1
|
Castellón JO, Ofori S, Burton NR, Julio AR, Turmon AC, Armenta E, Sandoval C, Boatner LM, Takayoshi EE, Faragalla M, Taylor C, Zhou AL, Tran K, Shek J, Yan T, Desai HS, Fregoso OI, Damoiseaux R, Backus KM. Chemoproteomics Identifies State-Dependent and Proteoform-Selective Caspase-2 Inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14972-14988. [PMID: 38787738 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Caspases are a highly conserved family of cysteine-aspartyl proteases known for their essential roles in regulating apoptosis, inflammation, cell differentiation, and proliferation. Complementary to genetic approaches, small-molecule probes have emerged as useful tools for modulating caspase activity. However, due to the high sequence and structure homology of all 12 human caspases, achieving selectivity remains a central challenge for caspase-directed small-molecule inhibitor development efforts. Here, using mass spectrometry-based chemoproteomics, we first identify a highly reactive noncatalytic cysteine that is unique to caspase-2. By combining both gel-based activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) and a tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease activation assay, we then identify covalent lead compounds that react preferentially with this cysteine and afford a complete blockade of caspase-2 activity. Inhibitory activity is restricted to the zymogen or precursor form of monomeric caspase-2. Focused analogue synthesis combined with chemoproteomic target engagement analysis in cellular lysates and in cells yielded both pan-caspase-reactive molecules and caspase-2 selective lead compounds together with a structurally matched inactive control. Application of this focused set of tool compounds to stratify the functions of the zymogen and partially processed (p32) forms of caspase-2 provide evidence to support that caspase-2-mediated response to DNA damage is largely driven by the partially processed p32 form of the enzyme. More broadly, our study highlights future opportunities for the development of proteoform-selective caspase inhibitors that target nonconserved and noncatalytic cysteine residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José O Castellón
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Samuel Ofori
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Nikolas R Burton
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ashley R Julio
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Alexandra C Turmon
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ernest Armenta
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Carina Sandoval
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Lisa M Boatner
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Evan E Takayoshi
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Marina Faragalla
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Cameron Taylor
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ann L Zhou
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ky Tran
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jeremy Shek
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tianyang Yan
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Heta S Desai
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Oliver I Fregoso
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Keriann M Backus
- Biological Chemistry Department, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fukatsu S, Okawa M, Okabe M, Cho M, Isogai M, Yokoi T, Shirai R, Oizumi H, Yamamoto M, Ohbuchi K, Miyamoto Y, Yamauchi J. Modulating Golgi Stress Signaling Ameliorates Cell Morphological Phenotypes Induced by CHMP2B with Frontotemporal Dementia-Associated p.Asp148Tyr. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:1398-1412. [PMID: 38392208 PMCID: PMC10888485 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Some charged multivesicular body protein 2B (CHMP2B) mutations are associated with autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative frontotemporal dementia and/or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 7 (FTDALS7). The main aim of this study is to clarify the relationship between the expression of mutated CHMP2B protein displaying FTD symptoms and defective neuronal differentiation. First, we illustrate that the expression of CHMP2B with the Asp148Tyr (D148Y) mutation, which preferentially displays FTD phenotypes, blunts neurite process elongation in rat primary cortical neurons. Similar results were observed in the N1E-115 cell line, a model that undergoes neurite elongation. Second, these effects were also accompanied by changes in neuronal differentiation marker protein expression. Third, wild-type CHMP2B protein was indeed localized in the endosomal sorting complexes required to transport (ESCRT)-like structures throughout the cytoplasm. In contrast, CHMP2B with the D148Y mutation exhibited aggregation-like structures and accumulated in the Golgi body. Fourth, among currently known Golgi stress regulators, the expression levels of Hsp47, which has protective effects on the Golgi body, were decreased in cells expressing CHMP2B with the D148Y mutation. Fifth, Arf4, another Golgi stress-signaling molecule, was increased in mutant-expressing cells. Finally, when transfecting Hsp47 or knocking down Arf4 with small interfering (si)RNA, cellular phenotypes in mutant-expressing cells were recovered. These results suggest that CHMP2B with the D148Y mutation, acting through Golgi stress signaling, is negatively involved in the regulation of neuronal cell morphological differentiation, providing evidence that a molecule controlling Golgi stress may be one of the potential FTD therapeutic targets at the molecular and cellular levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoya Fukatsu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Maho Okawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Miyu Okabe
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Mizuka Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Mikinori Isogai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Takanori Yokoi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Remina Shirai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Oizumi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki 200-1192, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki 200-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ohbuchi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki 200-1192, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Castellón JO, Ofori S, Armenta E, Burton N, Boatner LM, Takayoshi EE, Faragalla M, Zhou A, Tran K, Shek J, Yan T, Desai HS, Backus KM. Chemoproteomics identifies proteoform-selective caspase-2 inhibitors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.25.563785. [PMID: 37961563 PMCID: PMC10634807 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.25.563785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Caspases are a highly conserved family of cysteine-aspartyl proteases known for their essential roles in regulating apoptosis, inflammation, cell differentiation, and proliferation. Complementary to genetic approaches, small-molecule probes have emerged as useful tools for modulating caspase activity. However, due to the high sequence and structure homology of all twelve human caspases, achieving selectivity remains a central challenge for caspase-directed small-molecule inhibitor development efforts. Here, using mass spectrometry-based chemoproteomics, we first identify a highly reactive non-catalytic cysteine that is unique to caspase-2. By combining both gel-based activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) and a tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease activation assay, we then identify covalent lead compounds that react preferentially with this cysteine and afford a complete blockade of caspase-2 activity. Inhibitory activity is restricted to the zymogen or precursor form of monomeric caspase-2. Focused analogue synthesis combined with chemoproteomic target engagement analysis in cellular lysates and in cells yielded both pan-caspase reactive molecules and caspase-2 selective lead compounds together with a structurally matched inactive control. Application of this focused set of tool compounds to stratify caspase contributions to initiation of intrinsic apoptosis, supports compensatory caspase-9 activity in the context of caspase-2 inactivation. More broadly, our study highlights future opportunities for the development of proteoform-selective caspase inhibitors that target non-conserved and non-catalytic cysteine residues.
Collapse
|
4
|
Shirai R, Cho M, Isogai M, Fukatsu S, Okabe M, Okawa M, Miyamoto Y, Torii T, Yamauchi J. FTD/ALS Type 7-Associated Thr104Asn Mutation of CHMP2B Blunts Neuronal Process Elongation, and Is Recovered by Knockdown of Arf4, the Golgi Stress Regulator. Neurol Int 2023; 15:980-993. [PMID: 37606396 PMCID: PMC10443297 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint15030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia and/or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 7 (FTD/ALS7) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the onset of FTD and/or ALS, mainly in adulthood. Patients with some types of mutations, including the Thr104Asn (T104N) mutation of charged multivesicular body protein 2B (CHMP2B), have predominantly ALS phenotypes, whereas patients with other mutations have predominantly FTD phenotypes. A few mutations result in patients having both phenotypes approximately equally; however, the reason why phenotypes differ depending on the position of the mutation is unknown. CHMP2B comprises one part of the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT), specifically ESCRT-III, in the cytoplasm. We describe here, for the first time, that CHMP2B with the T104N mutation inhibits neuronal process elongation in the N1E-115 cell line, a model line undergoing neuronal differentiation. This inhibitory phenotype was accompanied by changes in marker protein expression. Of note, CHMP2B with the T104N mutation, but not the wild-type form, was preferentially accumulated in the Golgi body. Of the four major Golgi stress signaling pathways currently known, the pathway through Arf4, the small GTPase, was specifically upregulated in cells expressing CHMP2B with the T104N mutation. Conversely, knockdown of Arf4 with the cognate small interfering (si)RNA recovered the neuronal process elongation inhibited by the T104N mutation. These results suggest that the T104N mutation of CHMP2B inhibits morphological differentiation by triggering Golgi stress signaling, revealing a possible therapeutic molecular target for recovering potential molecular and cellular phenotypes underlying FTD/ALS7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Remina Shirai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (R.S.); (Y.M.)
| | - Mizuka Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (R.S.); (Y.M.)
| | - Mikinori Isogai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (R.S.); (Y.M.)
| | - Shoya Fukatsu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (R.S.); (Y.M.)
| | - Miyu Okabe
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (R.S.); (Y.M.)
| | - Maho Okawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (R.S.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yuki Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (R.S.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Torii
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Pathophysiology, Doshisha University Graduate School of Brain Science, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan;
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (R.S.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao Y, Dhani S, Zhivotovsky B. Unveiling caspase-2 regulation by non-coding RNAs. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:834. [PMID: 36171196 PMCID: PMC9519946 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a group of RNA molecules, such as small nucleolar RNAs, circular RNAs (circRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and long-noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), that do not encode proteins. Although their biofunctions are not well-understood, many regulatory ncRNAs appear to be highly involved in regulating the transcription and translation of several genes that have essential biological roles including cell differentiation, cell death, metabolism, tumorigenesis and so on. A growing number of studies have revealed the associations between dysregulated ncRNAs and caspases involved in cell death in numerous human diseases. As one of the initiator and executor caspases, caspase-2 is the most evolutionally conserved caspase in mammals, exerting both apoptotic and non-apoptotic functions. A great deal of studies has shown the involvement of caspase-2 as a tumor suppressor in multiple oncogene-driven cancers, and yet a comprehensive understanding of its biological roles remains largely unknown. In this review, we highlight a compilation of studies focused on the interaction between caspase-2 and miRNAs/lncRNAs in the context of different diseases in order to deepen our knowledge on the regulatory biofunctions of caspase-2 and, furthermore, provide more insight into understanding the role that ncRNAs/caspase-2 axis plays in the development of human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shanel Dhani
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Knockdown of Golgi Stress-Responsive Caspase-2 Ameliorates HLD17-Associated AIMP2 Mutant-Mediated Inhibition of Oligodendroglial Cell Morphological Differentiation. Neurochem Res 2021; 47:2617-2631. [PMID: 34523057 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypomyelinating leukodystrophy 17 is an autosomal recessive disease affecting myelin-forming oligodendroglial cells in the central nervous system. The gene responsible for HLD17 encodes aminoacyl-tRNA synthase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 2, whose product proteins form a scaffold that supports aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases throughout the cell body. Here we show that the HLD17-associated nonsense mutation (Tyr35-to-Ter [Y35X]) of AIMP2 localizes AIMP2 proteins as aggregates into the Golgi bodies in mouse oligodendroglial FBD-102b cells. Wild type AIMP2 proteins, in contrast, are distributed throughout the cell body. Expression of the Y35X mutant proteins, but not the wild type proteins, in cells upregulates Golgi stress signaling involving caspase-2 activation. Cells expressing the wild type proteins exhibit differentiated phenotypes with web-like structures bearing many processes following the induction of differentiation, whereas cells expressing the Y35X mutant proteins fail to differentiate. Furthermore, CASP2 knockdown but not control knockdown reverses the phenotypes of cells expressing the mutant proteins. These results suggest that HLD17-associated AIMP2 mutant proteins are localized in the Golgi bodies where their proteins stimulate Golgi stress-responsive CASP2 to inhibit differentiation; this effect is ameliorated by knockdown of CASP2. These findings may reveal some of the molecular and cellular pathological mechanisms underlying HLD17 and possible approaches to ameliorating the disease's effects.
Collapse
|
7
|
Thomas CN, Bernardo-Colón A, Courtie E, Essex G, Rex TS, Blanch RJ, Ahmed Z. Effects of intravitreal injection of siRNA against caspase-2 on retinal and optic nerve degeneration in air blast induced ocular trauma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16839. [PMID: 34413361 PMCID: PMC8377143 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular repeated air blast injuries occur from low overpressure blast wave exposure, which are often repeated and in quick succession. We have shown that caspase-2 caused the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) after blunt ocular trauma. Here, we investigated if caspase-2 also mediates RGC apoptosis in a mouse model of air blast induced indirect traumatic optic neuropathy (b-ITON). C57BL/6 mice were exposed to repeated blasts of overpressure air (3 × 2 × 15 psi) and intravitreal injections of siRNA against caspase-2 (siCASP2) or against a control enhanced green fluorescent protein (siEGFP) at either 5 h after the first 2 × 15 psi ("post-blast") or 48 h before the first blast exposure ("pre-blast") and repeated every 7 days. RGC counts were unaffected by the b-ITON or intravitreal injections, despite increased degenerating ON axons, even in siCASP2 "post-blast" injection groups. Degenerating ON axons remained at sham levels after b-ITON and intravitreal siCASP2 "pre-blast" injections, but with less degenerating axons in siCASP2 compared to siEGFP-treated eyes. Intravitreal injections "post-blast" caused greater vitreous inflammation, potentiated by siCASP2, with less in "pre-blast" injected eyes, which was abrogated by siCASP2. We conclude that intravitreal injection timing after ocular trauma induced variable retinal and ON pathology, undermining our candidate neuroprotective therapy, siCASP2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe N Thomas
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Ella Courtie
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Ophthalmology Department, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gareth Essex
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tonia S Rex
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Richard J Blanch
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Ophthalmology Department, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
- Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK.
- Centre for Trauma Sciences Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Centre for Trauma Sciences Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cui Y, Hou Z, Ren Y, Men X, Zheng B, Liu P, Xia B. Effects of aerial exposure on oxidative stress, antioxidant and non-specific immune responses of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus under low temperature. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 101:58-65. [PMID: 32224279 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Desiccation is a commonly stressful situation experienced by sea cucumber during transportation without/less water. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of aerial exposure on the survival, oxidative damage, antioxidant capacity, immune-related response and gene expression of Apostichopus japonicus at different low temperatures. After acclimation, sea cucumbers were randomly divided into 3 groups, which were exposed to 5 °C, 10 °C and 15 °C in the closed laboratory condition, respectively. Each group has three parallel replicates. During the experiment, coelomic fluid and respiratory tree of A. japonicus were sampled at the time points of 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h post-desiccation for further analysis. The results showed that the survival rates of sea cucumber significantly decreased as time prolonged, and those of 5 °C at 6-48 h of desiccation were significantly higher than 15 °C. Most oxidative damage parameters (e.g., O2- production, MDA, LPO and PC contents) significant increased after 6-12 h of desiccation. Antioxidant enzyme activities and T-AOC in coelomic fluid firstly increased and then decreased during aerial exposure, indicating that sea cucumber could adjust antioxidant defense to reduce the concentrations of ROS and MDA as a strategy for protecting organisms from oxidative damage in the early stage (0-6 h) of desiccation. The relative expression levels of Hsp90 and Hsp70 mRNA in respiratory tree of sea cucumber exhibited similar rise-fall trends with antioxidant parameters, while immune enzyme activities of ACP, AKP, LSZ and T-NOS, and gene expression of TLR, Rel and p105 all significantly decreased as time prolonged. Overall, low temperature postponed the process of ROS formation and the depression of antioxidant and non-specific immune responses of sea cucumber within a certain extent, which implied that it might play a positive role in improvement of desiccation tolerance. This study not only contribute to better understand the adaption mechanisms of A. japonicus to desiccation stress, but also provide valuable information for sea cucumber culture and transportation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Cui
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Zhumei Hou
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Yichao Ren
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Xianhui Men
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Shandong Fisheries Technology Extension Station, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, China.
| | - Bin Xia
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vigneswara V, Ahmed Z. The Role of Caspase-2 in Regulating Cell Fate. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051259. [PMID: 32438737 PMCID: PMC7290664 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-2 is the most evolutionarily conserved member of the mammalian caspase family and has been implicated in both apoptotic and non-apoptotic signaling pathways, including tumor suppression, cell cycle regulation, and DNA repair. A myriad of signaling molecules is associated with the tight regulation of caspase-2 to mediate multiple cellular processes far beyond apoptotic cell death. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the literature pertaining to possible sophisticated molecular mechanisms underlying the multifaceted process of caspase-2 activation and to highlight its interplay between factors that promote or suppress apoptosis in a complicated regulatory network that determines the fate of a cell from its birth and throughout its life.
Collapse
|
10
|
Imre G. The involvement of regulated cell death forms in modulating the bacterial and viral pathogenesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 353:211-253. [PMID: 32381176 PMCID: PMC7102569 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis represent three distinct types of regulated cell death forms, which play significant roles in response to viral and bacterial infections. Whereas apoptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation, bleb formation and retained membrane integrity, necroptosis and pyroptosis exhibit osmotic imbalance driven cytoplasmic swelling and early membrane damage. These three cell death forms exert distinct immune stimulatory potential. The caspase driven apoptotic cell demise is considered in many circumstances as anti-inflammatory, whereas the two lytic cell death modalities can efficiently trigger immune response by releasing damage associated molecular patterns to the extracellular space. The relevance of these cell death modalities in infections can be best demonstrated by the presence of viral proteins that directly interfere with cell death pathways. Conversely, some pathogens hijack the cell death signaling routes to initiate a targeted attack against the immune cells of the host, and extracellular bacteria can benefit from the destruction of intact extracellular barriers upon cell death induction. The complexity and the crosstalk between these cell death modalities reflect a continuous evolutionary race between pathogens and host. This chapter discusses the current advances in the research of cell death signaling with regard to viral and bacterial infections and describes the network of the cell death initiating molecular mechanisms that selectively recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Imre
- Institute of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hsu WH, Zhao X, Zhu J, Kim IK, Rao G, McCutcheon J, Hsu ST, Teicher B, Kallakury B, Dowlati A, Zhang YW, Giaccone G. Checkpoint Kinase 1 Inhibition Enhances Cisplatin Cytotoxicity and Overcomes Cisplatin Resistance in SCLC by Promoting Mitotic Cell Death. J Thorac Oncol 2019; 14:1032-1045. [PMID: 30771522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Platinum-based chemotherapy remains the standard treatment for patients with SCLC, but the benefit of the treatment is often hampered by rapid development of drug resistance. Thus far, there is no targeted therapy available for SCLC. More than 90% of SCLC tumors harbor mutations in the tumor suppressor gene tumor protein p53 (p53), an important DNA damage checkpoint regulator, and these tumor cells rely predominantly on the checkpoint kinases to control DNA damage response. METHODS We examined whether and how inhibition of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) affects cisplatin cytotoxicity in SCLC cells with and without p53 mutations, and evaluated the effect of Chk1 inhibitor and cisplatin combination in cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant preclinical models. RESULTS Inhibition of Chk1 synergized with cisplatin to induce mitotic cell death in the p53-deficeint SCLC cells. The effect was regulated in part through activation of caspase 2 and downregulation of E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1). Furthermore, Chk1 inhibitors prexasertib and AZD7762 enhanced cisplatin antitumor activity and overcame cisplatin resistance in SCLC preclinical models in vitro an in vivo. We also observed that higher expression of Chk1 was associated with poorer overall survival of patients with SCLC. CONCLUSIONS Our data account Chk1 as a potential therapeutic target in SCLC, and rationalize clinical development of Chk1 inhibitor and cisplatin combinational strategy for the treatment of SCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsun Hsu
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoliang Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Jianquan Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - In-Kyu Kim
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Guanhua Rao
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Justine McCutcheon
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Shuo-Tse Hsu
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Beverly Teicher
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bhaskar Kallakury
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | | | - Yu-Wen Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Giuseppe Giaccone
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zamaraev AV, Kopeina GS, Buchbinder JH, Zhivotovsky B, Lavrik IN. Caspase-2 is a negative regulator of necroptosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 102:101-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
13
|
Forsberg J, Li X, Zamaraev AV, Panaretakis T, Zhivotovsky B, Olsson M. Caspase-2 associates with FAN through direct interaction and overlapping functionality. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 499:822-828. [PMID: 29621545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-2 has been implicated in diverse cellular processes, and the identification of factors with which it interacts has steadily increased. In the present study, we report a direct interaction between caspase-2 and factor associated with neutral sphingomyelinase activation (FAN) using yeast two-hybrid screening and co-immunoprecipitation. Further, stable suppression of caspase-2 expression in HEK293T and HeLa cells enabled a systematic investigation of putative novel enzyme functionalities, especially with respect to ceramide production, cell migration, IL-6 production and vesicular homeostasis, all of which have been previously reported to be associated with FAN. Lipidomics excluded the involvement of caspase-2 in the generation of ceramide species, but caspase-2-dependent deregulation of IL-6 release, vesicular size and delayed cell relocation supported an association between caspase-2 and FAN. Collectively, these data identify a novel caspase-2-interacting factor, FAN, and expand the role for the enzyme in seemingly non-apoptotic cellular mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Forsberg
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xinge Li
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Theocharis Panaretakis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Magnus Olsson
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Forsberg J, Li X, Akpinar B, Salvatori R, Ott M, Zhivotovsky B, Olsson M. A caspase-2-RFXANK interaction and its implication for MHC class II expression. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:80. [PMID: 29362422 PMCID: PMC5833739 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0144-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent achievements implicating caspase-2 in tumor suppression, the enzyme stands out from the apoptotic caspase family as a factor whose function requires further clarification. To specify enzyme characteristics through the definition of interacting proteins in apoptotic or non-apoptotic settings, a yeast 2-hybrid (Y2H) screen was performed using the full-length protein as bait. The current report describes the analysis of a captured prey and putative novel caspase-2 interacting factor, the regulatory factor X-associated ankyrin-containing protein (RFXANK), previously associated with CIITA, the transactivator regulating cell-type specificity and inducibility of MHC class II gene expression. The interaction between caspase-2 and RFXANK was verified by co-immunoprecipitations using both exogenous and endogenous proteins, where the latter approach suggested that binding of the components occurs in the cytoplasm. Cellular co-localization was confirmed by transfection of fluorescently conjugated proteins. Enhanced caspase-2 processing in RFXANK-overexpressing HEK293T cells treated with chemotherapeutic agents further supported Y2H data. Yet, no distinct differences with respect to MHC class II expression were observed in plasma membranes of antigen-presenting cells derived from wild type and caspase-2-/- mice. In contrast, increased levels of the total MHC class II protein was evident in protein lysates from caspase-2 RNAi-silenced leukemia cell lines and B-cells isolated from gene-targeted mice. Together, these data identify a novel caspase-2-interacting factor, RFXANK, and indicate a potential non-apoptotic role for the enzyme in the control of MHC class II gene regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Forsberg
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xinge Li
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birce Akpinar
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roger Salvatori
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Ott
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Magnus Olsson
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ramirez MLG, Salvesen GS. A primer on caspase mechanisms. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 82:79-85. [PMID: 29329946 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Caspases belong to a diverse clan of proteolytic enzymes known as clan CD with highly disparate functions in cell signaling. The caspase members of this clan are only found in animals, and most of them orchestrate the demise of cells by the highly distinct regulated cell death phenotypes known as apoptosis and pyroptosis. This review looks at the mechanistic distinctions between the activity and activation mechanisms of mammalian caspases compared to other members of clan CD. We also compare and contrast the role of different caspase family members that program anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cell death pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Gonzalez Ramirez
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, NCI-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Guy S Salvesen
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, NCI-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yan Q, Zhu H, Lan L, Yi J, Yang J. Cleavage of Ku80 by caspase-2 promotes non-homologous end joining-mediated DNA repair. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 60:18-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
17
|
Forsberg J, Zhivotovsky B, Olsson M. Caspase-2: an orphan enzyme out of the shadows. Oncogene 2017; 36:5441-5444. [PMID: 28581521 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-2 has been embodied as an initiator or executioner protease in diverse apoptotic scenarios. However, accumulating evidence is challenging this view, pertaining to its true role. The enzyme's catalytic activity is currently implicated in various functions required for correct cell proliferation, such as counteracting genomic instability, as well as suppressing tumorigenesis. Here, apart from summarizing the latest observations in caspase-2-related research, we make an attempt to reconcile these findings and discuss their implications for future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Forsberg
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Zhivotovsky
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Olsson
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zamaraev AV, Kopeina GS, Prokhorova EA, Zhivotovsky B, Lavrik IN. Post-translational Modification of Caspases: The Other Side of Apoptosis Regulation. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:322-339. [PMID: 28188028 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a crucial program of cell death that controls development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms. The main initiators and executors of this process are the Cysteine-dependent ASPartate proteASES - caspases. A number of regulatory circuits tightly control caspase processing and activity. One of the most important, yet, at the same time still poorly understood control mechanisms of activation of caspases involves their post-translational modifications. The addition and/or removal of chemical groups drastically alters the catalytic activity of caspases or stimulates their nonapoptotic functions. In this review, we will describe and discuss the roles of key caspase modifications such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, nitrosylation, glutathionylation, SUMOylation, and acetylation in the regulation of apoptotic cell death and cell survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Zamaraev
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gelina S Kopeina
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniia A Prokhorova
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Inna N Lavrik
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Department of Translational Inflammation, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Salvesen GS, Hempel A, Coll NS. Protease signaling in animal and plant-regulated cell death. FEBS J 2016; 283:2577-98. [PMID: 26648190 PMCID: PMC5606204 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to highlight the proteases required for regulated cell death mechanisms in animals and plants. The aim is to be incisive, and not inclusive of all the animal proteases that have been implicated in various publications. The review also aims to focus on instances when several publications from disparate groups have demonstrated the involvement of an animal protease, and also when there is substantial biochemical, mechanistic and genetic evidence. In doing so, the literature can be culled to a handful of proteases, covering most of the known regulated cell death mechanisms: apoptosis, regulated necrosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis and NETosis in animals. In plants, the literature is younger and not as extensive as for mammals, although the molecular drivers of vacuolar death, necrosis and the hypersensitive response in plants are becoming clearer. Each of these death mechanisms has at least one proteolytic component that plays a major role in controlling the pathway, and sometimes they combine in networks to regulate cell death/survival decision nodes. Some similarities are found among animal and plant cell death proteases but, overall, the pathways that they govern are kingdom-specific with very little overlap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy S. Salvesen
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anne Hempel
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nuria Sanchez Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, Campus UAB, Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Campagna D, Gasparini F, Franchi N, Vitulo N, Ballin F, Manni L, Valle G, Ballarin L. Transcriptome dynamics in the asexual cycle of the chordate Botryllus schlosseri. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:275. [PMID: 27038623 PMCID: PMC4818882 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We performed an analysis of the transcriptome during the blastogenesis of the chordate Botryllus schlosseri, focusing in particular on genes involved in cell death by apoptosis. The tunicate B. schlosseri is an ascidian forming colonies characterized by the coexistence of three blastogenetic generations: filter-feeding adults, buds on adults, and budlets on buds. Cyclically, adult tissues undergo apoptosis and are progressively resorbed and replaced by their buds originated by asexual reproduction. This is a feature of colonial tunicates, the only known chordates that can reproduce asexually. Results Thanks to a newly developed web-based platform (http://botryllus.cribi.unipd.it), we compared the transcriptomes of the mid-cycle, the pre-take-over, and the take-over phases of the colonial blastogenetic cycle. The platform is equipped with programs for comparative analysis and allows to select the statistical stringency. We enriched the genome annotation with 11,337 new genes; 581 transcripts were resolved as complete open reading frames, translated in silico into amino acid sequences and then aligned onto the non-redundant sequence database. Significant differentially expressed genes were classified within the gene ontology categories. Among them, we recognized genes involved in apoptosis activation, de-activation, and regulation. Conclusions With the current work, we contributed to the improvement of the first released B. schlosseri genome assembly and offer an overview of the transcriptome changes during the blastogenetic cycle, showing up- and down-regulated genes. These results are important for the comprehension of the events underlying colony growth and regression, cell proliferation, colony homeostasis, and competition among different generations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2598-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Campagna
- CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio Gasparini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Franchi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Vitulo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Ballin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Lucia Manni
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Valle
- CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Loriano Ballarin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi, 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Machado MV, Michelotti GA, Jewell ML, Pereira TA, Xie G, Premont RT, Diehl AM. Caspase-2 promotes obesity, the metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2096. [PMID: 26890135 PMCID: PMC5399190 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and its resulting metabolic disturbances are major health threats. In response to energy surplus, overtaxed adipocytes release fatty acids and pro-inflammatory factors into the circulation, promoting organ fat accumulation (including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease), insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Recently, caspase-2 was linked to lipoapoptosis, so we hypothesized that caspase-2 might be a critical determinant of metabolic syndrome pathogenesis. Caspase-2-deficient and wild-type mice were fed a Western diet (high-fat diet, enriched with saturated fatty acids and 0.2% cholesterol, supplemented with fructose and glucose in the drinking water) for 16 weeks. Metabolic and hepatic outcomes were evaluated. In vitro studies assessed the role of caspase-2 in adipose tissue proliferative properties and susceptibility for lipoapoptosis. Caspase-2-deficient mice fed a Western diet were protected from abdominal fat deposition, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis. Adipose tissue in caspase-2-deficient mice was more proliferative, upregulated mitochondrial uncoupling proteins consistent with browning, and was resistant to cell hypertrophy and cell death. The liver was protected from steatohepatitis through a decrease in circulating fatty acids and more efficient hepatic fat metabolism, and from fibrosis as a consequence of reduced fibrogenic stimuli from fewer lipotoxic hepatocytes. Caspase-2 deficiency protected mice from diet-induced obesity, metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Further studies are necessary to assess caspase-2 as a therapeutic target for those conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M V Machado
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Gastroenterology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - G A Michelotti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M L Jewell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - T A Pereira
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - G Xie
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - R T Premont
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - A M Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ye S, Gao Y, Wang S, Li Q, Li R, Li H. Characterization and expression analysis of a caspase-2 in an invertebrate echinoderm sea cumber Apostichopus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 48:266-272. [PMID: 26687532 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-2 is the most evolutionarily conserved member of the caspase family which mediates the programmed cell death and plays crucial roles in key cellular processes. In this study, a caspase-2 homolog was identified and functionally characterized in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus, which we named AjCASP. The full-length cDNA consists of 2100 bp with an ORF encoding a protein of 378 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence shows that AjCASP consists of a conserved CARD-CASP2 domain and a CASs domain containing two active residues, two proteolytic cleavage residues, a substrate pocket and a dimer interface as well. In addition, a p20 large subunit with a characteristic five-peptide motif (QACRG) and a p10 small subunit in C-terminal were identified in CASs domain. Above data demonstrated that AjCASP is similar to CED-3 (the caspase-2 homolog of nematode Caenorhabditis elegans), which is further confirmed by phylogenetic tree analysis. AjCASP was ubiquitously expressed in sea cucumber and the obviously higher expression level was observed in coelomocyte, respiratory tree and intestine. Real-time PCR analyses further demonstrated that AjCASP was significantly induced by LPS. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that AjCASP is a caspase-2 homolog and it may be involved in invertebrate immune response, especially in eliminating and degrading invading pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hua Li
- Dalian Ocean University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dillon CP, Green DR. Molecular Cell Biology of Apoptosis and Necroptosis in Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 930:1-23. [PMID: 27558815 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39406-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is a major mechanism to eliminate cells in which DNA is damaged, organelles are stressed, or oncogenes are overexpressed, all events that would otherwise predispose cells to oncogenic transformation. The pathways that initiate and execute cell death are complex, genetically encoded, and subject to significant regulation. Consequently, while these pathways are often mutated in malignancy, there is considerable interest in inducing cell death in tumor cells as therapy. This chapter addresses our current understanding of molecular mechanisms contributing to two cell death pathways, apoptotic cell death and necroptosis, a regulated form of necrotic cell death. Apoptosis can be induced by a wide variety of signals, leading to protease activation that dismantles the cell. We discuss the physiological importance of each apoptosis pathway and summarize their known roles in cancer suppression and the current efforts at targeting each pathway therapeutically. The intricate mechanistic link between death receptor-mediated apoptosis and necroptosis is described, as well as the potential opportunities for utilizing necroptosis in the treatment of malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Dillon
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The Golgi complex is a central organelle of the secretory pathway where sorting and processing of cargo occurs. While Golgi structure is important for the efficient processing of secretory cargo, the unusual organization suggests additional potential functions. The Golgi is disassembled after various cellular stresses, and we hypothesize that Golgi disassembly activates a stress signaling pathway. This pathway would function to correct the stress if possible, with irreparable stress resulting in apoptosis. Neurons appear to be particularly sensitive to Golgi stress; early disassembly of the organelle correlates with many neurodegenerative diseases. Here, Golgi stress and potential signaling pathways to the nucleus are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E Machamer
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|