTV-driven Erbb2/Neu expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghong Kuang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Andrew Salinger
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Fernando Benavides
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - William J. Muller
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sharon Y. R. Dent
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center/UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Evangelia Koutelou
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
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3
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Wei L, Bai Y, Na L, Sun Y, Zhao C, Wang W. E2F3 induces DNA damage repair, stem-like properties and therapy resistance in breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166816. [PMID: 37499929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Therapy resistance is a major hurdle to the treatment of human malignant tumors. Both DNA damage repair and stem-like properties contribute to chemoresistance and radioresistance. E2F transcription factor 3 (E2F3) is overexpressed in breast cancer tissues, and promotes proliferation of breast cancer cells. Higher E2F3 level is associated with shorter survival of breast cancer patients. Functional studies further showed that E2F3 promotes S-phage entry, DNA replication, DNA damage repair and stem-like properties. Accordingly, E2F3 knockdown sensitizes breast cancer cells to DNA-damaging agents Adriamycin, Cisplatin, Olaparib and X-ray. Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) is a downstream molecule of E2F3 signaling, mediating the effects of E2F3 on breast cancer cells. In an m6A methyltransferase METTL14-dependent manner, YTH RNA binding protein F2 (YTHDF2) increase E2F3 mRNA stability and expression, promotes DNA damage repair and induces therapy resistance. These data demonstrate that YTHDF2-E2F3 pathway is a novel target to overcome chemoresistance and radioresistance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Na
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chenghai Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Broeker CD, Ortiz MMO, Murillo MS, Andrechek ER. Integrative multi-omic sequencing reveals the MMTV-Myc mouse model mimics human breast cancer heterogeneity. Breast Cancer Res 2023; 25:120. [PMID: 37805590 PMCID: PMC10559619 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-023-01723-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease with distinct subtypes and molecular profiles corresponding to different clinical outcomes. Mouse models of breast cancer are widely used, but their relevance in capturing the heterogeneity of human disease is unclear. Previous studies have shown the heterogeneity at the gene expression level for the MMTV-Myc model, but have only speculated on the underlying genetics. METHODS Tumors from the microacinar, squamous, and EMT histological subtypes of the MMTV-Myc mouse model of breast cancer underwent whole genome sequencing. The genomic data obtained were then integrated with previously obtained matched sample gene expression data and extended to additional samples of each histological subtype, totaling 42 gene expression samples. High correlation was observed between genetic copy number events and resulting gene expression by both Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and the Kendall rank correlation coefficient. These same genetic events are conserved in humans and are indicative of poor overall survival by Kaplan-Meier analysis. A supervised machine learning algorithm trained on METABRIC gene expression data was used to predict the analogous human breast cancer intrinsic subtype from mouse gene expression data. RESULTS Herein, we examine three common histological subtypes of the MMTV-Myc model through whole genome sequencing and have integrated these results with gene expression data. Significantly, key genomic alterations driving cell signaling pathways were well conserved within histological subtypes. Genomic changes included frequent, co-occurring mutations in KIT and RARA in the microacinar histological subtype as well as SCRIB mutations in the EMT subtype. EMT tumors additionally displayed strong KRAS activation signatures downstream of genetic activating events primarily ascribed to KRAS activating mutations, but also FGFR2 amplification. Analogous genetic events in human breast cancer showed stark decreases in overall survival. In further analyzing transcriptional heterogeneity of the MMTV-Myc model, we report a supervised machine learning model that classifies MMTV-Myc histological subtypes and other mouse models as being representative of different human intrinsic breast cancer subtypes. CONCLUSIONS We conclude the well-established MMTV-Myc mouse model presents further opportunities for investigation of human breast cancer heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson D Broeker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, BPS Room 2120, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Mylena M O Ortiz
- Genetics and Genomics Science Program, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, BPS Room 2120, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Michael S Murillo
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Michigan State University, 428 South Shaw Lane, Engineering Building Room 1508C, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 428 South Shaw Lane, Engineering Building Room 1508C, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Eran R Andrechek
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, BPS Room 2194, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Qu G, Yang G, Chen D, Tang C, Xu Y. E2F2 serves as an essential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for human renal cell carcinoma by presenting "E2F2/miR-16-5p/SPTLC1" schema. Transl Oncol 2023; 34:101699. [PMID: 37300925 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common malignant tumor of the urinary system with high mortality and morbidity. Although E2F2, a classical transcription factor implicated in cell cycle, has been shown to foster tumorigenesis in several human cancers, it could not draw a satisfy answer referring to precise downstream signaling axis in RCC development yet. METHODS Based on the publicly available data from TCGA database, expression patterns of E2F2, SPTLC1 and miR-16-5p were identified, either with the ability to predict the prognosis of patients with RCC, which was further validated in 38 paired RCC tissues and matched adjacent tissues by RT-qPCR and Western blot, respectively. Their cellular biofunctions were evaluated using MTT, EdU, Colony formation and transwell assays. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase reporter assay were employed to certain the exquisite core transcription regulatory circuitry of E2F2/miR-16-5p/SPTLC1 in RCC progression, which was also determined in xenograft tumor model. RESULTS Consistent with the public TCGA database, E2F2 was significantly increased in RCC tissues and cells, indicating shorter overall survival. Mechanistically, E2F2 served as a transcriptional activator of miR-16-5p, thus accounting for its negative regulation on SPTLC1 expression. E2F2 knockdown-mediated suppressive biofunctions on RCC cells were rescued by miR-16-5p mimics, while this effect was abolished again by SPTLC1 overexpression. Role of E2F2 on RCC tumorigenesis via the miR-16-5p/SPTLC1 axis was verified both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION E2F2 promoted RCC progression via the miR-16-5p/SPTLC1 axis, which may represent a novel prognostic and therapeutic biomarker for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- GenYi Qu
- Department of Urology, ZhuZhou central hospital, ZhuZhou, Hunan Province 412000, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Urology, ZhuZhou central hospital, ZhuZhou, Hunan Province 412000, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Urology, ZhuZhou central hospital, ZhuZhou, Hunan Province 412000, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- Department of Urology, ZhuZhou central hospital, ZhuZhou, Hunan Province 412000, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Urology, ZhuZhou central hospital, ZhuZhou, Hunan Province 412000, China.
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Zeng Y, Du W, Huang Z, Wu S, Ou X, Zhang J, Peng C, Sun X, Tang H. Hsa_circ_0060467 promotes breast cancer liver metastasis by complexing with eIF4A3 and sponging miR-1205. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:153. [PMID: 37160894 PMCID: PMC10169853 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01448-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer and the top cause of female mortality worldwide. The prognosis for patients with breast cancer liver metastasis (BCLM) remains poor. Emerging studies suggest that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are associated with the progression of BC. Exploration of circRNAs presents a promising avenue for identifying metastasis-targeting agents and improving the prognosis of patients with BCLM. Microarray and bioinformatic analyses were used to analyze differentially expressed circRNAs between three pairs of BCLM and primary BC. The roles of hsa_circ_0060467 (circMYBL2) and its target gene E2F1 in BC cells were explored by multiple functional experiments. And xenograft mouse models and hepatic metastases of BC hemi-spleen models were used to illustrate the function of circMYBL2 in vivo. The intrinsic molecular mechanism involving circMYBL2 was confirmed by bioinformatics analyses, RIP assays, CHIRP assays, luciferase reporter assays, and rescue experiments. CircMYBL2 was overexpressed in BCLM tissues and BC cells. Functionally, circMYBL2 can facilitate the proliferation and liver metastasis of BC. Mechanistically, circMYBL2 upregulated the transcription factor E2F1 by sponging miR-1205 and complexing with eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A3 (eIF4A3) and then facilitated the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in BC cells. Our findings showed that circMYBL2 promoted the tumorigenesis and aggressiveness of BC through the circMYBL2/miR-1205/E2F1 and circMYBL2/eIF4A3/E2F1 axes, which may provide a novel targeted therapy for patients with BCLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Pathology, the First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, Hunan, China
| | - Zhongying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Song Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xueqi Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hailin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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7
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Drug Repurposing at the Interface of Melanoma Immunotherapy and Autoimmune Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010083. [PMID: 36678712 PMCID: PMC9865219 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have a remarkable ability to evade recognition and destruction by the immune system. At the same time, cancer has been associated with chronic inflammation, while certain autoimmune diseases predispose to the development of neoplasia. Although cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized antitumor treatment, immune-related toxicities and adverse events detract from the clinical utility of even the most advanced drugs, especially in patients with both, metastatic cancer and pre-existing autoimmune diseases. Here, the combination of multi-omics, data-driven computational approaches with the application of network concepts enables in-depth analyses of the dynamic links between cancer, autoimmune diseases, and drugs. In this review, we focus on molecular and epigenetic metastasis-related processes within cancer cells and the immune microenvironment. With melanoma as a model, we uncover vulnerabilities for drug development to control cancer progression and immune responses. Thereby, drug repurposing allows taking advantage of existing safety profiles and established pharmacokinetic properties of approved agents. These procedures promise faster access and optimal management for cancer treatment. Together, these approaches provide new disease-based and data-driven opportunities for the prediction and application of targeted and clinically used drugs at the interface of immune-mediated diseases and cancer towards next-generation immunotherapies.
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Cifuentes-Bernal AM, Pham VVH, Li X, Liu L, Li J, Duy Le T. Dynamic cancer drivers: a causal approach for cancer driver discovery based on bio-pathological trajectories. Brief Funct Genomics 2022; 21:455-465. [PMID: 36124841 PMCID: PMC10467634 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional way for discovering genes which drive cancer (namely cancer drivers) neglects the dynamic information of cancer development, even though it is well known that cancer progresses dynamically. To enhance cancer driver discovery, we expand cancer driver concept to dynamic cancer driver as a gene driving one or more bio-pathological transitions during cancer progression. Our method refers to the fact that cancer should not be considered as a single process but a compendium of altered biological processes causing the disease to develop over time. Reciprocally, different drivers of cancer can potentially be discovered by analysing different bio-pathological pathways. We propose a novel approach for causal inference of genes driving one or more core processes during cancer development (i.e. dynamic cancer driver). We use the concept of pseudotime for inferring the latent progression of samples along a biological transition during cancer and identifying a critical event when such a process is significantly deviated from normal to carcinogenic. We infer driver genes by assessing the causal effect they have on the process after such a critical event. We have applied our method to single-cell and bulk sequencing datasets of breast cancer. The evaluation results show that our method outperforms well-recognized cancer driver inference methods. These results suggest that including information of the underlying dynamics of cancer improves the inference process (in comparison with using static data), and allows us to discover different sets of driver genes from different processes in cancer. R scripts and datasets can be found at https://github.com/AndresMCB/DynamicCancerDriver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres M Cifuentes-Bernal
- UniSA STEM Unit, University of South Australia,
Mawson Lakes Blvd, 5095, South Australia , Australia
| | - Vu V H Pham
- UniSA STEM Unit, University of South Australia,
Mawson Lakes Blvd, 5095, South Australia , Australia
| | - Xiaomei Li
- UniSA STEM Unit, University of South Australia,
Mawson Lakes Blvd, 5095, South Australia , Australia
| | - Lin Liu
- UniSA STEM Unit, University of South Australia,
Mawson Lakes Blvd, 5095, South Australia , Australia
| | - Jiuyong Li
- UniSA STEM Unit, University of South Australia,
Mawson Lakes Blvd, 5095, South Australia , Australia
| | - Thuc Duy Le
- UniSA STEM Unit, University of South Australia,
Mawson Lakes Blvd, 5095, South Australia , Australia
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Silencing of circ-CDK14 suppresses osteosarcoma progression through the miR-198/E2F2 axis. Exp Cell Res 2022; 414:113082. [PMID: 35218724 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone malignancy. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been implicated in OS pathogenesis. In the current study, we explored the precise role of circRNA cyclin dependent kinase 14 (circ-CDK14, hsa_circ_0001721) in OS progression. METHODS The levels of circ-CDK14, miR-198 and E2F transcription factor 2 (E2F2) were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. Cell viability, apoptosis, migration and invasion were determined using the Cell Counting-8 Kit (CCK-8), flow cytometry and transwell assays, respectively. Glucose consumption, lactate production and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level were gauged using the commercial assay kits. The direct relationship between miR-198 and circ-CDK14 or E2F2 was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter, RNA pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. Animal studies were used to analyze the role of circ-CDK14 in vivo. RESULTS Our data revealed that circ-CDK14 was up-regulated and miR-198 was down-regulated in OS tissues and cell lines. Circ-CDK14 silencing suppressed OS cell viability, migration, invasion, and glycolysis and promoted cell apoptosis in vitro, as well as diminished tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, circ-CDK14 directly targeted miR-198. Moreover, miR-198 was a functional mediator of circ-CDK14 in regulating OS cell progression in vitro. E2F2 was a direct target of miR-198, and miR-198 overexpression regulated OS cell progression in vitro by down-regulating E2F2. Furthermore, circ-CDK14 regulated E2F2 expression by functioning as a sponge of miR-198 in OS cells. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the inhibitory effect of circ-CDK14 silencing on OS progression by targeting the miR-198/E2F2 axis, establishing a strong rationale for decreasing circ-CDK14 as a novel therapeutic strategy for OS.
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10
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Jusino S, Rivera-Rivera Y, Chardón-Colón C, Ruiz-Justiz AJ, Vélez-Velázquez J, Isidro A, Cruz-Robles ME, Bonilla-Claudio M, Armaiz-Pena GN, Saavedra HI. E2F3 drives the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cell invasion, and metastasis in breast cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2057-2071. [PMID: 34365840 PMCID: PMC8524769 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211035693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
E2F3 is a transcription factor that may initiate tumorigenesis if overexpressed. Previously, we demonstrated that E2F3 mRNA is overexpressed in breast cancer and that E2F3 overexpression results in centrosome amplification and unregulated mitosis, which can promote aneuploidy and chromosome instability to initiate and sustain tumors. Further, we demonstrated that E2F3 leads to overexpression of the mitotic regulator Shugoshin-1, which until recently had unknown roles in cancer. This study aims to evaluate the roles of E2F3 and Shugoshin-1 in breast cancer metastatic potential. Here we demonstrated that E2F3 and Shugoshin-1 silencing leads to reduced cell invasion and migration in two mesenchymal triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and Hs578t). Moreover, E2F3 and Shugoshin-1 modulate the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-associated genes such as Snail, E-Cadherin, and multiple matrix metalloproteinases. Furthermore, E2F3 depletion leads to reductions in tumor growth and metastasis in NOD-scid Gamma mice. Results from this study suggest a key role for E2F3 and a novel role for Shugoshin-1 in metastatic progression. These results can further help in the improvement of TNBC targeted therapies by interfering with pathways that intersect with the E2F3 and Shugoshin-1 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Jusino
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce 00716-2348, Puerto Rico
| | - Yainyrette Rivera-Rivera
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce 00716-2348, Puerto Rico
| | - Camille Chardón-Colón
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce 00716-2348, Puerto Rico
| | | | | | - Angel Isidro
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Physiology, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce 00716-2348, Puerto Rico
| | - Melanie E Cruz-Robles
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Microbiology, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce 00716-2348, Puerto Rico
| | - Margarita Bonilla-Claudio
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce 00716-2348, Puerto Rico
| | - Guillermo N Armaiz-Pena
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce 00716-2348, Puerto Rico
| | - Harold I Saavedra
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Ponce Health Sciences University-Ponce Research Institute, Ponce 00716-2348, Puerto Rico
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11
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Xie D, Pei Q, Li J, Wan X, Ye T. Emerging Role of E2F Family in Cancer Stem Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:723137. [PMID: 34476219 PMCID: PMC8406691 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.723137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The E2F family of transcription factors (E2Fs) consist of eight genes in mammals. These genes encode ten proteins that are usually classified as transcriptional activators or transcriptional repressors. E2Fs are important for many cellular processes, from their canonical role in cell cycle regulation to other roles in angiogenesis, the DNA damage response and apoptosis. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are key players in tumor development, metastasis, drug resistance and recurrence. This review focuses on the role of E2Fs in CSCs and notes that many signals can regulate the activities of E2Fs, which in turn can transcriptionally regulate many different targets to contribute to various biological characteristics of CSCs, such as proliferation, self-renewal, metastasis, and drug resistance. Therefore, E2Fs may be promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets associated with CSCs pathologies. Finally, exploring therapeutic strategies for E2Fs may result in disruption of CSCs, which may prevent tumor growth, metastasis, and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Qin Pei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue Wan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
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12
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Yang M, Fan Y, Wu ZY, Gu J, Feng Z, Zhang Q, Han S, Zhang Z, Li X, Hsueh YC, Ni Y, Li X, Li J, Hu M, Li W, Gao H, Yang C, Zhang C, Zhang L, Zhu T, Cheng M, Ji F, Xu J, Cui H, Tan G, Zhang MQ, Liang C, Liu Z, Song YQ, Niu G, Wang K. DAGM: A novel modelling framework to assess the risk of HER2-negative breast cancer based on germline rare coding mutations. EBioMedicine 2021; 69:103446. [PMID: 34157485 PMCID: PMC8220579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancers can be divided into HER2-negative and HER2-positive subtypes according to different status of HER2 gene. Despite extensive studies connecting germline mutations with possible risk of HER2-negative breast cancer, the main category of breast cancer, it remains challenging to obtain accurate risk assessment and to understand the potential underlying mechanisms. METHODS We developed a novel framework named Damage Assessment of Genomic Mutations (DAGM), which projects rare coding mutations and gene expressions into Activity Profiles of Signalling Pathways (APSPs). FINDINGS We characterized and validated DAGM framework at multiple levels. Based on an input of germline rare coding mutations, we obtained the corresponding APSP spectrum to calculate the APSP risk score, which was capable of distinguish HER2-negative from HER2-positive cases. These findings were validated using breast cancer data from TCGA (AUC = 0.7). DAGM revealed that HER2 signalling pathway was up-regulated in germline of HER2-negative patients, and those with high APSP risk scores had exhibited immune suppression. These findings were validated using RNA sequencing, phosphoproteome analysis, and CyTOF. Moreover, using germline mutations, DAGM could evaluate the risk for HER2-negative breast cancer, not only in women carrying BRCA1/2 mutations, but also in those without known disease-associated mutations. INTERPRETATION The DAGM can facilitate the screening of subjects at high risk of HER2-negative breast cancer for primary prevention. This study also provides new insights into the potential mechanisms of developing HER2-negative breast cancer. The DAGM has the potential to be applied in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of HER2-negative breast cancer. FUNDING This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant no. 2018YFC0910406 and 2018AAA0103302 to CZ); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81202076 and 82072939 to MY, 81871513 to KW); the Guangzhou Science and Technology Program key projects (grant no. 2014J2200007 to MY, 202002030236 to KW); the National Key R&D Program of China (grant no. 2017YFC1309100 to CL); Shenzhen Science and Technology Planning Project (grant no. JCYJ20170817095211560 574 to YN); and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (grant no. 2017A030313882 to KW and S2013010012048 to MY); Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale (grant no. KF2020009 to GN); and RGC General Research Fund (grant no. 17114519 to YQS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Centre, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanhui Fan
- Phil Rivers Technology, Beijing, China; Phil Rivers Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wu
- Diagnosis and Treatment Centre of Breast Diseases, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Gu
- BNRIST Bioinformatics Division, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Shunhua Han
- Phil Rivers Technology, Beijing, China; Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Zhonghai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yanxiang Ni
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology & Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Centre, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jieqing Li
- Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Centre, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meixia Hu
- Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Centre, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiping Li
- Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Centre, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongfei Gao
- Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Centre, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ciqiu Yang
- Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Centre, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunming Zhang
- Phil Rivers Technology, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liulu Zhang
- Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Centre, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Teng Zhu
- Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Centre, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Minyi Cheng
- Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Centre, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fei Ji
- Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Centre, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Juntao Xu
- Phil Rivers Technology, Beijing, China
| | | | - Guangming Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Michael Q Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics; Bioinformatics Division and Centre for Synthetic & Systems Biology, TNLIST; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Changhong Liang
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zaiyi Liu
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - You-Qiang Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gang Niu
- Phil Rivers Technology, Beijing, China; Western Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chongqing, China.
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Breast Cancer, Cancer Centre, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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13
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Swiatnicki MR, Andrechek ER. Metastasis is altered through multiple processes regulated by the E2F1 transcription factor. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9502. [PMID: 33947907 PMCID: PMC8097008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88924-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The E2F family of transcription factors is important for many cellular processes, from their canonical role in cell cycle regulation to other roles in angiogenesis and metastasis. Alteration of the Rb/E2F pathway occurs in various forms of cancer, including breast cancer. E2F1 ablation has been shown to decrease metastasis in MMTV-Neu and MMTV-PyMT transgenic mouse models of breast cancer. Here we take a bioinformatic approach to determine the E2F1 regulated genomic alterations involved in the metastatic cascade, in both Neu and PyMT models. Through gene expression analysis, we reveal few transcriptome changes in non-metastatic E2F1-/- tumors relative to transgenic tumor controls. However investigation of these models through whole genome sequencing found numerous differences between the models, including differences in the proposed tumor etiology between E2F1-/- and E2F1+/+ tumors induced by Neu or PyMT. For example, loss of E2F1 within the Neu model led to an increased contribution of the inefficient double stranded break repair signature to the proposed etiology of the tumors. While the SNV mutation burden was higher in PyMT mouse tumors than Neu mouse tumors, there was no statistically significant differences between E2F WT and E2F1 KO mice. Investigating mutated genes through gene set analysis also found a significant number of genes mutated in the cell adhesion pathway in E2F1-/- tumors, indicating this may be a route for disruption of metastasis in E2F1-/- tumors. Overall, these findings illustrate the complicated nature of uncovering drivers of the metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Swiatnicki
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Eran R. Andrechek
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 2194 BPS Building, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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14
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Hart V, Gautrey H, Kirby J, Tyson-Capper A. HER2 splice variants in breast cancer: investigating their impact on diagnosis and treatment outcomes. Oncotarget 2020; 11:4338-4357. [PMID: 33245725 PMCID: PMC7679030 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the HER2 receptor occurs in approximately 20% of breast cancer patients. HER2 positivity is associated with poor prognosis and aggressive tumour phenotypes, which led to rapid progress in HER2 targeted therapeutics and diagnostic testing. Whilst these advances have greatly increased patients' chances of survival, resistance to HER2 targeted therapies, be that intrinsic or acquired, remains a problem. Different forms of the HER2 protein exist within tumours in tandem and can display altered biological activities. Interest in HER2 variants in breast cancer increased when links between resistance to anti-HER2 therapies and a particular variant, Δ16-HER2, were identified. Moreover, the P100 variant potentially reduces the efficacy of the anti-HER2 therapy trastuzumab. Another variant, Herstatin, exhibits 'auto-inhibitory' behaviour. More recently, new HER2 variants have been identified and are currently being assessed for their pro- and anti-cancer properties. It is important when directing the care of patients to consider HER2 variants collectively. This review considers HER2 variants in the context of the tumour environment where multiple variants are co-expressed at altered ratios. This study also provides an up to date account of the landscape of HER2 variants and links this to patterns of resistance against HER2 therapies and treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vic Hart
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hannah Gautrey
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John Kirby
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alison Tyson-Capper
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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15
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Rennhack JP, Andrechek ER. Low E2F2 activity is associated with high genomic instability and PARPi resistance. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17948. [PMID: 33087787 PMCID: PMC7578094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The E2F family, classically known for a central role in cell cycle, has a number of emerging roles in cancer including angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, metastasis and DNA repair. E2F1 specifically has been shown to be a critical mediator of DNA repair; however, little is known about DNA repair and other E2F family members. Here we present an integrative bioinformatic and high throughput drug screening study to define the role of E2F2 in maintaining genomic integrity in breast cancer. We utilized in vitro E2F2 ChIP-chip and over expression data to identify transcriptional targets of E2F2. This data was integrated with gene expression from E2F2 knockout tumors in an MMTV-Neu background. Finally, this data was compared to human datasets to identify conserved roles of E2F2 in human breast cancer through the TCGA breast cancer, Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia, and CancerRx datasets. Through these methods we predict that E2F2 transcriptionally regulates mediators of DNA repair. Our gene expression data supports this hypothesis and low E2F2 activity is associated with a highly unstable tumor. In human breast cancer E2F2, status was also correlated with a patient's response to PARP inhibition therapy. Taken together this manuscript defines a novel role of E2F2 in cancer progression beyond cell cycle and could impact patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eran R Andrechek
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 2194 BPS Building, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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16
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Bao S, Chen Y, Yang F, Sun C, Yang M, Li W, Huang X, Li J, Wu H, Yin Y. Screening and Identification of Key Biomarkers in Acquired Lapatinib-Resistant Breast Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:577150. [PMID: 33013420 PMCID: PMC7500445 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.577150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lapatinib, targeting the human epidermal growth factor receptor family members HER1 and HER2, has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer. However, resistance to lapatinib remains a common challenge to HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Until now, the molecular mechanisms of acquired resistance to lapatinib (ALR) have remained unclear. With no definite biomarkers currently known, we aimed to screen for key biomarkers in ALR. In this research, we identified 55 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, 20 upregulated, 35 downregulated) through bioinformatic analysis using microarray datasets GSE16179, GSE38376, and GSE51889 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The related gene function was explored using the Gene Ontology (GO) function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed with the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) and Cytoscape. The functional enrichment of the DEGs was analyzed, including negative regulation of the B cell apoptotic process, DNA replication, solute:proton symporter activity, synthesis, and degradation of ketone bodies, and metal sequestration by antimicrobial proteins. Analysis of seven hub genes revealed their concentration mainly in DNA replication and cell cycle. Survival analysis revealed that MCM10 and SPC24 may be related with poor prognosis in patients with ALR. Meanwhile, the prediction model of lapatinib sensitivity was constructed, and emerging role of the model was further analyzed using several webtools. In conclusion, hub genes are involved in the complex mechanisms underlying ALR in breast cancer and provide favorable support for treatment of ALR in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Bao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The First Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The First Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The First Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunxiao Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengzhu Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Huang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongmei Yin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Ugalde‐Morales E, Grassmann F, Humphreys K, Li J, Eriksson M, Tobin NP, Borg Å, Vallon‐Christersson J, Hall P, Czene K. Association between breast cancer risk and disease aggressiveness: Characterizing underlying gene expression patterns. Int J Cancer 2020; 148:884-894. [PMID: 32856720 PMCID: PMC7818270 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The association between breast cancer risk defined by the Tyrer-Cuzick score (TC) and disease prognosis is not well established. Here, we investigated the relationship between 5-year TC and disease aggressiveness and then characterized underlying molecular processes. In a case-only study (n = 2474), we studied the association of TC with molecular subtypes and tumor characteristics. In a subset of patients (n = 672), we correlated gene expression to TC and computed a low-risk TC gene expression (TC-Gx) profile, that is, a profile expected to be negatively associated with risk, which we used to test for association with disease aggressiveness. We performed enrichment analysis to pinpoint molecular processes likely to be altered in low-risk tumors. A higher TC was found to be inversely associated with more aggressive surrogate molecular subtypes and tumor characteristics (P < .05) including Ki-67 proliferation status (P < 5 × 10-07 ). Our low-risk TC-Gx, based on the weighted sum of 37 expression values of genes strongly correlated with TC, was associated with basal-like (P < 5 × 10-13 ), HER2-enriched subtype (P < 5 × 10-07 ) and worse 10-year breast cancer-specific survival (log-rank P < 5 × 10-04 ). Associations between low-risk TC-Gx and more aggressive molecular subtypes were replicated in an independent cohort from The Cancer Genome Atlas database (n = 975). Gene expression that correlated with low TC was enriched in proliferation and oncogenic signaling pathways (FDR < 0.05). Moreover, higher proliferation was a key factor explaining the association with worse survival. Women who developed breast cancer despite having a low risk were diagnosed with more aggressive tumors and had a worse prognosis, most likely driven by increased proliferation. Our findings imply the need to establish risk factors associated with more aggressive breast cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Ugalde‐Morales
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Felix Grassmann
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Keith Humphreys
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Swedish eScience Research Centre (SeRC)Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Jingmei Li
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Human GeneticsGenome Institute of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Mikael Eriksson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Nicholas P. Tobin
- Department of Oncology‐PathologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Åke Borg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology and PathologyLund UniversityLundSweden
- Department of OncologyLund University Cancer CenterLundSweden
- CREATE Health Strategic Centre for Translational Cancer ResearchLund UniversityLundSweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, SCIBLU GenomicsLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Johan Vallon‐Christersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology and PathologyLund UniversityLundSweden
- Department of OncologyLund University Cancer CenterLundSweden
- CREATE Health Strategic Centre for Translational Cancer ResearchLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of OncologySödersjukhusetStockholmSweden
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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18
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Abdoli Shadbad M, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Baradaran B. Cross-talk between myeloid-derived suppressor cells and Mucin1 in breast cancer vaccination: On the verge of a breakthrough. Life Sci 2020; 258:118128. [PMID: 32710947 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Although breast cancer is one of the leading troublesome cancers, the available therapeutic options have not fulfilled the desired outcomes. Immune-based therapy has gained special attention for breast cancer treatment. Although this approach is highly tolerable, its low response rate has rendered it as an undesirable approach. This review aims to describe the essential oncogenic pathways involved in breast cancer, elucidate the immunosuppression and oncogenic effect of Mucin1, and introduce myeloid-derived suppressor cells, which are the main culprits of anti-tumoral immune response attenuation. The various auto-inductive loops between Mucin1 and myeloid-derived suppressor cells are focal in the suppression of anti-tumoral immune responses in patients with breast cancer. These cross-talks between the Mucin1 and myeloid-derived suppressor cells can be the underlying causes of immunotherapy's impotence for patients with breast cancer. This approach can pave the road for the development of a potent vaccine for patients with breast cancer and is translated into clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khalil Hajiasgharzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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19
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Jusino S, Saavedra HI. Role of E2Fs and mitotic regulators controlled by E2Fs in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1419-1429. [PMID: 31575294 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219881360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex cellular process in which epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal properties. EMT occurs in three biological settings: development, wound healing and fibrosis, and tumor progression. Despite occurring in three independent biological settings, EMT signaling shares some molecular mechanisms that allow epithelial cells to de-differentiate and acquire mesenchymal characteristics that confer cells invasive and migratory capacity to distant sites. Here we summarize the molecular mechanism that delineates EMT and we will focus on the role of E2 promoter binding factors (E2Fs) in EMT during tumor progression. Since the E2Fs are presently undruggable due to their control in numerous pivotal cellular functions and due to the lack of selectivity against individual E2Fs, we will also discuss the role of three mitotic regulators and/or mitotic kinases controlled by the E2Fs (NEK2, Mps1/TTK, and SGO1) in EMT that can be useful as drug targets. Impact statement The study of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an active area of research since it is one of the early intermediates to invasion and metastasis—a state of the cancer cells that ultimately kills many cancer patients. We will present in this review that besides their canonical roles as regulators of proliferation, unregulated expression of the E2F transcription factors may contribute to cancer initiation and progression to metastasis by signaling centrosome amplification, chromosome instability, and EMT. Since our discovery that the E2F activators control centrosome amplification and mitosis in cancer cells, we have identified centrosome and mitotic regulators that may represent actionable targets against EMT and metastasis in cancer cells. This is impactful to all of the cancer patients in which the Cdk/Rb/E2F pathway is deregulated, which has been estimated to be most cancer patients with solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Jusino
- Basic Sciences Department, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce PR 00732, USA
| | - Harold I Saavedra
- Basic Sciences Department, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce PR 00732, USA
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20
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Swiatnicki MR, Andrechek ER. How to Choose a Mouse Model of Breast Cancer, a Genomic Perspective. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2019; 24:231-243. [PMID: 31227983 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-019-09433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with numerous subtypes that have been defined through immunohistological, histological, and gene expression patterns. The diversity of breast cancer has made the study of its various underlying causes complex. To facilitate the examination of particular facets of breast cancer, mouse models have been generated, ranging from carcinogen induced models to genetically engineered mice. While mouse models have been generated to mimic the initiating event, including p53 loss, BRCA loss, or overexpression of HER2 / Neu / erbB2, other genomic events are often not well characterized. However, these secondary genetic events are often critical to the mouse tumor evolution, subtype, and outcome, just as they are in human breast cancer. As such, these other genomic events are a critical component of what models are chosen to study specific subtypes of human breast cancer. Here we review the genomic analyses that have been completed for various genetically engineered mouse models, how they compare to human breast cancer, and detail how this information can be used in choosing a mouse model for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Swiatnicki
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Eran R Andrechek
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 2194 BPS Building, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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21
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Hollern DP, Swiatnicki MR, Rennhack JP, Misek SA, Matson BC, McAuliff A, Gallo KA, Caron KM, Andrechek ER. E2F1 Drives Breast Cancer Metastasis by Regulating the Target Gene FGF13 and Altering Cell Migration. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10718. [PMID: 31341204 PMCID: PMC6656723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In prior work we demonstrated that loss of E2F transcription factors inhibits metastasis. Here we address the mechanisms for this phenotype and identify the E2F regulated genes that coordinate tumor cell metastasis. Transcriptomic profiling of E2F1 knockout tumors identified a role for E2F1 as a master regulator of a suite of pro-metastatic genes, but also uncovered E2F1 target genes with an unknown role in pulmonary metastasis. High expression of one of these genes, Fgf13, is associated with early human breast cancer metastasis in a clinical dataset. Together these data led to the hypothesis that Fgf13 is critical for breast cancer metastasis, and that upregulation of Fgf13 may partially explain how E2F1 promotes breast cancer metastasis. To test this hypothesis we ablated Fgf13 via CRISPR. Deletion of Fgf13 in a MMTV-PyMT breast cancer cell line reduces colonization of the lungs in a tail vein injection. In addition, loss of Fgf13 reduced in vitro cell migration, suggesting that Fgf13 may be critical for tumor cells to escape the primary tumor and to colonize the distal sites. The significance of this work is twofold: we have both uncovered genomic features by which E2F1 regulates metastasis and we have identified new pro-metastatic functions for the E2F1 target gene Fgf13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Hollern
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Matthew R Swiatnicki
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Jonathan P Rennhack
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Sean A Misek
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Brooke C Matson
- University of North Carolina Department of Cell Biology, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Andrew McAuliff
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Kathleen A Gallo
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Kathleen M Caron
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Eran R Andrechek
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States.
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22
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Integrated analyses of murine breast cancer models reveal critical parallels with human disease. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3261. [PMID: 31332182 PMCID: PMC6646342 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models have an essential role in cancer research, yet little is known about how various models resemble human cancer at a genomic level. Here, we complete whole genome sequencing and transcriptome profiling of two widely used mouse models of breast cancer, MMTV-Neu and MMTV-PyMT. Through integrative in vitro and in vivo studies, we identify copy number alterations in key extracellular matrix proteins including collagen 1 type 1 alpha 1 (COL1A1) and chondroadherin (CHAD) that drive metastasis in these mouse models. In addition to copy number alterations, we observe a propensity of the tumors to modulate tyrosine kinase-mediated signaling through mutation of phosphatases such as PTPRH in the MMTV-PyMT mouse model. Mutation in PTPRH leads to increased phospho-EGFR levels and decreased latency. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the complete genomic landscape of a mouse model and illustrate the utility this has in understanding human cancers. Mouse models are an essential tool in breast cancer research. Here, the authors present the genomic and transcriptomic profiles of two widely used mouse models, revealing parallels with the human disease specifically with metastasis and treatment response.
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23
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Verma A, Cohen DJ, Schwartz N, Muktipaty C, Koblinski JE, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. 24R,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 regulates breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:1498-1512. [PMID: 31125679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies indicate high serum 25(OH)D3 is associated with increased survival in breast cancer patients. Pre-clinical studies attributed this to anti-tumorigenic properties of its metabolite 1α,25(OH)2D3. However, 1α,25(OH)2D3 is highly calcemic and thus has a narrow therapeutic window. Here we propose another metabolite, 24R,25(OH)2D3, as an alternative non-calcemic vitamin D3 supplement. METHODS NOD-SCID-IL2γR null female mice with MCF7 breast cancer xenografts in the mammary fat pad were treated with 24R,25(OH)2D3 and changes in tumor burden and metastases were assessed. ERα66+ MCF7 and T47D cells, and ERα66- HCC38 cells were treated with 24R,25(OH)2D3in vitro to assess effects on proliferation and apoptosis. Effects on migration and metastatic markers were assessed in MCF7. RESULTS 24R,25(OH)2D3 reduced MCF7 tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. In vitro results indicate that this was not due to an anti-proliferative effect; 24R,25(OH)2D3 stimulated DNA synthesis in MCF7 and T47D. In contrast, markers of invasion and metastasis were decreased. 24R,25(OH)2D3 caused dose-dependent increases in apoptosis in MCF7 and T47D, but not HCC38 cells. Inhibitors to palmitoylation, caveolae integrity, phospholipase-D, and estrogen receptors (ER) demonstrate that 24R,25(OH)2D3 acts on MCF7 cells through caveolae-associated, phospholipase D-dependent mechanisms via cross-talk with ERs. CONCLUSION These results indicate that 24R,25(OH)2D3 shows promise in treatment of breast cancer by stimulating tumor apoptosis and reducing metastasis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE 24R,25(OH)2D3 regulates breast cancer cell survival through ER-associated mechanisms similar to 24R,25(OH)2D3 effects on chondrocytes. Thus, 24R,25(OH)2D3 may modulate cell survival in other estrogen-responsive cell types, and its therapeutic potential should be investigated in ER-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Verma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - D Joshua Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Nofrat Schwartz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Meir Hospital, Tchernichovsky St 59, Kfar Saba 4428164, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Caroline Chapel Hill, 170 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chandana Muktipaty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Jennifer E Koblinski
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 N 13th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Massey Cancer Center, 401 College Street, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Barbara D Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; Massey Cancer Center, 401 College Street, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, 313 Ferst Drive NW, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, VA, USA.
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8210 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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24
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Prognostic values of E2F mRNA expression in human gastric cancer. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181264. [PMID: 30487158 PMCID: PMC6435564 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the second most frequent cause of cancer-related mortality in the world, with Eastern Asia having the highest incidence rates. E2F is a family of transcription factor proteins that has a variety of functions, which include control of cell cycle, cell differentiation, DNA damage response and cell death. E2F transcription factors are divided into two subfamilies: transcription activators (E2F transcription factors 1 (E2F1), 2 (E2F2) and 3a (E2F3a)) and repressors (E2F3b, E2F transcription factors 4 (E2F4), 5 (E2F5), 6 (E2F6), 7 (E2F7) and 8 (E2F8)). Studies have demonstrated that E2F had prognostic significance in a number of cancers. However, the entirety of the prognostic roles of E2F mRNA expression in GC has not yet been apparently determined. In the present study, the prognostic value of individual family members of E2F mRNA expression for overall survival (OS) was evaluated by using online Kaplan-Meier Plotter (KM Plotter) database. Our result demonstrated that high expressions of three family members of E2F (E2F1, E2F3, E2F4) mRNA were significantly associated with unfavourable OS in all GC patients. However, increased expressions of E2F2, E2F5, E2F6 and E2F7 were significantly associated with favourable OS, especially for higher clinical stages in GC patients. These results provided a better insight into the prognostic functions of E2F mRNA genes in GC. Although the results should be further verified in clinical trials, our findings may be a favourable prognostic predictor for the development of newer therapeutic drugs in the treatment of GC.
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25
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Dosil MA, Navaridas R, Mirantes C, Tarragona J, Eritja N, Felip I, Urdanibia I, Megino C, Domingo M, Santacana M, Gatius S, Piñol C, Barceló C, Maiques O, Macià A, Velasco A, Vaquero M, Matias-Guiu X, Dolcet X. Tumor suppressive function of E2F-1 on PTEN-induced serrated colorectal carcinogenesis. J Pathol 2018; 247:72-85. [DOI: 10.1002/path.5168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Dosil
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, IRBLleida; Lleida Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología (CIBERONC); Madrid Spain
| | - Raúl Navaridas
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, IRBLleida; Lleida Spain
| | - Cristina Mirantes
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, IRBLleida; Lleida Spain
| | - Jordi Tarragona
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, IRBLleida; Lleida Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología (CIBERONC); Madrid Spain
| | - Núria Eritja
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, IRBLleida; Lleida Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología (CIBERONC); Madrid Spain
| | - Isidre Felip
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, IRBLleida; Lleida Spain
| | - Izaskun Urdanibia
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, IRBLleida; Lleida Spain
| | - Cristina Megino
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, IRBLleida; Lleida Spain
| | - Mónica Domingo
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, IRBLleida; Lleida Spain
| | - Maria Santacana
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, IRBLleida; Lleida Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología (CIBERONC); Madrid Spain
| | - Sònia Gatius
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, IRBLleida; Lleida Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología (CIBERONC); Madrid Spain
| | - Carme Piñol
- Department de Medicina; Universitat de Lleida-Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida); Lleida Spain
| | - Carla Barceló
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, IRBLleida; Lleida Spain
| | - Oscar Maiques
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, IRBLleida; Lleida Spain
| | - Anna Macià
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, IRBLleida; Lleida Spain
| | - Ana Velasco
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics; Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLleida; Lleida Spain
| | - Marta Vaquero
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics; Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLleida; Lleida Spain
| | - Xavier Matias-Guiu
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, IRBLleida; Lleida Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología (CIBERONC); Madrid Spain
| | - Xavier Dolcet
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Department de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, IRBLleida; Lleida Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología (CIBERONC); Madrid Spain
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26
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Liu ZL, Bi XW, Liu PP, Lei DX, Wang Y, Li ZM, Jiang WQ, Xia Y. Expressions and prognostic values of the E2F transcription factors in human breast carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:3521-3532. [PMID: 30271201 PMCID: PMC6145639 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s172332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
E2F transcription factors (E2Fs) are a family of transcription factors involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Their important roles in the development and metastasis of breast carcinoma (BC) have been discovered by previous in vitro and in vivo studies. Yet, expressions and distinct prognostic values of these eight E2Fs in human BC remain unclear in many respects. In this study, we aimed to reveal their roles in BC through analyzing the transcription and survival data of the E2Fs in BC patients from four online databases including ONCOMINE, Breast Cancer Gene-Expression Miner v4.1, cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics, and Kaplan–Meier Plotter. We found the overexpression of E2Fs in BC tissues compared with normal breast tissues, except for E2F4. Higher expression levels of E2Fs, except for E2F4 and E2F6, were associated with higher levels of Scarff–Bloom–Richardson grade of BC. Alterations of E2Fs were found to be significantly correlated with poorer overall survival of BC patients. Through plotting the survival curve in the Kaplan–Meier Plotter, it was found that higher mRNA levels of E2F1, E2F3, E2F7, and E2F8 were associated with poorer relapse-free survival in all BC patients, indicating that they are potential targets for individualized treatments of BC patients. Conversely, higher mRNA expression level of E2F4 predicted better RFS in BC patients, suggesting E2F4 as a new biomarker for BC prognosis. Considering currently available limited evidence, further studies need to be performed to investigate the roles of E2Fs in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Long Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Xi-Wen Bi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Pan-Pan Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - De-Xin Lei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Zhi-Ming Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Wen-Qi Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, ,
| | - Yi Xia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, ,
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27
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NRF1 motif sequence-enriched genes involved in ER/PR −ve HER2 +ve breast cancer signaling pathways. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 172:469-485. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4905-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Bhawe K, Roy D. Interplay between NRF1, E2F4 and MYC transcription factors regulating common target genes contributes to cancer development and progression. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2018; 41:465-484. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-018-0395-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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29
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To B, Andrechek ER. Transcription factor compensation during mammary gland development in E2F knockout mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194937. [PMID: 29617434 PMCID: PMC5884531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The E2F transcription factors control key elements of development, including mammary gland branching morphogenesis, with several E2Fs playing essential roles. Additional prior data has demonstrated that loss of individual E2Fs can be compensated by other E2F family members, but this has not been tested in a mammary gland developmental context. Here we have explored the role of the E2Fs and their ability to functionally compensate for each other during mammary gland development. Using gene expression from terminal end buds and chromatin immunoprecipitation data for E2F1, E2F2 and E2F3, we noted both overlapping and unique mammary development genes regulated by each of the E2Fs. Based on our computational findings and the fact that E2Fs share a common binding motif, we hypothesized that E2F transcription factors would compensate for each other during mammary development and function. To test this hypothesis, we generated RNA from E2F1-/-, E2F2-/- and E2F3+/- mouse mammary glands. QRT-PCR on mammary glands during pregnancy demonstrated increases in E2F2 and E2F3a in the E2F1-/- mice and an increase in E2F2 levels in E2F3+/- mice. During lactation we noted that E2F3b transcript levels were increased in the E2F2-/- mice. Given that E2Fs have previously been noted to have the most striking effects on development during puberty, we hypothesized that loss of individual E2Fs would be compensated for at that time. Double mutant mice were generated and compared with the single knockouts. Loss of both E2F1 and E2F2 revealed a more striking phenotype than either knockout alone, indicating that E2F2 was compensating for E2F1 loss. Interestingly, while E2F2 was not able to functionally compensate for E2F3+/- during mammary outgrowth, increased E2F2 expression was observed in E2F3+/- mammary glands during pregnancy day 14.5 and lactation day 5. Together, these findings illustrate the specificity of E2F family members to compensate during development of the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana To
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Eran R. Andrechek
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Using gene expression data to direct breast cancer therapy: evidence from a preclinical trial. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:111-117. [PMID: 29313063 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1620-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity both within and between breast cancers presents a significant clinical challenge for both diagnosis and therapy. This heterogeneity is present at all levels of analysis in breast cancer, ranging from genomic to metabolomic. A function of this heterogeneity is that numerous signaling networks are activated, and while treatment of one arm may be initially effective, this allows the tumor to be poised to evolve a resistance mechanism. Here we review the classification of breast cancers and discuss therapy of hormone positive, HER2 positive, and triple negative breast cancers. Model systems for breast cancer are examined allowing for a preclinical trial using a personalized medicine approach to be tested. This preclinical trial was based solely on cell signaling pathway activation and effectively and specifically blocked tumor growth in a preclinical model system.
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31
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Zhang X, Yao J, Guo K, Huang H, Huai S, Ye R, Niu B, Ji T, Han W, Li J. The functional mechanism of miR-125b in gastric cancer and its effect on the chemosensitivity of cisplatin. Oncotarget 2017; 9:2105-2119. [PMID: 29416757 PMCID: PMC5788625 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown drug resistance of gastric cancer cells could be modulated by abnormal expression of microRNAs. Cisplatin (DDP) is one of the most commonly used drugs for chemotherapy of gastric cancer. In this study, the potential function of miR-125b on DDP resistance in gastric cancer cells was investigated. Sixteen miRNAs significantly differential expressed in gastric tumor tissues and adjacent tissues were characterized and their corresponding putative target genes were also screened. MiR-125b was selected as our focus for its evident down-regulated expression among candidate genes. Real-time polymerase chain reaction assay indicated that miR-125b was significantly down-regulated in gastric cancer tissues and various cell lines. HER2 was identified as a target gene of miR-125b by dual luciferase reporter assay and Western blot. Moreover, miR-125b overexpression inhibited not only the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of HGC-27 and MGC-803 cells, but also in vivo tumor growth of MGC-803 cells by an intratumoral delivery approach. Notably, we observed up-regulated miR-125b contributed to the chemosensitivity of DDP in HGC-27 and MGC-803 cells at different concentrations and also possessed sensibilization for DDP at different times. MiR-125b expression was found to be related to lymph node metastasis, HER2 expression and overall survival of patients through correlation analysis. Collectively, these results indicate miR-125b may regulate DDP resistance as a promising therapeutic target for gastric cancer treatment in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yao
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The 161th Hospital of PLA, Wuhan 430010, P.R. China
| | - Hu Huang
- Department of Oncology, The 161th Hospital of PLA, Wuhan 430010, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Huai
- Department of Radiotherapy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Rui Ye
- Department of Radiotherapy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Beidaihe Sanatorium of Beijing Military Command, Qinhuangdao 066100, P.R. China
| | - Baolong Niu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Tiannan Ji
- Department of Radiotherapy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Jianxiong Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya 572000, P.R. China
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32
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Jhan JR, Andrechek ER. Triple-negative breast cancer and the potential for targeted therapy. Pharmacogenomics 2017; 18:1595-1609. [PMID: 29095114 PMCID: PMC5694022 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2017-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is composed of several well-recognized subtypes including estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and HER2 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Without available targeted therapy options, standard of care for TNBC remains chemotherapy. It is of interest to note that TNBC tumors generally have better responses to chemotherapy compared with other subtypes. However, patients without complete response account for approximately 80% of TNBC. Mounting evidence suggests significant heterogeneity within the TNBC subtype, and studies have focused on genetic targets with high rates of altered expression. Recent studies suggest clear possibilities for benefits from targeted therapy in TNBC. In this review, we summarize studies of targeted therapy, including within mouse models, and discuss their applications in the development of combinatorial treatments to treat TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ru Jhan
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 2194 Biomedical Physical Sciences Building, 567 Wilson Rd., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Eran R Andrechek
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 2194 Biomedical Physical Sciences Building, 567 Wilson Rd., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Unraveling a tumor type-specific regulatory core underlying E2F1-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition to predict receptor protein signatures. Nat Commun 2017; 8:198. [PMID: 28775339 PMCID: PMC5543083 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease of subverted regulatory pathways. In this paper, we reconstruct the regulatory network around E2F, a family of transcription factors whose deregulation has been associated to cancer progression, chemoresistance, invasiveness, and metastasis. We integrate gene expression profiles of cancer cell lines from two E2F1-driven highly aggressive bladder and breast tumors, and use network analysis methods to identify the tumor type-specific core of the network. By combining logic-based network modeling, in vitro experimentation, and gene expression profiles from patient cohorts displaying tumor aggressiveness, we identify and experimentally validate distinctive, tumor type-specific signatures of receptor proteins associated to epithelial-mesenchymal transition in bladder and breast cancer. Our integrative network-based methodology, exemplified in the case of E2F1-induced aggressive tumors, has the potential to support the design of cohort- as well as tumor type-specific treatments and ultimately, to fight metastasis and therapy resistance.Deregulation of E2F family transcription factors is associated with cancer progression and metastasis. Here, the authors construct a map of the regulatory network around the E2F family, and using gene expression profiles, identify tumour type-specific regulatory cores and receptor expression signatures associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition in bladder and breast cancer.
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34
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Jhan JR, Andrechek ER. Effective personalized therapy for breast cancer based on predictions of cell signaling pathway activation from gene expression analysis. Oncogene 2017. [PMID: 28135251 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Current therapeutic outcomes for breast cancer underscore the complexity of treating a heterogeneous disease. Indeed, studies have shown that differences in gene expression among patients with the same subtype of breast cancer are correlated with the response to treatment. This strongly suggests that there is an urgent need to treat breast cancer with a personalized approach. Here we employed cell signaling pathway signatures to predict pathway activity in subtypes of MMTV-Myc mammary tumors. We then split tumors into subsets and developed individualized combinatorial treatments for two subtypes with distinct pathway activation patterns. Elevation of the EGFR, RAS and TGFβ pathways was observed in one subtype whereas these pathways were not predicted to be active in the other subtype that had high predicted activity of the Myc, Stat3 and Akt pathways. In a proof-of-principle experiment, treatment of these two subtypes with targeted therapies inhibited tumor growth only in the subtype of tumor where the therapy was designed to be active. We then analyzed gene expression profiles of human breast cancer patients and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) samples to predict pathway activity, and validated our approach of developing individualized treatments in mice with PDX tumors. Importantly, our combinatorial therapy resulted in tumor regression, including regression in PDX samples from triple-negative breast cancer. Together our data is a proof-of-principle experiment that demonstrates that cell signaling pathway signature-guided treatment for breast cancer is viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-R Jhan
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - E R Andrechek
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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35
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Rennhack J, To B, Wermuth H, Andrechek ER. Mouse Models of Breast Cancer Share Amplification and Deletion Events with Human Breast Cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2017; 22:71-84. [PMID: 28124185 PMCID: PMC5313323 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-017-9374-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast tumor heterogeneity has been well documented through the use of multiplatform -omic studies in human tumors. However, there is no integrative database to capture the heterogeneity within mouse models of breast cancer. This project identifies genomic copy number alterations (CNAs) in 600 tumors across 27 major mouse models of breast cancer through the application of a predictive algorithm to publicly available gene expression data. It was found that despite the presence of strong oncogenic drivers in most mouse models, CNAs are extremely common but heterogeneous both between models and within models. Many mouse CNA events are largely conserved in human tumors and in the mouse we show that they are associated with secondary tumor characteristics such as tumor histology, metastasis, as well as enhanced oncogenic signaling. These data serve as an important resource in guiding investigators when choosing a mouse model to understand the gene copy number changes relevant to human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rennhack
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 2194 BPS Building, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Briana To
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 2194 BPS Building, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Harrison Wermuth
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 2194 BPS Building, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Eran R Andrechek
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 2194 BPS Building, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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36
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Rocca A, Schirone A, Maltoni R, Bravaccini S, Cecconetto L, Farolfi A, Bronte G, Andreis D. Progress with palbociclib in breast cancer: latest evidence and clinical considerations. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2017; 9:83-105. [PMID: 28203301 PMCID: PMC5298405 DOI: 10.1177/1758834016677961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of the cell cycle is a hallmark of cancer, and research on cell cycle control has allowed identification of potential targets for anticancer treatment. Palbociclib is a selective inhibitor of the cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6), which are involved, with their coregulatory partners cyclin D, in the G1-S transition. Inhibition of this step halts cell cycle progression in cells in which the involved pathway, including the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and the E2F family of transcription factors, is functioning, although having been deregulated. Among breast cancers, those with functioning cyclin D-CDK4/6-Rb-E2F are mainly hormone-receptor (HR) positive, with some HER2-positive and rare triple-negative cases. Deregulation results from genetic or otherwise occurring hyperactivation of molecules subtending cell cycle progression, or inactivation of cell cycle inhibitors. Based on results of randomized clinical trials, palbociclib was granted accelerated approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in combination with letrozole as initial endocrine-based therapy for metastatic disease in postmenopausal women with HR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer, and was approved for use in combination with fulvestrant in women with HR-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy. This review provides an update of the available knowledge on the cell cycle and its regulation, on the alterations in cyclin D-CDK4/6-Rb-E2F axis in breast cancer and their roles in endocrine resistance, on the preclinical activity of CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer, both as monotherapy and as partners of combinatorial synergic treatments, and on the clinical development of palbociclib in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rocca
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Maroncelli 40, Meldola, FC 47014, Italy
| | - Alessio Schirone
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Roberta Maltoni
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Sara Bravaccini
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cecconetto
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Alberto Farolfi
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bronte
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Daniele Andreis
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
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37
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Effective personalized therapy for breast cancer based on predictions of cell signaling pathway activation from gene expression analysis. Oncogene 2017; 36:3553-3561. [PMID: 28135251 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current therapeutic outcomes for breast cancer underscore the complexity of treating a heterogeneous disease. Indeed, studies have shown that differences in gene expression among patients with the same subtype of breast cancer are correlated with the response to treatment. This strongly suggests that there is an urgent need to treat breast cancer with a personalized approach. Here we employed cell signaling pathway signatures to predict pathway activity in subtypes of MMTV-Myc mammary tumors. We then split tumors into subsets and developed individualized combinatorial treatments for two subtypes with distinct pathway activation patterns. Elevation of the EGFR, RAS and TGFβ pathways was observed in one subtype whereas these pathways were not predicted to be active in the other subtype that had high predicted activity of the Myc, Stat3 and Akt pathways. In a proof-of-principle experiment, treatment of these two subtypes with targeted therapies inhibited tumor growth only in the subtype of tumor where the therapy was designed to be active. We then analyzed gene expression profiles of human breast cancer patients and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) samples to predict pathway activity, and validated our approach of developing individualized treatments in mice with PDX tumors. Importantly, our combinatorial therapy resulted in tumor regression, including regression in PDX samples from triple-negative breast cancer. Together our data is a proof-of-principle experiment that demonstrates that cell signaling pathway signature-guided treatment for breast cancer is viable.
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38
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Johnson J, Thijssen B, McDermott U, Garnett M, Wessels LF, Bernards R. Targeting the RB-E2F pathway in breast cancer. Oncogene 2016; 35:4829-35. [PMID: 26923330 PMCID: PMC4950965 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene (RB1) or components regulating the CDK-RB-E2F pathway have been identified in nearly every human malignancy. Re-establishing cell cycle control through cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibition has therefore emerged as an attractive option in the development of targeted cancer therapy. The most successful example of this today is the use of the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib combined with aromatase inhibitors for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers. Multiple studies have demonstrated that the CDK-RB-E2F pathway is critical for the control of cell proliferation. More recently, studies have highlighted additional roles of this pathway, especially E2F transcription factors themselves, in tumor progression, angiogenesis and metastasis. Specific E2Fs also have prognostic value in breast cancer, independent of clinical parameters. We discuss here recent advances in understanding of the RB-E2F pathway in breast cancer. We also discuss the application of genome-wide genetic screening efforts to gain insight into synthetic lethal interactions of CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer for the development of more effective combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Johnson
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Netherlands The Netherlands Cancer Institute Plesmanlaan 121 1066 CX Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bram Thijssen
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Netherlands The Netherlands Cancer Institute Plesmanlaan 121 1066 CX Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ultan McDermott
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB10 1SA
| | - Mathew Garnett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB10 1SA
| | - Lodewyk F.A. Wessels
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Netherlands The Netherlands Cancer Institute Plesmanlaan 121 1066 CX Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - René Bernards
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Netherlands The Netherlands Cancer Institute Plesmanlaan 121 1066 CX Amsterdam The Netherlands
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39
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Silencing of E2F3 suppresses tumor growth of Her2+ breast cancer cells by restricting mitosis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:37316-34. [PMID: 26512919 PMCID: PMC4741932 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The E2F transcriptional activators E2F1, E2F2 and E2F3a regulate many important cellular processes, including DNA replication, apoptosis and centrosome duplication. Previously, we demonstrated that silencing E2F1 or E2F3 suppresses centrosome amplification (CA) and chromosome instability (CIN) in Her2+ breast cancer cells without markedly altering proliferation. However, it is unknown whether and how silencing a single E2F activator, E2F3, affects malignancy of human breast cancer cells. Thus, we injected HCC1954 Her2+ breast cancer cells silenced for E2F3 into mammary fat pads of immunodeficient mice and demonstrated that loss of E2F3 retards tumor growth. Surprisingly, silencing of E2F3 led to significant reductions in mitotic indices relative to vector controls, while the percentage of cells undergoing S phase were not affected. Nek2 is a mitotic kinase commonly upregulated in breast cancers and a critical regulator of Cdk4- or E2F-mediated CA. In this report, we found that Nek2 overexpression rescued back the CA caused by silencing of shE2F3. However, the effects of Nek2 overexpression in affecting tumor growth rates of shE2F3 and shE2F3; GFP cells were inconclusive. Taken together, our results indicate that E2F3 silencing decreases mammary tumor growth by reducing percentage of cells undergoing mitosis.
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40
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Increased metastasis with loss of E2F2 in Myc-driven tumors. Oncotarget 2016; 6:38210-24. [PMID: 26474282 PMCID: PMC4741994 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In human breast cancer, mortality is associated with metastasis to distant sites. Therefore, it is critical to elucidate the biological mechanisms that underlie tumor progression and metastasis. Using signaling pathway signatures we previously predicted a role for E2F transcription factors in Myc induced tumors. To test this role we interbred MMTV-Myc transgenic mice with E2F knockouts. Surprisingly, we observed that the loss of E2F2 sharply increased the percentage of lung metastasis in MMTV-Myc transgenic mice. Examining the gene expression profile from these tumors, we identified genetic components that were potentially involved in mediating metastasis. These genes were filtered to uncover the genes involved in metastasis that also impacted distant metastasis free survival in human breast cancer. In order to elucidate the mechanism by which E2F2 loss enhanced metastasis we generated knockdowns of E2F2 in MDA-MB-231 cells and observed increased migration in vitro and increased lung colonization in vivo. We then examined genes that were differentially regulated between tumors from MMTV-Myc, MMTV-Myc E2F2−/−, and lung metastases samples and identified PTPRD. To test the role of PTPRD in E2F2-mediated breast cancer metastasis, we generated a knockdown of PTPRD in MDA-MB-231 cells. We noted that decreased levels of PTPRD resulted in decreased migration in vitro and decreased lung colonization in vivo. Taken together, these data indicate that E2F2 loss results in increased metastasis in breast cancer, potentially functioning through a PTPRD dependent mechanism.
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41
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Wang H, Zhang X, Liu Y, Ni Z, Lin Y, Duan Z, Shi Y, Wang G, Li F. Downregulated miR-31 level associates with poor prognosis of gastric cancer and its restoration suppresses tumor cell malignant phenotypes by inhibiting E2F2. Oncotarget 2016; 7:36577-36589. [PMID: 27174918 PMCID: PMC5095022 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The miRNA microarray analysis showed that miR-31 was reduced in gastric cancer. This study further assessed miR-31 expression and role of miR-31 in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines. The data showed that miR-31 expression was down-regulated in 40 cases of gastric cancer tissues compared to the adjacent normal tissues, and low expression of miR-31 was associated with poor tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, advanced T stage and worse overall survival of gastric cancer patients. Ectopic expression of miR-31 reduced tumor cell viability, enhanced apoptosis, arrested tumor cells at G1 transition, and reduced tumor cell migration and invasion in SGC-7901 and MGC-803 gastric cell lines in vitro. Enforced expression of miR-31 also inhibited growth of engrafted tumors in vivo. Luciferase reporter assays and western blot revealed that E2F2 is the direct target of miR-31. E2F2 expression was upregulated in gastric cancer tissues, and inversely associated with miR-31 levels, while knockdown of E2F2 expression mimicked miR-31 anti-tumor activity in gastric cancer cells, but the ectopic expression of E2F2 rescued the miR-31-mediated inhibition in gastric cell lines. Taken together, these results demonstrated that miR-31 acts as a crucial tumor suppressive activity by inhibiting E2F2s expression. Thus, miR-31 might be a candidate therapeutic target for gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaidong Wang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhaohui Ni
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zipeng Duan
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yue Shi
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- The Key Laboratory for Bionics Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- The Key Laboratory for Bionics Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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42
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Hartl M. The Quest for Targets Executing MYC-Dependent Cell Transformation. Front Oncol 2016; 6:132. [PMID: 27313991 PMCID: PMC4889588 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC represents a transcription factor with oncogenic potential converting multiple cellular signals into a broad transcriptional response, thereby controlling the expression of numerous protein-coding and non-coding RNAs important for cell proliferation, metabolism, differentiation, and apoptosis. Constitutive activation of MYC leads to neoplastic cell transformation, and deregulated MYC alleles are frequently observed in many human cancer cell types. Multiple approaches have been performed to isolate genes differentially expressed in cells containing aberrantly activated MYC proteins leading to the identification of thousands of putative targets. Functional analyses of genes differentially expressed in MYC-transformed cells had revealed that so far more than 40 upregulated or downregulated MYC targets are actively involved in cell transformation or tumorigenesis. However, further systematic and selective approaches are required for determination of the known or yet unidentified targets responsible for processing the oncogenic MYC program. The search for critical targets in MYC-dependent tumor cells is exacerbated by the fact that during tumor development, cancer cells progressively evolve in a multistep process, thereby acquiring their characteristic features in an additive manner. Functional expression cloning, combinatorial gene expression, and appropriate in vivo tests could represent adequate tools for dissecting the complex scenario of MYC-specified cell transformation. In this context, the central goal is to identify a minimal set of targets that suffices to phenocopy oncogenic MYC. Recently developed genomic editing tools could be employed to confirm the requirement of crucial transformation-associated targets. Knowledge about essential MYC-regulated genes is beneficial to expedite the development of specific inhibitors to interfere with growth and viability of human tumor cells in which MYC is aberrantly activated. Approaches based on the principle of synthetic lethality using MYC-overexpressing cancer cells and chemical or RNAi libraries have been employed to search for novel anticancer drugs, also leading to the identification of several druggable targets. Targeting oncogenic MYC effector genes instead of MYC may lead to compounds with higher specificities and less side effects. This class of drugs could also display a wider pharmaceutical window because physiological functions of MYC, which are important for normal cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation would be less impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hartl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
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43
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Nikolai BC, Lanz RB, York B, Dasgupta S, Mitsiades N, Creighton CJ, Tsimelzon A, Hilsenbeck SG, Lonard DM, Smith CL, O'Malley BW. HER2 Signaling Drives DNA Anabolism and Proliferation through SRC-3 Phosphorylation and E2F1-Regulated Genes. Cancer Res 2016; 76:1463-75. [PMID: 26833126 PMCID: PMC4794399 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 20% of early-stage breast cancers display amplification or overexpression of the ErbB2/HER2 oncogene, conferring poor prognosis and resistance to endocrine therapy. Targeting HER2(+) tumors with trastuzumab or the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor lapatinib significantly improves survival, yet tumor resistance and progression of metastatic disease still develop over time. Although the mechanisms of cytosolic HER2 signaling are well studied, nuclear signaling components and gene regulatory networks that bestow therapeutic resistance and limitless proliferative potential are incompletely understood. Here, we use biochemical and bioinformatic approaches to identify effectors and targets of HER2 transcriptional signaling in human breast cancer. Phosphorylation and activity of the Steroid Receptor Coactivator-3 (SRC-3) is reduced upon HER2 inhibition, and recruitment of SRC-3 to regulatory elements of endogenous genes is impaired. Transcripts regulated by HER2 signaling are highly enriched with E2F1 binding sites and define a gene signature associated with proliferative breast tumor subtypes, cell-cycle progression, and DNA replication. We show that HER2 signaling promotes breast cancer cell proliferation through regulation of E2F1-driven DNA metabolism and replication genes together with phosphorylation and activity of the transcriptional coactivator SRC-3. Furthermore, our analyses identified a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) signaling node that, when targeted using the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib, defines overlap and divergence of adjuvant pharmacologic targeting. Importantly, lapatinib and palbociclib strictly block de novo synthesis of DNA, mostly through disruption of E2F1 and its target genes. These results have implications for rational discovery of pharmacologic combinations in preclinical models of adjuvant treatment and therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C Nikolai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Rainer B Lanz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Brian York
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Subhamoy Dasgupta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Nicholas Mitsiades
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Chad J Creighton
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center Division of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Anna Tsimelzon
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Susan G Hilsenbeck
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - David M Lonard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Carolyn L Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Bert W O'Malley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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44
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Wang T, Mu L, Jin H, Zhang P, Wang Y, Ma X, Pan J, Miao J, Yuan Y. The effects of bufadienolides on HER2 overexpressing breast cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:7155-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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45
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Rennhack J, Andrechek E. Conserved E2F mediated metastasis in mouse models of breast cancer and HER2 positive patients. Oncoscience 2015; 2:867-71. [PMID: 26682278 PMCID: PMC4671953 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve breast cancer patient outcome work must be done to understand and block tumor metastasis. This study leverages bioinformatics techniques and traditional genetic screens to create a novel method of discovering potential contributors of tumor progression with a focus on tumor metastasis. A database of 1172 of expression data from a variety of mouse models of breast cancer was assembled and queried using previously defined oncogenic activity signatures. This analysis revealed high activity of the E2F family of transcription factors in the MMTV-Neu mouse model. A genetic cross of MMTV-Neu mice into an E2F1 null, E2F2 null, or E2F3 heterozygous background revealed significant changes in tumor progression specifically reductions in tumor latency and metastasis with E2F1 or E2F2 loss. These findings were found to be conserved in human HER2 positive patients. Patients with high E2F1 activity were shown to have worse outcomes such as relapse free survival and distant metastasis free survival. This study shows conserved mechanisms of tumor progression in human breast cancer subtypes and analogous mouse models and underlies the importance of increased research into the characterization of and comparisons between mouse and human tumors to identify which mouse models resemble each subtype of human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rennhack
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Eran Andrechek
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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46
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Meng X, Huang Z, Di J, Mu D, Wang Y, Zhao X, Zhao H, Zhu W, Li X, Kong L, Xing L. Expression of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2 in Resected Rectal Cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e2106. [PMID: 26632727 PMCID: PMC5058996 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of trastuzumab to chemotherapy was demonstrated to be beneficial for advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) positive gastric cancer. However, the HER-2 status of rectal cancer remains uncertain. This study aimed to determine the HER-2 expression in a large multicenter cohort of rectal cancer patients. The clinical and pathological features of 717 patients were retrospectively reviewed. All the patients were diagnosed with primary rectal adenocarcinoma without distant metastasis and took surgery directly without any preoperative anticancer treatment. HER-2 status was assessed on resected samples. A total of 99 cases with IHC3+ and 16 cases with IHC 2+ plus gene amplification were determined as HER-2 positive. 22.6% of HER-2 positive patients had local recurrence, whereas 16.9% of HER-2 negative patients did (P = 0.146). HER-2 positive tumors were more likely to have distant metastasis (P = 0.007). Univariate analysis revealed that pathological tumor stage, pathological node stage, positive margin, and lymphovascular invasion were significantly correlated with 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) and 5-year overall survival (OS). The patients with >10 dissected lymph nodes showed significantly longer OS (P = 0.045) but not DFS (P = 0.054). HER-2 negative patients had significantly better 5-year DFS (P < 0.001) and 5-year OS (P = 0.013) than those of the HER-2 positive patients. In the subgroup analysis for the early rectal cancer and locally advanced rectal cancer, HER-2 was also a poor predictor for survival. Multivariate analysis revealed that HER-2 was an independent prognostic factor for 5-year DFS (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.919, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.415-2.605, P < 0.001) and for 5-year OS (HR = 1.549, 95% CI 1.097-2.186, P = 0.013). When the treatment was included in the analysis for locally advanced patients, HER-2 was a prognostic factor for 5-year DFS (P = 0.001) but not for 5-year OS (P = 0.106). This study confirmed that HER-2 was expressed in a part of patients with rectal cancers and might be used as a negative predictor. The results may support the trials to assess the efficacy of trastuzumab in treating HER-2 positive rectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjiao Meng
- From the Department of Radiation Oncology (XM, JD, XZ, HZ, WZ, XL, LK, LX), Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute; Department of Radiology (ZH), Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University; Department of Pathology (DM), Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute; and Department of Chemotherapy (YW), Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Transcriptomic characterization of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E5916-25. [PMID: 26489647 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424894112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FLHCC) tumors all carry a deletion of ∼ 400 kb in chromosome 19, resulting in a fusion of the genes for the heat shock protein, DNAJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 1, DNAJB1, and the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A, PRKACA. The resulting chimeric transcript produces a fusion protein that retains kinase activity. No other recurrent genomic alterations have been identified. Here we characterize the molecular pathogenesis of FLHCC with transcriptome sequencing (RNA sequencing). Differential expression (tumor vs. adjacent normal tissue) was detected for more than 3,500 genes (log2 fold change ≥ 1, false discovery rate ≤ 0.01), many of which were distinct from those found in hepatocellular carcinoma. Expression of several known oncogenes, such as ErbB2 and Aurora Kinase A, was increased in tumor samples. These and other dysregulated genes may serve as potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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48
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Wang Y, Alla V, Goody D, Gupta SK, Spitschak A, Wolkenhauer O, Pützer BM, Engelmann D. Epigenetic factor EPC1 is a master regulator of DNA damage response by interacting with E2F1 to silence death and activate metastasis-related gene signatures. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:117-33. [PMID: 26350215 PMCID: PMC4705687 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor E2F1 is a key regulator of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Recently, it has been shown that aberrant E2F1 expression often detectable in advanced cancers contributes essentially to cancer cell propagation and characterizes the aggressive potential of a tumor. Conceptually, this requires a subset of malignant cells capable of evading apoptotic death through anticancer drugs. The molecular mechanism by which the pro-apoptotic activity of E2F1 is antagonized is widely unclear. Here we report a novel function for EPC1 (enhancer of polycomb homolog 1) in DNA damage protection. Depletion of EPC1 potentiates E2F1-mediated apoptosis in response to genotoxic treatment and abolishes tumor cell motility. We found that E2F1 directly binds to the EPC1 promoter and EPC1 vice versa physically interacts with bifunctional E2F1 to modulate its transcriptional activity in a target gene-specific manner. Remarkably, nuclear-colocalized EPC1 activates E2F1 to upregulate the expression of anti-apoptotic survival genes such as BCL-2 or Survivin/BIRC5 and inhibits death-inducing targets. The uncovered cooperativity between EPC1 and E2F1 triggers a metastasis-related gene signature in advanced cancers that predicts poor patient survival. These findings unveil a novel oncogenic function of EPC1 for inducing the switch into tumor progression-relevant gene expression that may help to set novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Wang
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Vijay Alla
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Deborah Goody
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Shailendra K Gupta
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alf Spitschak
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Olaf Wolkenhauer
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte M Pützer
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - David Engelmann
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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Ramírez A, Boulaiz H, Morata-Tarifa C, Perán M, Jiménez G, Picon-Ruiz M, Agil A, Cruz-López O, Conejo-García A, Campos JM, Sánchez A, García MA, Marchal JA. HER2-signaling pathway, JNK and ERKs kinases, and cancer stem-like cells are targets of Bozepinib small compound. Oncotarget 2015; 5:3590-606. [PMID: 24946763 PMCID: PMC4116505 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of novel anticancer drugs presenting more than one molecular target and efficacy against cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) subpopulations represents a therapeutic need to combat the resistance and the high risk of relapse in patients. In the present work we show how Bozepinib [(RS)-2,6-dichloro-9-[1-(p-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-4,1-benzoxazepin-3-yl]-9H-purine], a small anti-tumor compound, demonstrated selectivity on cancer cells and showed an inhibitory effect over kinases involved in carcinogenesis, proliferation and angiogenesis. The cytotoxic effects of Bozepinib were observed in both breast and colon cancer cells expressing different receptor patterns. Bozepinib inhibited HER-2 signaling pathway and JNK and ERKs kinases. In addition, Bozepinib has an inhibitory effect on AKT and VEGF together with anti-angiogenic and anti-migratory activities. Moreover, the modulation of pathways involved in tumorigenesis by Bozepinib was also evident in microarrays analysis. Interestingly, Bozepinib inhibited both mamo- and colono-spheres formation and eliminated ALDH+ CSCs subpopulations at a low micromolar range similar to Salinomycin. Bozepinib induced the down-regulation of c-MYC, β-CATENIN and SOX2 proteins and the up-regulation of the GLI-3 hedgehog-signaling repressor. Finally, Bozepinib shows in vivo anti-tumor and anti-metastatic efficacy in xenotransplanted nude mice without presenting sub-acute toxicity. These findings support further studies on the therapeutic potential of Bozepinib in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ramírez
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - María A García
- Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Oncology, Virgen de las Nieves, University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan A Marchal
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Biopathology and Medicine Regenerative Institute (IBIMER), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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50
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E2F activators signal and maintain centrosome amplification in breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:2581-99. [PMID: 24797070 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01688-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes ensure accurate chromosome segregation by directing spindle bipolarity. Loss of centrosome regulation results in centrosome amplification, multipolar mitosis and aneuploidy. Since centrosome amplification is common in premalignant lesions and breast tumors, it is proposed to play a central role in breast tumorigenesis, a hypothesis that remains to be tested. The coordination between the cell and centrosome cycles is of paramount importance to maintain normal centrosome numbers, and the E2Fs may be responsible for regulating these cycles. However, the role of E2F activators in centrosome amplification is unclear. Because E2Fs are deregulated in Her2(+) cells displaying centrosome amplification, we addressed whether they signal this abnormal process. Knockdown of E2F1 or E2F3 in Her2(+) cells decreased centrosome amplification without significantly affecting cell cycle progression, whereas the overexpression of E2F1, E2F2, or E2F3 increased centrosome amplification in MCF10A mammary epithelial cells. Our results revealed that E2Fs affect the expression of proteins, including Nek2 and Plk4, known to influence the cell/centrosome cycles and mitosis. Downregulation of E2F3 resulted in cell death and delays/blocks in cytokinesis, which was reversed by Nek2 overexpression. Nek2 overexpression enhanced centrosome amplification in Her2(+) breast cancer cells silenced for E2F3, revealing a role for the E2F activators in maintaining centrosome amplification in part through Nek2.
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